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Dadonaite B, Ahn JJ, Ort JT, Yu J, Furey C, Dosey A, Hannon WW, Baker AV, Webby RJ, King NP, Liu Y, Hensley SE, Peacock TP, Moncla LH, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.23.595634. [PMID: 38826368 PMCID: PMC11142178 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.595634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
H5 influenza is a potential pandemic threat. Previous studies have identified molecular phenotypes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein that contribute to pandemic risk, including cell entry, receptor preference, HA stability, and reduced neutralization by polyclonal sera. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all mutations to a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HA affect each phenotype. We identify mutations that allow HA to better bind a2-6-linked sialic acids, and show that some viruses already carry mutations that stabilize HA. We also identify recent viral strains with reduced neutralization to sera elicited by candidate vaccine virus. Overall, the systematic nature of deep mutational scanning combined with the safety of pseudoviruses enables comprehensive characterization of mutations to inform surveillance of H5 influenza.
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2
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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3
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Chen J, Liu J, Chen Z, Feng D, Zhu C, Fan J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xu J. Nonmuscle myosin IIA promotes the internalization of influenza A virus and regulates viral polymerase activity through interacting with nucleoprotein in human pulmonary cells. Virol Sin 2023; 38:128-141. [PMID: 36509386 PMCID: PMC10006312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), responsible for seasonal epidemics and recurring pandemics, represents a global threat to public health. Given the risk of a potential IAV pandemic, it is increasingly important to better understand virus-host interactions and develop new anti-viral strategies. Here, we reported nonmuscle myosin IIA (MYH9)-mediated regulation of IAV infection. MYH9 depletion caused a profound inhibition of IAV infection by reducing viral attachment and internalization in human lung epithelial cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of MYH9 also led to a significant reduction in viral productive infection. Interestingly, overexpression of MYH9 retained viral attachment, internalization, or uncoating, but suppressed the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity in a minigenome system. Further analyses found that excess MYH9 might interrupt the formation of vRNP by interacting with the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and result in the reduction of the completed vRNP in the nucleus, thereby inhibiting subsequent viral RNA transcription and replication. Together, we discovered that MYH9 can interact with IAV NP protein and engage in the regulation of vRNP complexes, thereby involving viral replication. These findings enlighten new mechanistic insights into the complicated interface of host-IAV interactions, ultimately making it an attractive target for the generation of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Shanghai, 200032, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Science of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhilu Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Daobin Feng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Cuisong Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Clinical Center for Bio-Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China. ORCID%
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4
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Fantini J, Azzaz F, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Electrostatic Surface Potential as a Key Parameter in Virus Transmission and Evolution: How to Manage Future Virus Pandemics in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Viruses 2023; 15:284. [PMID: 36851498 PMCID: PMC9964723 DOI: 10.3390/v15020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-cell interactions involve fundamental parameters that need to be considered in strategies implemented to control viral outbreaks. Among these, the surface electrostatic potential can give valuable information to deal with new epidemics. In this article, we describe the role of this key parameter in the hemagglutination of red blood cells and in the co-evolution of synaptic receptors and neurotransmitters. We then establish the functional link between lipid rafts and the electrostatic potential of viruses, with special emphasis on gangliosides, which are sialic-acid-containing, electronegatively charged plasma membrane components. We describe the common features of ganglioside binding domains, which include a wide variety of structures with little sequence homology but that possess key amino acids controlling ganglioside recognition. We analyze the role of the electrostatic potential in the transmission and intra-individual evolution of HIV-1 infections, including gatekeeper and co-receptor switch mechanisms. We show how to organize the epidemic surveillance of influenza viruses by focusing on mutations affecting the hemagglutinin surface potential. We demonstrate that the electrostatic surface potential, by modulating spike-ganglioside interactions, controls the hemagglutination properties of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) as well as the structural dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We relate the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of repositioned molecules to their ability to disrupt virus-raft interactions, challenging the old concept that an antibiotic or anti-parasitic cannot also be an antiviral. We propose a new concept based on the analysis of the electrostatic surface potential to develop, in real time, therapeutic and vaccine strategies adapted to each new viral epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Fantini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR_S 1072, 13015 Marseille, France
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5
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Park J, Legaspi SLF, Schwartzman LM, Gygli SM, Sheng ZM, Freeman AD, Matthews LM, Xiao Y, Ramuta MD, Batchenkova NA, Qi L, Rosas LA, Williams SL, Scherler K, Gouzoulis M, Bellayr I, Morens DM, Walters KA, Memoli MJ, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK. An inactivated multivalent influenza A virus vaccine is broadly protective in mice and ferrets. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo2167. [PMID: 35857640 PMCID: PMC11022527 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) present major public health threats from annual seasonal epidemics and pandemics and from viruses adapted to a variety of animals including poultry, pigs, and horses. Vaccines that broadly protect against all such IAVs, so-called "universal" influenza vaccines, do not currently exist but are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrated that an inactivated, multivalent whole-virus vaccine, delivered intramuscularly or intranasally, was broadly protective against challenges with multiple IAV hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes in both mice and ferrets. The vaccine is composed of four β-propiolactone-inactivated low-pathogenicity avian IAV subtypes of H1N9, H3N8, H5N1, and H7N3. Vaccinated mice and ferrets demonstrated substantial protection against a variety of IAVs, including the 1918 H1N1 strain, the highly pathogenic avian H5N8 strain, and H7N9. We also observed protection against challenge with antigenically variable and heterosubtypic avian, swine, and human viruses. Compared to control animals, vaccinated mice and ferrets demonstrated marked reductions in viral titers, lung pathology, and host inflammatory responses. This vaccine approach indicates the feasibility of eliciting broad, heterosubtypic IAV protection and identifies a promising candidate for influenza vaccine clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekeun Park
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharon L. Fong Legaspi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis M. Schwartzman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastian M. Gygli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhong-Mei Sheng
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashley D. Freeman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lex M. Matthews
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Ramuta
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalia A. Batchenkova
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rosas
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Williams
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Monica Gouzoulis
- Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian Bellayr
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Matthew J. Memoli
- Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Calvignac-Spencer S, Düx A, Gogarten JF, Patrono LV. Molecular archeology of human viruses. Adv Virus Res 2021; 111:31-61. [PMID: 34663498 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human-virus associations is usually reconstructed from contemporary patterns of genomic diversity. An intriguing, though still rarely implemented, alternative is to search for the genetic material of viruses in archeological and medical archive specimens to document evolution as it happened. In this chapter, we present lessons from ancient DNA research and incorporate insights from virology to explore the potential range of applications and likely limitations of archeovirological approaches. We also highlight the numerous questions archeovirology will hopefully allow us to tackle in the near future, and the main expected roadblocks to these avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany; Viral Evolution, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany; Viral Evolution, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany; Viral Evolution, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Livia V Patrono
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Dewi IM, Janssen NA, Rosati D, Bruno M, Netea MG, Brüggemann RJ, Verweij PE, van de Veerdonk FL. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with viral pneumonitis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:21-27. [PMID: 34034082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in critically ill patients with viral pneumonitis has increasingly been reported in recent years. Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are the two most common forms of this fungal infection. These diseases cause high mortality in patients, most of whom were previously immunocompetent. The pathogenesis of IAPA and CAPA is still not fully understood, but involves viral, fungal and host factors. In this article, we discuss several aspects regarding IAPA and CAPA, including their possible pathogenesis, the use of immunotherapy, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Mw Dewi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Microbiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Af Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roger Jm Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Legacy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038695. [PMID: 31871232 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Just over a century ago in 1918-1919, the "Spanish" influenza pandemic appeared nearly simultaneously around the world and caused extraordinary mortality-estimated at 50-100 million fatalities-associated with unexpected clinical and epidemiological features. The pandemic's sudden appearance and high fatality rate were unprecedented, and 100 years later still serve as a stark reminder of the continual threat influenza poses. Sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 virus have allowed scientists to answer many questions about its origin and pathogenicity, although many questions remain. Several of the unusual features of the 1918-1919 pandemic, including age-specific mortality patterns and the high frequency of severe pneumonias, are still not fully understood. The 1918 pandemic virus initiated a pandemic era still ongoing. The descendants of the 1918 virus remain today as annually circulating and evolving influenza viruses causing significant mortality each year. This review summarizes key findings and unanswered questions about this deadliest of human events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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9
