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Pitt SJ, Gunn A. The One Health Concept. Br J Biomed Sci 2024; 81:12366. [PMID: 38434675 PMCID: PMC10902059 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2024.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The concept of One Health has been developed as the appreciation that human health is intricately connected to those of other animals and the environment that they inhabit. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic and noticeable effects of climate change have encouraged national and international cooperation to apply One Health strategies to address key issues of health and welfare. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals have established targets for health and wellbeing, clean water and sanitation, climate action, as well as sustainability in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The One Health Quadripartite comprises the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH-formerly OIE), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). There are six areas of focus which are Laboratory services, Control of zoonotic diseases, Neglected tropical diseases, Antimicrobial resistance, Food safety and Environmental health. This article discusses the concept of One Health by considering examples of infectious diseases and environmental issues under each of those six headings. Biomedical Scientists, Clinical Scientists and their colleagues working in diagnostic and research laboratories have a key role to play in applying the One Health approach to key areas of healthcare in the 21st Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Pitt
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Gunn
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Rühlemann MC, Bang C, Gogarten JF, Hermes BM, Groussin M, Waschina S, Poyet M, Ulrich M, Akoua-Koffi C, Deschner T, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Robbins MM, Surbeck M, Wittig RM, Zuberbühler K, Baines JF, Leendertz FH, Franke A. Functional host-specific adaptation of the intestinal microbiome in hominids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:326. [PMID: 38182626 PMCID: PMC10770139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fine-scale knowledge of the changes in composition and function of the human gut microbiome compared that of our closest relatives is critical for understanding the evolutionary processes underlying its developmental trajectory. To infer taxonomic and functional changes in the gut microbiome across hominids at different timescales, we perform high-resolution metagenomic-based analyzes of the fecal microbiome from over two hundred samples including diverse human populations, as well as wild-living chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. We find human-associated taxa depleted within non-human apes and patterns of host-specific gut microbiota, suggesting the widespread acquisition of novel microbial clades along the evolutionary divergence of hosts. In contrast, we reveal multiple lines of evidence for a pervasive loss of diversity in human populations in correlation with a high Human Development Index, including evolutionarily conserved clades. Similarly, patterns of co-phylogeny between microbes and hosts are found to be disrupted in humans. Together with identifying individual microbial taxa and functional adaptations that correlate to host phylogeny, these findings offer insights into specific candidates playing a role in the diverging trajectories of the gut microbiome of hominids. We find that repeated horizontal gene transfer and gene loss, as well as the adaptation to transient microaerobic conditions appear to have played a role in the evolution of the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - J F Gogarten
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - B M Hermes
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Groussin
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Waschina
- Nutriinformatics Research Group, Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Poyet
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Ulrich
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Akoua-Koffi
- Training and Research Unit for in Medical Sciences, Alassane Ouattara University / University Teaching Hospital of Bouaké, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - T Deschner
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - J J Muyembe-Tamfum
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M M Robbins
- Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Surbeck
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R M Wittig
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences, CNRS UMR5229 University Lyon 1, Bron Cedex, France
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K Zuberbühler
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - J F Baines
- Evolutionary Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - F H Leendertz
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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Tumelty L, Fa JE, Coad L, Friant S, Mbane J, Kamogne CT, Tata CY, Ickowitz A. A systematic mapping review of links between handling wild meat and zoonotic diseases. One Health 2023; 17:100637. [PMID: 38024256 PMCID: PMC10665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1.Hunting, trade, and consumption of wildlife present a serious threat to global public health as it places humans in close contact with zoonotic pathogens.2.We systematically mapped the literature on wild meat handling and zoonotic disease transmission (1996-2022) using the online database Web of Science and Google search engine and identified 6229 articles out of which 253 were finally selected for use in our mapping review; 51 of these provided specific information regarding transmission risks.3.The reviewed studies reported 43 zoonotic pathogens (17 bacteria, 15 viruses, and 11 parasites) that could pose a potential risk to human health.4.Sixteen hygienic and sanitary behaviours were described in the reviewed studies. Disease surveillance was the most frequent. Most of the surveillance studies were carried out in Europe and were less common in the tropics.5.To inform policy and practical actions effectively, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how various mitigation behaviours can be employed to minimize the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tumelty
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Mbane
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cedric Thibaut Kamogne
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Amy Ickowitz
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)-World Agroforestry Center, Beit Zayit, Israel
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4
