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Gilbertson MLJ, Fountain-Jones NM, Malmberg JL, Gagne RB, Lee JS, Kraberger S, Kechejian S, Petch R, Chiu ES, Onorato D, Cunningham MW, Crooks KR, Funk WC, Carver S, VandeWoude S, VanderWaal K, Craft ME. Apathogenic proxies for transmission dynamics of a fatal virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:940007. [PMID: 36157183 PMCID: PMC9493079 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying drivers of transmission-especially of emerging pathogens-is a formidable challenge for proactive disease management efforts. While close social interactions can be associated with microbial sharing between individuals, and thereby imply dynamics important for transmission, such associations can be obscured by the influences of factors such as shared diets or environments. Directly-transmitted viral agents, specifically those that are rapidly evolving such as many RNA viruses, can allow for high-resolution inference of transmission, and therefore hold promise for elucidating not only which individuals transmit to each other, but also drivers of those transmission events. Here, we tested a novel approach in the Florida panther, which is affected by several directly-transmitted feline retroviruses. We first inferred the transmission network for an apathogenic, directly-transmitted retrovirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and then used exponential random graph models to determine drivers structuring this network. We then evaluated the utility of these drivers in predicting transmission of the analogously transmitted, pathogenic agent, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and compared FIV-based predictions of outbreak dynamics against empirical FeLV outbreak data. FIV transmission was primarily driven by panther age class and distances between panther home range centroids. FIV-based modeling predicted FeLV dynamics similarly to common modeling approaches, but with evidence that FIV-based predictions captured the spatial structuring of the observed FeLV outbreak. While FIV-based predictions of FeLV transmission performed only marginally better than standard approaches, our results highlight the value of proactively identifying drivers of transmission-even based on analogously-transmitted, apathogenic agents-in order to predict transmission of emerging infectious agents. The identification of underlying drivers of transmission, such as through our workflow here, therefore holds promise for improving predictions of pathogen transmission in novel host populations, and could provide new strategies for proactive pathogen management in human and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L. J. Gilbertson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - Jennifer L. Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Roderick B. Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Wildlife Futures Program, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Justin S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sarah Kechejian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Raegan Petch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elliott S. Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dave Onorato
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Naples, FL, United States
| | - Mark W. Cunningham
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kevin R. Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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2
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Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100967. [PMID: 31635161 PMCID: PMC6832937 DOI: 10.3390/v11100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are the only exogenous retrovirus to date known to infect neotropical primates (NPs). In the last decade, an increasing number of strains have been completely or partially sequenced, and molecular evolution analyses have identified an ancient co-speciation with their hosts. In this review, the improvement of diagnostic techniques that allowed the determination of a more accurate prevalence of simian FVs (SFVs) in captive and free-living NPs is discussed. Determination of DNA viral load in American primates indicates that oral tissues are the viral replicative site and that buccal swab collection can be an alternative to diagnose SFV infection in NPs. Finally, the transmission potential of NP SFVs to primate workers in zoos and primate centers of the Americas is examined.
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Eco-Epidemiological Profile and Molecular Characterization of Simian Foamy Virus in a Recently-Captured Invasive Population of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100931. [PMID: 31658739 PMCID: PMC6832254 DOI: 10.3390/v11100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) infect a wide range of Old World and Neotropical primates (NP). Unlike Old World primates, little is known about the diversity and prevalence of SFV in NP, mainly from a free-living population. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that SFV coevolved with their hosts. However, viral strains infecting Leontopithecus chrysomelas did not behave as expected for this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the eco-epidemiological profile and molecular characterization of SFV in a recently captured invasive population of L. chrysomelas located in Niteroi/RJ using buccal swab as an alternative collection method. A prevalence of 34.8% (32/92) and a mean viral load of 4.7 log copies of SFV/106 cells were observed. With respect to time since capture, SFV prevalence was significantly higher in the group of animals sampled over 6 months after capture (55.2%) than in those more recently captured (25.4%) (p = 0.005). Infected solitary animals can contribute to SFV transmission between different groups in the population. SFV strains formed two distinct clades within the SFV infecting the Cebidae family. This is the first study to use buccal swabs as a tool to study SFV diversity and prevalence in a recently free-living NP population upon recent capture.
