1
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He N, Depta L, Rossetti C, Caramelle L, Cigler M, Bryce-Rogers HP, Michon M, Rafn Dan O, Hoock J, Barbier J, Gillet D, Forrester A, Winter GE, Laraia L. Inhibition of OSBP blocks retrograde trafficking by inducing partial Golgi degradation. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01653-x. [PMID: 38907112 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Sterol-binding proteins are important regulators of lipid homeostasis and membrane integrity; however, the discovery of selective modulators can be challenging due to structural similarities in the sterol-binding domains. We report the discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), which we term oxybipins. Sterol-containing chemical chimeras aimed at identifying new sterol-binding proteins by targeted degradation, led to a significant reduction in levels of Golgi-associated proteins. The degradation occurred in lysosomes, concomitant with changes in protein glycosylation, indicating that the degradation of Golgi proteins was a downstream effect. By establishing a sterol transport protein biophysical assay panel, we discovered that the oxybipins potently inhibited OSBP, resulting in blockage of retrograde trafficking and attenuating Shiga toxin toxicity. As the oxybipins do not target other sterol transporters and only stabilized OSBP in intact cells, we advocate their use as tools to study OSBP function and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhe He
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Depta
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lucie Caramelle
- Unit of Research of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur ASBL, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marko Cigler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marine Michon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oliver Rafn Dan
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joseph Hoock
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julien Barbier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alison Forrester
- Unit of Research of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Université de Namur ASBL, Namur, Belgium
| | - Georg E Winter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Arita M. An efficient trans complementation system for in vivo replication of defective poliovirus mutants. J Virol 2024:e0052324. [PMID: 38837378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus genome encodes a large, single polyprotein that is processed by viral proteases to form an active replication complex. The replication complex is formed with the viral genome, host proteins, and viral proteins that are produced/translated directly from each of the viral genomes (viral proteins provided in cis). Efficient complementation in vivo of replication complex formation by viral proteins provided in trans, thus exogenous or ectopically expressed viral proteins, remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report an efficient trans complementation system for the replication of defective poliovirus (PV) mutants by a viral polyprotein precursor in HEK293 cells. Viral 3AB in the polyprotein, but not 2BC, was processed exclusively in cis. Replication of a defective PV replicon mutant, with a disrupted cleavage site for viral 3Cpro protease between 3Cpro and 3Dpol (3C/D[A/G] mutant) could be rescued by a viral polyprotein provided in trans. Only a defect of 3Dpol activity of the replicon could be rescued in trans; inactivating mutations in 2CATPase/hel, 3B, and 3Cpro of the replicon completely abrogated the trans-rescued replication. An intact N-terminus of the 3Cpro domain of the 3CDpro provided in trans was essential for the trans-active function. By using this trans complementation system, a high-titer defective PV pseudovirus (PVpv) (>107 infectious units per mL) could be produced with the defective mutants, whose replication was completely dependent on trans complementation. This work reveals potential roles of exogenous viral proteins in PV replication and offers insights into protein/protein interaction during picornavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Viral polyprotein processing is an elaborately controlled step by viral proteases encoded in the polyprotein; fully processed proteins and processing intermediates need to be correctly produced for replication, which can be detrimentally affected even by a small modification of the polyprotein. Purified/isolated viral proteins can retain their enzymatic activities required for viral replication, such as protease, helicase, polymerase, etc. However, when these proteins of picornavirus are exogenously provided (provided in trans) to the viral replication complex with a defective viral genome, replication is generally not rescued/complemented, suggesting the importance of viral proteins endogenously provided (provided in cis) to the replication complex. In this study, I discovered that only the viral polymerase activity of poliovirus (PV) (the typical member of picornavirus family) could be efficiently rescued by exogenously expressed viral proteins. The current study reveals potential roles for exogenous viral proteins in viral replication and offers insights into interactions during picornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Paul P, Tiwari B. Organelles are miscommunicating: Membrane contact sites getting hijacked by pathogens. Virulence 2023; 14:2265095. [PMID: 37862470 PMCID: PMC10591786 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane Contact Sites (MCS) are areas of close apposition of organelles that serve as hotspots for crosstalk and direct transport of lipids, proteins and metabolites. Contact sites play an important role in Ca2+ signalling, phospholipid synthesis, and micro autophagy. Initially, altered regulation of vesicular trafficking was regarded as the key mechanism for intracellular pathogen survival. However, emerging studies indicate that pathogens hijack MCS elements - a novel strategy for survival and replication in an intracellular environment. Several pathogens exploit MCS to establish direct contact between organelles and replication inclusion bodies, which are essential for their survival within the cell. By establishing this direct control, pathogens gain access to cytosolic compounds necessary for replication, maintenance, escaping endocytic maturation and circumventing lysosome fusion. MCS components such as VAP A/B, OSBP, and STIM1 are targeted by pathogens through their effectors and secretion systems. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms which operate in the evasion of the host immune system when intracellular pathogens hostage MCS. We explore targeting MCS components as a novel therapeutic approach, modifying molecular pathways and signalling to address the disease's mechanisms and offer more effective, tailored treatments for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyashaa Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