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Kamau E, Bessaud M, Majumdar M, Martin J, Simmonds P, Harvala H. Estimating prevalence of Enterovirus D111 in human and non-human primate populations using cross-sectional serology. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001915. [PMID: 37910158 PMCID: PMC10768692 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses primarily affect young children with a varying severity of disease. Recent outbreaks of severe respiratory and neurological disease due to EV-D68 and EV-A71, as well as atypical hand-foot-and-mouth-disease due to CVA6, have brought to light the potency of enteroviruses to emerge as severe human pathogens. Enterovirus D111 (EV-D111) is an enteric pathogen initially detected in Central Africa in human and wildlife samples and was recently detected in environmental samples. The natural history and epidemiology of EV-D111 are poorly studied. Here, the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to EV-D111 was estimated in human and wildlife samples from five countries. We report high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies measured against EV-D111 in human populations (range, 55-83 %), a proxy for previous infection, which indicates active virus circulation in absence of detection in clinical cases and a high number of undiagnosed infections. Notably, seroprevalence in samples from the UK varied by age and was higher in children and older adults (1-5 and >60 years old), but lower in ages 11-60. EV-D111 seroprevalence in apes and Old World monkeys was 50 % (33-66 %), which also suggests prior exposure and supports existing knowledge of enterovirus circulation in wild and captive apes and Old World monkeys. Generally, reported cases of infection likely underestimate the prevalence of infection particularly when the knowledge of community transmission is limited. Continued serologic surveillance and detection of EV-D111 in clinical and environmental samples will allow for a more robust assessment of EV-D111 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mael Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur-Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood Transfusion, London, UK
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Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (A.B.); (S.H.)
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Gessain A, Ramassamy JL, Afonso PV, Cassar O. Geographic distribution, clinical epidemiology and genetic diversity of the human oncogenic retrovirus HTLV-1 in Africa, the world's largest endemic area. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043600. [PMID: 36817417 PMCID: PMC9935834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The African continent is considered the largest high endemic area for the oncogenic retrovirus HTLV-1 with an estimated two to five million infected individuals. However, data on epidemiological aspects, in particular prevalence, risk factors and geographical distribution, are still very limited for many regions: on the one hand, few large-scale and representative studies have been performed and, on the other hand, many studies do not include confirmatory tests, resulting in indeterminate serological results, and a likely overestimation of HTLV-1 seroprevalence. For this review, we included the most robust studies published since 1984 on the prevalence of HTLV-1 and the two major diseases associated with this infection in people living in Africa and the Indian Ocean islands: adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). We also considered most of the book chapters and abstracts published at the 20 international conferences on HTLV and related viruses held since 1985, as well as the results of recent meta-analyses regarding the status of HTLV-1 in West and sub-Saharan Africa. Based on this bibliography, it appears that HTLV-1 distribution is very heterogeneous in Africa: The highest prevalences of HTLV-1 are reported in western, central and southern Africa, while eastern and northern Africa show lower prevalences. In highly endemic areas, the HTLV-1 prevalence in the adult population ranges from 0.3 to 3%, increases with age, and is highest among women. In rural areas of Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), HTLV-1 prevalence can reach up to 10-25% in elder women. HTLV-1-associated diseases in African patients have rarely been reported in situ on hospital wards, by local physicians. With the exception of the Republic of South Africa, DRC and Senegal, most reports on ATL and HAM/TSP in African patients have been published by European and American clinicians and involve immigrants or medical returnees to Europe (France and the UK) and the United States. There is clearly a huge underreporting of these diseases on the African continent. The genetic diversity of HTLV-1 is greatest in Africa, where six distinct genotypes (a, b, d, e, f, g) have been identified. The most frequent genotype in central Africa is genotype b. The other genotypes found in central Africa (d, e, f and g) are very rare. The vast majority of HTLV-1 strains from West and North Africa belong to genotype a, the so-called 'Cosmopolitan' genotype. These strains form five clades roughly reflecting the geographic origin of the infected individuals. We have recently shown that some of these clades are the result of recombination between a-WA and a-NA strains. Almost all sequences from southern Africa belong to Transcontinental a-genotype subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Jill-Léa Ramassamy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V Afonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Related Diseases May Constitute a Threat to the Elimination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, by 2030, in Gabon, Central Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122808. [PMID: 36560812 PMCID: PMC9785256 DOI: 10.3390/v14122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. Several factors related to the non-suppression of HIV, including interruptions of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opportunistic infections could affect and delay this projected epidemic goal. Human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) appears to be consistently associated with a high risk of opportunistic infections, an early onset of HTLV-1 and its associated pathologies, as well as a fast progression to the AIDS phase in co-infected individuals, when compared to HIV-1 or HTLV-1 mono-infected individuals. In Gabon, the prevalence of these two retroviruses is very high and little is known about HTLV-1 and the associated pathologies, leaving most of them underdiagnosed. Hence, HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections could simultaneously imply a non-diagnosis of HIV-1 positive individuals having developed pathologies associated with HTLV-1, but also a high mortality rate among the co-infected individuals. All of these constitute potential obstacles to pursue targeted objectives. A systematic review was conducted to assess the negative impacts of HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections and related factors on the elimination of HIV/AIDS by 2030 in Gabon.