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Sajjad W, Rafiq M, Din G, Hasan F, Iqbal A, Zada S, Ali B, Hayat M, Irfan M, Kang S. Resurrection of inactive microbes and resistome present in the natural frozen world: Reality or myth? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139275. [PMID: 32480145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present world faces a new threat of ancient microbes and resistomes that are locked in the cryosphere and now releasing upon thawing due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. The cryosphere act as the best preserving place for these microbes and resistomes that stay alive for millions of years. Current reviews extensively discussed whether the resurrection of microbes and resistomes existing in these pristine environments is true or just a hype. Release of these ancient microorganisms and naked DNA is of great concern for society as these microbes can either cause infections directly or they can interact with contemporary microorganisms and affect their fitness, survival, and mutation rate. Moreover, the contemporary microorganisms may uptake the unlocked naked DNA, which might transform non-pathogenic microorganisms into deadly antibiotic-resistant microbes. Additionally, the resurrection of glacial microorganisms can cause adverse effects on ecosystems downstream. The release of glacial pathogens and naked DNA is real and can lead to fatal outbreaks; therefore, we must prepare ourselves for the possible reemergence of diseases caused by these microbes. This study provides a scientific base for the adoption of actions by international cooperation to develop preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Awais Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sahib Zada
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Hayat
- Institute of Microbial Technology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao Campus, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. USA
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Lin B, Qing X, Liao J, Zhuo K. Role of Protein Glycosylation in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:E1022. [PMID: 32326128 PMCID: PMC7226260 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are fundamental to our understanding of infectious diseases. Protein glycosylation is one kind of common post-translational modification, forming glycoproteins and modulating numerous important biological processes. It also occurs in host-pathogen interaction, affecting host resistance or pathogen virulence often because glycans regulate protein conformation, activity, and stability, etc. This review summarizes various roles of different glycoproteins during the interaction, which include: host glycoproteins prevent pathogens as barriers; pathogen glycoproteins promote pathogens to attack host proteins as weapons; pathogens glycosylate proteins of the host to enhance virulence; and hosts sense pathogen glycoproteins to induce resistance. In addition, this review also intends to summarize the roles of lectin (a class of protein entangled with glycoprotein) in host-pathogen interactions, including bacterial adhesins, viral lectins or host lectins. Although these studies show the importance of protein glycosylation in host-pathogen interaction, much remains to be discovered about the interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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11
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau5485. [PMID: 31341062 PMCID: PMC11000447 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 period marks the centennial of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic, which caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide. The unprecedented nature of the pandemic's sudden appearance and high fatality rate serve as a stark reminder of the threat influenza poses. Unusual features of the 1918-1919 pandemic, including age-specific mortality and the high frequency of severe pneumonias, are still not fully understood. Sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 virus has allowed scientists to answer many questions about its origin and pathogenicity, although many questions remain. This Review summarizes key findings and still-to-be answered questions about this deadliest of human events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Gautam A, Park BK, Kim TH, Akauliya M, Kim D, Maharjan S, Park J, Kim J, Lee H, Park MS, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. Peritoneal Cells Mediate Immune Responses and Cross-Protection Against Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1160. [PMID: 31191534 PMCID: PMC6546726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal inoculation with live influenza A virus confers protection against intranasal infections in mice and ferrets. However, the responses of peritoneal cells to influenza A virus have not been investigated. Here we show that intraperitoneal inoculation with A/WSN/1933 (H1N1) virus induced virus-reactive IgG production in the peritoneal cavity in mice. The infection resulted in substantial but transient B cell and macrophage depletion along with massive neutrophil infiltration, but virus growth was not detected. Influenza A viruses bound to α-2,6-linked sialic acids of B cells and macrophages and induced apoptotic death of peritoneal cavity cells. However, re-infection with A/WSN/1933 virus did not have adverse effects on immune cells most likely because of the neutralizing antibodies produced in response to the first exposure. Infection of BALB/c mice with A/WSN/1933 induced cross-protection against an otherwise lethal intraperitoneal dose of A/Hongkong/4801/2014 (H3N2) virus. This information suggests that immunological responses in the peritoneal cavity can induce effective defense against future virus infection. Considering the unexpected potent immunoregulatory activity of the peritoneal cells against influenza viruses, we suggest that comparative studies on various immune reactions after infection through different routes may contribute to better selection of vaccination routes in development of efficacious influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishekh Gautam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Byoung Kwon Park
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Te Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Madhav Akauliya
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joongwon Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hanseul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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13
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Characterization of Host and Bacterial Contributions to Lung Barrier Dysfunction Following Co-infection with 2009 Pandemic Influenza and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020116. [PMID: 30699912 PMCID: PMC6409999 DOI: 10.3390/v11020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a threat to global public health resulting in ~500,000 deaths each year. Despite an intensive vaccination program, influenza infections remain a recurrent, yet unsolved public health problem. Secondary bacterial infections frequently complicate influenza infections during seasonal outbreaks and pandemics, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is frequently associated with these co-infections, including the 2009 influenza pandemic. Damage to alveolar epithelium is a major contributor to severe influenza-bacterial co-infections and can result in gas exchange abnormalities, fluid leakage, and respiratory insufficiency. These deleterious manifestations likely involve both pathogen- and host-mediated mechanisms. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the mechanisms (pathogen- and/or host-mediated) underlying influenza-bacterial co-infection pathogenesis. To address this, we characterized the contributions of viral-, bacterial-, and host-mediated factors to the altered structure and function of alveolar epithelial cells during co-infection with a focus on the 2009 pandemic influenza (pdm2009) and MRSA. Here, we characterized pdm2009 and MRSA replication kinetics, temporal host kinome responses, modulation of MRSA virulence factors, and disruption of alveolar barrier integrity in response to pdm2009-MRSA co-infection. Our results suggest that alveolar barrier disruption during co-infection is mediated primarily through host response dysregulation, resulting in loss of alveolar barrier integrity.
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14
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H2 influenza viruses: designing vaccines against future H2 pandemics. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:251-264. [PMID: 30647144 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza-related pathologies affect millions of people each year and the impact of influenza on the global economy and in our everyday lives has been well documented. Influenza viruses not only infect humans but also are zoonotic pathogens that infect various avian and mammalian species, which serve as viral reservoirs. While there are several strains of influenza currently circulating in animal species, H2 influenza viruses have a unique history and are of particular concern. The 1957 'Asian Flu' pandemic was caused by H2N2 influenza viruses and circulated among humans from 1957 to 1968 before it was replaced by viruses of the H3N2 subtype. This review focuses on avian influenza viruses of the H2 subtype and the role these viruses play in human infections. H2 influenza viral infections in humans would present a unique challenge to medical and scientific researchers. Much of the world's population lacks any pre-existing immunity to the H2N2 viruses that circulated 50-60 years ago. If viruses of this subtype began circulating in the human population again, the majority of people alive today would have no immunity to H2 influenza viruses. Since H2N2 influenza viruses have effectively circulated in people in the past, there is a need for additional research to characterize currently circulating H2 influenza viruses. There is also a need to stockpile vaccines that are effective against both historical H2 laboratory isolates and H2 viruses currently circulating in birds to protect against a future pandemic.
