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Wang Y, Fan L, Ye P, Wang Z, Liang C, Liu Q, Yang X, Long Z, Shi W, Zhou Y, Lin J, Yan H, Huang H, Liu L, Qian J. Novel transcription and replication-competent virus-like particles system modelling the Nipah virus life cycle. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2368217. [PMID: 38865205 PMCID: PMC11229746 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2368217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic Henipavirus in humans, has been responsible for annual outbreaks in recent years. Experiments involving live NiV are highly restricted to biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, which impedes NiV research. In this study, we developed transcription and replication-competent NiV-like particles (trVLP-NiV) lacking N, P, and L genes. This trVLP-NiV exhibited the ability to infect and continuously passage in cells ectopically expressing N, P, and L proteins while maintaining stable genetic characteristics. Moreover, the trVLP-NiV displayed a favourable safety profile in hamsters. Using the system, we found the NiV nucleoprotein residues interacting with viral RNA backbone affected viral replication in opposite patterns. This engineered system was sensitive to well-established antiviral drugs, innate host antiviral factors, and neutralizing antibodies. We then established a high-throughput screening platform utilizing the trVLP-NiV, leading to the identification of tunicamycin as a potential anti-NiV compound. Evidence showed that tunicamycin inhibited NiV replication by decreasing the infectivity of progeny virions. In conclusion, this trVLP-NiV system provided a convenient and versatile molecular tool for investigating NiV molecular biology and conducting antiviral drug screening under BSL-2 conditions. Its application will contribute to the development of medical countermeasures against NiV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjin Fan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Ye
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zequn Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chudan Liang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Long
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendi Shi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuandong Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linna Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Highly Pathogenic Microorganism Science Data Centre, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Siering O, Langbein M, Herrmann M, Wittwer K, von Messling V, Sawatsky B, Pfaller CK. Genetic diversity accelerates canine distemper virus adaptation to ferrets. J Virol 2024; 98:e0065724. [PMID: 39007615 PMCID: PMC11334482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00657-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses adapt rapidly to new host environments by generating highly diverse genome sets, so-called "quasispecies." Minor genetic variants promote their rapid adaptation, allowing for the emergence of drug-resistance or immune-escape mutants. Understanding these adaptation processes is highly relevant to assessing the risk of cross-species transmission and the safety and efficacy of vaccines and antivirals. We hypothesized that genetic memory within a viral genome population facilitates rapid adaptation. To test this, we investigated the adaptation of the Morbillivirus canine distemper virus to ferrets and compared an attenuated, Vero cell-adapted virus isolate with its recombinant derivative over consecutive ferret passages. Although both viruses adapted to the new host, the reduced initial genetic diversity of the recombinant virus resulted in delayed disease onset. The non-recombinant virus gradually increased the frequencies of beneficial mutations already present at very low frequencies in the input virus. In contrast, the recombinant virus first evolved de novo mutations to compensate for the initial fitness impairments. Importantly, while both viruses evolved different sets of mutations, most mutations found in the adapted non-recombinant virus were identical to those found in a previous ferret adaptation experiment with the same isolate, indicating that mutations present at low frequency in the original virus stock serve as genetic memory. An arginine residue at position 519 in the carboxy terminus of the nucleoprotein shared by all adapted viruses was found to contribute to pathogenesis in ferrets. Our work illustrates the importance of genetic diversity for adaptation to new environments and identifies regions with functional relevance.IMPORTANCEWhen viruses encounter a new host, they can rapidly adapt to this host and cause disease. How these adaptation processes occur remains understudied. Morbilliviruses have high clinical and veterinary relevance and are attractive model systems to study these adaptation processes. The canine distemper virus is of particular interest, as it exhibits a broader host range than other morbilliviruses and frequently crosses species barriers. Here, we compared the adaptation of an attenuated virus and its recombinant derivative to that of ferrets. Pre-existing mutations present at low frequency allowed faster adaptation of the non-recombinant virus compared to the recombinant virus. We identified a common point mutation in the nucleoprotein that affected the pathogenesis of both viruses. Our study shows that genetic memory facilitates environmental adaptation and that erasing this genetic memory by genetic engineering results in delayed and different adaptation to new environments, providing an important safety aspect for the generation of live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Siering