| | - Bhavana Tiwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, India
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4
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Laajala M, Zwaagstra M, Martikainen M, Nekoua MP, Benkahla M, Sane F, Gervais E, Campagnola G, Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Ojha R, Bailliot M, Balistreri G, Peersen O, Hober D, Van Kuppeveld F, Marjomäki V. Vemurafenib Inhibits Acute and Chronic Enterovirus Infection by Affecting Cellular Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type IIIβ. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055223. [PMID: 37436162 PMCID: PMC10433971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant viruses causing mild to serious acute infections in humans and also contributing to chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes. Presently, there are no approved antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. Here, we studied the potency of vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, as an antiviral against enteroviruses. We showed that vemurafenib prevented enterovirus translation and replication at low micromolar dosage in an RAF/MEK/ERK-independent manner. Vemurafenib was effective against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect was related to a cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevented infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicated infection in a chronic cell model, and lowered virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Altogether, instead of acting through the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, vemurafenib affects the cellular PI4KB and, hence, enterovirus replication, opening new possibilities to evaluate further the potential of vemurafenib as a repurposed drug in clinical care. IMPORTANCE Despite the prevalence and medical threat of enteroviruses, presently, there are no antivirals against them. Here, we show that vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, prevents enterovirus translation and replication. Vemurafenib shows efficacy against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect acts through cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevents infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicates infection in a chronic cell model, and lowers virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Our findings open new possibilities to develop drugs against enteroviruses and give hope for repurposing vemurafenib as an antiviral drug against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emily Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bailliot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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Subra M, Antonny B, Mesmin B. New insights into the OSBP‒VAP cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 82:102172. [PMID: 37245352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
VAP-A is a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) receptor that allows this organelle to engage numerous membrane contact sites with other organelles. One highly studied example is the formation of contact sites through VAP-A interaction with Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP). This lipid transfer protein transports cholesterol from the ER to the trans-Golgi network owing to the counter-exchange of the phosphoinositide PI(4)P. In this review, we highlight recent studies that advance our understanding of the OSBP cycle and extend the model of lipid exchange to other cellular contexts and other physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Subra
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Bruno Antonny
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France.
| | - Bruno Mesmin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France.
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6
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Fatima S, Farzeen I, Ashraf A, Aslam B, Ijaz MU, Hayat S, Sarfraz MH, Zafar S, Zafar N, Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL, Muzammil S. A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083469. [PMID: 37110702 PMCID: PMC10141922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As is well known, plant products have been increasingly utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. By combining conventional techniques and modern methodology, the future of phytomedicines appears promising. Pogostemon Cablin (patchouli) is an important herb used frequently in the fragrance industries and has various therapeutic benefits. Traditional medicine has long used the essential oil of patchouli (P. cablin) as a flavoring agent recognized by the FDA. This is a gold mine for battling pathogens in China and India. In recent years, this plant has seen a significant surge in use, and approximately 90% of the world's patchouli oil is produced by Indonesia. In traditional therapies, it is used for the treatment of colds, fever, vomiting, headaches, and stomachaches. Patchouli oil is used in curing many diseases and in aromatherapy to treat depression and stress, soothe nerves, regulate appetite, and enhance sexual attraction. More than 140 substances, including alcohols, terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, phytosterols, lignins, aldehydes, alkaloids, and glycosides, have been identified in P. cablin. Pachypodol (C18H16O7) is an important bioactive compound found in P. cablin. Pachypodol (C18H16O7) and many other biologically essential chemicals have been separated from the leaves of P. cablin and many other medicinally significant plants using repeated column chromatography on silica gel. Pachypodol's bioactive potential has been shown by a variety of assays and methodologies. It has been found to have a number of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anticancer, antiemetic, antiviral, and cytotoxic ones. The current study, which is based on the currently available scientific literature, intends to close the knowledge gap regarding the pharmacological effects of patchouli essential oil and pachypodol, a key bioactive molecule found in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Fatima
