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Lin Y, Liu S, Sun Y, Chen C, Yang S, Pei G, Lin M, Yu J, Liu X, Wang H, Long J, Yan Q, Liang J, Yao J, Yi F, Meng L, Tan Y, Chen N, Yang Y, Ai Q. CCR5 and inflammatory storm. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102286. [PMID: 38561044 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Chemokines and their corresponding receptors play crucial roles in orchestrating inflammatory and immune responses, particularly in the context of pathological conditions disrupting the internal environment. Among these receptors, CCR5 has garnered considerable attention due to its significant involvement in the inflammatory cascade, serving as a pivotal mediator of neuroinflammation and other inflammatory pathways associated with various diseases. However, a notable gap persists in comprehending the intricate mechanisms governing the interplay between CCR5 and its ligands across diverse and intricate inflammatory pathologies. Further exploration is warranted, especially concerning the inflammatory cascade instigated by immune cell infiltration and the precise binding sites within signaling pathways. This study aims to illuminate the regulatory axes modulating signaling pathways in inflammatory cells by providing a comprehensive overview of the pathogenic processes associated with CCR5 and its ligands across various disorders. The primary focus lies on investigating the pathomechanisms associated with CCR5 in disorders related to neuroinflammation, alongside the potential impact of aging on these processes and therapeutic interventions. The discourse culminates in addressing current challenges and envisaging potential future applications, advocating for innovative research endeavors to advance our comprehension of this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Hospital for Matemal&Child Health Care Affiliated to Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Gang Pei
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Technology Innovation Center/National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Chinese Medicine Powders and Innovative Drugs, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Junpeng Long
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Qian Yan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jinping Liang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Nephrology Department, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan 411100, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yantao Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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Pavesi A, Tiecco G, Rossi L, Sforza A, Ciccarone A, Compostella F, Lovatti S, Tomasoni LR, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2024; 16:383. [PMID: 38543749 PMCID: PMC10976239 DOI: 10.3390/v16030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a seasonal arbovirosis with the potential to cause severe neurological disease. Outcomes of the infection from WNV depend on viral factors (e.g., lineage) and host-intrinsic factors (e.g., age, sex, immunocompromising conditions). Immunity is essential to control the infection but may also prove detrimental to the host. Indeed, the persistence of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is associated with the development of blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. Due to the importance of the inflammatory processes in the development of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), we reviewed the available literature on the subject. METHODS According to the 2020 updated PRISMA guidelines, all peer-reviewed articles regarding the inflammatory response associated with WNND were included. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-six articles were included in the data analysis and sorted into three groups (in vitro on-cell cultures, in vivo in animals, and in humans). The main cytokines found to be increased during WNND were IL-6 and TNF-α. We highlighted the generally small quantity and heterogeneity of information about the inflammatory patterns associated with WNND. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of WNND and to investigate the extent and the way the host inflammatory response either helps in controlling the infection or in worsening the outcomes. This might prove useful both for the development of target therapies and for the development of molecular markers allowing early identification of patients displaying an inflammatory response that puts them at a higher risk of developing neuroinvasive disease and who might thus benefit from early antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pavesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Giorgio Tiecco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Anita Sforza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Andrea Ciccarone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Federico Compostella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Sofia Lovatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Lina Rachele Tomasoni
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.P.); (G.T.); (L.R.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (F.C.); (S.L.); (F.C.)
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Benzarti E, Murray KO, Ronca SE. Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030806. [PMID: 36992514 PMCID: PMC10053297 DOI: 10.3390/v15030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute WNV infection and assist with viral clearance, while others play a multifaceted role WNV neuropathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of cytokine expression patterns in human and experimental animal models of WNV infections. Here, we outline the interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands associated with WNV infection and pathogenesis and describe the complex roles they play in mediating both protection and pathology of the central nervous system during or after virus clearance. By understanding of the role of these cytokines during WNV neuroinvasive infection, we can develop treatment options aimed at modulating these immune molecules in order to reduce neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Benzarti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon E Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kaliappan A, Gaur A, Sakthivadivel V, Balan Y, Tadi LJ, Sundaramurthy R. COVID-19 and Dementia; Hard to Forget Yet Haunting Forgetfulness! Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:832-840. [PMID: 36561000 PMCID: PMC9764909 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_42_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has affected almost everyone worldwide. Although the majority of people survive the illness, bad cognitive repercussions might last a long time, resulting in a lower quality of life and disability, particularly in severe cases. We tried to understand and bring together the various possible mechanisms leading to dementia in COVID-19. The link between COVID-19 and dementia will help public health workers plan and allocate resources to provide better care for a community suffering from sickness and improve quality of life. A conceptual framework for care of infected people in the older age group and care of dementia people is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariyanachi Kaliappan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Archana Gaur
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Varatharajan Sakthivadivel
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Varatharajan Sakthivadivel, Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad - 508 126, Telangana, India. E-mail:
| | - Yuvaraj Balan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lakshmi Jyothi Tadi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raja Sundaramurthy
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Lucas CJ, Morrison TE. Animal models of alphavirus infection and human disease. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:25-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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Mesquita LP, Costa RC, Zanatto DA, Bruhn FRP, Mesquita LLR, Lara MCCSH, Villalobos EMC, Massoco CO, Mori CMC, Mori E, Maiorka PC. Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33528354 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an emerging pathogen that causes encephalomyelitis in horses and non-equid species. Several aspects of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly regarding the role of inflammatory mediators during EHV-1 encephalitis, remain unknown. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology induced by viruses would be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate some aspects of the innate immune response during highly neurovirulent EHV-1 infection. C57BL/6 mice infected intranasally with A4/72 and A9/92 EHV-1 strains developed a fulminant neurological disease at 3 days post-inoculation with high viral titres in the brain. These mice developed severe encephalitis with infiltration of monocytes and CD8+ T cells to the brain. The inflammatory infiltrate followed the detection of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL-10 in the brain. Notably, the levels of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 were higher in A4/72-infected mice, which presented higher numbers of inflammatory cells within the CNS. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), were also detected in the CNS, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 genes were also upregulated within the brain of EHV-1-infected mice. However, no expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-12α, which are important for controlling the replication of other herpesviruses, was detected in EHV-1-infected mice. The results show that the activated innate immune mechanisms could not prevent EHV-1 replication within the CNS, but most likely contributed to the extensive neuropathology. The mouse model of viral encephalitis proposed here will also be useful to study the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Fábio R P Bruhn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Laís L R Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - M C C S H Lara
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - E M C Villalobos
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Cristina O Massoco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia M C Mori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Enio Mori
- Pasteur Institute, Av. Paulista, 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
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Hayden L, Semenoff T, Schultz V, Merz SF, Chapple KJ, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE, Shi X, McKimmie CS, Edgar JM, Thümmler K, Linington C, Pingen M. Lipid-specific IgMs induce antiviral responses in the CNS: implications for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:135. [PMID: 32792006 PMCID: PMC7427287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a potentially fatal encephalitis caused by JC polyomavirus (JCV). PML principally affects people with a compromised immune system, such as patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving treatment with natalizumab. However, intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM in MS patients is associated with a markedly lower incidence of natalizumab-associated PML compared to those without this antibody repertoire. Here we demonstrate that a subset of lipid-reactive human and murine IgMs induce a functional anti-viral response that inhibits replication of encephalitic Alpha and Orthobunyaviruses in multi-cellular central nervous system cultures. These lipid-specific IgMs trigger microglia to produce IFN-β in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner, which induces an IFN-α/β-receptor 1-dependent antiviral response in glia and neurons. These data identify lipid-reactive IgM as a mediator of anti-viral activity in the nervous system and provide a rational explanation why intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM correlates with a reduced incidence of iatrogenic PML in MS.