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Disease-causing human viruses: novelty and legacy. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1232-1242. [PMID: 35902319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
About 270 viruses are known to infect humans. Some of these viruses have been known for centuries, whereas others have recently emerged. During their evolutionary history, humans have moved out of Africa to populate the world. In historical times, human migrations resulted in the displacement of large numbers of people. All these events determined the movement and dispersal of human-infecting viruses. Technological advances have resulted in the characterization of the genetic variability of human viruses, both in extant and in archaeological samples. Field studies investigated the diversity of viruses hosted by other animals. In turn, these advances provided insight into the evolutionary history of human viruses back in time and defined the key events through which they originated and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
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Ramassamy JL, Ndongo CB, Nnuka P, Antunes M, Mener ML, A Betsem EB, Njouom R, Cassar O, Fontanet A, Gessain A. Epidemiological evidence of nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of HTLV-1 in a large survey in rural population of central Africa. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:752-760. [PMID: 35867855 PMCID: PMC10043981 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central Africa is one of the largest areas of high endemicity for human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1). However, no preventive measures are yet implemented to reduce its transmission, which can be sexual, from mother-to-child, or through contaminated blood products. Rare zoonotic transmissions from non-human primates (NHPs) have also been reported in this region. Here, we investigated the HTLV-1 prevalence and associated risk factors in a rural population in Cameroon. METHODS From 2019 to 2021, we performed a cross-sectional survey in the Eastern region of Cameroon. HTLV-1 infection was first screened by ELISA, then tested by Western blot and envelope gene targeted polymerase chain reaction. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 infection were identified by logistic regression on univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Among 3,400 participants, HTLV-1 prevalence was 1.1% (95%CI 0.7-1.5). Factors independently associated with HTLV-1 infection were: Pygmy ethnicity (adjusted odd ratio ORa, 2.9, 95%CI 1.3-6.2), history of surgery (ORa 6.3, 95%CI 2.2-17.8) and NHP bite (ORa 6.6, 95%CI 2.2-19.8). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest both iatrogenic and zoonotic transmission of HTLV-1 in Cameroon. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of HTLV-1, to guide public health authorities in implementing preventive measures to control HTLV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Léa Ramassamy
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo
- Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, les Epidémies et les Pandémies. Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l'Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Patrick Nnuka
- Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, les Epidémies et les Pandémies. Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Maëlle Antunes
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Margot Le Mener
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Unité de Virologie, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.,Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Unité PACRI, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Stufano A, Jahantigh HR, Cagnazzo F, Centrone F, Loconsole D, Chironna M, Lovreglio P. Work-Related Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) Infection: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1753. [PMID: 34578335 PMCID: PMC8472817 DOI: 10.3390/v13091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) belong to the delta group of retroviruses which may cause a life-long infection in humans, HTLV-1 leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and other diseases. Different transmission modes have been described, such as breastfeeding, and, as for other blood-borne pathogens, unsafe sexual activity, intravenous drug usage, and blood transfusion and transplantation. The present systematic review was conducted to identify all peer-reviewed studies concerning the work-related infection by HTLV-1/2. A literature search was conducted from January to May 2021, according to the PRISMA methodology, selecting 29 studies: seven related to health care workers (HCWs), five to non-HCWs, and 17 to sex workers (SWs). The findings showed no clear evidence as to the possibility of HTLV-1/2 occupational transmission in HCWs, according to the limited number and quality of the papers. Moreover, non-HCWs showed a higher prevalence in jobs consistent with a lower socioeconomic status or that could represent a familial cluster, and an increased risk of zoonotic transmission from STLV-1-infected non-human primates has been observed in African hunters. Finally, a general increase of HTLV-1 infection was observed in SWs, whereas only one paper described an increased prevalence for HTLV-2, supporting the urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HTLV-1/2, to be offered routinely as part of a comprehensive approach to decrease the impact of sexually transmitted diseases in SWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Cagnazzo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Centrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