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Farzeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sumreen Hayat
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nimrah Zafar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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7
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Arita M, Fuchino H. Characterization of Anti-Poliovirus Compounds Isolated from Edible Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040903. [PMID: 37112883 PMCID: PMC10145814 DOI: 10.3390/v15040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is the causative agent of poliomyelitis and is a target of the global eradication programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). After eradication of type 2 and 3 wild-type PVs, vaccine-derived PV remains a substantial threat against the eradication as well as type 1 wild-type PV. Antivirals could serve as an effective means to suppress the outbreak; however, no anti-PV drugs have been approved at present. Here, we screened for effective anti-PV compounds in a library of edible plant extracts (a total of 6032 extracts). We found anti-PV activity in the extracts of seven different plant species. We isolated chrysophanol and vanicoside B (VCB) as the identities of the anti-PV activities of the extracts of Rheum rhaponticum and Fallopia sachalinensis, respectively. VCB targeted the host PI4KB/OSBP pathway for its anti-PV activity (EC50 = 9.2 μM) with an inhibitory effect on in vitro PI4KB activity (IC50 = 5.0 μM). This work offers new insights into the anti-PV activity in edible plants that may serve as potent antivirals for PV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba 305-0843, Ibaraki, Japan
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8
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Severance ZC, Nuñez JI, Le-McClain AT, Malinky CA, Bensen RC, Fogle RS, Manginelli GW, Sakers SH, Falcon EC, Bui RH, Snead KJ, Bourne CR, Burgett AWG. Structure-Activity Relationships of Ligand Binding to Oxysterol-Binding Protein (OSBP) and OSBP-Related Protein 4. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3866-3875. [PMID: 36916802 PMCID: PMC10786236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related protein 4 (ORP4) have emerged as potentially druggable targets in antiviral and precision cancer drug development. Multiple structurally diverse small molecules function through targeting the OSBP/ORP family of proteins, including the antiviral steroidal compounds OSW-1 and T-00127-HEV2. Here, the structure-activity relationships of oxysterols and related compound binding to human OSBP and ORP4 are characterized. Oxysterols with hydroxylation at various side chain positions (i.e., C-20, C-24, C-25, and C-27)─but not C-22─confer high affinity interactions with OSBP and ORP4. A library of 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol analogues with varying sterol side chains reveal that side chain length modifications are not well tolerated for OSBP and ORP4 interactions. This side chain requirement is contradicted by the high affinity binding of T-00127-HEV2, a steroidal compound lacking the side chain. The binding results, in combination with docking studies using homology models of OSBP and ORP4, suggest multiple modes of steroidal ligand binding to OSBP and ORP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Severance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Juan I Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh T Le-McClain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Cori A Malinky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ryan C Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Robert S Fogle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Gianni W Manginelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Sophia H Sakers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Emily C Falcon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Richard Hoang Bui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Kevin J Snead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Christina R Bourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anthony W G Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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9
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Direct-Acting Antivirals and Host-Targeting Approaches against Enterovirus B Infections: Recent Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B (EV-B)-related diseases, which can be life threatening in high-risk populations, have been recognized as a serious health problem, but their clinical treatment is largely supportive, and no selective antivirals are available on the market. As their clinical relevance has become more serious, efforts in the field of anti-EV-B inhibitors have greatly increased and many potential antivirals with very high selectivity indexes and promising in vitro activities have been discovered. The scope of this review encompasses recent advances in the discovery of new compounds with anti-viral activity against EV-B, as well as further progress in repurposing drugs to treat these infections. Current progress and future perspectives in drug discovery against EV-Bs are briefly discussed and existing gaps are spotlighted.
