1
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Landry SJ, Mettu RR, Kolls JK, Aberle JH, Norton E, Zwezdaryk K, Robinson J. Structural Framework for Analysis of CD4+ T-Cell Epitope Dominance in Viral Fusion Proteins. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2517-2529. [PMID: 37554055 PMCID: PMC10483696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Antigen conformation shapes CD4+ T-cell specificity through mechanisms of antigen processing, and the consequences for immunity may rival those from conformational effects on antibody specificity. CD4+ T cells initiate and control immunity to pathogens and cancer and are at least partly responsible for immunopathology associated with infection, autoimmunity, and allergy. The primary trigger for CD4+ T-cell maturation is the presentation of an epitope peptide in the MHC class II antigen-presenting protein (MHCII), most commonly on an activated dendritic cell, and then the T-cell responses are recalled by subsequent presentations of the epitope peptide by the same or other antigen-presenting cells. Peptide presentation depends on the proteolytic fragmentation of the antigen in an endosomal/lysosomal compartment and concomitant loading of the fragments into the MHCII, a multistep mechanism called antigen processing and presentation. Although the role of peptide affinity for MHCII has been well studied, the role of proteolytic fragmentation has received less attention. In this Perspective, we will briefly summarize evidence that antigen resistance to unfolding and proteolytic fragmentation shapes the specificity of the CD4+ T-cell response to selected viral envelope proteins, identify several remarkable examples in which the immunodominant CD4+ epitopes most likely depend on the interaction of processing machinery with antigen conformation, and outline how knowledge of antigen conformation can inform future efforts to design vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Landry
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Ramgopal R. Mettu
- Department
of Computer Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John
W. Deming Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Translational
Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Judith H. Aberle
- Center
for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Norton
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Kevin Zwezdaryk
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - James Robinson
- Department
of Pediatrics, Tulane University School
of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
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2
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Sengupta S, Zhang J, Reed MC, Yu J, Kim A, Boronina TN, Board NL, Wrabl JO, Shenderov K, Welsh RA, Yang W, Timmons AE, Hoh R, Cole RN, Deeks SG, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF, Sadegh-Nasseri S. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221654. [PMID: 37058141 PMCID: PMC10114365 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct CD4+ T cell epitopes have been associated with spontaneous control of HIV-1 replication, but analysis of antigen-dependent factors that influence epitope selection is lacking. To examine these factors, we used a cell-free antigen processing system that incorporates soluble HLA-DR (DR1), HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens for epitope identification by LC-MS/MS. HIV-1 Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef were examined using this system. We identified 35 novel epitopes, including glycopeptides. Epitopes from smaller HIV-1 proteins mapped to regions of low protein stability and higher solvent accessibility. HIV-1 antigens associated with limited CD4+ T cell responses were processed efficiently, while some protective epitopes were inefficiently processed. 55% of epitopes obtained from cell-free processing induced memory CD4+ T cell responses in HIV-1+ donors, including eight of 19 novel epitopes tested. Thus, an in vitro processing system utilizing the components of Class II processing reveals factors influencing epitope selection of HIV-1 and represents an approach to understanding epitope selection from non-HIV-1 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Graduate Program in Immunology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josephine Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madison C. Reed
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanna Yu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aeryon Kim
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology and Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Boronina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathan L. Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James O. Wrabl
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Shenderov
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin A. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E. Timmons
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
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4