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9
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Thomson CA, McColl A, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. Sustained exposure to systemic endotoxin triggers chemokine induction in the brain followed by a rapid influx of leukocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:94. [PMID: 32213184 PMCID: PMC7098135 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent years have seen an explosion of research pertaining to biological psychiatry, yet despite subsequent advances in our understanding of neuroimmune communication pathways, how the brain senses and responds to peripheral inflammation remains poorly understood. A better understanding of these pathways may be important for generating novel therapeutics to treat many patients with chronic inflammatory diseases who also suffer from neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Here we have systematically assessed the leukocyte infiltrate to the brain following systemic endotoxin exposure to better understand this novel route of neuroimmune communication. Methods Mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS daily for 2, 5 or 7 consecutive days. We systematically interrogated the subsequent induction of chemokine transcription in the brain using TaqMan low-density arrays. A combination of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry was then used to characterise the accompanying leukocyte infiltrate. Results Repeated LPS challenges resulted in prolonged activation of brain-resident microglia, coupled with an increased local transcription of numerous chemokines. After 2 days of administering LPS, there was a marked increase in the expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2; the monocyte chemoattractants CCL2, CCL5, CCL7 and CCL8; and the lymphocyte chemoattractants CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL16. In a number of cases, this response was sustained for several days. Chemokine induction was associated with a transient recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the brain, coupled with a sustained accumulation of macrophages, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells. Strikingly, neutrophils, monocytes and T cells appeared to extravasate from the vasculature and/or CSF to infiltrate the brain parenchyma. Conclusions Prolonged exposure to a peripheral inflammatory stimulus triggers the recruitment of myeloid cells and lymphocytes to the brain. By altering the inflammatory or metabolic milieu of the brain, this novel method of immune-to-brain communication may have profound implications for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, potentially leading to neuropsychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Collage of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Collage of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Collage of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Institute of Health & Wellbeing, Collage of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Bryden SR, Pingen M, Lefteri DA, Miltenburg J, Delang L, Jacobs S, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J, Pondeville E, Major J, Müller M, Khalid H, Tuplin A, Varjak M, Merits A, Edgar J, Graham GJ, Shams K, McKimmie CS. Pan-viral protection against arboviruses by activating skin macrophages at the inoculation site. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax2421. [PMID: 31969486 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important human pathogens for which there are no specific antiviral medicines. The abundance of genetically distinct arbovirus species, coupled with the unpredictable nature of their outbreaks, has made the development of virus-specific treatments challenging. Instead, we have defined and targeted a key aspect of the host innate immune response to virus at the arthropod bite that is common to all arbovirus infections, potentially circumventing the need for virus-specific therapies. Using mouse models and human skin explants, we identify innate immune responses by dermal macrophages in the skin as a key determinant of disease severity. Post-exposure treatment of the inoculation site by a topical TLR7 agonist suppressed both the local and subsequent systemic course of infection with a variety of arboviruses from the Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Orthobunyavirus genera. Clinical outcome was improved in mice after infection with a model alphavirus. In the absence of treatment, antiviral interferon expression to virus in the skin was restricted to dermal dendritic cells. In contrast, stimulating the more populous skin-resident macrophages with a TLR7 agonist elicited protective responses in key cellular targets of virus that otherwise proficiently replicated virus. By defining and targeting a key aspect of the innate immune response to virus at the mosquito bite site, we have identified a putative new strategy for limiting disease after infection with a variety of genetically distinct arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Bryden
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniella A Lefteri
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Janne Miltenburg
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- MRC‑University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jack Major
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marietta Müller
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Henna Khalid
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Margus Varjak
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kave Shams
- Inflammatory Skin Disease Group, Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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11
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Xi S, Liu K, Xiao C, Hameed M, Ou A, Shao D, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Miao D, Ma Z. Establishment and characterization of the pig tonsil epithelial (PT) cell line as a new model for persist infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108587. [PMID: 32122591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a serious zoonotic disease worldwide, pig is the reservoir and amplifying host of JEV. JEV can persist infect tonsil in pig, but the relation between persist infection in tonsil and reservoir are not clear until now. A stable pig tonsil cell line is necessary for JEV persist infection research. In this study, we established a continuous epithelial cell line, named PT cell, from the pig tonsil. This cell is susceptible to JEV. We determined the growth characteristics, molecular properties, microstructure profiles of PT cell. JEV is easy to enter PT cell which may partly explain the reason of persist infection. We further determined that LMAN2L, a mannose lectin proteins, is the primary viral receptors for JEV entry in PT cell. IFITM3, an cellular surface antiviral factor, is underexpression in PT cell after JEV infection. All these results provide solid evidence that PT cell will promote additional research on JEV persist infection in pig tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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12
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Treatment with CCR2 antagonist is neuroprotective but does not alter epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106695. [PMID: 31785482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation role on epileptogenesis has been the subject of increasing interest. Many studies showed elevation in cytokines and chemokines expression following seizures, such as, CCL2 protein (C-C motif ligand 2 chemokine) and its specific receptor, CCR2. In addition, recent studies manipulating the CCL2/CCR2 complex verified improved seizure outcome in different seizure models. In the present study, the effects of CCR2 antagonist was investigated using the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by pilocarpine i.p. injection in adult rats. Daily oral treatment with CCR2 antagonist or vehicle was initiated 5 h following SE and lasted 5 or 10 days. Rats were euthanized 5 days after SE to evaluate neuronal damage and glial density or 30 days after SE to investigate spontaneous seizures development and seizure susceptibility to a second hit pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test. Rats that received CCR2 antagonist presented less degenerating cells at hippocampal CA1 region. There was also a significant decrease in CA1 volume after SE that was not observed in treated rats. On the other hand, microglia cell density increased after SE regardless of CCR2 antagonist use. Treatment with CCR2 antagonist did not alter spontaneous seizure occurrence or later seizure susceptibility to PTZ in chronic rats. Additional rats were pretreated with CCR2 antagonist prior to SE induction, but this did not change SE progression. The data show that oral treatment with CCR2 antagonist is neuroprotective, but does not alter other epileptogenic factors, such as, neuroinflammation, or seizure development, after pilocarpine-induced SE in rats.