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10
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Arita M. Essential Domains of Oxysterol-Binding Protein Required for Poliovirus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122672. [PMID: 36560676 PMCID: PMC9786093 DOI: 10.3390/v14122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a host factor required for enterovirus (EV) replication. OSBP locates at membrane contact site and acts as a lipid exchanger of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) between cellular organelles; however, the essential domains required for the viral replication remain unknown. In this study, we define essential domains of OSBP for poliovirus (PV) replication by a functional dominance assay with a series of deletion variants of OSBP. We show that the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and the ligand-binding domain, but not the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain, coiled-coil region, or the FFAT motif, are essential for PV replication. The PHD serves as the primary determinant of OSBP targeting to the replication organelle in the infected cells. These results suggest that not all the domains that support important biological functions of OSBP are essential for the viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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11
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Moghimi S, Viktorova EG, Gabaglio S, Zimina A, Budnik B, Wynn BG, Sztul E, Belov GA. A Proximity biotinylation assay with a host protein bait reveals multiple factors modulating enterovirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010906. [PMID: 36306280 PMCID: PMC9645661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As ultimate parasites, viruses depend on host factors for every step of their life cycle. On the other hand, cells evolved multiple mechanisms of detecting and interfering with viral replication. Yet, our understanding of the complex ensembles of pro- and anti-viral factors is very limited in virtually every virus-cell system. Here we investigated the proteins recruited to the replication organelles of poliovirus, a representative of the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. We took advantage of a strict dependence of enterovirus replication on a host protein GBF1, and established a stable cell line expressing a truncated GBF1 fused to APEX2 peroxidase that effectively supported viral replication upon inhibition of the endogenous GBF1. This construct biotinylated multiple host and viral proteins on the replication organelles. Among the viral proteins, the polyprotein cleavage intermediates were overrepresented, suggesting that the GBF1 environment is linked to viral polyprotein processing. The proteomics characterization of biotinylated host proteins identified multiple proteins previously associated with enterovirus replication, as well as more than 200 new factors recruited to the replication organelles. RNA metabolism proteins, many of which normally localize in the nucleus, constituted the largest group, underscoring the massive release of nuclear factors into the cytoplasm of infected cells and their involvement in viral replication. Functional analysis of several newly identified proteins revealed both pro- and anti-viral factors, including a novel component of infection-induced stress granules. Depletion of these proteins similarly affected the replication of diverse enteroviruses indicating broad conservation of the replication mechanisms. Thus, our data significantly expand the knowledge of the composition of enterovirus replication organelles, provide new insights into viral replication, and offer a novel resource for identifying targets for anti-viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedehmahsa Moghimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina G. Viktorova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel Gabaglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Zimina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bogdan Budnik
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory (MSPRL), FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bridge G. Wynn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - George A. Belov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Civra A, Costantino M, Cavalli R, Adami M, Volante M, Poli G, Lembo D. 27-Hydroxycholesterol inhibits rhinovirus replication in vitro and on human nasal and bronchial histocultures without selecting viral resistant variants. Antiviral Res 2022; 204:105368. [PMID: 35732227 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The genetic plasiticity of viruses is one of the main obstacles to the development of antivirals. The aim of this study has been to assess the ability of two physiologic oxysterols and host-targeting antivirals - namely 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC and 27OHC) - to select resistant strains, using human rhinovirus (HRV) as a challenging model of a viral quasispecies. Moreover, we selected 27OHC for further studies aimed at exploring its potential for the development of antiviral drugs. The results obtained with clonal or serial passage approaches show that 25OHC and 27OHC do not select HRV oxysterol-resistant variants. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of 27OHC to inhibit the yield of HRV in 3D in vitro fully reconstituted human nasal and bronchial epithelia from cystic fibrosis patients and prevent virus-induced cilia damage. The promising antiviral activity of 27OHC and its competitive advantages over direct-acting antivirals, make this molecule a suitable candidate for further studies to explore its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Matteo Costantino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Adami
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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13
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Kobayashi J, Arita M, Sakai S, Kojima H, Senda M, Senda T, Hanada K, Kato R. Ligand Recognition by the Lipid Transfer Domain of Human OSBP Is Important for Enterovirus Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1161-1170. [PMID: 35613096 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), which transports cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIns[4]P) between different organelles, serves as a conserved host factor for the replication of various viruses, and OSBP inhibitors exhibit antiviral effects. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the lipid transfer domain of human OSBP in complex with endogenous cholesterol. The hydrocarbon tail and tetracyclic ring of cholesterol interact with the hydrophobic tunnel of OSBP, and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol forms a hydrogen bond network at the bottom of the tunnel. Systematic mutagenesis of the ligand-binding region revealed that M446W and L590W substitutions confer functional tolerance to an OSBP inhibitor, T-00127-HEV2. Employing the M446W variant as a functional replacement for the endogenous OSBP in the presence of T-00127-HEV2, we have identified previously unappreciated amino acid residues required for viral replication. The combined use of the inhibitor and the OSBP variant will be useful in elucidating the enigmatic in vivo functions of OSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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14