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Mareike Langbein
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Maike Herrmann
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Kevin Wittwer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Gonnin L, Desfosses A, Bacia-Verloop M, Chevret D, Galloux M, Éléouët JF, Gutsche I. Structural landscape of the respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5732. [PMID: 37714861 PMCID: PMC10504348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) is a prevalent cause of severe respiratory infections in children and the elderly. The helical HRSV nucleocapsid is a template for the viral RNA synthesis and a scaffold for the virion assembly. This cryo-electron microscopy analysis reveals the non-canonical arrangement of the HRSV nucleocapsid helix, composed of 16 nucleoproteins per asymmetric unit, and the resulting systematic variations in the RNA accessibility. We demonstrate that this unique helical symmetry originates from longitudinal interactions by the C-terminal arm of the HRSV nucleoprotein. We explore the polymorphism of the nucleocapsid-like assemblies, report five structures of the full-length particles and two alternative arrangements formed by a C-terminally truncated nucleoprotein mutant, and demonstrate the functional importance of the identified longitudinal interfaces. We put all these findings in the context of the HRSV RNA synthesis machinery and delineate the structural basis for its further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Gonnin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
- VIM, Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ambroise Desfosses
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.
| | - Maria Bacia-Verloop
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- VIM, Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- VIM, Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Irina Gutsche
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des martyrs, F-38044, Grenoble, France.
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Kidokoro M, Shiino T, Yamaguchi T, Nariai E, Kodama H, Nakata K, Sano T, Gotou K, Kisu T, Maruyama T, Kuba Y, Sakata W, Higashi T, Kiyota N, Sakai T, Yahiro S, Nagita A, Watanabe K, Hirokawa C, Hamabata H, Fujii Y, Yamamoto M, Yokoi H, Sakamoto M, Saito H, Shibata C, Inada M, Fujitani M, Minagawa H, Ito M, Shima A, Murano K, Katoh H, Kato F, Takeda M, Suga S. Nationwide and long-term molecular epidemiologic studies of mumps viruses that circulated in Japan between 1986 and 2017. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:728831. [PMID: 36386684 PMCID: PMC9650061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.728831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, major mumps outbreaks still occur every 4–5 years because of low mumps vaccine coverage (30–40%) owing to the voluntary immunization program. Herein, to prepare for a regular immunization program, we aimed to reveal the nationwide and long-term molecular epidemiological trends of the mumps virus (MuV) in Japan. Additionally, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using next-generation sequencing to assess results from conventional genotyping using MuV sequences of the small-hydrophobic (SH) gene. We analyzed 1,064 SH gene sequences from mumps clinical samples and MuV isolates collected from 25 prefectures from 1986 to 2017. The results showed that six genotypes, namely B (110), F (1), G (900), H (3), J (41), and L (9) were identified, and the dominant genotypes changed every decade in Japan since the 1980s. Genotype G has been exclusively circulating since the early 2000s. Seven clades were identified for genotype G using SH sequence-based classification. To verify the results, we performed WGS on 77 representative isolates of genotype G using NGS and phylogenetically analyzed them. Five clades were identified with high bootstrap values and designated as Japanese clade (JPC)-1, -2, -3, -4, -5. JPC-1 and -3 accounted for over 80% of the total genotype G isolates (68.3 and 13.8%, respectively). Of these, JPC-2 and -5, were newly identified clades in Japan through this study. This is the first report describing the nationwide and long-term molecular epidemiology of MuV in Japan. The results provide information about Japanese domestic genotypes, which is essential for evaluating the mumps elimination progress in Japan after the forthcoming introduction of the mumps vaccine into Japan’s regular immunization program. Furthermore, the study shows that WGS analysis using NGS is more accurate than results obtained from conventional SH sequence-based classification and is a powerful tool for accurate molecular epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kidokoro
- Department of Quality Assurance, Radiation Safety, and Information Management, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Minoru Kidokoro,