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13
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Vidaña B, Johnson N, Fooks AR, Sánchez‐Cordón PJ, Hicks DJ, Nuñez A. West Nile Virus spread and differential chemokine response in the central nervous system of mice: Role in pathogenic mechanisms of encephalitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:799-810. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidaña
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA,‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA,‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | | | - Daniel J. Hicks
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency APHA‐Weybridge AddlestoneKT15 3NBUK
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14
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Dyhrfort P, Shen Q, Clausen F, Thulin M, Enblad P, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Lewén A, Hillered L. Monitoring of Protein Biomarkers of Inflammation in Human Traumatic Brain Injury Using Microdialysis and Proximity Extension Assay Technology in Neurointensive Care. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2872-2885. [PMID: 31017044 PMCID: PMC6761596 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is followed by secondary injury mechanisms strongly involving neuroinflammation. To monitor the complex inflammatory cascade in human TBI, we used cerebral microdialysis (MD) and multiplex proximity extension assay (PEA) technology and simultaneously measured levels of 92 protein biomarkers of inflammation in MD samples every three hours for five days in 10 patients with severe TBI under neurointensive care. One μL MD samples were incubated with paired oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies binding to each protein, allowing quantification by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sixty-nine proteins were suitable for statistical analysis. We found five different patterns with either early (<48 h; e.g., CCL20, IL6, LIF, CCL3), mid (48–96 h; e.g., CCL19, CXCL5, CXCL10, MMP1), late (>96 h; e.g., CD40, MCP2, MCP3), biphasic peaks (e.g., CXCL1, CXCL5, IL8) or stable (e.g., CCL4, DNER, VEGFA)/low trends. High protein levels were observed for e.g., CXCL1, CXCL10, MCP1, MCP2, IL8, while e.g., CCL28 and MCP4 were detected at low levels. Several proteins (CCL8, -19, -20, -23, CXCL1, -5, -6, -9, -11, CST5, DNER, Flt3L, and SIRT2) have not been studied previously in human TBI. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that LIF and CXCL5 may play a central role in the inflammatory cascade. This study provides a unique data set with individual temporal trends for potential inflammatory biomarkers in patients with TBI. We conclude that the combination of MD and PEA is a powerful tool to map the complex inflammatory cascade in the injured human brain. The technique offers new possibilities of protein profiling of complex secondary injury pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dyhrfort
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Qiujin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Thulin
- Department of Statistics Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Per Enblad
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Dawes BE, Gao J, Atkins C, Nelson JT, Johnson K, Wu P, Freiberg AN. Human neural stem cell-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures respond to La Crosse virus infection with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:315. [PMID: 30442185 PMCID: PMC6236894 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) causes pediatric encephalitis in the USA. LACV induces severe inflammation in the central nervous system, but the recruitment of inflammatory cells is poorly understood. A deeper understanding of LACV-induced neural pathology is needed in order to develop treatment options. However, there is a severe limitation of relevant human neuronal cell models of LACV infection. METHODS We utilized human neural stem cell (hNSC)-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures to study LACV infection in disease-relevant primary cells. hNSCs were differentiated into neurons and astrocytes and infected with LACV. To characterize susceptibility and responses to infection, we measured viral titers and levels of viral RNA, performed immunofluorescence analysis to determine the cell types infected, performed apoptosis and cytotoxicity assays, and evaluated cellular responses to infection using qRT-PCR and Bioplex assays. RESULTS hNSC-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures were susceptible to LACV infection and displayed apoptotic responses as reported in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. Neurons and astrocytes are both targets of LACV infection, with neurons becoming the predominant target later in infection possibly due to astrocytic responses to IFN. Additionally, neuron/astrocyte co-cultures responded to LACV infection with strong proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, as well as MMP-2, MMP-7, and TIMP-1 responses. CONCLUSIONS hNSC-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures reproduce key aspects of LACV infection in humans and mice and are useful models to study encephalitic viruses. Specifically, we show astrocytes to be susceptible to LACV infection and that neurons and astrocytes are important drivers of the inflammatory responses seen in LACV infection through the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Dawes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
| | - Jacob T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
| | - Kendra Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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16
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Lesteberg KE, Beckham JD. Immunology of West Nile Virus Infection and the Role of Alpha-Synuclein as a Viral Restriction Factor. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:38-47. [PMID: 30222521 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus and is a major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. Experimental models of WNV infection in mice are commonly used to define acute neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Alpha-synuclein (Asyn) is a protein of primarily neuronal origin and is a major cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both WNV and PD pathologies are largely mediated by inflammation of the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) and have overlapping inflammatory pathways. In this review, we highlight the roles of the immune system in both diseases while comparing and contrasting both protective and pathogenic roles of immune cells and their effector proteins. Additionally, we review the current literature showing that Asyn is an important mediator of the immune response with diverging roles in PD (pathogenic) and WNV disease (neuroprotective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lesteberg
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - John David Beckham
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,3 Veterans Administration, Eastern Colorado Health System , Denver, Colorado
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17
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Liu K, Xiao C, Wang F, Xiang X, Ou A, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Miao D, Zhao F, Long G, Qiu Y, Zhu H, Ma Z. Chemokine receptor antagonist block inflammation and therapy Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mouse model. Cytokine 2018; 110:70-77. [PMID: 29704821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral encephalitis disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The virus can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. In this study, we first investigated the distribution of JEV infection in brain and further analyzed the dynamic change in inflammation related genes, chemokines, as well as pathological characteristics. Results demonstrated that CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist could significantly inhibit the inflammation. The mice treated with CCR2 and CCR5 antagonists had a higher survival rate between 60% and 70%, respectively. In summary, our study thoroughly illustrated the characteristics of the dynamic change in inflammation related genes and chemokines induced by JEV infection. We further indicated that CCR5 and CCR2 are potential targets for treatment of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Molecular Virology and Comparative Medicine, Teaching Building Room 420&422, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gang Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Huaimin Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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18
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Grygorczuk S, Świerzbińska R, Kondrusik M, Dunaj J, Czupryna P, Moniuszko A, Siemieniako A, Pancewicz S. The intrathecal expression and pathogenetic role of Th17 cytokines and CXCR2-binding chemokines in tick-borne encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:115. [PMID: 29678185 PMCID: PMC5909263 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a clinically variable but potentially severe Flavivirus infection, with the outcome strongly dependent on secondary immunopathology. Neutrophils are present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of TBE patients, but their pathogenetic role remains unknown. In animal models, neutrophils contributed both to the Flavivirus entry into central nervous system (CNS) and to the control of the encephalitis, which we attempted to evaluate in human TBE. METHODS We analyzed records of 240 patients with TBE presenting as meningitis (n = 110), meningoencephalitis (n = 114) or meningoencephalomyelitis (n = 16) assessing CSF neutrophil count on admission and at follow-up 2 weeks later, and their associations with other laboratory and clinical parameters. We measured serum and CSF concentrations of Th17-type cytokines (interleukin-17A, IL-17F, IL-22) and chemokines attracting neutrophils (IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2) in patients with TBE (n = 36 for IL-8, n = 15 for other), with non-TBE aseptic meningitis (n = 6) and in non-meningitis controls (n = 7), using commercial ELISA assays. The results were analyzed with non-parametric tests with p < 0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS On admission, neutrophils were universally present in CSF constituting 25% (median) of total pleocytosis, but on follow-up, they were absent in most of patients (58%) and scarce (< 10%) in 36%. CSF neutrophil count did not correlate with lymphocyte count and blood-brain barrier integrity, did not differ between meningitis and meningoencephalitis, but was higher in meningoencephalomyelitis patients. Prolonged presence of neutrophils in follow-up CSF was associated with encephalitis and neurologic sequelae. All the studied cytokines were expressed intrathecally, with IL-8 having the highest CSF concentration index. Additionally, IL-17A concentration was significantly increased in serum. IL-17F and CXCL1 CSF concentrations correlated with neutrophil count and CXCL1 concentration was higher in patients with encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS The neutrophil CNS infiltrate does not correlate directly with TBE severity, but is associated with clinical features like myelitis, possibly being involved in its pathogenesis. Th17 cytokine response is present in TBE, especially intrathecally, and contributes to the CNS neutrophilic inflammation. IL-8 and CXCL1 may be chemokines directly responsible for the neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of the Infectious Disease and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