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15
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Koo BS, Kim HK, Song D, Na W, Song MS, Kwon JJ, Wong SS, Noh JY, Ahn MJ, Kim DJ, Webby RJ, Yoon SW, Jeong DG. Virological and pathological characterization of an avian H1N1 influenza A virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1153-1162. [PMID: 29368065 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene segments from avian H1N1 influenza A viruses have reassorted with other influenza viruses to generate pandemic strains over the past century. Nevertheless, little effort has been invested in understanding the characteristics of avian H1N1 influenza viruses. Here, we present the genome sequence and a molecular and virological characterization of an avian influenza A virus, A/wild bird/Korea/SK14/2014 (A/SK14, H1N1), isolated from migratory birds in South Korea during the winter season of 2014-2015. Full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus belongs to the Eurasian avian lineage. Although it retained avian-receptor binding preference, A/SK14 virus also exhibited detectable human-like receptor binding and was able to replicate in differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. In animal models, A/SK14 virus was moderately pathogenic in mice, and virus was detected in nasal washes from inoculated guinea pigs, but not in direct-contact guinea pigs. Although A/SK14 showed moderate pathogenicity and no evidence of transmission in a mammalian model, our results suggest that the dual receptor specificity of A/SK14-like virus might allow for a more rapid adaptation to mammals, emphasizing the importance of further continuous surveillance and risk-assessment activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Sang Koo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, South Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, South Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ji Yeong Noh
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Min-Ju Ahn
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea. .,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea. .,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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16
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Recombinant influenza H9N2 virus with a substitution of H3 hemagglutinin transmembrane domain showed enhanced immunogenicity in mice and chicken. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17923. [PMID: 29263359 PMCID: PMC5738434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, avian influenza virus H9N2 undergoing antigenic drift represents a threat to poultry farming as well as public health. Current vaccines are restricted to inactivated vaccine strains and their related variants. In this study, a recombinant H9N2 (H9N2-TM) strain with a replaced H3 hemagglutinin (HA) transmembrane (TM) domain was generated. Virus assembly and viral protein composition were not affected by the transmembrane domain replacement. Further, the recombinant TM-replaced H9N2-TM virus could provide better inter-clade protection in both mice and chickens against H9N2, suggesting that the H3-TM-replacement could be considered as a strategy to develop efficient subtype-specific H9N2 influenza vaccines.
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17
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Genetic Characterization of Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic 2009 Virus Isolates from Mumbai. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:899-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Role of the B Allele of Influenza A Virus Segment 8 in Setting Mammalian Host Range and Pathogenicity. J Virol 2016; 90:9263-84. [PMID: 27489273 PMCID: PMC5044859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01205-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two alleles of segment 8 (NS) circulate in nonchiropteran influenza A viruses. The A allele is found in avian and mammalian viruses, but the B allele is viewed as being almost exclusively found in avian viruses. This might reflect the fact that one or both of its encoded proteins (NS1 and NEP) are maladapted for replication in mammalian hosts. To test this, a number of clade A and B avian virus-derived NS segments were introduced into human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. In no case was the peak virus titer substantially reduced following infection of various mammalian cell types. Exemplar reassortant viruses also replicated to similar titers in mice, although mice infected with viruses with the avian virus-derived segment 8s had reduced weight loss compared to that achieved in mice infected with the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) parent. In vitro, the viruses coped similarly with type I interferons. Temporal proteomics analysis of cellular responses to infection showed that the avian virus-derived NS segments provoked lower levels of expression of interferon-stimulated genes in cells than wild type-derived NS segments. Thus, neither the A nor the B allele of avian virus-derived NS segments necessarily attenuates virus replication in a mammalian host, although the alleles can attenuate disease. Phylogenetic analyses identified 32 independent incursions of an avian virus-derived A allele into mammals, whereas 6 introductions of a B allele were identified. However, A-allele isolates from birds outnumbered B-allele isolates, and the relative rates of Aves-to-Mammalia transmission were not significantly different. We conclude that while the introduction of an avian virus segment 8 into mammals is a relatively rare event, the dogma of the B allele being especially restricted is misleading, with implications in the assessment of the pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) can adapt to poultry and mammalian species, inflicting a great socioeconomic burden on farming and health care sectors. Host adaptation likely involves multiple viral factors. Here, we investigated the role of IAV segment 8. Segment 8 has evolved into two distinct clades: the A and B alleles. The B-allele genes have previously been suggested to be restricted to avian virus species. We introduced a selection of avian virus A- and B-allele segment 8s into human H1N1 and H3N2 virus backgrounds and found that these reassortant viruses were fully competent in mammalian host systems. We also analyzed the currently available public data on the segment 8 gene distribution and found surprisingly little evidence for specific avian host restriction of the B-clade segment. We conclude that B-allele segment 8 genes are, in fact, capable of supporting infection in mammals and that they should be considered during the assessment of the pandemic risk of zoonotic influenza A viruses.
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19
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Chertow DS, Kindrachuk J, Sheng ZM, Pujanauski LM, Cooper K, Nogee D, Claire MS, Solomon J, Perry D, Sayre P, Janosko KB, Lackemeyer MG, Bohannon JK, Kash JC, Jahrling PB, Taubenberger JK. Influenza A and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection in rhesus macaques - A model of severe pneumonia. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:120-129. [PMID: 26923881 PMCID: PMC6617511 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza results in up to 500,000 deaths annually. Seasonal influenza vaccines have an estimated 60% effectiveness, but provide little or no protection against novel subtypes, and may be less protective in high-risk groups. Neuraminidase inhibitors are recommended for the treatment of severe influenza infection, but are not proven to reduce mortality in severe disease. Preclinical models of severe influenza infection that closely correlate to human disease are needed to assess efficacy of new vaccines and therapeutics. METHODS We developed a nonhuman primate model of influenza and bacterial co-infection that recapitulates severe pneumonia in humans. Animals were infected with influenza A virus via intra-bronchial or small-particle aerosol inoculation, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or co-infected with influenza and methicillin-resistant S. aureus combined. We assessed the severity of disease in animals over the course of our study using tools available to evaluate critically ill human patients including high-resolution computed tomography imaging of the lungs, arterial blood gas analyses, and bronchoalveolar lavage. RESULTS Using an intra-bronchial route of inoculation we successfully induced severe pneumonia following influenza infection alone and following influenza and bacterial co-infection. Peak illness was observed at day 6 post-influenza infection, manifested by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxemia. The timing of radiographic and physiologic manifestations of disease in our model closely match those observed in severe human influenza infection. DISCUSSION This was the first nonhuman primate study of influenza and bacterial co-infection where high-resolution computed tomography scanning of the lungs was used to quantitatively assess pneumonia over the course of illness and where hypoxemia was correlated with pneumonia severity. With additional validation this model may serve as a pathway for regulatory approval of vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of severe influenza pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zong-Mei Sheng
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey M Pujanauski
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Nogee
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, RAD&IS, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna Perry
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Philip Sayre
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Krisztina B Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew G Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jordan K Bohannon
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Davis AS, Chertow DS, Kindrachuk J, Qi L, Schwartzman LM, Suzich J, Alsaaty S, Logun C, Shelhamer JH, Taubenberger JK. 1918 Influenza receptor binding domain variants bind and replicate in primary human airway cells regardless of receptor specificity. Virology 2016; 493:238-46. [PMID: 27062579 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 influenza pandemic caused ~50 million deaths. Many questions remain regarding the origin, pathogenicity, and mechanisms of human adaptation of this virus. Avian-adapted influenza A viruses preferentially bind α2,3-linked sialic acids (Sia) while human-adapted viruses preferentially bind α2,6-linked Sia. A change in Sia preference from α2,3 to α2,6 is thought to be a requirement for human adaptation of avian influenza viruses. Autopsy data from 1918 cases, however, suggest that factors other than Sia preference played a role in viral binding and entry to human airway cells. Here, we evaluated binding and entry of five 1918 influenza receptor binding domain variants in a primary human airway cell model along with control avian and human influenza viruses. We observed that all five variants bound and entered cells efficiently and that Sia preference did not predict entry of influenza A virus to primary human airway cells evaluated in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sally Davis
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States; Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States; Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Louis M Schwartzman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jon Suzich
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States; Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara Alsaaty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carolea Logun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James H Shelhamer
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.