| | - Teiichiro Shiino
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Public Hygiene Division, Gifu Prefectural Tono Region Public Health Center, Tajimi, Japan
| | - Eri Nariai
- Department of Health and Food Safety, Ishikawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kodama
- Department of Health and Food Safety, Ishikawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakata
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Sano
- Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki, Japan
| | - Keiko Gotou
- Division of Virology, Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kisu
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai National Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomomi Maruyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Kakamigahara, Japan
| | - Yumani Kuba
- Department of Medical Microbiology and zoology, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakata
- Kitakyushu City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Teruaki Higashi
- Kitakyushu City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Naoko Kiyota
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yahiro
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Japan
| | - Akira Nagita
- Department of Pediatrics, Mizushima Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Virology Section, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chika Hirokawa
- Virology Section, Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Fujii
- Division of Biological Science, Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Hiroshima City Institute of Public Health, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Yokoi
- Health Science Division, Chiba City Institute of Health and Environment, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misako Sakamoto
- Health Science Division, Chiba City Institute of Health and Environment, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Chihiro Shibata
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, Akita, Japan
| | - Machi Inada
- Virology and Epidemiology Division, Nara Prefecture Institute of Health, Sakurai, Japan
| | - Misako Fujitani
- Virology and Epidemiology Division, Nara Prefecture Institute of Health, Sakurai, Japan
| | - Hiroko Minagawa
- Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miyabi Ito
- Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akari Shima
- Microbiology Division, Saga Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Pharmaceutical Research, Saga, Japan
| | - Keiko Murano
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Mie National Hospital, Tsu, Japan
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5
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Mahfuz A, Khan MA, Sajib EH, Deb A, Mahmud S, Hasan M, Saha O, Islam A, Rahaman MM. Designing potential siRNA molecules for silencing the gene of the nucleocapsid protein of Nipah virus: A computational investigation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 102:105310. [PMID: 35636695 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic virus, engenders severe infections with noticeable complications and deaths in humans and animals. Since its emergence, it is frightening, this virus has been causing regular outbreaks in various countries, particularly in Bangladesh, India, and Malaysia. Unfortunately, no efficient vaccine or drug is available now to combat this baneful virus. NiV employs its nucleocapsid protein for genetic material packaging, which is crucial for viral replication inside the host cells. The small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can play a central role in inhibiting the expression of disease-causing viral genes by hybridization and subsequent inactivation of the complementary target viral mRNAs through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Therefore, potential siRNAs as molecular therapeutics against the nucleocapsid protein gene of NiV were designed in this study. First, ten prospective siRNAs were identified using the conserved nucleocapsid gene sequences among all available NiV strains collected from various countries. After that, off-target binding, GC (guanine-cytosine) content, secondary structure, binding affinity with the target, melting temperature, efficacy analysis, and binding capacity with the human argonaute protein 2 (AGO2) of these siRNAs were evaluated to predict their suitability. These designed siRNA molecules bear promise in silencing the NiV gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein and thus can alleviate the severity of this dangerous virus. Further in vivo experiments are recommended before using these designed siRNAs as alternative and effective molecular therapeutic agents against NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amub Mahfuz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh; Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Emran Hossain Sajib
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Anamika Deb
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
