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Yapo V, Majumder K, Tedbury PR, Wen X, Ong YT, Johnson MC, Sarafianos SG. HIV-2 inhibits HIV-1 gene expression via two independent mechanisms during cellular co-infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0187022. [PMID: 37991365 PMCID: PMC10734542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01870-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Twenty-five years after the first report that HIV-2 infection can reduce HIV-1-associated pathogenesis in dual-infected patients, the mechanisms are still not well understood. We explored these mechanisms in cell culture and showed first that these viruses can co-infect individual cells. Under specific conditions, HIV-2 inhibits HIV-1 through two distinct mechanisms, a broad-spectrum interferon response and an HIV-1-specific inhibition conferred by the HIV-2 TAR. The former could play a prominent role in dually infected individuals, whereas the latter targets HIV-1 promoter activity through competition for HIV-1 Tat binding when the same target cell is dually infected. That mechanism suppresses HIV-1 transcription by stalling RNA polymerase II complexes at the promoter through a minimal inhibitory region within the HIV-2 TAR. This work delineates the sequence of appearance and the modus operandi of each mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Yapo
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Wen
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yee T. Ong
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- CS Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Bruggemans A, Vansant G, Van de Velde P, Debyser Z. The HIV-2 OGH double reporter virus shows that HIV-2 is less cytotoxic and less sensitive to reactivation from latency than HIV-1 in cell culture. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100343. [PMID: 37701289 PMCID: PMC10493508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of HIV-1 latency is a research priority in HIV cure research. Conversely, little is known about the latency characteristics of HIV-2, the closely related human lentivirus. Though both viruses cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection progresses more slowly with significantly lower viral loads, even when corrected for CD4+ T cell counts. Hence a direct comparison of latency characteristics between HIV-1 and HIV-2 could provide important clues towards a functional cure. Transduction of SupT1 cells with single-round HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter showed higher levels of eGFP expression for HIV-2 than HIV-1, while HIV-1 expression appeared more cytotoxic. To compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 gene expression, latency and reactivation in more detail, we have generated HIV-2 OGH, a replication deficient, near full- length, double reporter virus that discriminates latently and productively infected cells in cell culture. This construct is based on HIV-1 OGH, and to our knowledge, first of its kind for HIV-2. Using this construct we have observed a higher eGFP expression for HIV-2, but higher losses of HIV-1 transduced cells in SupT1 and Jurkat cells and a reduced sensitivity of HIV-2 for reactivation with TNF-α. In addition, we have analysed HIV-2 integration sites and their epigenetic environment. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share a preference for actively transcribed genes in gene-dense regions and favor active chromatin marks while disfavoring methylation markers associated with heterochromatin. In conclusion the HIV-2 OGH construct provides an interesting tool for studying HIV-2 expression, latency and reactivation. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 have been proposed to model a functional HIV cure, a better understanding of the mechanisms governing HIV-2 and SIV latency will be important to move forward. Further research is needed to investigate if HIV-2 uses similar mechanisms as HIV-1 to achieve its integration site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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3
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Swaminathan S, Scorza T, Yero A, Farnos O, Burke Schinkel SC, Angel JB, Jenabian MA. Impact of in vitro HIV infection on human thymic regulatory T cell differentiation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217801. [PMID: 37547675 PMCID: PMC10400333 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation and function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) is dictated by the master transcription factor FoxP3. During HIV infection, there is an increase in Treg frequencies in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. This accentuates immune dysfunction and disease progression. Expression of FoxP3 by thymic Tregs (tTregs) is partially controlled by TGF-β. This cytokine also contributes to Treg development in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Although TGF-β mediates lymphoid tissue fibrosis and peripheral Treg differentiation in HIV-infected individuals, its role in the induction and maintenance of Tregs within the thymus during HIV infection remains unclear. Methods Thymocytes were isolated from fresh human thymic tissues obtained from pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Infection by both R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 strains and TGF-β treatment of human thymocytes was performed in an in vitro co-culture model with OP9-DL1 cells expressing Notch ligand delta-like 1 without T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Results Despite high expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 by tTregs, FoxP3 + CD3highCD8- thymocytes were much less prone to in vitro infection with R5- and X4-tropic HIV strains compared to FoxP3-CD3highCD8- thymocytes. As expected, CD3highCD4+ thymocytes, when treated with TGF-β1, upregulated CD127 and this treatment resulted in increased FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation, but did not affect the rate of HIV infection. FoxP3 expression and Treg frequencies remained unchanged following in vitro HIV infection alone or in combination with TGF-β1. Conclusion FoxP3 expression and tTreg differentiation is not affected by in vitro HIV infection alone or the combination of in vitro HIV infection and TGF-β treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tatiana Scorza