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19
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Samson A, Scott KJ, Taggart D, West EJ, Wilson E, Nuovo GJ, Thomson S, Corns R, Mathew RK, Fuller MJ, Kottke TJ, Thompson JM, Ilett EJ, Cockle JV, van Hille P, Sivakumar G, Polson ES, Turnbull SJ, Appleton ES, Migneco G, Rose AS, Coffey MC, Beirne DA, Collinson FJ, Ralph C, Alan Anthoney D, Twelves CJ, Furness AJ, Quezada SA, Wurdak H, Errington-Mais F, Pandha H, Harrington KJ, Selby PJ, Vile RG, Griffin SD, Stead LF, Short SC, Melcher AA. Intravenous delivery of oncolytic reovirus to brain tumor patients immunologically primes for subsequent checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaam7577. [PMID: 29298869 PMCID: PMC6276984 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), are reshaping cancer therapeutic strategies. Evidence suggests, however, that tumor response and patient survival are determined by tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. We hypothesized that preconditioning of the tumor immune microenvironment using targeted, virus-mediated interferon (IFN) stimulation would up-regulate tumor PD-L1 protein expression and increase cytotoxic T cell infiltration, improving the efficacy of subsequent checkpoint blockade. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a promising form of cancer immunotherapy. For brain tumors, almost all studies to date have used direct intralesional injection of OV, because of the largely untested belief that intravenous administration will not deliver virus to this site. We show, in a window-of-opportunity clinical study, that intravenous infusion of oncolytic human Orthoreovirus (referred to herein as reovirus) leads to infection of tumor cells subsequently resected as part of standard clinical care, both in high-grade glioma and in brain metastases, and increases cytotoxic T cell tumor infiltration relative to patients not treated with virus. We further show that reovirus up-regulates IFN-regulated gene expression, as well as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in tumors, via an IFN-mediated mechanism. Finally, we show that addition of PD-1 blockade to reovirus enhances systemic therapy in a preclinical glioma model. These results support the development of combined systemic immunovirotherapy strategies for the treatment of both primary and secondary tumors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Karen J Scott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David Taggart
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Emma J West
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Erica Wilson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Simon Thomson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Robert Corns
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ryan K Mathew
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Martin J Fuller
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Julia V Cockle
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philip van Hille
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gnanamurthy Sivakumar
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Euan S Polson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Samantha J Turnbull
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Appleton
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ailsa S Rose
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Deborah A Beirne
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fiona J Collinson
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christy Ralph
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D Alan Anthoney
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher J Twelves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Heiko Wurdak
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen D Griffin
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK.
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Howe CL, LaFrance-Corey RG, Goddery EN, Johnson RK, Mirchia K. Neuronal CCL2 expression drives inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the brain during acute virus infection. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:238. [PMID: 29202854 PMCID: PMC5715496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral encephalitis is a dangerous compromise between the need to robustly clear pathogen from the brain and the need to protect neurons from bystander injury. Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of C57Bl/6 mice is a model of viral encephalitis in which the compromise results in hippocampal damage and permanent neurological sequelae. We previously identified brain-infiltrating inflammatory monocytes as the primary driver of this hippocampal pathology, but the mechanisms involved in recruiting these cells to the brain were unclear. Methods Chemokine expression levels in the hippocampus were assessed by microarray, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Monocyte infiltration during acute TMEV infection was measured by flow cytometry. CCL2 levels were manipulated by immunodepletion and by specific removal from neurons in mice generated by crossing a line expressing the Cre recombinase behind the synapsin promoter to animals with floxed CCL2. Results Inoculation of the brain with TMEV induced hippocampal production of the proinflammatory chemokine CCL2 that peaked at 6 h postinfection, whereas inoculation with UV-inactivated TMEV did not elicit this response. Immunofluorescence revealed that hippocampal neurons expressed high levels of CCL2 at this timepoint. Genetic deletion of CCR2 and systemic immunodepletion of CCL2 abrogated or blunted the infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into the brain during acute infection. Specific genetic deletion of CCL2 from neurons reduced serum and hippocampal CCL2 levels and inhibited inflammatory monocyte infiltration into the brain. Conclusions We conclude that intracranial inoculation with infectious TMEV rapidly induces the expression of CCL2 in neurons, and this cellular source is necessary for CCR2-dependent infiltration of inflammatory monocytes into the brain during the most acute stage of encephalitis. These findings highlight a unique role for neuronal production of chemokines in the initiation of leukocytic infiltration into the infected central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. .,Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Reghann G LaFrance-Corey
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Renee K Johnson
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Kanish Mirchia
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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Michlmayr D, Andrade P, Gonzalez K, Balmaseda A, Harris E. CD14 +CD16 + monocytes are the main target of Zika virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a paediatric study in Nicaragua. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:1462-1470. [PMID: 28970482 PMCID: PMC5997390 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent Zika pandemic in the Americas is linked to congenital birth defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome. White blood cells (WBCs) play an important role in host immune responses early in arboviral infection. Infected WBCs can also function as 'Trojan horses' and carry viruses into immune-sheltered spaces, including the placenta, testes and brain. Therefore, defining which WBCs are permissive to Zika virus (ZIKV) is critical. Here, we analyse ZIKV infectivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro and from Nicaraguan Zika patients and show CD14+CD16+ monocytes are the main target of infection, with ZIKV replication detected in some dendritic cells. The frequency of CD14+ monocytes was significantly decreased, while the CD14+CD16+ monocyte population was significantly expanded during ZIKV infection compared to uninfected controls. Viral RNA was detected in PBMCs from all patients, but in serum from only a subset, suggesting PBMCs may be a reservoir for ZIKV. In Zika patients, the frequency of infected cells was lower but the percentage of infected CD14+CD16+ monocytes was significantly higher compared to dengue cases. The gene expression profile in monocytes isolated from ZIKV- and dengue virus-infected patients was comparable, except for significant differences in interferon-γ, CXCL12, XCL1, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels. Thus, our study provides a detailed picture of the innate immune profile of ZIKV infection and highlights the important role of monocytes, and CD14+CD16+ monocytes in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-3370, CA, USA
| | - Paulina Andrade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-3370, CA, USA
- Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 170157, Ecuador
| | - Karla Gonzalez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, 14007, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, 16064, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, 14007, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, 16064, Nicaragua
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-3370, CA, USA.