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Norris MJ, Husby ML, Kiosses WB, Yin J, Saxena R, Rennick LJ, Heiner A, Harkins SS, Pokhrel R, Schendel SL, Hastie KM, Landeras-Bueno S, Salie ZL, Lee B, Chapagain PP, Maisner A, Duprex WP, Stahelin RV, Saphire EO. Measles and Nipah virus assembly: Specific lipid binding drives matrix polymerization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1440. [PMID: 35857835 PMCID: PMC9299542 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus, Nipah virus, and multiple other paramyxoviruses cause disease outbreaks in humans and animals worldwide. The paramyxovirus matrix (M) protein mediates virion assembly and budding from host cell membranes. M is thus a key target for antivirals, but few high-resolution structures of paramyxovirus M are available, and we lack the clear understanding of how viral M proteins interact with membrane lipids to mediate viral assembly and egress that is needed to guide antiviral design. Here, we reveal that M proteins associate with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] at the plasma membrane. Using x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 binding induces conformational and electrostatic changes in the M protein surface that trigger membrane deformation, matrix layer polymerization, and virion assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Norris
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Monica L. Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - William B. Kiosses
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roopashi Saxena
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anja Heiner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie S. Harkins
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Sharon L. Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Landeras-Bueno
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Li Salie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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The Nucleocapsid of Paramyxoviruses: Structure and Function of an Encapsidated Template. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122465. [PMID: 34960734 PMCID: PMC8708338 DOI: 10.3390/v13122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family share a common and complex molecular machinery for transcribing and replicating their genomes. Their non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome is encased in a tight homopolymer of viral nucleoproteins (N). This ribonucleoprotein complex, termed a nucleocapsid, is the template of the viral polymerase complex made of the large protein (L) and its co-factor, the phosphoprotein (P). This review summarizes the current knowledge on several aspects of paramyxovirus transcription and replication, including structural and functional data on (1) the architecture of the nucleocapsid (structure of the nucleoprotein, interprotomer contacts, interaction with RNA, and organization of the disordered C-terminal tail of N), (2) the encapsidation of the genomic RNAs (structure of the nucleoprotein in complex with its chaperon P and kinetics of RNA encapsidation in vitro), and (3) the use of the nucleocapsid as a template for the polymerase complex (release of the encased RNA and interaction network allowing the progress of the polymerase complex). Finally, this review presents models of paramyxovirus transcription and replication.
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Exchange of C-Terminal Variable Sequences within Morbillivirus Nucleocapsid Protein Are Tolerated: Development and Evaluation of Two Marker (DIVA) Vaccines (Sungri/96 DIVA, Nigeria/75/1 DIVA) against PPR. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112320. [PMID: 34835126 PMCID: PMC8623000 DOI: 10.3390/v13112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) places a huge disease burden on agriculture, affecting, in particular, small ruminant production. The recent PPR outbreaks in Northern Africa, the European part of Turkey, and Bulgaria represent a significant threat to mainland Europe, as a source of disease. Although two safe and efficacious live attenuated vaccines (Sungri/96 and Nigeria/75/1) are available for the control of PPR, current serological tests do not enable the differentiation between naturally infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). The vaccinated animals develop a full range of immune responses to viral proteins and, therefore, cannot be distinguished serologically from those that have recovered from a natural infection. This poses a serious problem for the post-vaccinal sero-surveillance during the ongoing PPR eradication program. Furthermore, during the latter stages of any eradication program, vaccination is only possible if the vaccine used is fully DIVA compliant. Using reverse genetics, we have developed two live attenuated PPR DIVA vaccines (Sungri/96 DIVA and Nigeria/75/1 DIVA), in which the C-terminal variable region of the PPRV N-protein has been replaced with dolphin morbillivirus (DMV). As a proof of principle, both the DIVA vaccines were evaluated in goats in pilot studies for safety and efficacy, and all the animals were clinically protected against the intranasal virulent virus challenge, similar to the parent vaccines. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate between infected animals and vaccinated animals using two newly developed ELISAs. Therefore, these DIVA vaccines and associated tests can facilitate the sero-monitoring process and speed up the implementation of global PPR eradication through vaccination.