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan B. Angel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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4
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Nunes-Cabaço H, Ramalho-dos-Santos A, Pires AR, Martins LR, Barata JT, Sousa AE. Human CD4 T Cells From Thymus and Cord Blood Are Convertible Into CD8 T Cells by IL-4. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834033. [PMID: 35222424 PMCID: PMC8880616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell lineages is linked to the acquisition of a functional program broadly defined by helper and cytotoxic properties, respectively. The mechanisms underlying these processes in the human thymus remain largely unclear. Moreover, recent thymic emigrants are thought to have some degree of plasticity, which may be important for the shaping of the immune system and adjustment to specific peripheral needs. We show here that IL-4 induces proliferation-independent de novo synthesis of CD8αβ in human CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes, generating a stable CD8SP population that features a diverse TCRαβ repertoire, CD4 expression shut-down and ThPOK downregulation. IL-4 also promotes an innate-like program in both CD4SP and CD8SP thymocytes, characterized by Eomes upregulation in the absence of T-bet, in line with its recognized role in the generation of thymic innate-like CD8+ T cells. The clinical relevance of these findings is further supported by the profile of IL-4 production and IL-4 receptor expression that we identified in the human thymus. Importantly, human cord blood CD4+ T cells preserve the ability to generate Eomes+ CD8+ T cells in the presence of IL-4, with implications in neonatal immunity. Our results support a role for IL-4 in the dynamic regulation of human thymocyte plasticity and identify novel strategies to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana E. Sousa
- *Correspondence: Helena Nunes-Cabaço, ; Ana E. Sousa,
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5
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Godinho-Santos A, Foxall RB, Antão AV, Tavares B, Ferreira T, Serra-Caetano A, Matoso P, Sousa AE. Follicular Helper T Cells Are Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus-2 Reservoirs and Support Productive Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:122-126. [PMID: 31504642 PMCID: PMC6910871 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh), CD4 lymphocytes critical for efficient antibody responses, have been shown to be key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reservoirs. Human immunodeficiency virus-2 infection represents a unique naturally occurring model for investigating Tfh role in HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, given its slow rate of CD4 decline, low to undetectable viremia, and high neutralizing antibody titers throughout the disease course. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, Tfh susceptibility to HIV-2 infection by combining in vitro infection of tonsillar Tfh with the ex vivo study of circulating Tfh from HIV-2-infected patients. We reveal that Tfh support productive HIV-2 infection and are preferential viral targets in HIV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bárbara Tavares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana Serra-Caetano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M, Jespersen S, Månsson F, Hønge BL, Lindman J, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Rowland-Jones SL, Wejse C. HIV-2 as a model to identify a functional HIV cure. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31484562 PMCID: PMC6727498 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two HIV virus types exist: HIV-1 is pandemic and aggressive, whereas HIV-2 is confined mainly to West Africa and less pathogenic. Despite the fact that it has been almost 40 years since the discovery of AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine against HIV. Consequently, the concepts of functional vaccines and cures that aim to limit HIV disease progression and spread by persistent control of viral replication without life-long treatment have been suggested as more feasible options to control the HIV pandemic. To identify virus-host mechanisms that could be targeted for functional cure development, researchers have focused on a small fraction of HIV-1 infected individuals that control their infection spontaneously, so-called elite controllers. However, these efforts have not been able to unravel the key mechanisms of the infection control. This is partly due to lack in statistical power since only 0.15% of HIV-1 infected individuals are natural elite controllers. The proportion of long-term viral control is larger in HIV-2 infection compared with HIV-1 infection. We therefore present the idea of using HIV-2 as a model for finding a functional cure against HIV. Understanding the key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and the cross-reactive effects in HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-infection could provide novel insights in developing functional HIV cures and vaccines.