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Zanvo S, Djagoun CA, Azihou AF, Sinsin B, Gaubert P. Preservative chemicals as a new health risk related to traditional medicine markets in western Africa. One Health 2021; 13:100268. [PMID: 34113707 PMCID: PMC8170156 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Health risks associated to the use of tropical wildlife have so far been envisioned through the lens of zoonotic pathogens spread by the bushmeat trade, putting aside the equally vibrant network of traditional medicine markets (TMMs). We collected information on the preservative techniques used for animal body parts from TMMs in Benin through a semi-structured questionnaire addressed to 45 sellers. We show that a recent shift from traditional preservative techniques using harmless treatments towards modern techniques –involving the recurrent use of hazardous chemicals (such as Sniper)– is likely to pose a serious health risk to practitioners and consumers of animal parts from TMMs in Benin. We conclude that the non-regulation of the TMM activities represents a critical risk to both biodiversity conservation and human health in western Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Zanvo
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akomian F. Azihou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Brice Sinsin
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), CNRS/UPS/IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier – Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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12
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Mishra J, Mishra P, Arora NK. Linkages between environmental issues and zoonotic diseases: with reference to COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2021; 4:455-467. [PMID: 38624661 PMCID: PMC8005368 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken mankind by surprise with various unprecedented impacts on human life around the globe. This zoonotic pandemic is proving to be the most destructive disease outbreaks since decades. The increasing human population and anthropogenic activities have impacted the environment and have direct linkages with the current and other recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Despite having a difference in their origin, major reasons behind the emergence and spread of zoonotic pandemics are related to activities such as habitat fragmentation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, intensive agriculture and livestock farming, uncontrolled urbanization, pollution, climate change and bushmeat hunting and trading. It is important to focus on environmental and climatic factors that are involved in the emergence of such pandemics involving novel human pathogens and viruses in particular. Research and data analysis, particularly in relation to COVID-19, has shown that meteorological factors along with population density and living conditions (particularly in the urban and semi-urban areas) play a crucial role in the intensity, evolution and spread of SARS-CoV-2. This particular virus is novel but coronaviruses have a long history and are known to cause disease outbreaks earlier as well. COVID-19 pandemic provides learning for the future, in particular the importance of environmental sustainability for controlling such outbreaks. A strategic plan can be developed involving policy-makers, organizations, and governments to control the onset and spread of the novel pathogens. This review-based study recommends that prevention of COVID-19 like pandemics from re-occurring is through tackling the issues related to the environment by controlling anthropogenic activities. It will also be important to track the lineage and future evolution course of such human pathogens so as to determine the nexus of environmental and biological factors in the development and spread of novel strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, 226025 India
| | - Priya Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, 226025 India
| | - Naveen Kumar Arora
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, 226025 India
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13
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van der Kuyl AC. Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:46-67. [PMID: 36417189 PMCID: PMC9620922 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Halbrook M, Gadoth A, Shankar A, Zheng H, Campbell EM, Hoff NA, Muyembe JJ, Wemakoy EO, Rimoin AW, Switzer WM. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission dynamics in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with high nonhuman primate exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008923. [PMID: 33507996 PMCID: PMC7872225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a history of nonhuman primate (NHP) consumption and exposure to simian retroviruses yet little is known about the extent of zoonotic simian retroviral infections in DRC. We examined the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), a retrovirus group of simian origin, in a large population of persons with frequent NHP exposures and a history of simian foamy virus infection. We screened plasma from 3,051 persons living in rural villages in central DRC using HTLV EIA and western blot (WB). PCR amplification of HTLV tax and LTR sequences from buffy coat DNA was used to confirm infection and to measure proviral loads (pVLs). We used phylogenetic analyses of LTR sequences to infer evolutionary histories and potential transmission clusters. Questionnaire data was analyzed in conjunction with serological and molecular data. A relatively high proportion of the study population (5.4%, n = 165) were WB seropositive: 128 HTLV-1-like, 3 HTLV-2-like, and 34 HTLV-positive but untypeable profiles. 85 persons had HTLV indeterminate WB profiles. HTLV seroreactivity was higher in females, wives, heads of households, and increased with age. HTLV-1 LTR sequences from 109 persons clustered strongly with HTLV-1 and STLV-1 subtype B from humans and simians from DRC, with most sequences more closely related to STLV-1 from Allenopithecus nigroviridis (Allen's swamp monkey). While 18 potential transmission clusters were identified, most were in different households, villages, and health zones. Three HTLV-1-infected persons were co-infected with simian foamy virus. The mean and median percentage of HTLV-1 pVLs were 5.72% and 1.53%, respectively, but were not associated with age, NHP exposure, village, or gender. We document high HTLV prevalence in DRC likely originating from STLV-1. We demonstrate regional spread of HTLV-1 in DRC with pVLs reported to be associated with HTLV disease, supporting local and national public health measures to prevent spread and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Halbrook