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Nkosi T, Chasara C, Papadopoulos AO, Nguni TL, Karim F, Moosa MYS, Gazy I, Jambo K, Hanekom W, Sigal A, Ndhlovu ZM. Unsuppressed HIV infection impairs T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and abrogates T cell cross-recognition. eLife 2022; 11:e78374. [PMID: 35880744 PMCID: PMC9355563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In some instances, unsuppressed HIV has been associated with severe COVID-19 disease, but the mechanisms underpinning this susceptibility are still unclear. Here, we assessed the impact of HIV infection on the quality and epitope specificity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in the first wave and second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Africa. Flow cytometry was used to measure T cell responses following peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools. Culture expansion was used to determine T cell immunodominance hierarchies and to assess potential SARS-CoV-2 escape from T cell recognition. HIV-seronegative individuals had significantly greater CD4+ T cell responses against the Spike protein compared to the viremic people living with HIV (PLWH). Absolute CD4 count correlated positively with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (CD4 r=0.5, p=0.03; CD8 r=0.5, p=0.001), whereas T cell activation was negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell responses (CD4 r=-0.7, p=0.04). There was diminished T cell cross-recognition between the two waves, which was more pronounced in individuals with unsuppressed HIV infection. Importantly, we identify four mutations in the Beta variant that resulted in abrogation of T cell recognition. Taken together, we show that unsuppressed HIV infection markedly impairs T cell responses to SARS-Cov-2 infection and diminishes T cell cross-recognition. These findings may partly explain the increased susceptibility of PLWH to severe COVID-19 and also highlights their vulnerability to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeka Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Caroline Chasara
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Andrea O Papadopoulos
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Tiza L Nguni
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Mahomed-Yunus S Moosa
- HIV Pathogenesis Program, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Inbal Gazy
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Kondwani Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammeBlantyreMalawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - COMMIT-KZN-Team
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Program, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
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5
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Charles T, Moss DL, Bhat P, Moore PW, Kummer NA, Bhattacharya A, Landry SJ, Mettu RR. CD4+ T-Cell Epitope Prediction by Combined Analysis of Antigen Conformational Flexibility and Peptide-MHCII Binding Affinity. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1585-1599. [PMID: 35834502 PMCID: PMC9352311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Antigen processing in the class II MHC pathway depends
on conventional
proteolytic enzymes, potentially acting on antigens in native-like
conformational states. CD4+ epitope dominance arises from a competition
among antigen folding, proteolysis, and MHCII binding. Protease-sensitive
sites, linear antibody epitopes, and CD4+ T-cell epitopes were mapped
in plague vaccine candidate F1-V to evaluate the various contributions
to CD4+ epitope dominance. Using X-ray crystal structures, antigen
processing likelihood (APL) predicts CD4+ epitopes with significant
accuracy for F1-V without considering peptide-MHCII binding affinity.
We also show that APL achieves excellent performance over two benchmark
antigen sets. The profiles of conformational flexibility derived from
the X-ray crystal structures of the F1-V proteins, Caf1 and LcrV,
were similar to the biochemical profiles of linear antibody epitope
reactivity and protease sensitivity, suggesting that the role of structure
in proteolysis was captured by the analysis of the crystal structures.
The patterns of CD4+ T-cell epitope dominance in C57BL/6, CBA, and
BALB/c mice were compared to epitope predictions based on APL, MHCII
binding, or both. For a sample of 13 diverse antigens, the accuracy
of epitope prediction by the combination of APL and I-Ab-MHCII-peptide affinity reached 36%. When MHCII allele specificity
was also diverse, such as in human immunity, prediction of dominant
epitopes by APL alone reached 42% when using a stringent scoring threshold.
Because dominant CD4+ epitopes tend to occur in conformationally stable
antigen domains, crystal structures typically are available for analysis
by APL, and thus, the requirement for a crystal structure is not a
severe limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tysheena Charles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Daniel L Moss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Pawan Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Peyton W Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kummer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Avik Bhattacharya
- Department of Computer Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Samuel J Landry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Ramgopal R Mettu
- Department of Computer Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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6