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21
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An Intranasal Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Broadly Protects Mice from Multiple Subtypes of Influenza A Virus. mBio 2015. [PMID: 26199334 PMCID: PMC4513078 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01044-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus infections are a global public health problem, with a significant impact of morbidity and mortality from both annual epidemics and pandemics. The current strategy for preventing annual influenza is to develop a new vaccine each year against specific circulating virus strains. Because these vaccines are unlikely to protect against an antigenically divergent strain or a new pandemic virus with a novel hemagglutinin (HA) subtype, there is a critical need for vaccines that protect against all influenza A viruses, a so-called "universal" vaccine. Here we show that mice were broadly protected against challenge with a wide variety of lethal influenza A virus infections (94% aggregate survival following vaccination) with a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine cocktail. The vaccine consisted of a mixture of VLPs individually displaying H1, H3, H5, or H7 HAs, and vaccinated mice showed significant protection following challenge with influenza viruses expressing 1918 H1, 1957 H2, and avian H5, H6, H7, H10, and H11 hemagglutinin subtypes. These experiments suggest a promising and practical strategy for developing a broadly protective "universal" influenza vaccine. IMPORTANCE The rapid and unpredictable nature of influenza A virus evolution requires new vaccines to be produced annually to match circulating strains. Human infections with influenza viruses derived from animals can cause outbreaks that may be associated with high mortality, and such strains may also adapt to humans to cause a future pandemic. Thus, there is a large public health need to create broadly protective, or "universal," influenza vaccines that could prevent disease from a wide variety of human and animal influenza A viruses. In this study, a noninfectious virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine was shown to offer significant protection against a variety of influenza A viruses in mice, suggesting a practical strategy to develop a universal influenza vaccine.
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22
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Davis AS, Chertow DS, Moyer JE, Suzich J, Sandouk A, Dorward DW, Logun C, Shelhamer JH, Taubenberger JK. Validation of normal human bronchial epithelial cells as a model for influenza A infections in human distal trachea. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:312-28. [PMID: 25604814 PMCID: PMC4409941 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415570968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE) cells, derived from the distal-most aspect of the trachea at the bifurcation, have been used for a number of studies in respiratory disease research. Differences between the source tissue and the differentiated primary cells may impact infection studies based on this model. Therefore, we examined how well-differentiated NHBE cells compared with their source tissue, the human distal trachea, as well as the ramifications of these differences on influenza A viral pathogenesis research using this model. We employed a histological analysis including morphological measurements, electron microscopy, multi-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, lectin histochemistry, and microarray expression analysis to compare differentiated NHBEs to human distal tracheal epithelium. Pseudostratified epithelial height, cell type variety and distribution varied significantly. Electron microscopy confirmed differences in cellular attachment and paracellular junctions. Influenza receptor lectin histochemistry revealed that α2,3 sialic acids were rarely present on the apical aspect of the differentiated NHBE cells, but were present in low numbers in the distal trachea. We bound fluorochrome bioconjugated virus to respiratory tissue and NHBE cells and infected NHBE cells with human influenza A viruses. Both indicated that the pattern of infection progression in these cells correlated with autopsy studies of fatal cases from the 2009 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sally Davis
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas (ASD)
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Jenna E Moyer
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
| | - Jon Suzich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Aline Sandouk
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
| | - David W Dorward
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, Hamilton, Montana (DWD)
| | - Carolea Logun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - James H Shelhamer
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (DSC, JS, CL, JHS)
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland (ASD, DSC, JEM, AS, JKT)
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23
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Kamal RP, Katz JM, York IA. Molecular determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis in mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 385:243-74. [PMID: 25038937 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are widely used for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunology because of their low cost, the wide availability of mouse-specific reagents, and the large number of mouse strains available, including knockout and transgenic strains. However, mice do not fully recapitulate the signs of influenza infection of humans: transmission of influenza between mice is much less efficient than in humans, and influenza viruses often require adaptation before they are able to efficiently replicate in mice. In the process of mouse adaptation, influenza viruses acquire mutations that enhance their ability to attach to mouse cells, replicate within the cells, and suppress immunity, among other functions. Many such mouse-adaptive mutations have been identified, covering all 8 genomic segments of the virus. Identification and analysis of these mutations have provided insight into the molecular determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenesis, not only in mice but also in humans and other species. In particular, several mouse-adaptive mutations of avian influenza viruses have proved to be general mammalian-adaptive changes that are potential markers of pre-pandemic viruses. As well as evaluating influenza pathogenesis, mice have also been used as models for evaluation of novel vaccines and anti-viral therapies. Mice can be a useful animal model for studying influenza biology as long as differences between human and mice infections are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Kamal
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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24
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Sun X, Cao W, Pappas C, Liu F, Katz JM, Tumpey TM. Effect of receptor binding specificity on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza virus A H1 vaccines. Virology 2014; 464-465:156-165. [PMID: 25078114 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis for the poor immunogenicity of unadjuvanted avian influenza A virus vaccines in mammals is not well understood. Here, we mutated the hemagglutinin (HA) of two H1N1 virus vaccines to determine whether virus receptor binding specificity contributes to the low immunogenicity of avian influenza virus vaccines. Mutations were introduced into the HA of an avian influenza virus, A/Duck/New York/15024-21/96 (Dk/96) which switched the binding preference from α2,3- to α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA). A switch in receptor specificity of the human A/South Carolina/1/18 (SC/18) virus generated a mutant virus with α2,3 SA (avian) binding preference. Inactivated vaccines were generated and administered to mice and ferrets intramuscularly. We found that the vaccines with human receptor binding preference induced slightly higher antibody titers and cell-mediated immune responses compared to their isogenic viruses with avian receptor binding specificity. Upon challenge with DK/96 or SC18 virus, differences in lung virus titers between the vaccine groups with different receptor-binding specificities were minimal. Overall, our data suggest that receptor binding specificity contributes only marginally to the immunogenicity of avian influenza vaccines and that other factors may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Weiping Cao
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS: G16, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
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25
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Abstract
The terminal noncoding region (NCR) sequences of the eight gene segments of the influenza A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) virus were determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Chimeric viruses encoding the open reading frames of the 1918 virus but flanked by either the wild-type 1918 NCR sequences or the NCR sequences of two other H1N1 virus strains, A/WSN/1933 and A/New York/312/2001, were produced. No growth differences between the NCR variant 1918 influenza viruses were noted.