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Adva Gadoth
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ellsworth M. Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Hoff
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anne W. Rimoin
- University of California Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Murata M, Yasunaga JI, Washizaki A, Seki Y, Kuramitsu M, Tan WK, Hu A, Okuma K, Hamaguchi I, Mizukami T, Matsuoka M, Akari H. Frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques. Retrovirology 2020; 17:15. [PMID: 32576215 PMCID: PMC7310504 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is disseminated among various non-human primate species and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Notably, the prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques (JMs) is estimated to be > 60%, much greater than that in other non-human primates; however, the mechanism and mode of STLV-1 transmission remain unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiological background by which STLV-1 infection is highly prevalent in JMs. Results The prevalence of STLV-1 in the JMs rearing in our free-range facility reached up to 64% (180/280 JMs) with variation from 55 to 77% among five independent troops. Anti-STLV-1 antibody titers (ABTs) and STLV-1 proviral loads (PVLs) were normally distributed with mean values of 4076 and 0.62%, respectively, which were mostly comparable to those of HTLV-1-infected humans. Our initial hypothesis that some of the macaques might contribute to frequent horizontal STLV-1 transmission as viral super-spreaders was unlikely because of the absence of the macaques exhibiting abnormally high PVLs but poor ABTs. Rather, ABTs and PVLs were statistically correlated (p < 0.0001), indicating that the increasing PVLs led to the greater humoral immune response. Further analyses demonstrated that the STLV-1 prevalence as determined by detection of the proviral DNA was dramatically increased with age; 11%, 31%, and 58% at 0, 1, and 2 years of age, respectively, which was generally consistent with the result of seroprevalence and suggested the frequent incidence of mother-to-child transmission. Moreover, our longitudinal follow-up study indicated that 24 of 28 seronegative JMs during the periods from 2011 to 2012 converted to seropositive (86%) 4 years later; among them, the seroconversion rates of sexually matured (4 years of age and older) macaques and immature macaques (3 years of age and younger) at the beginning of study were comparably high (80% and 89%, respectively), suggesting the frequent incidence of horizontal transmission. Conclusions Together with the fact that almost all of the full-adult JMs older than 9 years old were infected with STLV-1, our results of this study demonstrated for the first time that frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in JMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Murata
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yohei Seki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Wei Keat Tan
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Anna Hu
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan. .,Laboratory of Infectious Disease Model, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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16
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Suwannarong K, Chanabun S, Kanthawee P, Khiewkhern S, Boonyakawee P, Suwannarong K, Saengkul C, Bubpa N, Amonsin A. Risk factors for bat contact and consumption behaviors in Thailand; a quantitative study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:841. [PMID: 32493260 PMCID: PMC7268181 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats serve as an important reservoir for emerging infectious diseases. Bat contact and consumption, which persists in Asia, poses risks for the transmission of bat-borne infections. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional survey for risk factors associated with bat contact and consumption behaviors was conducted in ten provinces of Thailand from May 2016 to December 2017. A standardized questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews was used to collect information from 626 villagers who lived in or nearby areas of high bat density. The questionnaire contained 23 independent variables related to sociodemographic, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceptions. RESULTS The respondents (n = 626) were 285 females and 341 males, mean age of respondents was 47.58 years-old and lived in rural setting. Our results showed that 36.42% of respondents (n1 = 228) in 10 provinces reported bat contact during the past 6 months. Furthermore, 15.34% of respondents (n2 = 96) in 9 out of 10 provinces reported of having consumed bat meat in the past 6 months. Risk factors for bat contact included sex (male) (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.09-2.28), educational attainment (lower than secondary school) (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.18), and the consideration of bats as being economically beneficial to the community (OR = 3.18, 95% CI 2.03-4.97), while agriculture-related occupation (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.37-0.79), knowledge that it is safe to eat bats (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.93), practice of allowing children to play with bats (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-0.96), and