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22
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Pingen M, Bryden SR, Pondeville E, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Merits A, Fazakerley JK, Graham GJ, McKimmie CS. Host Inflammatory Response to Mosquito Bites Enhances the Severity of Arbovirus Infection. Immunity 2017; 44:1455-69. [PMID: 27332734 PMCID: PMC4920956 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting many medically important viruses such as those that cause Zika and dengue. The inoculation of viruses into mosquito bite sites is an important and common stage of all mosquito-borne virus infections. We show, using Semliki Forest virus and Bunyamwera virus, that these viruses use this inflammatory niche to aid their replication and dissemination in vivo. Mosquito bites were characterized by an edema that retained virus at the inoculation site and an inflammatory influx of neutrophils that coordinated a localized innate immune program that inadvertently facilitated virus infection by encouraging the entry and infection of virus-permissive myeloid cells. Neutrophil depletion and therapeutic blockade of inflammasome activity suppressed inflammation and abrogated the ability of the bite to promote infection. This study identifies facets of mosquito bite inflammation that are important determinants of the subsequent systemic course and clinical outcome of virus infection. Mosquito bites enhance virus replication and dissemination and increase host mortality Neutrophil-driven inflammation retains virus in skin to drive macrophage recruitment Recruited and resident myeloid cells become infected and replicate virus Blocking leukocyte recruitment to bite site inhibits viral infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Pingen
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Steven R Bryden
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Section of Infection and Immunity, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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23
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Baldwin HM, Singh MD, Codullo V, King V, Wilson H, McInnes I, Graham GJ. Elevated ACKR2 expression is a common feature of inflammatory arthropathies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1607-1617. [PMID: 28486662 PMCID: PMC5850605 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chemokines are essential contributors to leucocyte accumulation at sites of inflammatory pathology. Interfering with chemokine or chemokine receptor function therefore represents a plausible therapeutic option. However, our currently limited understanding of chemokine orchestration of inflammatory responses means that such therapies have not yet been fully developed. We have a particular interest in the family of atypical chemokine receptors that fine-tune, or resolve, chemokine-driven responses. In particular we are interested in atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), which is a scavenging receptor for inflammatory CC-chemokines and that therefore helps to resolve in vivo inflammatory responses. The objective of the current study was to examine ACKR2 expression in common arthropathies. Methods ACKR2 expression was measured by a combination of qPCR and immuno-histochemistry. In addition, circulating cytokine and chemokine levels in patient plasma were assessed using multiplexing approaches. Results Expression of ACKR2 was elevated on peripheral blood cells as well as on leucocytes and stromal cells in synovial tissue. Expression on peripheral blood leucocytes correlated with, and could be regulated by, circulating cytokines with particularly strong associations being seen with IL-6 and hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, expression within the synovium was coincident with aggregates of lymphocytes, potentially atopic follicles and sites of high inflammatory chemokine expression. Similarly increased levels of ACKR2 have been reported in psoriasis and SSc. Conclusion Our data clearly show increased ACKR2 in a variety of arthropathies and taking into account our, and others', previous data we now propose that elevated ACKR2 expression is a common feature of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Baldwin
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark D. Singh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Veronica Codullo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vicky King
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hilary Wilson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerard J. Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Immunological aspects of rabies: a literature review. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3251-3268. [PMID: 28726129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. It is known that the host immune response is important for control of viral infection and promoting viral clearance. In this context, it is well documented that, in addition to RABV neutralizing antibody, interferons and cell-mediated immunity also have an important role in preventing the establishment of disease. On the other hand, RABV suppresses host immunity through different mechanisms, for example, direct inhibition of host gene expression, sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or modification of cytokine signalling pathways, which hinder the protective host immune responses to RABV infection. Here, we review the immunological aspects of rabies, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the host evasion immune mechanisms used by the virus. Finally, we briefly discuss how this knowledge can direct new research and be harnessed for future therapeutic strategies.
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25
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Overexpression of Interleukin-7 Extends the Humoral Immune Response Induced by Rabies Vaccination. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02324-16. [PMID: 28100620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. The most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. However, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. However, little information is available regarding the mechanisms underlying immunological memory, which can broaden humoral responses following rabies vaccination. In this study, a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) that expressed murine interleukin-7 (IL-7), referred to here as rLBNSE-IL-7, was constructed, and its effectiveness was evaluated in a mouse model. rLBNSE-IL-7 induced higher rates of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from draining lymph nodes (LNs) than the parent virus rLBNSE. Interestingly, rLBNSE-IL-7 improved the percentages of long-lived memory B cells (Bmem) in the draining LNs and plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) for up to 360 days postimmunization (dpi). As a result of the presence of the long-lived PCs, it also generated prolonged virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), resulting in better protection against a lethal challenge than that seen with rLBNSE. Moreover, consistent with the increased numbers of Bmem and PCs after a boost with rLBNSE, rLBNSE-IL-7-immunized mice promptly produced a more potent secondary anti-RABV neutralizing antibody response than rLBNSE-immunized mice. Overall, our data suggest that overexpressing IL-7 improved the induction of long-lasting primary and secondary antibody responses post-RABV immunization.IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune responses using adjuvants is an important method to develop long-lasting and efficient vaccines against rabies. However, little information is currently available regarding prolonged immunological memory post-RABV vaccination. In this study, a novel rabies vaccine that expressed murine IL-7 was developed. This vaccine enhanced the numbers of Tfh cells and the GC responses, resulting in upregulated quantities of Bmem and PCs. Moreover, we found that the long-lived PCs that were elicited by the IL-7-expressing recombinant virus (rLBNSE-IL-7) were able to sustain VNA levels much longer than those elicited by the parent rLBNSE virus. Upon reexposure to the pathogen, the longevous Bmem, which maintained higher numbers for up to 360 dpi with rLBNSE-IL-7 compared to rLBNSE, could differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, resulting in rapid and potent secondary production of VNAs. These results suggest that the expression of IL-7 is beneficial for induction of potent and long-lasting humoral immune responses.