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang D, Yu Y, Qiu P, Wang Q, Zhao W, Li Z, Lei T. Ch25h and 25-HC prevent liver steatosis through regulation of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:504-513. [PMID: 35462473 PMCID: PMC9828056 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent metabolic disorder all over the world, and lipid metabolic disorders and inflammation are closely associated and contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) and its product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation, but whether Ch25h and 25-HC are involved in NAFLD remains uncertain. In this study, we use Ch25h knockout mice, hepatic cells and liver biopsies to explore the role of Ch25h and 25-HC in lipid metabolism and accumulation in liver, determine the molecular mechanism of lipid accumulation and inflammation influenced by Ch25h and 25-HC, and assess the regulatory effects of Ch25h and 25-HC on human NAFLD. Our results indicate that mice lacking Ch25h have normal cholesterol homeostasis with normal diet, but under the condition of high fat diet (HFD), the mice show higher total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, and prone to hepatic steatosis. Ch25h deficiency reduces the cholesterol efflux regulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα), increases the synthesis of cholesterol mediated by sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), and increases the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, therefore promotes hepatic steatosis. Collectively, our data suggest that Ch25h and 25-HC play important roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation, thereby exerting anti-NAFLD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Xi’an Blood CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an 710061Chinaand
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Department of PathologyShannxi Provincial People’s HospitalXi’an710068China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Pei Qiu
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Wenbao Zhao
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Zhao Li
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an 710061Chinaand
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Correspondence author. Tel: +86-29-82655189. E-mail:
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15
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Oxysterols in the Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Infections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020201. [PMID: 35053318 PMCID: PMC8773517 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cholesterols, the so-called oxysterols, are widely known to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. However, more recently oxysterols have emerged as important lipid mediators in the response to both bacterial and viral infections. This review summarizes our current knowledge of selected oxysterols and their receptors in the control of intracellular bacterial growth as well as viral entry into the host cell and viral replication. Lastly, we briefly discuss the potential of oxysterols and their receptors as drug targets for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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16
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Arora A, Taskinen JH, Olkkonen VM. Coordination of inter-organelle communication and lipid fluxes by OSBP-related proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101146. [PMID: 34999137 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) constitute one of the largest families of lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTPs) in eukaryotes. The current view is that many of them mediate inter-organelle lipid transfer over membrane contact sites (MCS). The transfer occurs in several cases in a 'counter-current' fashion: A lipid such as cholesterol or phosphatidylserine (PS) is transferred against its concentration gradient driven by transport of a phosphoinositide in the opposite direction. In this way ORPs are envisioned to maintain the distinct organelle lipid compositions, with impacts on multiple organelle functions. However, the functions of ORPs extend beyond lipid homeostasis to regulation of processes such as cell survival, proliferation and migration. Important expanding areas of mammalian ORP research include their roles in viral and bacterial infections, cancers, and neuronal function. The yeast OSBP homologue (Osh) proteins execute multifaceted functions in sterol and glycerophospholipid homeostasis, post-Golgi vesicle transport, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, sphingolipid and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, and cell cycle control. These observations identify ORPs as lipid transporters and coordinators of signals with an unforeseen variety of cellular processes. Understanding their activities not only enlightens the biology of the living cell but also allows their employment as targets of new therapeutic approaches for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Arora
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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High-Order Epistasis and Functional Coupling of Infection Steps Drive Virus Evolution toward Independence from a Host Pathway. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0080021. [PMID: 34468191 PMCID: PMC8557862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00800-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase IIIβ (PI4KB)/oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I pathway serves as an essential host pathway for the formation of viral replication complex for viral plus-strand RNA synthesis; however, poliovirus (PV) could evolve toward substantial independence from this host pathway with four mutations. Recessive epistasis of the two mutations (3A-R54W and 2B-F17L) is essential for viral RNA replication. Quantitative analysis of effects of the other two mutations (2B-Q20H and 2C-M187V) on each step of infection reveals functional couplings between viral replication, growth, and spread conferred by the 2B-Q20H mutation, while no enhancing effect was conferred by the 2C-M187V mutation. The effects of the 2B-Q20H mutation occur only via another recessive epistasis between the 3A-R54W/2B-F17L mutations. These mutations confer enhanced replication in PI4KB/OSBP-independent infection concomitantly with an increased ratio of viral plus-strand RNA to the minus-strand RNA. This work reveals the essential roles of the functional coupling and high-order, multi-tiered recessive epistasis in viral evolution toward independence from an obligatory host pathway. IMPORTANCE Each virus has a different strategy for its replication, which requires different host factors. Enterovirus, a model RNA virus, requires host factors PI4KB and OSBP, which form an obligatory functional axis to support viral replication. In an experimental evolution system in vitro, virus mutants that do not depend on these host factors could arise only with four mutations. The two mutations (3A-R54W and 2B-F17L) are required for the replication but are not sufficient to support efficient infection. Another mutation (2B-Q20H) is essential for efficient spread of the virus. The order of introduction of the mutations in the viral genome is essential (known as “epistasis”), and functional couplings of infection steps (i.e., viral replication, growth, and spread) have substantial roles to show the effects of the 2B-Q20H mutation. These observations would provide novel insights into an evolutionary pathway of the virus to require host factors for infection.