attitude of feeling safe in areas where bats live (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.86) were statistically significant protective factors against bat contact. Risk factors for bat consumption included sex (male) (OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.49-4.11) and educational attainment (lower than secondary school) (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.27-3.85), while knowledge of whether bats are safe to eat (OR = 0.04, 95% CI 0.01-0.25), knowledge of whether there are laws pertaining to hunting bats for consumption (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.18-0.71), and the practice of allowing children to play with bats (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.81) were statistically significant protective factors against bat consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a better understanding of the sociodemographic factors, knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices that might influence bat contact and bat consumption behaviors. Information on risk factors can be used for the development of appropriate education and communication interventions to promote proper knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding bats and bat-borne zoonotic diseases in Thailand and other areas in the Southeast Asia region with similar environmental and cultural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sutin Chanabun
- Sirinthorn College of Public Health Khon Kaen, Ministry of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Paisit Boonyakawee
- Sirinthorn College of Public Health Trang, Ministry of Public Health, Trang, Thailand
| | | | - Chutarat Saengkul
- Faculty of Public Health, Nakhon Sawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Bubpa
- Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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17
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Dupke S, Schubert G, Beudjé F, Barduhn A, Pauly M, Couacy-Hymann E, Grunow R, Akoua-Koffi C, Leendertz FH, Klee SR. Serological evidence for human exposure to Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis in the villages around Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008292. [PMID: 32407387 PMCID: PMC7224451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) is an untypical anthrax-causing pathogen responsible for high wildlife mortality in Taï National Park (TNP), Côte d’Ivoire. However, nothing is known about its effect on the rural population living in the region bordering TNP. Contact to bushmeat is a known risk factor for exposure to a variety of zoonotic pathogens, but no human infections with Bcbva were noted so far. Therefore, we performed a retrospective seroprevalence analysis with sera from 1,386 study volunteers. We used assays which detect antibodies against the protective antigen PA, which is synthesized by both Bcbva and classic B. anthracis, and against the recently described antigen pXO2-60, a 35-kDa protein only produced by Bcbva. We found a high seroprevalence (22.37%) of antibodies against PA, and approximately half of those sera (10.46%) were also positive for the Bcbva-specific antigen pXO2-60. All sera negative for PA were also negative for antibodies against pXO2-60, confirming specificity and suitability of the PA/pXO2-60 combined serological assay. The fact that a large fraction of sera was positive for PA but negative for pXO2-60 can most likely be explained by lower immunogenicity of pXO2-60, but exposure to classic B. anthracis cannot be excluded. As only Bcbva has been detected in the TNP area so far, exposure to Bcbva can be suspected from the presence of antibodies against PA alone. In a questionnaire, most study participants reported contact to bushmeat and livestock carcasses. Unfortunately, risk factor analysis indicated that neither animal contacts, sex, age, nor country of origin were significant predictors of Bcbva seroprevalence. Nevertheless, our study added to an assessment of the distribution of Bcbva and its impact on the human population, and our data can serve to raise awareness of anthrax in the affected regions. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans and normally caused by B. anthracis mainly in savanna regions. However, untypical bacteria named Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva) were detected in a variety of wild animals in the rain forest region of the Taï National Park (TNP) in Côte d’Ivoire. No anthrax infections in humans living in the region around TNP were reported until now. Therefore, we assessed exposure to the pathogen by analysis of sera from human volunteers for the presence of antibodies against the protective antigen (PA), which is produced by B. anthracis and Bcbva, and against the Bcbva-specific protein pXO2-60. We found antibodies against PA in more than 20% of sera from humans living in the TNP region, and around 10% possessed also antibodies against pXO2-60, confirming exposure to Bcbva. As only Bcbva, but not classic B. anthracis was found in TNP, we assume that the majority of humans had contact with Bcbva and that pXO2-60 is less immunogenic than PA. Although most people reported animal contacts, there was no statistically significant correlation with the presence of antibodies against Bcbva. Nevertheless, our study confirmed that Bcbva represents a danger for humans living in the affected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Dupke
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 2: Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grit Schubert
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - Félicité Beudjé
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Anne Barduhn
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 2: Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maude Pauly
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Roland Grunow
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 2: Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Robert Koch Institute, P3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silke R. Klee