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Rapid sequencing of influenza A virus vRNA, cRNA and mRNA non-coding regions. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:26-33. [PMID: 24096269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the genomic sequences of influenza A viruses is important for pathophysiological and evolutionary studies. Noncoding regions (NCR) of influenza A virus have been shown to play critical roles in replication and transcription but their sequences are infrequently determined. In this study, a method employing poly(A) addition and SMART (switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript) technology is described for directly determining and discriminating both NCR ends of viral RNA (vRNA), complementary RNA (cRNA), or NCR and cap sequences from viral mRNA. This modified method may also be used to characterize the NCRs of influenza A virus samples in which the RNA has been degraded.
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Louz D, Bergmans HE, Loos BP, Hoeben RC. Animal models in virus research: their utility and limitations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:325-61. [PMID: 22978742 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.711740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases are important threats to public health worldwide. With the number of emerging viral diseases increasing the last decades, there is a growing need for appropriate animal models for virus studies. The relevance of animal models can be limited in terms of mimicking human pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the utility of animal models for studies of influenza A viruses, HIV and SARS-CoV in light of viral emergence, assessment of infection and transmission risks, and regulatory decision making. We address their relevance and limitations. The susceptibility, immune responses, pathogenesis, and pharmacokinetics may differ between the various animal models. These complexities may thwart translating results from animal experiments to the humans. Within these constraints, animal models are very informative for studying virus immunopathology and transmission modes and for translation of virus research into clinical benefit. Insight in the limitations of the various models may facilitate further improvements of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Louz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), GMO Office , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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Analysis by single-gene reassortment demonstrates that the 1918 influenza virus is functionally compatible with a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in mice. J Virol 2012; 86:9211-20. [PMID: 22718825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00887-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1918-1919 "Spanish" influenza pandemic is estimated to have caused 50 million deaths worldwide. Understanding the origin, virulence, and pathogenic properties of past pandemic influenza viruses, including the 1918 virus, is crucial for current public health preparedness and future pandemic planning. The origin of the 1918 pandemic virus has not been resolved, but its coding sequences are very like those of avian influenza virus. The proteins encoded by the 1918 virus differ from typical low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses at only a small number of amino acids in each open reading frame. In this study, a series of chimeric 1918 influenza viruses were created in which each of the eight 1918 pandemic virus gene segments was replaced individually with the corresponding gene segment of a prototypical low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) H1N1 virus in order to investigate functional compatibility of the 1918 virus genome with gene segments from an LPAI virus and to identify gene segments and mutations important for mammalian adaptation. This set of eight "7:1" chimeric viruses was compared to the parental 1918 and LPAI H1N1 viruses in intranasally infected mice. Seven of the 1918 LPAI 7:1 chimeric viruses replicated and caused disease equivalent to the fully reconstructed 1918 virus. Only the chimeric 1918 virus containing the avian influenza PB2 gene segment was attenuated in mice. This attenuation could be corrected by the single E627K amino acid change, further confirming the importance of this change in mammalian adaptation and mouse pathogenicity. While the mechanisms of influenza virus host switch, and particularly mammalian host adaptation are still only partly understood, these data suggest that the 1918 virus, whatever its origin, is very similar to avian influenza virus.
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29
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Koerner I, Matrosovich MN, Haller O, Staeheli P, Kochs G. Altered receptor specificity and fusion activity of the haemagglutinin contribute to high virulence of a mouse-adapted influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:970-979. [PMID: 22258863 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral haemagglutinin (HA) and the viral polymerase complex determine the replication fitness of a highly virulent variant of influenza A virus strain A/PR/8/34 (designated hvPR8) and its high pathogenicity in mice. We report here that the HA of the hvPR8 differs from the HA of a low virulent strain (lvPR8) by the efficiency of receptor binding and membrane fusion. hvPR8 bound to 2,6-linked as well as 2,3-linked sialic acid-containing receptors, whereas lvPR8 bound exclusively to 2,3-linked sialic acids with high avidity. Remarkably, hvPR8 infected its target cells faster than lvPR8 and tolerated an elevated pH for efficient membrane fusion. In spite of these differences, both viruses targeted type II but not type I pneumocytes in the lung of infected mice. The HA of hvPR8 differs from that of lvPR8 by 16 aa substitutions and one insertion. Mutational analyses revealed that amino acid at HA position 190 (H3 numbering) primarily determined the specificity of receptor binding, while the insertion at position 133 influenced the avidity of receptor binding. Both amino acid positions also strongly influenced viral virulence. Furthermore, leucine at position 78 and glutamine at position 354 were critical determinants of increased fusion activity and virulence of hvPR8. Our data suggest that the HA of hvPR8 enhances virulence by mediating optimal receptor binding and membrane fusion thereby promoting rapid and efficient viral entry into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koerner
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Otto Haller
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79008 Freiburg, Germany
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SRIWILAIJAROEN N, SUZUKI Y. Molecular basis of the structure and function of H1 hemagglutinin of influenza virus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:226-49. [PMID: 22728439 PMCID: PMC3410141 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) contains antigenic sites recognized by the host immune system, cleavage sites cleaved by host proteases, receptor binding sites attaching to sialyl receptors on the target cell, and fusion peptides mediating membrane fusion. Change in an amino acid(s) in these sites may affect the potential of virus infection and spread within and between hosts. Influenza viruses with H1 HA infect birds, pigs and humans and have caused two of the four pandemics in the past 100 years: 1918 pandemic that killed 21-50 million people and 2009 pandemic that caused more than 18,000 deaths. Understanding the relationship between antigenic structure and immune specificity, the receptor binding specificity in virus transmission, how the cleavage site controls pathogenicity, and how the fusion peptide causes membrane fusion for the entry of influenza virus into the host cell should provide information to find more effective ways to prevent and control influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk SRIWILAIJAROEN
- Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo SUZUKI
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
- Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Suzuki, Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan (e-mail: )
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31