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18
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Coultas JA, Cafferkey J, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Experimental Antiviral Therapeutic Studies for Human Rhinovirus Infections. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:645-659. [PMID: 34276229 PMCID: PMC8277446 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s255211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection is common and usually causes mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract symptoms. Rhinoviruses can cause exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, leading to a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. There has been a great deal of progress in efforts to understand the immunological basis of rhinovirus infection. However, despite a number of in vitro and in vivo attempts, there have been no effective treatments developed. This review article summarises the up to date virological and immunological understanding of these infections. We discuss the challenges researchers face, and key solutions, in their work to investigate potential therapies including in vivo rhinovirus challenge studies. Finally, we explore past and present experimental therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of rhinovirus infections and highlight promising areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coultas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Cafferkey
- Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Avula K, Singh B, Kumar PV, Syed GH. Role of Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) in the Viral Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673509. [PMID: 34248884 PMCID: PMC8260984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the host cell machinery for their replication and dissemination. Cellular lipids play a central role in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as entry, replication, morphogenesis, and egress. Most viruses reorganize the host cell membranes for the establishment of viral replication complex. These specialized structures allow the segregation of replicating viral RNA from ribosomes and protect it from host nucleases. They also facilitate localized enrichment of cellular components required for viral replication and assembly. The specific composition of the lipid membrane governs its ability to form negative or positive curvature and possess a rigid or flexible form, which is crucial for membrane rearrangement and establishment of viral replication complexes. In this review, we highlight how different viruses manipulate host lipid transfer proteins and harness their functions to enrich different membrane compartments with specific lipids in order to facilitate multiple aspects of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Avula
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Bharati Singh
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Preethy V Kumar
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Gulam H Syed
- Virus-Host Interaction Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
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20
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Adamek M, Davies J, Beck A, Jordan L, Becker AM, Mojzesz M, Rakus K, Rumiac T, Collet B, Brogden G, Way K, Bergmann SM, Zou J, Steinhagen D. Antiviral Actions of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Fish Vary With the Virus-Host Combination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:581786. [PMID: 33717065 PMCID: PMC7943847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.581786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for building and maintaining cell membranes and is critical for several steps in the replication cycle of viruses, especially for enveloped viruses. In mammalian cells virus infections lead to the accumulation of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an antiviral factor, which is produced from cholesterol by the cholesterol 25 hydroxylase (CH25H). Antiviral responses based on CH25H are not well studied in fish. Therefore, in the present study putative genes encoding for CH25H were identified and amplified in common carp and rainbow trout cells and an HPLC-MS method was applied for determination of oxysterol concentrations in these cells under virus infection. Our results give some evidence that the activation of CH25H could be a part of the antiviral response against a broad spectrum of viruses infecting fish, in both common carp and rainbow trout cells in vitro. Quantification of oxysterols showed that fibroblastic cells are capable of producing 25HC and its metabolite 7α,25diHC. The oxysterol 25HC showed an antiviral activity by blocking the entry of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) into KFC cells, but not spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) or common carp paramyxovirus (Para) in the same cells, or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) into RTG-2 cells. Despite the fact that the CH25H based antiviral response coincides with type I IFN responses, the stimulation of salmonid cells with recombinant type I IFN proteins from rainbow trout could not induce ch25h_b gene expression. This provided further evidence, that the CH25H-response is not type I IFN dependent. Interestingly, the susceptibility of CyHV-3 to 25HC is counteracted by a downregulation of the expression of the ch25h_b gene in carp fibroblasts during CyHV-3 infection. This shows a unique interplay between oxysterol based immune responses and immunomodulatory abilities of certain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Beck
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Jordan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna M Becker
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Typhaine Rumiac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Graham Brogden