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Baiyegunhi OO, Mann J, Khaba T, Nkosi T, Mbatha A, Ogunshola F, Chasara C, Ismail N, Ngubane T, Jajbhay I, Pansegrouw J, Dong KL, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Ndhlovu ZM. CD8 lymphocytes mitigate HIV-1 persistence in lymph node follicular helper T cells during hyperacute-treated infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4041. [PMID: 35831418 PMCID: PMC9279299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persistence in tissue sites despite ART is a major barrier to HIV cure. Detailed studies of HIV-infected cells and immune responses in native lymph node tissue environment is critical for gaining insight into immune mechanisms impacting HIV persistence and clearance in tissue sanctuary sites. We compared HIV persistence and HIV-specific T cell responses in lymph node biopsies obtained from 14 individuals who initiated therapy in Fiebig stages I/II, 5 persons treated in Fiebig stages III-V and 17 late treated individuals who initiated ART in Fiebig VI and beyond. Using multicolor immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization, we detect HIV RNA and/or protein in 12 of 14 Fiebig I/II treated persons on suppressive therapy for 1 to 55 months, and in late treated persons with persistent antigens. CXCR3+ T follicular helper cells harbor the greatest amounts of gag mRNA transcripts. Notably, HIV-specific CD8+ T cells responses are associated with lower HIV antigen burden, suggesting that these responses may contribute to HIV suppression in lymph nodes during therapy. These results reveal HIV persistence despite the initiation of ART in hyperacute infection and highlight the contribution of virus-specific responses to HIV suppression in tissue sanctuaries during suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolara O Baiyegunhi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jaclyn Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Trevor Khaba
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Nkosi
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Anele Mbatha
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Funsho Ogunshola
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Ngubane
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Sciences and Engineering and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
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8
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Claireaux M, Robinot R, Kervevan J, Patgaonkar M, Staropoli I, Brelot A, Nouël A, Gellenoncourt S, Tang X, Héry M, Volant S, Perthame E, Avettand-Fenoël V, Buchrieser J, Cokelaer T, Bouchier C, Ma L, Boufassa F, Hendou S, Libri V, Hasan M, Zucman D, de Truchis P, Schwartz O, Lambotte O, Chakrabarti LA. Low CCR5 expression protects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells of elite controllers from viral entry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:521. [PMID: 35082297 PMCID: PMC8792008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers maintain a population of CD4 + T cells endowed with high avidity for Gag antigens and potent effector functions. How these HIV-specific cells avoid infection and depletion upon encounter with the virus remains incompletely understood. Ex vivo characterization of single Gag-specific CD4 + T cells reveals an advanced Th1 differentiation pattern in controllers, except for the CCR5 marker, which is downregulated compared to specific cells of treated patients. Accordingly, controller specific CD4 + T cells show decreased susceptibility to CCR5-dependent HIV entry. Two controllers carried biallelic mutations impairing CCR5 surface expression, indicating that in rare cases CCR5 downregulation can have a direct genetic cause. Increased expression of β-chemokine ligands upon high-avidity antigen/TCR interactions contributes to autocrine CCR5 downregulation in controllers without CCR5 mutations. These findings suggest that genetic and functional regulation of the primary HIV coreceptor CCR5 play a key role in promoting natural HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Claireaux
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Kervevan
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Xian Tang
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Héry
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Microbiologie clinique, Paris, France.,CNRS 8104, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Samia Hendou
- INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers (CB UTechS), Translational Research Center, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre de Truchis
- AP-HP, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Université Paris Sud, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France.
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9
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Pauza CD, Huang K, Bordon J. Advances in cell and gene therapy for HIV disease: it is good to be specific. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:83-87. [PMID: 33625039 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tremendous advances in cell and gene therapy may soon realize the goal of treating and possibly curing HIV disease. These advances rely on new technologies for cell engineering and new strategies for product manufacturing that are targeting the most important immune deficits in HIV and promising to reconstitute protective, antiviral immunity and achieve natural suppression of HIV disease. RECENT FINDINGS We summarize important advances in vectored passive immunity, e.g., directing in vivo expression of protective antibodies or antiviral proteins, B cell engineering to overcome the inadequate humoral immune response to HIV, and T cell engineering that is breaking new ground using viral vector modification of HIV specific T cells. These innovative approaches build on a substantial history of gene and cell therapy research in HIV disease. SUMMARY Cell and gene therapy for HIV disease has been an area of tremendous innovation during the nearly two decades since early reports showed evidence for modulating disease. Recent efforts are building on the early experiences, closing gaps in previous approaches, and moving closer to effective treatment. Products approaching or already in clinical trials hold great promise for achieving durable suppression of HIV that will revolutionize therapy and offering hope to infected individuals that disease may be controlled without lifelong dependence on antiretroviral medications. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COHA/A15.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kelly Huang
- American Gene Technologies International, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jose Bordon
- Washington Health Institute and George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Nazziwa J, Faria NR, Chaplin B, Rawizza H, Kanki P, Dakum P, Abimiku A, Charurat M, Ndembi N, Esbjörnsson J. Characterisation of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology in Nigeria: Origin, Diversity, Demography and Geographic Spread. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3468. [PMID: 32103028 PMCID: PMC7044301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigeria has the highest number of AIDS-related deaths in the world. In this study, we characterised the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology by analysing 1442 HIV-1 pol sequences collected 1999-2014 from four geopolitical zones in Nigeria using state-of-the-art maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. The main circulating forms were the circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG (44% of the analysed sequences), CRF43_02G (16%), and subtype G (8%). Twenty-three percent of the sequences represented unique recombinant forms (URFs), whereof 37 (11%) could be grouped into seven potentially novel CRFs. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis suggested that five major Nigerian HIV-1 sub-epidemics were introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, close to the Nigerian Civil War. The analysis also indicated that the number of effective infections decreased in Nigeria after the introduction of free antiretroviral treatment in 2006. Finally, Bayesian phylogeographic analysis suggested gravity-like dynamics in which virus lineages first emerge and expand within large urban centers such as Abuja and Lagos, before migrating towards smaller rural areas. This study provides novel insight into the Nigerian HIV-1 epidemic and may have implications for future HIV-1 prevention strategies in Nigeria and other severely affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamirah Nazziwa
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Beth Chaplin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Holly Rawizza
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Phyllis Kanki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Patrick Dakum
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alash'le Abimiku
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Man Charurat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nicaise Ndembi
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Nuffield Department Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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11
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A Novel MVA-Based HIV Vaccine Candidate (MVA-gp145-GPN) Co-Expressing Clade C Membrane-Bound Trimeric gp145 Env and Gag-Induced Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) Triggered Broad and Multifunctional HIV-1-Specific T Cell and Antibody Responses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020160. [PMID: 30781504 PMCID: PMC6410222 DOI: 10.3390/v11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) vaccine that is able to stimulate both the humoral and cellular HIV-1-specific immune responses remains a major priority challenge. In this study, we described the generation and preclinical evaluation of single and double modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based candidates expressing the HIV-1 clade C membrane-bound gp145(ZM96) trimeric protein and/or the Gag(ZM96)-Pol-Nef(CN54) (GPN) polyprotein that was processed to form Gag-induced virus-like particles (VLPs). In vitro characterization of MVA recombinants revealed the stable integration of HIV-1 genes without affecting its replication capacity. In cells that were infected with Env-expressing viruses, the gp145 protein was inserted into the plasma membrane exposing critical epitopes that were recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas Gag-induced VLPs were released from cells that were infected with GPN-expressing viruses. VLP particles as well as purified MVA virions contain Env and Gag visualized by immunoelectron microscopy and western-blot of fractions that were obtained after detergent treatments of purified virus particles. In BALB/c mice, homologous MVA-gp145-GPN prime/boost regimen induced broad and polyfunctional Env- and Gag-specific CD4 T cells and antigen-specific T follicular helper (Tfh) and Germinal Center (GC) B cells, which correlated with robust HIV-1-specific humoral responses. Overall, these results support the consideration of MVA-gp145-GPN vector as a potential vaccine candidate against HIV-1.