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Dahm T, Frank F, Adams O, Lindner HA, Ishikawa H, Weiss C, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Rudolph H. Sequential transmigration of polymorphonuclear cells and naive CD3 + T lymphocytes across the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier in vitro following infection with Echovirus 30. Virus Res 2017; 232:54-62. [PMID: 28161477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral meningitis by non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) is a major public health burden causing fatal outcomes especially in the younger population. Strong evidence exists that the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) serves as an entry point for enterovirus and leucocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, analysis of clinical CSF specimens of patients with a NPEV infection revealed a predominance of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) in the early phase and mononuclear cells in the later course of meningitis. By applying a functional in vitro model of the BCSFB consisting of human choroid plexus papilloma (HIBCPP) cells, we aimed to analyse the mechanisms of sequential migration of PMN and naive CD3+ T lymphocytes following infection with Echovirus 30 (EV30). EV30 infection led to increased transmigration of PMN and naive CD3+ T lymphocytes. Transmigration of PMN was significantly enhanced in the presence of naive CD3+ T lymphocytes, but not vice versa. The barrier function was not differentially altered under the respective conditions. Infection with EV30 led to an upregulation of CXCL3 and CXCL11 on the RNA-level. Additional analysis of cytokine secretion revealed relatively high concentrations of IL-8, CCL20, CXCL3, CXCL10 and M-CSF. Overall, there was a predominantly polar direction of cytokine secretion to the basolateral side. IL-7 was the only cytokine which was strongly secreted to the apical side and that was enhanced following EV30 infection in our model. In conclusion, this study highlights the role of the choroid plexus and cytokines in regulating leucocyte entry into the CNS in the context of EV30 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dahm
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Frank
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger A Lindner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Statistics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henriette Rudolph
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Al-Shujairi WH, Clarke JN, Davies LT, Alsharifi M, Pitson SM, Carr JM. Intracranial Injection of Dengue Virus Induces Interferon Stimulated Genes and CD8+ T Cell Infiltration by Sphingosine Kinase 1 Independent Pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169814. [PMID: 28095439 PMCID: PMC5240945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the absence of sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) affects both dengue virus (DENV) infection and innate immune responses in vitro. Here we aimed to define SK1-dependancy of DENV-induced disease and the associated innate responses in vivo. The lack of a reliable mouse model with a fully competent interferon response for DENV infection is a challenge, and here we use an experimental model of DENV infection in the brain of immunocompetent mice. Intracranial injection of DENV-2 into C57BL/6 mice induced body weight loss and neurological symptoms which was associated with a high level of DENV RNA in the brain. Body weight loss and DENV RNA level tended to be greater in SK1-/- compared with wildtype (WT) mice. Brain infection with DENV-2 is associated with the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression including viperin, Ifi27l2a, IRF7, and CXCL10 without any significant differences between WT and SK1-/- mice. The SK2 and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the brain were unchanged by DENV infection or the lack of SK1. Histological analysis demonstrated the presence of a cellular infiltrate in DENV-infected brain with a significant increase in mRNA for CD8 but not CD4 suggesting this infiltrate is likely CD8+ but not CD4+ T-lymphocytes. This increase in T-cell infiltration was not affected by the lack of SK1. Overall, DENV-infection in the brain induces IFN and T-cell responses but does not influence the SK/S1P axis. In contrast to our observations in vitro, SK1 has no major influence on these responses following DENV-infection in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam H. Al-Shujairi
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer N. Clarke
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lorena T. Davies
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M. Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Systematic Identification and Bioinformatic Analysis of MicroRNAs in Response to Infections of Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4302470. [PMID: 27843944 PMCID: PMC5098103 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4302470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), mainly caused by coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections, remains a serious public health issue with thousands of newly diagnostic cases each year since 2008 in China. The mechanisms underlying viral infection, however, are elusive to date. In the present study, we systematically investigated the host cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in response to CVA16 and EV71 infections. Through microarray examination, 27 miRNAs (15 upregulated and 12 downregulated) were found to be coassociated with the replication process of two viruses, while the expression levels of 15 and 5 miRNAs were significantly changed in CVA16- and EV71-infected cells, respectively. A great number of target genes of 27 common differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by combined use of two computational target prediction algorithms, TargetScan and MiRanda. Comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of target genes in GO categories and KEGG pathways indicated the involvement of diverse biological functions and signaling pathways during viral infection. These results provide an overview of the roles of miRNAs in virus-host interaction, which will contribute to further understanding of HFMD pathological mechanisms.
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Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Park SY, Lee JH, Eo SK. CCR5 ameliorates Japanese encephalitis via dictating the equilibrium of regulatory CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T and IL-17(+)CD4(+) Th17 cells. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:223. [PMID: 27439902 PMCID: PMC5050958 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5 is a CC chemokine receptor involved in the migration of effector leukocytes including macrophages, NK, and T cells into inflamed tissues. Also, the role of CCR5 in CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) homing has recently begun to grab attention. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is defined as severe neuroinflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with mosquito-borne flavivirus JE virus. However, the potential contribution of CCR5 to JE progression via mediating CD4+Foxp3+ Treg homing has not been investigated. Methods Infected wild-type (Ccr5+/+) and CCR5-deficient (Ccr5−/−) mice were examined daily for mortality and clinical signs, and neuroinflammation in the CNS was evaluated by infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes and cytokine expression. In addition, viral burden, NK- and JEV-specific T cell responses were analyzed. Adoptive transfer of CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was used to evaluate the role of Tregs in JE progression. Results CCR5 ablation exacerbated JE without altering viral burden in the extraneural and CNS tissues, as manifested by increased CNS infiltration of Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Compared to Ccr5+/+ mice, Ccr5−/− mice unexpectedly showed increased responses of IFN-γ+NK and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, but not CD4+ T cells. More interestingly, CCR5-ablation resulted in a skewed response to IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells and correspondingly reduced CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and brain, which was closely associated with exacerbated JE. Our results also revealed that adoptive transfer of sorted CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs into Ccr5−/− mice could ameliorate JE progression without apparently altering the viral burden and CNS infiltration of IL-17+CD4+ Th17 cells, myeloid-derived Ly-6Chi monocytes and Ly-6Ghi granulocytes. Instead, adoptive transfer of CCR5+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs into Ccr5−/− mice resulted in increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in the spleen and brain, and transferred CCR5+ Tregs were found to produce IL-10. Conclusions CCR5 regulates JE progression via governing timely and appropriate CNS infiltration of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, thereby facilitating host survival. Therefore, this critical and extended role of CCR5 in JE raises possible safety concerns regarding the use of CCR5 antagonists in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who inhabit regions in which both HIV and flaviviruses, such as JEV and West Nile virus, are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Uyangaa E, Hossain FMA, Park SY, Lee JH, Kim K, Eo SK. CCL2, but not its receptor, is essential to restrict immune privileged central nervous system-invasion of Japanese encephalitis virus via regulating accumulation of CD11b(+) Ly-6C(hi) monocytes. Immunology 2016; 149:186-203. [PMID: 