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Gilbertson MLJ, Fountain-Jones NM, Craft ME. Incorporating genomic methods into contact networks to reveal new insights into animal behavior and infectious disease dynamics. BEHAVIOUR 2019; 155:759-791. [PMID: 31680698 DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of contact networks has provided opportunities for assessing the dynamic interplay between pathogen transmission and host behavior. Genomic techniques have, in their own right, provided new insight into complex questions in disease ecology, and the increasing accessibility of genomic approaches means more researchers may seek out these tools. The integration of network and genomic approaches provides opportunities to examine the interaction between behavior and pathogen transmission in new ways and with greater resolution. While a number of studies have begun to incorporate both contact network and genomic approaches, a great deal of work has yet to be done to better integrate these techniques. In this review, we give a broad overview of how network and genomic approaches have each been used to address questions regarding the interaction of social behavior and infectious disease, and then discuss current work and future horizons for the merging of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L J Gilbertson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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5
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Lambert C, Couteaudier M, Gouzil J, Richard L, Montange T, Betsem E, Rua R, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Lindemann D, Njouom R, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Gessain A, Buseyne F. Potent neutralizing antibodies in humans infected with zoonotic simian foamy viruses target conserved epitopes located in the dimorphic domain of the surface envelope protein. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007293. [PMID: 30296302 PMCID: PMC6193739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diseases of zoonotic origin are a major public health problem. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are complex retroviruses which are currently spilling over to humans. Replication-competent SFVs persist over the lifetime of their human hosts, without spreading to secondary hosts, suggesting the presence of efficient immune control. Accordingly, we aimed to perform an in-depth characterization of neutralizing antibodies raised by humans infected with a zoonotic SFV. We quantified the neutralizing capacity of plasma samples from 58 SFV-infected hunters against primary zoonotic gorilla and chimpanzee SFV strains, and laboratory-adapted chimpanzee SFV. The genotype of the strain infecting each hunter was identified by direct sequencing of the env gene amplified from the buffy coat with genotype-specific primers. Foamy virus vector particles (FVV) enveloped by wild-type and chimeric gorilla SFV were used to map the envelope region targeted by antibodies. Here, we showed high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the plasma of most SFV-infected individuals. Neutralizing antibodies target the dimorphic portion of the envelope protein surface domain. Epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies have been conserved during the cospeciation of SFV with their nonhuman primate host. Greater neutralization breadth in plasma samples of SFV-infected humans was statistically associated with smaller SFV-related hematological changes. The neutralization patterns provide evidence for persistent expression of viral proteins and a high prevalence of coinfection. In conclusion, neutralizing antibodies raised against zoonotic SFV target immunodominant and conserved epitopes located in the receptor binding domain. These properties support their potential role in restricting the spread of SFV in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lambert
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Couteaudier
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Gouzil
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Léa Richard
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Montange
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Betsem
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Réjane Rua
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Tobaly-Tapiero
- CNRS UMR 7212, INSERM U944, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty “Carl Gustav Carus”, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Njouom
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Unité d’Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Khan AS, Bodem J, Buseyne F, Gessain A, Johnson W, Kuhn JH, Kuzmak J, Lindemann D, Linial ML, Löchelt M, Materniak-Kornas M, Soares MA, Switzer WM. Spumaretroviruses: Updated taxonomy and nomenclature. Virology 2018; 516:158-164. [PMID: 29407373 PMCID: PMC11318574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spumaretroviruses, commonly referred to as foamy viruses, are complex retroviruses belonging to the subfamily Spumaretrovirinae, family Retroviridae, which naturally infect a variety of animals including nonhuman primates (NHPs). Additionally, cross-species transmissions of simian foamy viruses (SFVs) to humans have occurred following exposure to tissues of infected NHPs. Recent research has led to the identification of previously unknown exogenous foamy viruses, and to the discovery of endogenous spumaretrovirus sequences in a variety of host genomes. Here, we describe an updated spumaretrovirus taxonomy that has been recently accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Executive Committee, and describe a virus nomenclature that is generally consistent with that used for other retroviruses, such as lentiviruses and deltaretroviruses. This taxonomy can be applied to distinguish different, but closely related, primate (e.g., human, ape, simian) foamy viruses as well as those from other hosts. This proposal accounts for host-virus co-speciation and cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florence Buseyne
- Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Welkin Johnson
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jacek Kuzmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Marcelo A Soares
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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7
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Pinto-Santini DM, Stenbak CR, Linial ML. Foamy virus zoonotic infections. Retrovirology 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 29197389 PMCID: PMC5712078 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FV) are ancient complex retroviruses that differ from orthoretroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) and comprise a distinct subfamily of retroviruses, the Spumaretrovirinae. FV are ubiquitous in their natural hosts, which include cows, cats, and nonhuman primates (NHP). FV are transmitted mainly through saliva and appear nonpathogenic by themselves, but they may increase morbidity of other pathogens in coinfections. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes and discusses what is known about FV infection of natural hosts. It also emphasizes what is known about FV zoonotic infections A large number of studies have revealed that the FV of NHP, simian foamy viruses (SFV), are transmitted to humans who interact with infected NHP. SFV from a variety of NHP establish persistent infection in humans, while bovine foamy virus and feline foamy virus rarely or never do. The possibility of FV recombination and mutation leading to pathogenesis is considered. Since humans can be infected by SFV, a seemingly nonpathogenic virus, there is interest in using SFV vectors for human gene therapy. In this regard, detailed understanding of zoonotic SFV infection is highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxine L. Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., A3-205, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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Salmier A, Tirera S, de Thoisy B, Franc A, Darcissac E, Donato D, Bouchier C, Lacoste V, Lavergne A. Virome analysis of two sympatric bat species (Desmodus rotundus and Molossus molossus) in French Guiana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186943. [PMID: 29117243 PMCID: PMC5695591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental disturbances in the Neotropics (e.g., deforestation, agriculture intensification, urbanization) contribute to an increasing risk of cross-species transmission of microorganisms and to disease outbreaks due to changing ecosystems of reservoir hosts. Although Amazonia encompasses the greatest diversity of reservoir species, the outsized viral population diversity (virome) has yet to be investigated. Here, through a metagenomic approach, we identified 10,991 viral sequences in the saliva and feces of two bat species, Desmodus rotundus (hematophagous), trapped in two different caves surrounded by primary lowland forest, and Molossus molossus (insectivorous), trapped in forest and urban habitats. These sequences are related to 51 viral families known to infect a wide range of hosts (i.e., bacteria, plants, insects and vertebrates). Most viruses detected reflected the diet of bat species, with a high proportion of plant and insect-related viral families for M. molossus and a high proportion of vertebrate-related viral families for D. rotundus, highlighting its influence in shaping the viral diversity of bats. Lastly, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships for five vertebrate-related viral families (Nairoviridae, Circoviridae, Retroviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae). The results showed highly supported clustering with other viral sequences of the same viral family hosted by other bat species, highlighting the potential association of viral diversity with the host’s diet. These findings provide significant insight into viral bat diversity in French Guiana belonging to the Amazonian biome and emphasize that habitats and the host’s dietary ecology may drive the viral diversity in the bat communities investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Salmier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sourakhata Tirera
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Benoit de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alain Franc
- UMR BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Cestas, France
| | - Edith Darcissac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Damien Donato
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
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9