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12
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Perdiguero B, Raman SC, Sánchez-Corzo C, Sorzano COS, Valverde JR, Esteban M, Gómez CE. Potent HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses Induced in Mice after Priming with a Multiepitopic DNA-TMEP and Boosting with the HIV Vaccine MVA-B. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080424. [PMID: 30104537 PMCID: PMC6116222 DOI: 10.3390/v10080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) still remains the best solution to provide a sustainable control and/or eradication of the virus. We have previously generated the HIV-1 vaccine modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-B, which exhibited good immunogenicity profile in phase I prophylactic and therapeutic clinical trials, but was unable to prevent viral rebound after antiretroviral (ART) removal. To potentiate the immunogenicity of MVA-B, here we described the design and immune responses elicited in mice by a new T cell multi-epitopic B (TMEP-B) immunogen, vectored by DNA, when administered in homologous or heterologous prime/boost regimens in combination with MVA-B. The TMEP-B protein contained conserved regions from Gag, Pol, and Nef proteins including multiple CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes functionally associated with HIV control. Heterologous DNA-TMEP/MVA-B regimen induced higher HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses with broader epitope recognition and higher polyfunctional profile than the homologous DNA-TMEP/DNA-TMEP or the heterologous DNA-GPN/MVA-B combinations. Moreover, higher HIV-1-specific CD4 and Tfh immune responses were also detected using this regimen. After MVA-B boost, the magnitude of the anti-VACV CD8 T cell response was significantly compromised in DNA-TMEP-primed animals. Our results revealed the immunological potential of DNA-TMEP prime/MVA-B boost regimen and supported the application of these combined vectors in HIV-1 prevention and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Suresh C Raman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Corzo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Oscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Ramón Valverde
- Scientific Computing Service, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Frequencies of Circulating Th1-Biased T Follicular Helper Cells in Acute HIV-1 Infection Correlate with the Development of HIV-Specific Antibody Responses and Lower Set Point Viral Load. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00659-18. [PMID: 29793949 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00659-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of focused research, the field has yet to develop a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1 infection. In the RV144 vaccine trial, nonneutralizing antibody responses were identified as a correlate for prevention of HIV acquisition. However, factors that predict the development of such antibodies are not fully elucidated. We sought to define the contribution of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) subsets to the development of nonneutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 clade C infection. Study participants were recruited from an acute HIV-1 clade C infection cohort. Plasma anti-gp41, -gp120, -p24, and -p17 antibodies were screened using a customized multivariate Luminex assay. Phenotypic and functional characterizations of cTfh cells were performed using HLA class II tetramers and intracellular cytokine staining. In this study, we found that acute HIV-1 clade C infection skewed the differentiation of functional cTfh subsets toward increased Tfh1 (P = 0.02) and Tfh2 (P < 0.0001) subsets, with a concomitant decrease in overall Tfh1-17 (which shares both Tfh1 and Tfh17 properties) (P = 0.01) and Tfh17 (P < 0.0001) subsets, compared to the subsets found in HIV-negative subjects. Interestingly, the frequencies of Tfh1 cells during acute infection (5.0 to 8.0 weeks postinfection) correlated negatively with the set point viral load (P = 0.03, Spearman rho [r] = -60) and were predictive of p24-specific plasma IgG titers at 1 year of infection (P = 0.003, r = 0.85). Taken together, our results suggest that the circulating Tfh1 subset plays an important role in the development of anti-HIV antibody responses and contributes to HIV suppression during acute HIV-1 infection. These results have implications for vaccine studies aimed at inducing long-lasting anti-HIV antibody responses.IMPORTANCE The HIV epidemic in southern Africa accounts for almost half of the global HIV burden, with HIV-1 clade C being the predominant strain. It is therefore important to define immune correlates of clade C HIV control that might have implications for vaccine design in this region. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for the development of HIV-specific antibody responses and could play a role in viral control. Here we showed that the early induction of circulating Tfh1 cells during acute infection correlated positively with the magnitude of p24-specific IgG and was associated with a lower set point viral load. This study highlights a key Tfh cell subset that could limit HIV replication by enhancing antibody generation. This study underscores the importance of circulating Tfh cells in promoting nonneutralizing antibodies during HIV-1 infection.