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Chang SS, Huang HJ, Chen CYC. Two birds with one stone? Possible dual-targeting H1N1 inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicine. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002315. [PMID: 22215997 PMCID: PMC3245300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009 has claimed over 18,000 lives. During this pandemic, development of drug resistance further complicated efforts to control and treat the widespread illness. This research utilizes traditional Chinese medicine Database@Taiwan (TCM Database@Taiwan) to screen for compounds that simultaneously target H1 and N1 to overcome current difficulties with virus mutations. The top three candidates were de novo derivatives of xylopine and rosmaricine. Bioactivity of the de novo derivatives against N1 were validated by multiple machine learning prediction models. Ability of the de novo compounds to maintain CoMFA/CoMSIA contour and form key interactions implied bioactivity within H1 as well. Addition of a pyridinium fragment was critical to form stable interactions in H1 and N1 as supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Results from MD, hydrophobic interactions, and torsion angles are consistent and support the findings of docking. Multiple anchors and lack of binding to residues prone to mutation suggest that the TCM de novo derivatives may be resistant to drug resistance and are advantageous over conventional H1N1 treatments such as oseltamivir. These results suggest that the TCM de novo derivatives may be suitable candidates of dual-targeting drugs for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Sen Chang
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jin Huang
- Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Zevgiti S, Zabala JG, Darji A, Dietrich U, Panou-Pomonis E, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M. Sialic acid and sialyl-lactose glyco-conjugates: design, synthesis and binding assays to lectins and swine influenza H1N1 virus. J Pept Sci 2011; 18:52-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Zevgiti
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Juliana Gonzalez Zabala
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Ayub Darji
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA); Barcelona Spain
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Biomedical Research; Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42-44 60596 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Eugenia Panou-Pomonis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Maria Sakarellos-Daitsiotis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
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33
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Lethal synergism of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is associated with loss of murine lung repair responses. mBio 2011; 2:mBio.00172-11. [PMID: 21933918 PMCID: PMC3175626 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00172-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections increase disease severity of influenza virus infections and contribute greatly to increased morbidity and mortality during pandemics. To study secondary bacterial infection following influenza virus infection, mice were inoculated with sublethal doses of 2009 seasonal H1N1 virus (NIH50) or pandemic H1N1 virus (Mex09) followed by inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae 48 h later. Disease was characterized by assessment of weight loss and survival, titration of virus and bacteria by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), histopathology, expression microarray, and immunohistochemistry. Mice inoculated with virus alone showed 100% survival for all groups. Mice inoculated with Mex09 plus S. pneumoniae showed severe weight loss and 100% mortality with severe alveolitis, denuded bronchiolar epithelium, and widespread expression of apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3. In contrast, mice inoculated with NIH50 plus S. pneumoniae showed increased weight loss, 100% survival, and slightly enhanced lung pathology. Mex09-S. pneumoniae coinfection also resulted in increased S. pneumoniae replication in lung and bacteremia late in infection. Global gene expression profiling revealed that Mex09-S. pneumoniae coinfection did not induce significantly more severe inflammatory responses but featured significant loss of epithelial cell reproliferation and repair responses. Histopathological examination for cell proliferation marker MCM7 showed significant staining of airway epithelial cells in all groups except Mex09-S. pneumoniae-infected mice. This study demonstrates that secondary bacterial infection during 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus infection resulted in more severe disease and loss of lung repair responses than did seasonal influenza viral and bacterial coinfection. Moreover, this study provides novel insights into influenza virus and bacterial coinfection by showing correlation of lethal outcome with loss of airway basal epithelial cells and associated lung repair responses. Secondary bacterial pneumonias lead to increased disease severity and have resulted in a significant percentage of deaths during influenza pandemics. To understand the biological basis for the interaction of bacterial and viral infections, mice were infected with sublethal doses of 2009 seasonal H1N1 and pandemic H1N1 viruses followed by infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae 48 h later. Only infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus and S. pneumoniae resulted in severe disease with a 100% fatality rate. Analysis of the host response to infection during lethal coinfection showed a significant loss of responses associated with lung repair that was not observed in any of the other experimental groups. This group of mice also showed enhanced bacterial replication in the lung. This study reveals that the extent of lung damage during viral infection influences the severity of secondary bacterial infections and may help explain some differences in mortality during influenza pandemics.
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34
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Autopsy series of 68 cases dying before and during the 1918 influenza pandemic peak. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16416-21. [PMID: 21930918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111179108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1918 to 1919 "Spanish" influenza pandemic virus killed up to 50 million people. We report here clinical, pathological, bacteriological, and virological findings in 68 fatal American influenza/pneumonia military patients dying between May and October of 1918, a period that includes ~4 mo before the 1918 pandemic was recognized, and 2 mo (September-October 1918) during which it appeared and peaked. The lung tissues of 37 of these cases were positive for influenza viral antigens or viral RNA, including four from the prepandemic period (May-August). The prepandemic and pandemic peak cases were indistinguishable clinically and pathologically. All 68 cases had histological evidence of bacterial pneumonia, and 94% showed abundant bacteria on Gram stain. Sequence analysis of the viral hemagglutinin receptor-binding domain performed on RNA from 13 cases suggested a trend from a more "avian-like" viral receptor specificity with G222 in prepandemic cases to a more "human-like" specificity associated with D222 in pandemic peak cases. Viral antigen distribution in the respiratory tree, however, was not apparently different between prepandemic and pandemic peak cases, or between infections with viruses bearing different receptor-binding polymorphisms. The 1918 pandemic virus was circulating for at least 4 mo in the United States before it was recognized epidemiologically in September 1918. The causes of the unusually high mortality in the 1918 pandemic were not explained by the pathological and virological parameters examined. These findings have important implications for understanding the origins and evolution of pandemic influenza viruses.
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35
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC. Insights on influenza pathogenesis from the grave. Virus Res 2011; 162:2-7. [PMID: 21925551 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 1918-1919 'Spanish' influenza virus caused the worst pandemic in recorded history and resulted in approximately 50 million deaths worldwide. Efforts to understand what happened and to use these insights to prevent a future similar pandemic have been ongoing since 1918. In 2005 the genome of the 1918 influenza virus was completely determined by sequencing fragments of viral RNA preserved in autopsy tissues of 1918 victims, and using reverse genetics, infectious viruses bearing some or all the 1918 virus gene segments were reconstructed. These studies have yielded much information about the origin and pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, but many questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Room 3E19A.2, MSC 3203, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203, USA.