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7
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Fernandes SM, Pires AR, Matoso P, Ferreira C, Nunes-Cabaço H, Correia L, Valadas E, Poças J, Pacheco P, Veiga-Fernandes H, Foxall RB, Sousa AE. HIV-2 infection is associated with preserved GALT homeostasis and epithelial integrity despite ongoing mucosal viral replication. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:236-248. [PMID: 28513595 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that enable preservation of gut mucosal integrity during persistent viral replication and inherent inflammation remain unclear. Here, we investigated, for the first time, gut homeostasis in HIV-2 infection, a naturally occurring form of attenuated HIV disease. We found viral replication in both sigmoid and ileum of asymptomatic HIV-2+ patients (range: 240-851 circulating CD4+T-cells per μl) despite their undetectable viremia, accompanied by interferon-γ-producing CD8 T-cell expansion, irrespective of antiretroviral treatment. Nevertheless, there was no CD4 T-cell depletion, and Foxp3+ and IL-17- or IL-22-producing CD4 T-cell numbers were unaffected. Moreover, IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells and IL-22-induced antimicrobial peptides and mucins were maintained. In agreement, the epithelium histology was preserved, including tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) levels. Furthermore, in vitro infection of colon epithelia with primary isolates revealed no HIV-2 impact on ZO-1 expression. Notably, sigmoid transcriptional levels of CCL20 and CCL28 were significantly increased, in direct correlation with GM-CSF, indicating a local response able to enhance CD4 T-cell recruitment. In conclusion, maintenance of mucosal integrity in HIV-2 infection was associated with T-cell recruitment responses, potentially counteracting CD4 T-cell depletion due to HIV-2 replication. These data have unique implications for the design of therapies targeting gut homeostasis in HIV-1 infection and other chronic inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A R Pires
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Matoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Correia
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Valadas
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Poças
- Serviço de Infecciologia, Hospital de S. Bernardo, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - P Pacheco
- Serviço de Infecciologia, Hospital Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - H Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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9
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Amaral AJ, Andrade J, Foxall RB, Matoso P, Matos AM, Soares RS, Rocha C, Ramos CG, Tendeiro R, Serra-Caetano A, Guerra-Assunção JA, Santa-Marta M, Gonçalves J, Gama-Carvalho M, Sousa AE. miRNA profiling of human naive CD4 T cells links miR-34c-5p to cell activation and HIV replication. EMBO J 2017; 36:346-360. [PMID: 27993935 PMCID: PMC5286376 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell activation is a vital step for T-cell memory/effector differentiation as well as for productive HIV infection. To identify novel regulators of this process, we used next-generation sequencing to profile changes in microRNA expression occurring in purified human naive CD4 T cells in response to TCR stimulation and/or HIV infection. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the transcriptional up-regulation of miR-34c-5p in response to TCR stimulation in naive CD4 T cells. The induction of this miR was further consistently found to be reduced by both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Overexpression of miR-34c-5p led to changes in the expression of several genes involved in TCR signaling and cell activation, confirming its role as a novel regulator of naive CD4 T-cell activation. We additionally show that miR-34c-5p promotes HIV-1 replication, suggesting that its down-regulation during HIV infection may be part of an anti-viral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia J Amaral
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Matoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Matos
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S Soares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian G Ramos
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Tendeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Serra-Caetano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A Guerra-Assunção
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Santa-Marta