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Abstract
We have developed a flexible platform for delivery of proteins to target cell interiors using paramyxovirus-like particles. The key enabling feature is an appendage, 15-30 amino acid residues in length, that is added to cargo proteins and that induces them to bind to the viral matrix (M) protein during virus-like particle (VLP) assembly. The cargo is then incorporated within the VLPs as they bud, using the same interactions that normally direct viral genome packaging. The appendage can also serve as an epitope tag for cargo detection using a nucleocapsid (NP) protein-specific monoclonal antibody. Using this approach, we generated Renilla luciferase-loaded VLPs, GFP-loaded VLPs, superoxide dismutase-loaded VLPs, and Cre recombinase-loaded VLPs. In each case, the VLPs could efficiently deliver their functional cargos to target cells, and in the case of Cre recombinase, to target cell nuclei. The strategy was employed using two different VLP production platforms, one based on parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and the other based on Nipah virus, and in both cases efficient cargo packaging and delivery could be achieved. These findings provide a foundation for development of paramyxovirus-like particles as tools for safe and efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins to cells and tissues. IMPORTANCE Therapeutic proteins including transcription factors and genome editors have enormous clinical potential but are currently limited in part due to the challenges of safely and efficiently delivering these proteins to the interiors of target cells. Here, we have developed a new strategy for protein delivery based on manipulation of paramyxovirus genome packaging interactions.
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10
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Ker DS, Jenkins HT, Greive SJ, Antson AA. CryoEM structure of the Nipah virus nucleocapsid assembly. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009740. [PMID: 34270629 PMCID: PMC8318291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah and its close relative Hendra are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, storing their ssRNA genome in a helical nucleocapsid assembly formed by the N protein, a major viral immunogen. Here, we report the first cryoEM structure for a Henipavirus RNA-bound nucleocapsid assembly, at 3.5 Å resolution. The helical assembly is stabilised by previously undefined N- and C-terminal segments, contributing to subunit-subunit interactions. RNA is wrapped around the nucleocapsid protein assembly with a periodicity of six nucleotides per protomer, in the “3-bases-in, 3-bases-out” conformation, with protein plasticity enabling non-sequence specific interactions. The structure reveals commonalities in RNA binding pockets and in the conformation of bound RNA, not only with members of the Paramyxoviridae family, but also with the evolutionarily distant Filoviridae Ebola virus. Significant structural differences with other Paramyxoviridae members are also observed, particularly in the position and length of the exposed α-helix, residues 123–139, which may serve as a valuable epitope for surveillance and diagnostics. Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic RNA virus which, along with the closely related Hendra virus, emerged relatively recently. Due to ~40% mortality rate and evidence of animal-to-human as well as human-to-human transmission, development of antivirals against the Nipah and henipaviral disease is particularly urgent. In common with other single-stranded RNA viruses, including Ebola and coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid assembly of the Nipah virus safeguards the viral genome, protecting it from degradation and facilitating its encapsidation and storage inside the virion. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine accurate three-dimensional structure for several different assemblies of the Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein, in particular a detailed structure for the complex of this protein with RNA. This structural information is important for understanding detailed molecular interactions driving and stabilizing the nucleocapsid assembly formation that are of fundamental importance for understanding similar processes in a large group of ssRNA viruses. Apart from highlighting structural similarities and differences with nucleocapsid proteins of other viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family, these data will inform the development of new antiviral approaches for the henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Ker
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Huw T. Jenkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J. Greive
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred A. Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Tetramerization of Phosphoprotein is Essential for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Budding while its N Terminal Region Mediates Direct Interactions with the Matrix Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02217-20. [PMID: 33408180 PMCID: PMC8092690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02217-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown previously that the Matrix (M), Phosphoprotein (P), and the Fusion (F) proteins of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are sufficient to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the RSV infection-induced virions. However, the exact mechanism and interactions among the three proteins are not known. This work examines the interaction between P and M during RSV assembly and budding. We show that M interacts with P in the absence of other viral proteins in cells using a Split Nano Luciferase assay. By using recombinant proteins, we demonstrate a direct interaction between M and P. By using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) we identify three novel M interaction sites on P, namely site I in the αN2 region, site II in the 115-125 region, and the oligomerization domain (OD). We show that the OD, and likely the tetrameric structural organization of P, is required for virus-like filament formation and VLP release. Although sites I and II are not required for VLP formation, they appear to modulate P levels in RSV VLPs.Importance Human RSV is the commonest cause of infantile bronchiolitis in the developed world and of childhood deaths in resource-poor settings. It is a major unmet target for vaccines and anti-viral drugs. The lack of knowledge of RSV budding mechanism presents a continuing challenge for VLP production for vaccine purpose. We show that direct interaction between P and M modulates RSV VLP budding. This further emphasizes P as a central regulator of RSV life cycle, as an essential actor for transcription and replication early during infection and as a mediator for assembly and budding in the later stages for virus production.