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36
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Abstract
As all the enveloped viruses, the entry of influenza viruses includes a number of steps in host cell infection. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the entry pathway and the role of the fusion protein of influenza virus, hemagglutinin, in this process. Hemagglutinin (HA) is a trimeric glycoprotein that is present in multiple copies in the membrane envelope of influenza virus. HA contains a fusion peptide, a receptor binding site, a metastable structural motif, and the transmembrane domain. The first step of influenza virus entry is the recognition of the host cell receptor molecule, terminal α-sialic acid, by HA. This multivalent attachment by multiple copies of trimetric HA triggers endocytosis of influenza virus that is contained in the endosome. The endosome-trapped virus traffics via a unidirectional pathway to near the nucleus. At this location, the interior pH of the endosome becomes acidic that induces a dramatic conformational change in HA to insert the fusion peptide into the host membrane, induce juxtaposition of the two membranes, and form a fusion pore that allows the release of the genome segments of influenza virus. HA plays a key role in the entire entry pathway. Inhibitors of virus entry are potentially effective antiviral drugs of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Rossmann
- grid.169077.e0000000419372197Dept. Biological Sciences, Purdue University, W. State St. 915, West Lafayette, 47907-2054 Indiana USA
| | - Venigalla B. Rao
- grid.39936.360000000121746686Dept. Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, 20064 District of Columbia USA
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37
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O’Donnell CD, Subbarao K. The contribution of animal models to the understanding of the host range and virulence of influenza A viruses. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:502-15. [PMID: 21276869 PMCID: PMC3071864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since ferrets were first used in 1933 during the initial isolation of influenza A viruses, animal models have been critical for influenza research. The following review discusses the contribution of mice, ferrets, and non-human primates to the study of influenza virus host range and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Easterbrook JD, Kash JC, Sheng Z, Qi L, Gao J, Kilbourne ED, Eichelberger MC, Taubenberger JK. Immunization with 1976 swine H1N1- or 2009 pandemic H1N1-inactivated vaccines protects mice from a lethal 1918 influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:198-205. [PMID: 21477139 PMCID: PMC3073596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic infections with H1N1 influenza viruses that evolved initially from the 1918 virus (1918) and adapted to swine threatened a pandemic in 1976 (1976 swH1N1) and a novel reassortant H1N1 virus caused a pandemic in 2009-2010 (2009 pH1N1). Epidemiological and laboratory animal studies show that protection from severe 2009 pH1N1 infection is conferred by vaccination or prior infection with 1976 swH1N1 or 1918. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to demonstrate cross-protection by immunization with 2009 pH1N1 or 1976 swH1N1 vaccines following a lethal challenge with 1918. Further, the mechanisms of cross-protective antibody responses were evaluated. METHODS Mice were immunized with 1976 swH1N1, 2009 pH1N1, 2009 seasonal trivalent, or 1918 vaccines and challenged with 1918. Cross-reactive antibody responses were assessed and protection monitored by survival, weight loss, and pathology in mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Vaccination with the 1976 swH1N1 or 2009 pH1N1 vaccines protected mice from a lethal challenge with 1918, and these mice lost no weight and had significantly reduced viral load and pathology in the lungs. Protection was likely due to cross-reactive antibodies detected by microneutralization assay. Our data suggest that the general population may be protected from a future 1918-like pandemic because of prior infection or immunization with 1976 swH1N1 or 2009 pH1N1. Also, influenza protection studies generally focus on cross-reactive hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies; while hemagglutinin is the primary surface antigen, this fails to account for other influenza viral antigens. Neutralizing antibody may be a better correlate of human protection against pathogenic influenza strains and should be considered for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D. Easterbrook
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zong‐Mei Sheng
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwin D. Kilbourne
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Edwin D. Kilbourne, M.D., died on February 21, 2011 at the age of 90. His pioneering work on influenza spanned 64 years from 1947 to 2011
| | - Maryna C. Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Easterbrook JD, Dunfee RL, Schwartzman LM, Jagger BW, Sandouk A, Kash JC, Memoli MJ, Taubenberger JK. Obese mice have increased morbidity and mortality compared to non-obese mice during infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:418-25. [PMID: 21668672 PMCID: PMC3175349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Easterbrook et al. (2011) Obese mice have increased morbidity and mortality compared to non‐obese mice during infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(6), 418–425. Background Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe or fatal infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza (2009 pH1N1), but was not previously recognized for previous pandemic or seasonal influenza infections. Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the role of obesity as an independent risk factor for severity of infection with 2009 pH1N1, seasonal H1N1, or a pathogenic H1N1 influenza virus. Methods Diet‐induced obese (DIO) and their non‐obese, age‐matched control counterparts were inoculated with a 2009 pH1N1, A/California/04/2009 (CA/09), current seasonal H1N1, A/NY/312/2001 (NY312), or highly pathogenic 1918‐like H1N1, A/Iowa/Swine/1931 (Sw31), virus. Results Following inoculation with CA/09, DIO mice had higher mortality (80%) than control mice (0%) and lost more weight during infection. No effect of obesity on morbidity and mortality was observed during NY312 or Sw31 infection. Influenza antigen distribution in the alveolar regions of the lungs was more pronounced in DIO than control mice during CA/09 infection at 3 days post‐inoculation (dpi), despite similar virus titers. During CA/09 infection, localized interferon‐β and proinflammatory cytokine protein responses in the lungs were significantly lower in DIO than control mice. Conversely, serum cytokine concentrations were elevated in DIO, but not control mice following infection with CA/09. The effect of obesity on differential immune responses was abrogated during NY312 or Sw31 infection. Conclusions Together, these data support epidemiologic reports that obesity may be a risk factor for severe 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection, but the role of obesity in seasonal or highly virulent pandemic influenza infection remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Easterbrook
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203, USA
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40
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Qi L, Kash JC, Dugan VG, Jagger BW, Lau YF, Sheng ZM, Crouch EC, Hartshorn KL, Taubenberger JK. The ability of pandemic influenza virus hemagglutinins to induce lower respiratory pathology is associated with decreased surfactant protein D binding. Virology 2011; 412:426-34. [PMID: 21334038 PMCID: PMC3060949 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic influenza viral infections have been associated with viral pneumonia. Chimeric influenza viruses with the hemagglutinin segment of the 1918, 1957, 1968, or 2009 pandemic influenza viruses in the context of a seasonal H1N1 influenza genome were constructed to analyze the role of hemagglutinin (HA) in pathogenesis and cell tropism in a mouse model. We also explored whether there was an association between the ability of lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) to bind to the HA and the ability of the corresponding chimeric virus to infect bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract. Viruses expressing the hemagglutinin of pandemic viruses were associated with significant pathology in the lower respiratory tract, including acute inflammation, and showed low binding activity for SP-D. In contrast, the virus expressing the HA of a seasonal influenza strain induced only mild disease with little lung pathology in infected mice and exhibited strong in vitro binding to SP-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vivien G. Dugan
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brett W. Jagger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuk-Fai Lau
- Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhong-Mei Sheng
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erika C. Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiko Watanabe
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TW); (YK)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Zoonosis, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TW); (YK)
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42
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Basu A, Shelke V, Chadha M, Kadam D, Sangle S, Gangodkar S, Mishra A. Direct imaging of pH1N1 2009 influenza virus replication in alveolar pneumocytes in fatal cases by transmission electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2011; 60:89-93. [PMID: 21257735 PMCID: PMC7543230 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human influenza virus pandemics constitute a major global public health issue. Although studies on autopsy specimens from the recent pandemic by the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus have revealed a broad spectrum of pathologic findings, direct electron microscopic studies of the lung tissue from influenza fatalities are few. In this study, we examined five well-preserved pulmonary necropsy specimens from fatal cases of laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 from India. The novel observations in comparison with earlier reports included direct imaging of influenza virus budding within dilated cisternae of pneumocytes, cell-free virus emerging from the cell membrane of a pneumocyte in the alveolar lumen, presence of polymorphonuclear cells with red blood cells as inflammatory exudates close to hyaline membranes and extensive cytoplasmic degeneration of epithelial cells of the alveolar lining. These observations are in consistent with the earlier findings and emphasize the possible role of this virus directly infecting cells of the lower respiratory tract as a key event in the rapid pathogenesis of pH1N1 disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology, 20A Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India.