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Saleh S, Vranckx L, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. Insight into HIV-2 latency may disclose strategies for a cure for HIV-1 infection. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:7-14. [PMID: 28275453 PMCID: PMC5337426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 originate from two distinct zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses from primate to human. Although both share similar modes of transmission and can result in the development of AIDS with similar clinical manifestations, HIV-2 infection is generally milder and less likely to progress to AIDS. HIV is currently incurable due to the presence of HIV provirus integrated into the host DNA of long-lived memory cells of the immune system without active replication. As such, the latent virus is immunologically inert and remains insensitive to the administered antiviral drugs targeting active viral replication steps. Recent evidence suggests that persistent HIV replication may occur in anatomical sanctuaries such as the lymphoid tissue due to low drug penetration. At present, different strategies are being evaluated either to completely eradicate the virus from the patient (sterilising cure) or to allow treatment interruption without viral rebound (functional cure). Because HIV-2 is naturally less pathogenic and displays a more latent phenotype than HIV-1, it may represent a valuable model that provides elementary information to cure HIV-1 infection. Insight into the viral and cellular determinants of HIV-2 replication may therefore pave the way for alternative strategies to eradicate HIV-1 or promote viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Saleh
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Lenard Vranckx
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
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11
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12
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Angin M, Wong G, Papagno L, Versmisse P, David A, Bayard C, Charmeteau-De Muylder B, Besseghir A, Thiébaut R, Boufassa F, Pancino G, Sauce D, Lambotte O, Brun-Vézinet F, Matheron S, Rowland-Jones SL, Cheynier R, Sáez-Cirión A, Appay V. Preservation of Lymphopoietic Potential and Virus Suppressive Capacity by CD8+ T Cells in HIV-2-Infected Controllers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2787-95. [PMID: 27566819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared with HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterized by a larger proportion of slow or nonprogressors. A better understanding of HIV-2 pathogenesis should open new therapeutic avenues to establish control of HIV-1 replication in infected patients. In this study, we studied the production of CD8(+) T cells and their capacity for viral control in HIV-2 controllers from the French ANRS CO5 HIV-2 cohort. HIV-2 controllers display a robust capacity to support long-term renewal of the CD8(+) T cell compartment by preserving immune resources, including hematopoietic progenitors and thymic activity, which could contribute to the long-term maintenance of the CD8(+) T cell response and the avoidance of premature immune aging. Our data support the presence of HIV-2 Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells that display an early memory differentiation phenotype and robust effector potential in HIV-2 controllers. Accordingly, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that HIV-2 controllers possess CD8(+) T cells that show an unusually strong capacity to suppress HIV-2 infection in autologous CD4(+) T cells ex vivo, an ability that likely depends on the preservation of host immune resources. This effective and durable antiviral response probably participates in a virtuous circle, during which controlled viral replication permits the preservation of potent immune functions, thus preventing HIV-2 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Angin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Glenn Wong
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Papagno
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Versmisse
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Charles Bayard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bénédicte Charmeteau-De Muylder
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Cytokines and Viral Infections Team, Paris 75014, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amel Besseghir
- Centre de Méthodologie et de Gestion des Essais Cliniques de l'INSERM U1219, Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine, Hépatites Virales et Comorbidités, Épidémiologie Clinique et Santé Publique, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Centre de Méthodologie et de Gestion des Essais Cliniques de l'INSERM U1219, Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine, Hépatites Virales et Comorbidités, Épidémiologie Clinique et Santé Publique, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Gianfranco Pancino
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM UMR 1184, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpitaux Universitaires, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France; Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Françoise Brun-Vézinet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM UMR 1137, Infections, Antimicrobiens, Modélisation, Evolution, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75018, France; and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, Paris 75018, France
| | | | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Cytokines and Viral Infections Team, Paris 75014, France; CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France;
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 06, DHU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Paris 75005, France;
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