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Keith Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Peters CE, Carette JE. Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020166. [PMID: 33499355 PMCID: PMC7911124 DOI: 10.3390/v13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human infectious agents. While infections are often mild, the severe neuropathogenesis associated with recent outbreaks of emerging non-polio enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, highlights their continuing threat to public health. In recent years, our understanding of how non-polio enteroviruses co-opt cellular pathways has greatly increased, revealing intricate host-virus relationships. In this review, we focus on newly identified mechanisms by which enteroviruses hijack the cellular machinery to promote their replication and spread, and address their potential for the development of host-directed therapeutics. Specifically, we discuss newly identified cellular receptors and their contribution to neurotropism and spread, host factors required for viral entry and replication, and recent insights into lipid acquisition and replication organelle biogenesis. The comprehensive knowledge of common cellular pathways required by enteroviruses could expose vulnerabilities amenable for host-directed therapeutics against a broad spectrum of enteroviruses. Since this will likely include newly arising strains, it will better prepare us for future epidemics. Moreover, identifying host proteins specific to neurovirulent strains may allow us to better understand factors contributing to the neurotropism of these viruses.
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22
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Jheng JR, Chen YS, Horng JT. Regulation of the proteostasis network during enterovirus infection: A feedforward mechanism for EV-A71 and EV-D68. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105019. [PMID: 33484748 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The proteostasis network guarantees successful protein synthesis, folding, transportation, and degradation. Mounting evidence has revealed that this network maintains proteome integrity and is linked to cellular physiology, pathology, and virus infection. Human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and EV-D68 are suspected causative agents of acute flaccid myelitis, a severe poliomyelitis-like neurologic syndrome with no known cure. In this context, further clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying EV-A71 and EV-D68 infection is paramount. Here, we summarize the components of the proteostasis network that are intercepted by EV-A71 and EV-D68, as well as antivirals that target this network and may help develop improved antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Jheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Siao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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23
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Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8893305. [PMID: 33274010 PMCID: PMC7695496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.
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24
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Li X, Wang M, Cheng A, Wen X, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Enterovirus Replication Organelles and Inhibitors of Their Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1817. [PMID: 32973693 PMCID: PMC7468505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviral replication reorganizes the cellular membrane. Upon infection, viral proteins and hijacked host factors generate unique structures called replication organelles (ROs) to replicate their viral genomes. ROs promote efficient viral genome replication, coordinate the steps of the viral replication cycle, and protect viral RNA from host immune responses. More recent researches have focused on the ultrastructure structures, formation mechanism, and functions in the virus life cycle of ROs. Dynamic model of enterovirus ROs structure is proposed, and the secretory pathway, the autophagy pathway, and lipid metabolism are found to be associated in the formation of ROs. With deeper understanding of ROs, some compounds have been found to show inhibitory effects on viral replication by targeting key proteins in the process of ROs formation. Here, we review the recent findings concerning the role, morphology, biogenesis, formation mechanism, and inhibitors of enterovirus ROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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26
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Lu Y, Song S, Zhang L. Emerging Role for Acyl-CoA Binding Domain Containing 3 at Membrane Contact Sites During Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:608. [PMID: 32322249 PMCID: PMC7156584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) is a multifunctional protein residing in the Golgi apparatus and is involved in several signaling pathways. The current knowledge on ACBD3 has been extended to virology. ACBD3 has recently emerged as a key factor subverted by viruses, including kobuvirus, enterovirus, and hepatitis C virus. The ACBD3-PI4KB complex is critical for the role of ACBD3 in viral replication. In most cases, ACBD3 plays a positive role in viral infection. ACBD3 associates with viral 3A proteins from a variety of Picornaviridae family members at membrane contact sites (MCSs), which are used by diverse viruses to ensure lipid transfer to replication organelles (ROs). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of ACBD3 in viral infection at MCSs. Our review will highlight the current research and reveal potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Siqi Song
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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27