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Troyer JL, VanderWaal K, Robinson S, Jacquot M, Craft ME. Linking social and spatial networks to viral community phylogenetics reveals subtype-specific transmission dynamics in African lions. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1469-1482. [PMID: 28884827 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within pathogen species can have important consequences for how pathogens transmit across landscapes; however, discerning different transmission routes is challenging. Here, we apply both phylodynamic and phylogenetic community ecology techniques to examine the consequences of pathogen heterogeneity on transmission by assessing subtype-specific transmission pathways in a social carnivore. We use comprehensive social and spatial network data to examine transmission pathways for three subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVPle ) in African lions (Panthera leo) at multiple scales in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We used FIVPle molecular data to examine the role of social organization and lion density in shaping transmission pathways and tested to what extent vertical (i.e., father- and/or mother-offspring relationships) or horizontal (between unrelated individuals) transmission underpinned these patterns for each subtype. Using the same data, we constructed subtype-specific FIVPle co-occurrence networks and assessed what combination of social networks, spatial networks or co-infection best structured the FIVPle network. While social organization (i.e., pride) was an important component of FIVPle transmission pathways at all scales, we find that FIVPle subtypes exhibited different transmission pathways at within- and between-pride scales. A combination of social and spatial networks, coupled with consideration of subtype co-infection, was likely to be important for FIVPle transmission for the two major subtypes, but the relative contribution of each factor was strongly subtype-specific. Our study provides evidence that pathogen heterogeneity is important in understanding pathogen transmission, which could have consequences for how endemic pathogens are managed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that community phylogenetic ecology coupled with phylodynamic techniques can reveal insights into the differential evolutionary pressures acting on virus subtypes, which can manifest into landscape-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stacie Robinson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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10
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Buseyne F, Gessain A, Soares MA, Santos AF, Materniak-Kornas M, Lesage P, Zamborlini A, Löchelt M, Qiao W, Lindemann D, Wöhrl BM, Stoye JP, Taylor IA, Khan AS. Eleventh International Foamy Virus Conference-Meeting Report. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110318. [PMID: 27886074 PMCID: PMC5127032 DOI: 10.3390/v8110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eleventh International Foamy Virus Conference took place on 9–10 June 2016 at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. The meeting reviewed progress on foamy virus (FV) research, as well as related current topics in retrovirology. FVs are complex retroviruses that are widespread in several animal species. Several research topics on these viruses are relevant to human health: cross-species transmission and viral emergence, vectors for gene therapy, development of antiretroviral drugs, retroviral evolution and its influence on the human genome. In this article, we review the conference presentations on these viruses and highlight the major questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-570 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André F Santos
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-570 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Pascale Lesage
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Alessia Zamborlini
- Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, 75010 Paris, France.
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, 75003 Paris, France.
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Birgitta M Wöhrl
- University of Bayreuth, Department of Biopolymers, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | | | | | - Arifa S Khan
- Laboratory of Retroviruses, Division of Viral Products, OVRR, CBER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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11
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Smiley Evans T, Gilardi KVK, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Byarugaba DK, Mudakikwa A, Cranfield MR, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1222-1234. [PMID: 27331804 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is at high risk for contracting human pathogens because approximately 60% of the population is habituated to humans to support a thriving ecotourism program. Disease surveillance for human and non-human primate pathogens is important for population health and management of protected primate species. Here, we evaluate discarded plants from mountain gorillas and sympatric golden monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), as a novel biological sample to detect viruses that are shed orally. Discarded plant samples were tested for the presence of mammalian-specific genetic material and two ubiquitous DNA and RNA primate viruses, herpesviruses, and simian foamy virus. We collected discarded plant samples from 383 wild human-habituated mountain gorillas and from 18 habituated golden monkeys. Mammalian-specific genetic material was recovered from all plant species and portions of plant bitten or chewed by gorillas and golden monkeys. Gorilla herpesviral DNA was most consistently recovered from plants in which leafy portions were eaten by gorillas. Simian foamy virus nucleic acid was recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method of collecting specimens from discarded plants is a new non-invasive sampling protocol that can be combined with collection of feces and urine to evaluate the most common routes of viral shedding in wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1222-1234, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.