27260136 PMCID: PMC5011677 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a re‐emerging zoonotic flavivirus that poses an increasing threat to global health and welfare due to rapid changes in climate and demography. Although the CCR2–CCL2 axis plays an important role in trafficking CD11b+ Ly‐6Chi monocytes to regulate immunopathological diseases, little is known about their role in monocyte trafficking during viral encephalitis caused by JEV infection. Here, we explored the role of CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 in JE caused by JEV infection using CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated murine models. Somewhat surprisingly, the ablation of CCR2 and CCL2 resulted in starkly contrasting susceptibility to JE. CCR2 ablation induced enhanced resistance to JE, whereas CCL2 ablation highly increased susceptibility to JE. This contrasting regulation of JE progression by CCR2 and CCL2 was coupled to central nervous system (CNS) infiltration of Ly‐6Chi monocytes and Ly‐6Ghi granulocytes. There was also enhanced expression of CC and CXC chemokines in the CNS of CCL2‐ablated mice, which appeared to induce CNS infiltration of these cell populations. However, our data revealed that contrasting regulation of JE in CCR2‐ and CCL2‐ablated mice was unlikely to be mediated by innate natural killer and adaptive T‐cell responses. Furthermore, CCL2 produced by haematopoietic stem cell‐derived leucocytes played a dominant role in CNS accumulation of Ly‐6Chi monocytes in infected bone marrow chimeric models, thereby exacerbating JE progression. Collectively, our data indicate that CCL2 plays an essential role in conferring protection against JE caused by JEV infection. In addition, blockage of CCR2, but not CCL2, will aid in the development of strategies for prophylactics and therapeutics of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 PMCID: PMC4897715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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32
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McColl A, Thomson CA, Nerurkar L, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. TLR7-mediated skin inflammation remotely triggers chemokine expression and leukocyte accumulation in the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:102. [PMID: 27160148 PMCID: PMC4862138 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between the brain and the immune system has become increasingly topical as, although it is immune-specialised, the CNS is not free from the influences of the immune system. Recent data indicate that peripheral immune stimulation can significantly affect the CNS. But the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain unclear. The standard approach to understanding this relationship has relied on systemic immune activation using bacterial components, finding that immune mediators, such as cytokines, can have a significant effect on brain function and behaviour. More rarely have studies used disease models that are representative of human disorders. Methods Here we use a well-characterised animal model of psoriasis-like skin inflammation—imiquimod—to investigate the effects of tissue-specific peripheral inflammation on the brain. We used full genome array, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell infiltration, doublecortin staining for neural precursor cells and a behavioural read-out exploiting natural burrowing behaviour. Results We found that a number of genes are upregulated in the brain following treatment, amongst which is a subset of inflammatory chemokines (CCL3, CCL5, CCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCL16 and CCR5). Strikingly, this model induced the infiltration of a number of immune cell subsets into the brain parenchyma, including T cells, NK cells and myeloid cells, along with a reduction in neurogenesis and a suppression of burrowing activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that cutaneous, peripheral immune stimulation is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration into the brain and suggest that chemokines may be amongst the key mediators driving this response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0562-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McColl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Carolyn A Thomson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Louis Nerurkar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical & Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
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Michlmayr D, Bardina SV, Rodriguez CA, Pletnev AG, Lim JK. Dual Function of Ccr5 during Langat Virus Encephalitis: Reduction in Neutrophil-Mediated Central Nervous System Inflammation and Increase in T Cell-Mediated Viral Clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4622-31. [PMID: 27183602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a vector-transmitted flavivirus that causes potentially fatal neurologic infection. There are thousands of cases reported annually, and despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the incidence of TBEV is increasing worldwide. Importantly, up to 30% of affected individuals develop long-term neurologic sequelae. We investigated the role of chemokine receptor Ccr5 in a mouse model of TBEV infection using the naturally attenuated tick-borne flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV). Ccr5-deficient mice presented with an increase in viral replication within the CNS and decreased survival during LGTV encephalitis compared with wild-type controls. This enhanced susceptibility was due to the temporal lag in lymphocyte migration into the CNS. Adoptive transfer of wild-type T cells, but not Ccr5-deficient T cells, significantly improved survival outcome in LGTV-infected Ccr5-deficient mice. Concomitantly, a significant increase in neutrophil migration into the CNS in LGTV-infected Ccr5(-/-) mice was documented at the late stage of infection. Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils in Ccr5(-/-) mice resulted in a significant improvement in mortality, a decrease in viral load, and a decrease in overall tissue damage in the CNS compared with isotype control-treated mice. Ccr5 is crucial in directing T cells toward the LGTV-infected brain, as well as in suppressing neutrophil-mediated inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Susana V Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Carlos A Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
| | - Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and
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Grygorczuk S, Osada J, Parczewski M, Moniuszko A, Świerzbińska R, Kondrusik M, Czupryna P, Dunaj J, Dąbrowska M, Pancewicz S. The expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in tick-borne encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:45. [PMID: 26906062 PMCID: PMC4763437 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is hypothesized to drive the lymphocyte migration to central nervous system in flavivirus encephalitis, and the non-functional CCR5Δ32 genetic variant was identified as a risk factor of a West Nile virus infection and of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). We have attempted to investigate how CCR5 expression corresponds to the clinical course and severity of TBE. Methods We have repeatedly studied CCR5 expression in 76 patients during encephalitic and convalescent TBE phase, analyzing its association with clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) pleocytosis, and concentrations of CCR5 ligands (chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) and CCR5 genotype. Fifteen patients with neuroborreliosis, 7 with aseptic meningitis, 17 in whom meningitis/encephalitis had been excluded, and 18 healthy blood donors were studied as controls. Expression of CCR5 was measured cytometrically in blood and csf-activated Th lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+CD45RO+). Concentrations of chemokines in serum and csf were measured immunoenzymatically, and CCR5Δ32 was detected with sequence-specific primers. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The blood expression of CCR5 did neither differ between the groups nor change in the course of TBE. The CCR5 expression in the inflammatory csf was several-fold increased in comparison with blood but lower in TBE than in neuroborreliosis. The csf concentration of CCL5 was increased in TBE, the highest in the most severe presentation (meningoencephalomyelitis) and correlated with pleocytosis. The CCR5Δ32/wt genotype present in 7 TBE patients was associated with a decreased CCR5 expression, but enrichment of csf Th population in CCR5-positive cells and the intrathecal inflammatory response were preserved, without a compensatory increase of CCL5 expression. Conclusions We infer CCR5 and CCL5 participate in the response to TBE virus, as well as to other neurotropic pathogens. The intrathecal response to TBE is not hampered in the bearers of a single copy of CCR5Δ32 allele, suggesting that the association of CCR5Δ32 with TBE may be mediated in the periphery at the earlier stage of the infection. Otherwise, a variability of the CCR5 expression in the peripheral blood lymphocytes seems not to be associated with a variable susceptibility to TBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambor Grygorczuk
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Osada
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul Arkońska 4, 71-455, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Moniuszko
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kondrusik
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Milena Dąbrowska
- Department of Hematologic Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland.