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12
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Dong D, Zhu S, Miao Q, Zhu J, Tang A, Qi R, Liu T, Yin D, Liu G. Nucleolin (NCL) inhibits the growth of peste des petits ruminants virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:33-43. [PMID: 31794379 PMCID: PMC7414435 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that is caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). To date, the molecular mechanism of PPRV infection is still unclear. It is well known that host proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis process for many viruses. In this study, we first proved that nucleolin (NCL), a highly conserved host factor, interacts with the core domain of PPRV N protein through its C terminus and co-locates with the N protein in the nucleus of cells. To investigate the role of NCL in PPRV infection, the expression level of NCL was inhibited with small interfering RNAs of NCL, and the results showed that PPRV growth was improved. However, the proliferation of PPRV was inhibited when the expression level of NCL was improved. Further analysis indicated that the inhibitory effect of NCL on the PPRV was caused by stimulating the interferon (IFN) pathways in host cells. In summary, our results will help us to understand the mechanism of PPRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dong
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shiqiang Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Miao
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ruibin Qi
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Teng Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
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13
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Ringel M, Heiner A, Behner L, Halwe S, Sauerhering L, Becker N, Dietzel E, Sawatsky B, Kolesnikova L, Maisner A. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations: Identification of novel inclusions at the plasma membrane. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007733. [PMID: 31034506 PMCID: PMC6488097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) is a hallmark of infections with non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (order Mononegavirales). We show here that Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-derived highly pathogenic member of the Paramyxoviridae family, differs from mononegaviruses of the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families by forming two types of IBs with distinct localizations, formation kinetics, and protein compositions. IBs in the perinuclear region form rapidly upon expression of the nucleocapsid proteins. These IBperi are highly mobile and associate with the aggresome marker y-tubulin. IBperi can recruit unrelated overexpressed cytosolic proteins but do not contain the viral matrix (M) protein. Additionally, NiV forms an as yet undescribed IB population at the plasma membrane (IBPM) that is y-tubulin-negative but contains the M protein. Infection studies with recombinant NiV revealed that IBPM require the M protein for their formation, and most likely represent sites of NiV assembly and budding. The identification of this novel type of plasma membrane-associated IBs not only provides new insights into NiV biology and may open new avenues to develop novel antiviral approaches to treat these highly pathogenic viruses, it also provides a basis for a more detailed characterization of IBs and their role in virus assembly and replication in infections with other Mononegavirales. Inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (Mononegavirales) are described as mobile cytosolic compartments that concentrate viral proteins and represent the main viral replication sites in infected cells. This general concept is mainly based on studies with mononegaviruses from the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families. IBs induced by members of the Paramyxoviridae family are much less well characterized, and this study provides evidence that paramyxoviral IBs may have different compositions and functions. The main finding of this study is that Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic member of the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, forms a novel type of IB whose formation at plasma membrane assembly sites depends on the viral matrix protein, and suggests a role for IBs not yet described for other Mononegavirales. This discovery clearly extents the current concept of IB functions and illustrates the need to further investigate IBs formed by other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Heiner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Behner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Sauerhering
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nico Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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The Unstructured Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsid Protein Tail Domain Modulates Viral Pathogenesis through Regulation of Transcriptase Activity. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02064-17. [PMID: 29437959 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02064-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxovirus replication machinery comprises the viral large (L) protein and phosphoprotein (P-protein) in addition to the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which encapsidates the single-stranded RNA genome. Common to paramyxovirus N proteins is a C-terminal tail (Ntail). The mechanistic role and relevance for virus replication of the structurally disordered central Ntail section are unknown. Focusing initially on members of the Morbillivirus genus, a series of measles virus (MeV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) N proteins were generated with internal deletions in the unstructured tail section. N proteins with large tail truncations remained bioactive in mono- and polycistronic minireplicon assays and supported efficient replication of recombinant viruses. Bioactivity of Ntail mutants extended to N proteins derived from highly pathogenic Nipah virus. To probe an effect of Ntail truncations on viral pathogenesis, recombinant CDVs were analyzed in a lethal CDV/ferret model of morbillivirus disease. The recombinant viruses displayed different stages of attenuation ranging from ameliorated clinical symptoms to complete survival of infected animals, depending on the molecular nature of the Ntail truncation. Reinfection of surviving animals with pathogenic CDV revealed robust protection against a lethal challenge. The highly attenuated virus was genetically stable after ex vivo passaging and recovery from infected animals. Mechanistically, gradual viral attenuation coincided with stepwise altered viral transcriptase activity in infected cells. These results identify the central Ntail section as a determinant for viral pathogenesis and establish a novel platform to engineer gradual virus attenuation for next-generation paramyxovirus vaccine design.IMPORTANCE Investigating the role of the paramyxovirus N protein tail domain (Ntail) in virus replication, we demonstrated in this study that the structurally disordered central Ntail region is a determinant for viral pathogenesis. We show that internal deletions in this Ntail region of up to 55 amino acids in length are compatible with efficient replication of recombinant viruses in cell culture but result in gradual viral attenuation in a lethal canine distemper virus (CDV)/ferret model. Mechanistically, we demonstrate a role of the intact Ntail region in the regulation of viral transcriptase activity. Recombinant viruses with Ntail truncations induce protective immunity against lethal challenge of ferrets with pathogenic CDV. This identification of the unstructured central Ntail domain as a nonessential paramyxovirus pathogenesis factor establishes a foundation for harnessing Ntail truncations for vaccine engineering against emerging and reemerging members of the paramyxovirus family.
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15
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Slovic A, Kosutic-Gulija T, Santak M, Ivancic-Jelecki J, Jagusic M, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Vilibić-Čavlek T, Tabain I, Forcic D. Genetic Variability and Sequence Relatedness of Matrix Protein in Viruses of the Families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae. Intervirology 2018; 60:181-189. [PMID: 29510403 DOI: 10.1159/000487049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae comprise a broad spectrum of viral pathogens that affect human health. The matrix (M) protein of these viruses has a central role in their life cycle. In line with this, molecular characteristics of the M proteins from variable viruses that circulated in Croatia were investigated. METHODS Sequences of the M proteins of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) 1-3 within the family Paramyxoviridae, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human respiratory syncytial virus from the family Pneumoviridae were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS M proteins were very diverse among HPIVs, but highly conserved within each virus. More variability was seen in nucleotide sequences of M proteins from the Pneumoviridae family. An insertion of 8 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region in 1 HMPV M gene sequence was discovered (HR347-12). As there are no samples with such an insertion in the database, this insertion is of interest and requires further research. CONCLUSION While we have confirmed that M proteins were conserved among individual viruses, any changes that are observed should be given attention and further researched. Of special interest is inclusion of HPIV2 M proteins in this analysis, as these proteins have not been studied to the same extent as other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Kosutic-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Santak
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ivancic-Jelecki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jagusic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Trevisan M, Di Antonio V, Radeghieri A, Palù G, Ghildyal R, Alvisi G. Molecular Requirements for Self-Interaction of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein in Living Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030109. [PMID: 29510513 PMCID: PMC5869502 DOI: 10.3390/v10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen, which infects respiratory tract epithelial cells causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children and the elderly. Recent studies have linked RSV matrix (M) ability to self-interaction and viral budding. However, RSV M has been crystalized both as a monomer and a dimer, and no formal proof exists to date that it forms dimers in cells. Here, by using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and bioluminescent resonant energy transfer applied to differently tagged deletion mutants of RSV M, we show that the protein can self-interact in living mammalian cells and that both the N and C-terminus of the protein are strictly required for the process, consistent with the reported dimeric crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | | | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia.