| | - Kirsten V K Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | | | - Fred Nizeyimana
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Davis, California
| | - Jean Bosco Noheri
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Davis, California
| | | | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Christine K Johnson
- Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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12
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Muniz CP, Jia H, Shankar A, Troncoso LL, Augusto AM, Farias E, Pissinatti A, Fedullo LP, Santos AF, Soares MA, Switzer WM. An expanded search for simian foamy viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World primates identifies novel SFV lineages and host age-related infections. Retrovirology 2015; 12:94. [PMID: 26576961 PMCID: PMC4650395 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While simian foamy viruses have co-evolved with their primate hosts for millennia, most scientific studies have focused on understanding infection in Old World primates with little knowledge available on the epidemiology and natural history of SFV infection in New World primates (NWPs). To better understand the geographic and species distribution and evolutionary history of SFV in NWPs we extend our previous studies in Brazil by screening 15 genera consisting of 29 NWP species (140 monkeys total), including five genera (Brachyteles, Cacajao, Callimico, Mico, and Pithecia) not previously analyzed. Monkey blood specimens were tested using a combination of both serology and PCR to more accurately estimate prevalence and investigate transmission patterns. Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed to infer SFV and host evolutionary histories. Results The overall serologic and molecular prevalences were 42.8 and 33.6 %, respectively, with a combined assay prevalence of 55.8 %. Discordant serology and PCR results were observed for 28.5 % of the samples, indicating that both methods are currently necessary for estimating NWP SFV prevalence. SFV prevalence in sexually mature NWPs with a positive result in any of the WB or PCR assays was 51/107 (47.7 %) compared to 20/33 (61 %) for immature animals. Epidemiological analyses revealed an increase in SFV prevalence with age in captive Cebus monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis identified novel SFVs in Cacajao,Leontopithecus, and Chiropotes species that had 6–37 % nucleotide divergence to other NWP SFV. Comparison of host and SFV phylogenies showed an overall cospeciation evolutionary history with rare ancient and contemporaneous host-switching for Saimiri and Leontopithecus and Cebus xanthosternos, respectively. Conclusions We identified novel SFV in four neotropical monkey genera in Brazil and demonstrate that SFV prevalence increases with age in Cebus monkeys. Importantly, our test results suggest that both molecular and serological screening are currently required to accurately determine infection with NWP SFV. Our study significantly expands knowledge of the epidemiology and natural history of NWP SFVs. The tools and information provided in our study will facilitate further investigation of SFV in NWPs and the potential for zoonotic infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Lian L Troncoso
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisabete Farias
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | - André F Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
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Cocirculation of Two env Molecular Variants, of Possible Recombinant Origin, in Gorilla and Chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus Strains from Central Africa. J Virol 2015; 89:12480-91. [PMID: 26446599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01798-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Simian foamy virus (SFV) is a ubiquitous retrovirus in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that can be transmitted to humans, mostly through severe bites. In the past few years, our laboratory has identified more than 50 hunters from central Africa infected with zoonotic SFVs. Analysis of the complete sequences of five SFVs obtained from these individuals revealed that env was the most variable gene. Furthermore, recombinant SFV strains, some of which involve sequences in the env gene, were recently identified. Here, we investigated the variability of the env genes of zoonotic SFV strains and searched for possible recombinants. We sequenced the complete env gene or its surface glycoprotein region (SU) from DNA amplified from the blood of (i) a series of 40 individuals from Cameroon or Gabon infected with a gorilla or chimpanzee foamy virus (FV) strain and (ii) 1 gorilla and 3 infected chimpanzees living in the same areas as these hunters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of two env variants among both the gorilla and chimpanzee FV strains that were present in zoonotic and NHP strains. These variants differ greatly (>30% variability) in a 753-bp-long region located in the receptor-binding domain of SU, whereas the rest of the gene is very conserved. Although the organizations of the Env protein sequences are similar, the potential glycosylation patterns differ between variants. Analysis of recombination suggests that the variants emerged through recombination between different strains, although all parental strains could not be identified. IMPORTANCE SFV infection in humans is a great example of a zoonotic retroviral infection that has not spread among human populations, in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs). Recombination was a major mechanism leading to the emergence of HIV. Here, we show that two SFV molecular envelope gene variants circulate among ape populations in Central Africa and that both can be transmitted to humans. These variants differ greatly in the SU region that corresponds to the part of the Env protein in contact with the environment. These variants may have emerged through recombination between SFV strains infecting different NHP species.