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14
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Hu X, Lu Z, Valentin A, Rosati M, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Marx PA, Mullins JI, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK. Gag and env conserved element CE DNA vaccines elicit broad cytotoxic T cell responses targeting subdominant epitopes of HIV and SIV Able to recognize virus-infected cells in macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2163-2177. [PMID: 29939820 PMCID: PMC6183272 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting inessential variable regions are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. We developed a DNA vaccine comprising conserved elements (CE) of SIV p27Gag and HIV-1 Env and found that priming vaccination with CE DNA is critical to efficiently overcome the dominance imposed by Gag and Env variable regions. Here, we show that DNA vaccinated macaques receiving the CE prime/CE+full-length DNA co-delivery booster vaccine regimens developed broad, potent and durable cytotoxic T cell responses targeting conserved protein segments of SIV Gag and HIV Env. Gag CE-specific T cells showed robust anamnestic responses upon infection with SIVmac239 which led to the identification of CE-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes able to recognize epitopes covering distinct CE on the surface of SIV infected cells in vivo. Though not controlling infection overall, we found an inverse correlation between Gag CE-specific CD8+ T cell responses and peak viremia. The T cell responses induced by the HIV Env CE immunogen were recalled in some animals upon SIV infection, leading to the identification of two cross-reactive epitopes between HIV and SIV Env based in sequence homology. These data demonstrate that a vaccine combining Gag and Env CE DNA subverted the normal immunodominance patterns, eliciting immune responses that included subdominant, highly conserved epitopes. These vaccine regimens augment cytotoxic T cell responses to highly conserved epitopes in the viral proteome and maximize response breadth. The vaccine-induced CE-specific T cells were expanded upon SIV infection, indicating that the predicted CE epitopes incorporated in the DNA vaccine are processed and exposed by infected cells in their natural context within the viral proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Antonio Valentin
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Margherita Rosati
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Preston A Marx
- d Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine , Tulane University , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - James I Mullins
- e Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and Laboratory Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- b Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick, Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Barbara K Felber
- a Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
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15
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Mothe B, Brander C. HIV T-Cell Vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1075:31-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Vella LA, Herati RS, Wherry EJ. CD4 + T Cell Differentiation in Chronic Viral Infections: The Tfh Perspective. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1072-1087. [PMID: 29137933 PMCID: PMC5886740 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the response to chronic viral infections during the acute phase and in the partial containment of infections once chronic infection is established. As infection persists, the virus-specific CD4+ T cell response begins to shift in phenotype. The predominant change described in both mouse and human studies of chronic viral infection is a decrease in detectable T helper type (Th)1 responses. Some Th1 loss is due to decreased proliferative potential and decreased cytokine production in the setting of chronic antigen exposure. However, recent data suggest that Th1 dysfunction is accompanied by a shift in the differentiation pathway of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, with enrichment for cells with a T follicular helper cell (Tfh) phenotype. A Tfh-like program during chronic infection has now been identified in virus-specific CD8+ T cells as well. In this review, we discuss what is known about CD4+ T cell differentiation in chronic viral infections, with a focus on the emergence of the Tfh program and the implications of this shift with respect to Tfh function and the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Vella
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Mukhopadhyay M, Galperin M, Patgaonkar M, Vasan S, Ho DD, Nouël A, Claireaux M, Benati D, Lambotte O, Huang Y, Chakrabarti LA. DNA Vaccination by Electroporation Amplifies Broadly Cross-Restricted Public TCR Clonotypes Shared with HIV Controllers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3437-3452. [PMID: 28993513 PMCID: PMC5675813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rare patients who spontaneously control HIV replication provide a useful model to inform HIV vaccine development. HIV controllers develop particularly efficient antiviral CD4+ T cell responses mediated by shared high-affinity TCRs. To determine whether the candidate DNA vaccine ADVAX could induce similar responses, we analyzed Gag-specific primary CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers who received ADVAX DNA by electroporation. Vaccinated volunteers had an immunodominant response to the Gag293 epitope with a functional avidity intermediate between that of controllers and treated patients. The TCR repertoire of Gag293-specific CD4+ T cells proved highly biased, with a predominant usage of the TCRβ variable gene 2 (TRBV2) in vaccinees as well as controllers. TCRα variable gene (TRAV) gene usage was more diverse, with the dominance of TRAV29 over TRAV24 genes in vaccinees, whereas TRAV24 predominated in controllers. Sequence analysis revealed an unexpected degree of overlap between the specific repertoires of vaccinees and controllers, with the sharing of TRAV24 and TRBV2 public motifs (>30%) and of public clonotypes characteristic of high-affinity TCRs. MHC class II tetramer binding revealed a broad HLA-DR cross-restriction, explaining how Gag293-specific public clonotypes could be selected in individuals with diverse genetic backgrounds. TRAV29 clonotypes also proved cross-restricted, but conferred responses of lower functional avidity upon TCR transfer. In conclusion, DNA vaccination by electroporation primed for TCR clonotypes that were associated with HIV control, highlighting the potential of this vaccine delivery method. To our knowledge, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that clonotypic analysis may be used as a tool to monitor the quality of vaccine-induced responses and modulate these toward "controller-like" responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Mukhopadhyay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Moran Galperin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniela Benati
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; and
- INSERM U1184, Centre d'Immunologie des Infections Virales et Maladies Autoimmunes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France;
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
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