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 2: Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Nyamota R, Owino V, Murungi EK, Villinger J, Otiende M, Masiga D, Thuita J, Lekolool I, Jeneby M. Broad diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infecting Chlorocebus species (African green monkey) and evidence of cross-species infection in Papio anubis (olive baboon) in Kenya. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:165-178. [PMID: 32030774 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) naturally infects African non-human primates (NHPs) and poses a threat of transmission to humans through hunting and consumption of monkeys as bushmeat. This study investigated the as of yet unknown molecular diversity of SIV in free-ranging Chlorocebus species (African green monkeys-AGMs) and Papio anubis (olive baboons) within Mombasa, Kisumu and Naivasha urban centres in Kenya. METHODS We collected blood samples from 124 AGMs and 65 olive baboons in situ, and detected SIV by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS Simian immunodeficiency virus prevalence was 32% in AGMs and 3% in baboons. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis demonstrated distinct melt profiles illustrating virus diversity confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is persistent evolutionary diversification of SIVagm strains in its natural host, AGMs and cross-species infection to olive baboons is occurring. Further study is required to establish pathogenesis of the diverse SIVagm variants and baboon immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya.,International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Thuita
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (BioRI-KALRO), Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Maamun Jeneby
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Kenya
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19
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Jégado B, Kashanchi F, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 31843020 PMCID: PMC6915939 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As HTLV-1, STLV-1 is the etiological agent of ATL, while no case of TSP/HAM has been described. Given its similarities with HTLV-1, STLV-1 represents a unique tool used for performing clinical studies, vaccine studies as well as basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Jégado
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France.
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20
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Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
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21
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Afonso PV, Fagrouch Z, Deijs M, Niphuis H, Bogers W, Gessain A, van der Hoek L, Verschoor EJ. Absence of accessory genes in a divergent simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 isolated from a bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007521. [PMID: 31283766 PMCID: PMC6638983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primate T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 (PTLV-1) are complex retroviruses infecting both human (HTLV-1) and simian (STLV-1) hosts. They share common epidemiological, clinical and molecular features. In addition to the canonical gag, pol, env retroviral genes, PTLV-1 purportedly encodes regulatory (i.e. Tax, Rex, and HBZ) and accessory proteins (i.e. P12/8, P13, P30). The latter have been found essential for viral persistence in vivo. Methodology/Principal findings We have isolated a STLV-1 virus from a bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata–Mra18C9), a monkey from India. The complete sequence was obtained and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The Mra18C9 strain is highly divergent from the known PTLV-1 strains. Intriguingly, the Mra18C9 lacks the 3 accessory open reading frames. In order to determine if the absence of accessory proteins is specific to this particular strain, a comprehensive analysis of the complete PTLV-1 genomes available in Genbank was performed and found that the lack of one or many accessory ORF is common among PTLV-1. Conclusion This study raises many questions regarding the actual nature, role and importance of accessory proteins in the PTLV-1 biology. Primate T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 (PTLV-1) are complex retroviruses infecting both human (HTLV-1) and simian (STLV-1) hosts. It has been shown that the persistence and pathogenesis of these viruses depend on the expression of small, accessory proteins. A bonnet macaque (a monkey present in India) was found infected with STLV-1. The genome was sequenced and found quite divergent from the other STLV-1 genomes previously described. Intriguingly, this virus does not encode accessory proteins. Analysis of other available sequences found that most strains lack at least one accessory gene. Thus the importance and the role of these proteins in the PTLV-1 biology should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité EPVO, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PVA); (EJV)
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University Of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Willy Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University Of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PVA); (EJV)