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14
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De Nys HM, Madinda NF, Merkel K, Robbins M, Boesch C, Leendertz FH, Calvignac-Spencer S. A cautionary note on fecal sampling and molecular epidemiology in predatory wild great apes. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:833-40. [PMID: 26031302 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples are an important source of information on parasites (viruses, prokaryotes, or eukaryotes) infecting wild great apes. Molecular analysis of fecal samples has already been used for deciphering the origins of major human pathogens such as HIV-1 or Plasmodium falciparum. However, for apes that hunt (chimpanzees and bonobos), detection of parasite nucleic acids may reflect either true infection of the host of interest or ingestion of an infected prey, for example, another non-human primate. To determine the potential magnitude of this issue, we estimated the prevalence of prey DNA in fecal samples obtained from two wild chimpanzee communities. We observed values >15%, which are higher than or close to the fecal detection rates of many great ape parasites. Contamination of fecal samples with parasite DNA from dietary origin may therefore occasionally impact non-invasive epidemiological studies. This problem can be addressed (at least partially) by monitoring the presence of prey DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marie De Nys
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadège Freda Madinda
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.,Institut de Recherches en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Kevin Merkel
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
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Rua R, Gessain A. Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 10:47-55. [PMID: 25698621 PMCID: PMC7185842 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are transmitted to humans after contact, mainly bites, with infected monkeys and apes. Contexts of transmission include mainly hunting activities and monkeys’ sympatry. In humans, active immune response probably explains SFV latency in blood and saliva. It is a model of restriction of retroviral emergence after cross-species transmission.
Most viral pathogens that have emerged in humans have originated from various animal species. Emergence is a multistep process involving an initial spill-over of the infectious agent into single individuals and its subsequent dissemination into the human population. Similar to simian immunodeficiency viruses and simian T lymphotropic viruses, simian foamy viruses (SFV) are retroviruses that are widespread among non-human primates and can be transmitted to humans, giving rise to a persistent infection, which seems to be controlled in the case of SFV. In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Rua
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; CNRS, UMR369, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; CNRS, UMR369, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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16
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Gogarten JF, Akoua-Koffi C, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz SAJ, Weiss S, Couacy-Hymann E, Koné I, Peeters M, Wittig RM, Boesch C, Hahn BH, Leendertz FH. The ecology of primate retroviruses - an assessment of 12 years of retroviral studies in the Taï national park area, Côte d׳Ivoire. Virology 2014; 460-461:147-53. [PMID: 25010280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence and genetic make-up of most primate retroviruses was revealed by studies of bushmeat and fecal samples from unhabituated primate communities. For these, detailed data on intra- and within-species contact rates are generally missing, which makes identification of factors influencing transmission a challenging task. Here we present an assessment of 12 years of research on primate retroviruses in the Taï National Park area, Côte d'Ivoire. We discuss insights gained into the prevalence, within- and cross-species transmission of primate retroviruses (including towards local human populations) and the importance of virus-host interactions in determining cross-species transmission risk. Finally we discuss how retroviruses ecology and evolution may change in a shifting environment and identify avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany; Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Reseach Center for the Development and Teaching Hospital, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Cote d׳Ivoire
| | | | - Siv Aina J Leendertz
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weiss
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Inza Koné
- Taï Monkey Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, B.P. 1303 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and Laboratory of Zoology, University of Cocody, 22 B.P. 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d׳Ivoire
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, TransVIHMI, Institute for Research and Development (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Primatology department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Research group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms RKI, Berlin, Germany.