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
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17
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Cox RM, Krumm SA, Thakkar VD, Sohn M, Plemper RK. The structurally disordered paramyxovirus nucleocapsid protein tail domain is a regulator of the mRNA transcription gradient. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602350. [PMID: 28168220 PMCID: PMC5291697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The paramyxovirus RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) complex loads onto the nucleocapsid protein (N)-encapsidated viral N:RNA genome for RNA synthesis. Binding of the RdRp of measles virus (MeV), a paramyxovirus archetype, is mediated through interaction with a molecular recognition element (MoRE) located near the end of the carboxyl-terminal Ntail domain. The structurally disordered central Ntail section is thought to add positional flexibility to MoRE, but the functional importance of this Ntail region for RNA polymerization is unclear. To address this question, we dissected functional elements of Ntail by relocating MoRE into the RNA-encapsidating Ncore domain. Linker-scanning mutagenesis identified a microdomain in Ncore that tolerates insertions. MoRE relocated to Ncore supported efficient interaction with N, MoRE-deficient Ntails had a dominant-negative effect on bioactivity that was alleviated by insertion of MoRE into Ncore, and recombinant MeV encoding N with relocated MoRE grew efficiently and remained capable of mRNA editing. MoRE in Ncore also restored viability of a recombinant lacking the disordered central Ntail section, but this recombinant was temperature-sensitive, with reduced RdRp loading efficiency and a flattened transcription gradient. These results demonstrate that virus replication requires high-affinity RdRp binding sites in N:RNA, but productive RdRp binding is independent of positional flexibility of MoRE and cis-acting elements in Ntail. Rather, the disordered central Ntail section independent of the presence of MoRE in Ntail steepens the paramyxovirus transcription gradient by promoting RdRp loading and preventing the formation of nonproductive polycistronic viral mRNAs. Disordered Ntails may have evolved as a regulatory element to adjust paramyxovirus gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Cox
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Vidhi D. Thakkar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Maximilian Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Organization, Function, and Therapeutic Targeting of the Morbillivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Complex. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090251. [PMID: 27626440 PMCID: PMC5035965 DOI: 10.3390/v8090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbillivirus genus comprises major human and animal pathogens, including the highly contagious measles virus. Morbilliviruses feature single stranded negative sense RNA genomes that are wrapped by a plasma membrane-derived lipid envelope. Genomes are encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid protein forming ribonucleoprotein complexes, and only the encapsidated RNA is transcribed and replicated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs towards the structural and functional understanding of the morbillivirus polymerase complex. Considering the clinical burden imposed by members of the morbillivirus genus, the development of novel antiviral therapeutics is urgently needed. The viral polymerase complex presents unique structural and enzymatic properties that can serve as attractive candidates for druggable targets. We evaluate distinct strategies for therapeutic intervention and examine how high-resolution insight into the organization of the polymerase complex may pave the path towards the structure-based design and optimization of next-generation RdRp inhibitors.
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19
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Abstract
The family Paramyxoviridae includes many viruses that significantly affect human and animal health. An essential step in the paramyxovirus life cycle is viral entry into host cells, mediated by virus-cell membrane fusion. Upon viral entry, infection results in expression of the paramyxoviral glycoproteins on the infected cell surface. This can lead to cell-cell fusion (syncytia formation), often linked to pathogenesis. Thus membrane fusion is essential for both viral entry and cell-cell fusion and an attractive target for therapeutic development. While there are important differences between viral-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion, many aspects are conserved. The paramyxoviruses generally utilize two envelope glycoproteins to orchestrate membrane fusion. Here, we discuss the roles of these glycoproteins in distinct steps of the membrane fusion process. These findings can offer insights into evolutionary relationships among Paramyxoviridae genera and offer future targets for prophylactic and therapeutic development.
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