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Kaul A, Schönmann U, Pöhlmann S. Seroprevalence of viral infections in captive rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Primate Biol 2019; 6:1-6. [PMID: 32110713 PMCID: PMC7041514 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-1-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaques serve as important animal models for biomedical research. Viral infection of macaques can compromise animal health as well as the results of biomedical research, and infected animals constitute an occupational health risk. Therefore, monitoring macaque colonies for viral infection is an important task. We used a commercial chip-based assay to analyze sera of 231 macaques for the presence of antibody responses against nine animal and human viruses. We report high seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), lymphocryptovirus (LCV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) antibodies in all age groups. In contrast, antibodies against simian retrovirus type D (SRV/D) and simian T cell leukemia virus (STLV) were detected only in 5 % and 10 % of animals, respectively, and were only found in adult or aged animals. Moreover, none of the animals had antibodies against herpes B virus (BV), in keeping with the results of in-house tests previously used for screening. Finally, an increased seroprevalence of measles virus antibodies in animals with extensive exposure to multiple humans for extended periods of time was observed. However, most of these animals were obtained from external sources, and a lack of information on the measles antibody status of the animals at the time of arrival precluded drawing reliable conclusions from the data. In sum, we show, that in the colony studied, CMV, LCV, RRV and SFV infection was ubiquitous and likely acquired early in life while SRV/D and STLV infection was rare and likely acquired during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for
Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schönmann
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for
Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Intragenus (Homo) variation in a chemokine receptor gene (CCR5). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204989. [PMID: 30278065 PMCID: PMC6168169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have a comparatively higher rate of more polymorphisms in regulatory regions of the primate CCR5 gene, an immune system gene with both general and specific functions. This has been interpreted as allowing flexibility and diversity of gene expression in response to varying disease loads. A broad expression repertoire is useful to humans-the only globally distributed primate-due to our unique adaptive pattern that increased pathogen exposure and disease loads (e.g., sedentism, subsistence practices). The main objective of the study was to determine if the previously observed human pattern of increased variation extended to other members of our genus, Homo. The data for this study are mined from the published genomes of extinct hominins (four Neandertals and two Denisovans), an ancient human (Ust'-Ishim), and modern humans (1000 Genomes). An average of 15 polymorphisms per individual were found in human populations (with a total of 262 polymorphisms). There were 94 polymorphisms identified across extinct Homo (an average of 13 per individual) with 41 previously observed in modern humans and 53 novel polymorphisms (32 in Denisova and 21 in Neandertal). Neither the frequency nor distribution of polymorphisms across gene regions exhibit significant differences within the genus Homo. Thus, humans are not unique with regards to the increased frequency of regulatory polymorphisms and the evolution of variation patterns across CCR5 gene appears to have originated within the genus. A broader evolutionary perspective on regulatory flexibility may be that it provided an advantage during the transition to confrontational foraging (and later hunting) that altered human-environment interaction as well as during migration to Eurasia and encounters with novel pathogens.
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Narat V, Alcayna-Stevens L, Rupp S, Giles-Vernick T. Rethinking Human-Nonhuman Primate Contact and Pathogenic Disease Spillover. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:840-850. [PMID: 29150826 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic transmissions are a major global health risk, and human-animal contact is frequently raised as an important driver of transmission. A literature examining zooanthroponosis largely agrees that more human-animal contact leads to more risk. Yet the basis of this proposition, the term contact, has not been rigorously analyzed. To understand how contact is used to explain cross-species spillovers, we conducted a multi-disciplinary review of studies addressing human-nonhuman primate (NHP) engagements and pathogenic transmissions and employing the term contact. We find that although contact is frequently invoked, it is employed inconsistently and imprecisely across these studies, overlooking the range of pathogens and their transmission routes and directions. We also examine a related but more expansive approach focusing on human and NHP habitats and their spatial overlap, which can potentially facilitate pathogenic transmission. Contact and spatial overlap investigations cannot, however, explain the processes that bring together people, animals and pathogens. We therefore examine another approach that enhances our understanding of zoonotic spillovers: anthropological studies identifying such historical, social, environmental processes. Comparable to a One Health approach, our ongoing research in Cameroon draws contact, spatial overlap and anthropological-historical approaches into dialog to suggest where, when and how pathogenic transmissions between people and NHPs may occur. In conclusion, we call for zoonotic disease researchers to specify more precisely the human-animal contacts they investigate and to attend to how broader ecologies, societies and histories shape pathogen-human-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lys Alcayna-Stevens
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Rupp
- Department of Anthropology, City University of New York - Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex, France.
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Studies, Toronto, Canada.
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