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43
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Ligand identification of carbohydrate-binding proteins employing a biotinylated glycan binding assay and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen CH, Zhang XQ, Lo CW, Liu PF, Liu YT, Gallo RL, Hsieh MF, Schooley RT, Huang CM. The essentiality of alpha-2-macroglobulin in human salivary innate immunity against new H1N1 swine origin influenza A virus. Proteomics 2010; 10:2396-401. [PMID: 20391540 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of influenza A H1N1 emerged in the spring of 2009 and has spread rapidly throughout the world. Although vaccines have recently been developed that are expected to be protective, their availability was delayed until well into the influenza season. Although anti-influenza drugs such as neuraminidase inhibitors can be effective, resistance to these drugs has already been reported. Although human saliva was known to inhibit viral infection and may thus prevent viral transmission, the components responsible for this activity on influenza virus, in particular, influenza A swine origin influenza A virus (S-OIV), have not yet been defined. By using a proteomic approach in conjunction with beads that bind alpha-2,6-sialylated glycoprotein, we determined that an alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and an A2M-like protein are essential components in salivary innate immunity against hemagglutination mediated by a clinical isolate of S-OIV (San Diego/01/09 S-OIV). A model of an A2M-based "double-edged sword" on competition of alpha-2,6-sialylated glycoprotein receptors and inactivation of host proteases is proposed. We emphasize that endogenous A2M in human innate immunity functions as a natural inhibitor against S-OIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hsuan Chen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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45
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC. Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:440-51. [PMID: 20542248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Newly emerging or "re-emerging" viral diseases continue to pose significant global public health threats. Prototypic are influenza viruses that are major causes of human respiratory infections and mortality. Influenza viruses can cause zoonotic infections and adapt to humans, leading to sustained transmission and emergence of novel viruses. Mechanisms by which viruses evolve in one host, cause zoonotic infection, and adapt to a new host species remain unelucidated. Here, we review the evolution of influenza A viruses in their reservoir hosts and discuss genetic changes associated with introduction of novel viruses into humans, leading to pandemics and the establishment of seasonal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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Kuiken T, van den Brand J, van Riel D, Pantin-Jackwood M, Swayne DE. Comparative pathology of select agent influenza a virus infections. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:893-914. [PMID: 20682805 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810378651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections may spread rapidly in human populations and cause variable mortality. Two of these influenza viruses have been designated as select agents: 1918 H1N1 virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Knowledge of the pathology of these virus infections in humans, other naturally infected species, and experimental animals is important to understand the pathogenesis of influenza, to design appropriate models for evaluation of medical countermeasures, and to make correct diagnoses. The most important complication of influenza in humans is viral pneumonia, which often occurs with or is followed by bacterial pneumonia. Viremia and extrarespiratory disease are uncommon. HPAI viruses, including HPAI H5N1 virus, cause severe systemic disease in galliform species as well as in anseriform species and bird species of other orders. HPAI H5N1 virus infection also causes severe disease in humans and several species of carnivores. Experimental animals are used to model different aspects of influenza in humans, including uncomplicated influenza, pneumonia, and virus transmission. The most commonly used experimental animal species are laboratory mouse, domestic ferret, and cynomolgus macaque. Experimental influenza virus infections are performed in various other species, including domestic pig, guinea pig, and domestic cat. Each of these species has advantages and disadvantages that need to be assessed before choosing the most appropriate model to reach a particular goal. Such animal models may be applied for the development of more effective antiviral drugs and vaccines to protect humans from the threat of these virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Virology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shieh WJ, Blau DM, Denison AM, Deleon-Carnes M, Adem P, Bhatnagar J, Sumner J, Liu L, Patel M, Batten B, Greer P, Jones T, Smith C, Bartlett J, Montague J, White E, Rollin D, Gao R, Seales C, Jost H, Metcalfe M, Goldsmith CS, Humphrey C, Schmitz A, Drew C, Paddock C, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:166-75. [PMID: 20508031 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in North America and spread worldwide to cause the first influenza pandemic since 1968. During the first 4 months, over 500 deaths in the United States had been associated with confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) [2009 H1N1] virus infection. Pathological evaluation of respiratory specimens from initial influenza-associated deaths suggested marked differences in viral tropism and tissue damage compared with seasonal influenza and prompted further investigation. Available autopsy tissue samples were obtained from 100 US deaths with laboratory-confirmed 2009 H1N1 virus infection. Demographic and clinical data of these case-patients were collected, and the tissues were evaluated by multiple laboratory methods, including histopathological evaluation, special stains, molecular and immunohistochemical assays, viral culture, and electron microscopy. The most prominent histopathological feature observed was diffuse alveolar damage in the lung in all case-patients examined. Alveolar lining cells, including type I and type II pneumocytes, were the primary infected cells. Bacterial co-infections were identified in >25% of the case-patients. Viral pneumonia and immunolocalization of viral antigen in association with diffuse alveolar damage are prominent features of infection with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Underlying medical conditions and bacterial co-infections contributed to the fatal outcome of this infection. More studies are needed to understand the multifactorial pathogenesis of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G-32, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Melidou A, Gioula G, Exindari M, Chatzidimitriou D, Diza E, Malisiovas N. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 viruses associated with severe and fatal infections. Virus Res 2010; 151:192-9. [PMID: 20493216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this research is molecular and phylogenetic analysis of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 strains that circulated in northern Greece, focusing on severe or fatal infections, identification of sequence variations in relation with the severity of the illness and comparison of circulating viruses with the vaccine strain. A total of 1598 infections were attributed to the novel influenza A(H1N1) virus. Molecular analysis revealed a number of variations at the HA1 sequences of northern Greek circulating strains, some of which were more frequent in viruses that caused severe or fatal infections. Such mutations, the most common being D222G, demand close monitoring to continuously assess associated risks. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close match of the majority of circulating strains with A/California/7/09. However it also reveals a trend of 2010 strains to accumulate amino acid variations and form new plylogenetic clades. Constant molecular surveillance is important to monitor the pathogenicity of circulating strains and evaluate the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Melidou
- National Influenza Centre for Northern Greece, 2nd Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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The PB2-E627K mutation attenuates viruses containing the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic polymerase. mBio 2010; 1. [PMID: 20689744 PMCID: PMC2912665 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00067-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 and caused the first influenza pandemic in 41 years. The virus has spread efficiently to both the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres and has been associated with over 16,000 deaths. Given the virus’s recent zoonotic origin, there is concern that the virus could acquire signature mutations associated with the enhanced pathogenicity of previous pandemic viruses or H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential. We tested the hypothesis that mutations in the polymerase PB2 gene at residues 627 and 701 would enhance virulence but found that influenza viruses containing these mutations in the context of the pandemic virus polymerase complex are attenuated in cell culture and mice. Influenza A virus (IAV) evolution is characterized by host-specific lineages, and IAVs derived in whole or in part from animal reservoirs have caused pandemics in humans. Because IAVs are known to acquire host-adaptive genome mutations, and since the PB2 gene of the 2009 H1N1 virus is of recent avian derivation, there exists concern that the pathogenicity of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic virus could be potentiated by acquisition of the host-adaptive PB2-E627K or -D701N mutations, which have been shown to enhance the virulence of other influenza viruses. We present data from a mouse model of influenza infection showing that such mutations do not increase the virulence of viruses containing the 2009 H1N1 viral polymerase.
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Kash JC, Qi L, Dugan VG, Jagger BW, Hrabal RJ, Memoli MJ, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Prior infection with classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses is associated with protective immunity to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:121-7. [PMID: 20409208 PMCID: PMC2859467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2009 H1N1 pandemic emerged even though seasonal H1N1 viruses have circulated for decades. Epidemiological evidence suggested that the current seasonal vaccine did not offer significant protection from the novel pandemic, and that people over the age of 50 were less susceptible to infection. OBJECTIVES In a mouse challenge study with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, we evaluated protective immune responses elicited by prior infection with human and swine influenza A viruses. RESULTS Mice infected with A/Mexico/4108/2009 (Mex09) showed significant weight loss and 40% mortality. Prior infection with a 1976 classical swine H1N1 virus resulted in complete protection from Mex09 challenge. Prior infection with either a 2009 or a 1940 seasonal H1N1 influenza virus provided partial protection and a >100-fold reduction in viral lung titers at day 4 post-infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in experimental animals recently induced immunity to 1918-derived H1N1 seasonal influenza viruses, and to a 1976 swine influenza virus, afford a degree of protection against the 2009 pandemic virus. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of accumulating data suggesting partial protection of older persons during the 2009 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Qi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivien G. Dugan
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brett W. Jagger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel J. Hrabal
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- The Office of the Director, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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