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Hood S, Mitchell JL, Sethi M, Almond NM, Cutler KL, Rose NJ. Horizontal acquisition and a broad biodistribution typify simian foamy virus infection in a cohort of Macaca fascicularis. Virol J 2013; 10:326. [PMID: 24180225 PMCID: PMC4228416 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses are non-pathogenic in vivo and naturally infect all species of non-human primates (NHP). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are highly prevalent in both free ranging and captive NHP but few longitudinal studies have been performed to assess the prevalence and biodistribution of SFV within captive NHP. METHOD LTR and pol gene along with Gag antibody detection were undertaken to identify infection in a cohort of over 80 captive macaques. RESULTS The prevalence of SFV was between 64% and 94% in different groups. Access to 23 dam-infant pairs allowed us to reveal horizontal transfer as the dominant route of SFV transmission in our cohort. Further, analysis of SFV from a range of tissues and blood revealed that macaques as young as six months old can be infected and that proviral biodistribution increases with age. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data of this type for a captive cohort of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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18
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Simian foamy virus infection of rhesus macaques in Bangladesh: relationship of latent proviruses and transcriptionally active viruses. J Virol 2013; 87:13628-39. [PMID: 24109214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01989-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are complex retroviruses that are ubiquitous in nonhuman primates (NHP) and are zoonotically transmitted to humans, presumably through NHP saliva, by licking, biting, and other behaviors. We have studied SFV in free-ranging rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. It has been previously shown that SFV in immunocompetent animals replicates to detectable levels only in superficial epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, although latent proviruses are found in most, if not all, tissues. In this study, we compare DNA sequences from latent SFV proviruses found in blood cells of 30 Bangladesh rhesus macaques to RNA sequences of transcriptionally active SFV from buccal swabs obtained from the same animals. Viral strains, defined by differences in SFV gag sequences, from buccal mucosal specimens overlapped with those from blood samples in 90% of animals. Thus, latent proviruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are, to a great extent, representative of viruses likely to be transmitted to other hosts. The level of SFV RNA in buccal swabs varied greatly between macaques, with increasing amounts of viral RNA in older animals. Evidence of APOBEC3-induced mutations was found in gag sequences derived from the blood and oral mucosa.
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19
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Rethwilm A, Bodem J. Evolution of foamy viruses: the most ancient of all retroviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2349-74. [PMID: 24072062 PMCID: PMC3814592 DOI: 10.3390/v5102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that foamy viruses (FVs) are the oldest retroviruses (RVs) that we know and coevolved with their hosts for several hundred million years. This coevolution may have contributed to the non-pathogenicity of FVs, an important factor in development of foamy viral vectors in gene therapy. However, various questions on the molecular evolution of FVs remain still unanswered. The analysis of the spectrum of animal species infected by exogenous FVs or harboring endogenous FV elements in their genome is pivotal. Furthermore, animal studies might reveal important issues, such as the identification of the FV in vivo target cells, which than require a detailed characterization, to resolve the molecular basis of the accuracy with which FVs copy their genome. The issues of the extent of FV viremia and of the nature of the virion genome (RNA vs. DNA) also need to be experimentally addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rethwilm
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Str.7, Würzburg 97078, Germany.
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20
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Engel GA, Small CT, Soliven K, Feeroz MM, Wang X, Kamrul Hasan M, Oh G, Rabiul Alam SM, Craig KL, Jackson DL, Matsen Iv FA, Linial ML, Jones-Engel L. Zoonotic simian foamy virus in Bangladesh reflects diverse patterns of transmission and co-infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e58. [PMID: 26038489 PMCID: PMC3820988 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are ubiquitous in non-human primates (NHPs). As in all retroviruses, reverse transcription of SFV leads to recombination and mutation. Because more humans have been shown to be infected with SFV than with any other simian borne virus, SFV is a potentially powerful model for studying the virology and epidemiology of viruses at the human/NHP interface. In Asia, SFV is likely transmitted to humans through macaque bites and scratches that occur in the context of everyday life. We analyzed multiple proviral sequences from the SFV gag gene from both humans and macaques in order to characterize retroviral transmission at the human/NHP interface in Bangladesh. Here we report evidence that humans can be concurrently infected with multiple SFV strains, with some individuals infected by both an autochthonous SFV strain as well as a strain similar to SFV found in macaques from another geographic area. These data, combined with previous results, suggest that both human-facilitated movement of macaques leading to the introduction of non-resident strains of SFV and retroviral recombination in macaques contribute to SFV diversity among humans in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Engel
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA ; Department of Family Medicine, Swedish Medical Center , Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Christopher T Small
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Khanh Soliven
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mostafa M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Gunwha Oh
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S M Rabiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Karen L Craig
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana L Jackson
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Frederick A Matsen Iv
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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