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Innate and adaptive immune responses to tick-borne flavivirus infection in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2016; 185:20-8. [PMID: 26931387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The flaviviruses tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV) are closely-related genetically and antigenically, have broadly similar host ranges that include rodents and other mammals (including sheep), and are both transmitted by the same tick species, Ixodes ricinus. Although human infection with TBEV results in a febrile illness followed in some cases by encephalitis, humans appear to be much less susceptible to infection with LIV. However, these viruses demonstrate different susceptibilities in sheep; LIV infection causes encephalitic disease, whereas TBEV infection generally does not. To investigate the role of the immune response in this mixed outcome, groups of sheep were inoculated with either virus, or with a primary inoculation with one virus and secondary inoculation with the other. Markers of both adaptive and innate immune responses were measured. In each group studied, infection resulted in seroconversion, demonstrated by the detection of virus specific neutralising antibodies. This appeared to control infection with TBEV but not LIV, which progressed to a febrile infection, with transient viraemia and elevated levels of serum interferon. This was followed by neuroinvasion, leading to up-regulation of innate immune transcripts in discrete areas of the brain, including interferon inducible genes and chemokines. Prior inoculation with TBEV did not prevent infection with LIV, but did appear to reduce disease severity and viraemia. We postulate that LIV has adapted to replicate efficiently in sheep cells, and disseminate rapidly following infection. By contrast, TBEV fails to disseminate in sheep and is controlled by the immune response.
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Caroline AL, Kujawa MR, Oury TD, Reed DS, Hartman AL. Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated with Lethal Rift Valley Fever Encephalitis in the Lewis Rat Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1509. [PMID: 26779164 PMCID: PMC4703790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging viral disease that causes significant human and veterinary illness in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Encephalitis is one of the severe complications arising from RVF virus (RVFV) infection of people, and the pathogenesis of this form of RVF is completely unknown. We use a novel reproducible encephalitic disease model in rats to identify biomarkers of lethal infection. Lewis rats were infected with RVFV strain ZH501 by aerosol exposure, then sacrificed daily to determine the course of infection and evaluation of clinical, virological, and immunological parameters. Weight loss, fever, and clinical signs occurred during the last 1-2 days prior to death. Prior to onset of clinical indications of disease, rats displayed marked granulocytosis and thrombocytopenia. In addition, high levels of inflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, MCS-F, Gro/KC, RANTES, and IL-1β) were detected first in serum (3-5 dpi) followed by brain (5-7 dpi). The results of this study are consistent with clinical data from human RVF patients and validate Lewis rats as an appropriate small animal model for RVF encephalitis. The biomarkers we identified here will be useful in future studies evaluating the efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Caroline
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Michael R Kujawa
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PittsburghPA, USA
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PittsburghPA, USA
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37
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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Coles JA, Myburgh E, Ritchie R, Hamilton A, Rodgers J, Mottram JC, Barrett MP, Brewer JM. Intravital imaging of a massive lymphocyte response in the cortical dura of mice after peripheral infection by trypanosomes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003714. [PMID: 25881126 PMCID: PMC4400075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral infection by Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan responsible for sleeping sickness, activates lymphocytes, and, at later stages, causes meningoencephalitis. We have videoed the cortical meninges and superficial parenchyma of C56BL/6 reporter mice infected with T.b.brucei. By use of a two-photon microscope to image through the thinned skull, the integrity of the tissues was maintained. We observed a 47-fold increase in CD2+ T cells in the meninges by 12 days post infection (dpi). CD11c+ dendritic cells also increased, and extravascular trypanosomes, made visible either by expression of a fluorescent protein, or by intravenous injection of furamidine, appeared. The likelihood that invasion will spread from the meninges to the parenchyma will depend strongly on whether the trypanosomes are below the arachnoid membrane, or above it, in the dura. Making use of optical signals from the skull bone, blood vessels and dural cells, we conclude that up to 40 dpi, the extravascular trypanosomes were essentially confined to the dura, as were the great majority of the T cells. Inhibition of T cell activation by intraperitoneal injection of abatacept reduced the numbers of meningeal T cells at 12 dpi and their mean speed fell from 11.64 ± 0.34 μm/min (mean ± SEM) to 5.2 ± 1.2 μm/min (p = 0.007). The T cells occasionally made contact lasting tens of minutes with dendritic cells, indicative of antigen presentation. The population and motility of the trypanosomes tended to decline after about 30 dpi. We suggest that the lymphocyte infiltration of the meninges may later contribute to encephalitis, but have no evidence that the dural trypanosomes invade the parenchyma. African trypanosomes are motile parasites that cause sleeping sickness. They multiply first in the blood then cause death mainly by effects on the brain: immune system cells, including T cells and dendritic cells, play major roles in this. Thinking we might see the attack on the brain, we infected mice with trypanosomes and used a two-photon microscope, which allowed us to image the superficial brain and the delicate tissue between the skull and the brain called the meninges without making a hole in the skull. The mice (which were anesthetized) had been genetically modified so that T cells and dendritic cells were fluorescent, as were the trypanosomes. We did not notice much happening in the brain itself, but in the meninges, in a compartment called the dura, huge numbers of T cells and dendritic cells appeared. Trypanosomes also moved from the blood into this compartment. Since T cells, dendritic cells and trypanosomes had not been videoed in the meninges before, we began by observing them carefully: their numbers, their movements and their interactions. The accumulation of lymphocytes is a sign of meningitis, a feature of infection by a wide range of pathogens and our results suggest interesting future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Coles
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alana Hamilton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Michlmayr D, Lim JK. Chemokine receptors as important regulators of pathogenesis during arboviral encephalitis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:264. [PMID: 25324719 PMCID: PMC4179766 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly complex network comprising long-lived neurons and glial cells. Accordingly, numerous mechanisms have evolved to tightly regulate the initiation of inflammatory responses within the brain. Under neuroinflammatory conditions, as in the case of viral encephalitides, the infiltration of leukocytes is often required for efficient viral clearance and recovery. The orchestration of leukocyte migration into the inflamed CNS is largely coordinated by a large family of chemotactic cytokines and their receptors. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of how chemokines promote protection or pathogenesis during arbovirus induced encephalitis, focusing on neurotropic flaviviruses and alphaviruses. Furthermore, we will highlight the latest developments in chemokine and chemokine receptor based drugs that could have potential as therapeutics and have been shown to play a pivotal role in shaping the outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
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