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Lv L, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase inhibits bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 replication through enzyme activity-dependent and -independent ways. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Delang L, Harak C, Benkheil M, Khan H, Leyssen P, Andrews M, Lohmann V, Neyts J. PI4KIII inhibitor enviroxime impedes the replication of the hepatitis C virus by inhibiting PI3 kinases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3375-3384. [PMID: 30219827 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many positive-stranded RNA viruses, including HCV, drastically remodel intracellular membranes to generate specialized environments for RNA replication. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III (PI4KIII)α plays an essential role in the formation of HCV replication complexes and has therefore been explored as a potential drug target. Here, we characterized the anti-HCV activity of the PI4KIII inhibitors enviroxime and BF738735 and elucidated their mechanism of action. Methods Antiviral assays were performed using HCV subgenomic replicons and infectious HCV. Enviroxime- and BF738735-resistant HCV replicons were generated by long-term culture with increasing compound concentrations. Intracellular localization of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) lipids was analysed by confocal microscopy. Results HCV subgenomic replicons resistant to either enviroxime or BF738735 proved cross-resistant and carried mutations in the NS3, NS4B and NS5A genes. Knockdown of PI4KIIIβ by small interfering RNA (siRNA) did not affect the replication of the HCV subgenomic replicon in this study. Furthermore, the compounds did not affect PI4P lipid levels at the replication complexes nor the phosphorylation status of NS5A, activities attributed to PI4KIIIα. Interestingly, the broad-spectrum phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 proved to be 10-fold less effective against the resistant replicons. In addition, enviroxime and BF738735 inhibited several PI3Ks in enzymatic assays. Conclusions Contrary to assumptions, our data indicate that PI4KIIIα and PI4KIIIβ are not the main targets for the anti-HCV activity of enviroxime and BF738735. Instead, we demonstrated that both molecules impede HCV replication at least partially by an inhibitory effect on PI3Ks. Moreover, HCV is able to bypass PI3K inhibition by acquiring mutations in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Delang
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Harak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hayat Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Roberts BL, Severance ZC, Bensen RC, Le-McClain AT, Malinky CA, Mettenbrink EM, Nuñez JI, Reddig WJ, Blewett EL, Burgett AWG. Differing activities of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) targeting anti-viral compounds. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104548. [PMID: 31271764 PMCID: PMC10786240 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding Protein (OSBP) is a human lipid-transport protein required for the cellular replication of many types of viruses, including several human pathogens. The structurally-diverse small molecule compounds OSW-1, itraconazole (ITZ), T-00127-HEV2 (THEV) and TTP-8307 (TTP) inhibit viral replication through interaction with the OSBP protein. The OSW-1 compound reduces intracellular OSBP, and the reduction of OSBP protein levels persists multiple days after the OSW-1-compound treatment is stopped. The OSW-1-induced reduction of OSBP levels inhibited Enterovirus replication prophylactically in cells. In this report, the OSBP-interacting compounds ITZ, THEV, and TTP are shown not to reduce OSBP levels in cells, unlike the OSW-1-compound, and the OSW-1 compound is determined to be the only compound capable of providing prophylactic antiviral activity in cells. Furthermore, OSW-1 and THEV inhibit the binding of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) to OSBP indicating that these compounds bind at the conserved sterol ligand binding site. The ITZ and TTP compounds do not inhibit 25-hydroxycholesterol binding to OSBP, and therefore ITZ and TTP interact with OSBP through other, unidentified binding sites. Co-administration of the THEV compound partially blocks the cellular activity of OSW-1, including the reduction of cellular OSBP protein levels; co-administration of the ITZ and TTP compounds have minimal effect on OSW-1 cellular activity further supporting different modes of interaction with these compounds to OSBP. OSW-1, ITZ, THEV, and TTP treatment alter OSBP cellular localization and levels, but in four distinct ways. Co-administration of OSW-1 and ITZ induced OSBP cellular localization patterns with features similar to the effects of ITZ and OSW-1 treatment alone. Based on these results, OSBP is capable of interacting with multiple structural classes of antiviral small molecule compounds at different binding sites, and the different compounds have distinct effects on OSBP cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Zachary C Severance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Ryan C Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Anh T Le-McClain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Cori A Malinky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Evan M Mettenbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Juan I Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - William J Reddig
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Earl L Blewett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Anthony W G Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.
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30
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Arita M. Essential domains of phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III β required for enterovirus replication. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:285-288. [PMID: 31166044 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III β (PI4KB) is a host factor that is required for enterovirus (EV) replication. In this study, the importance of host proteins that interact with PI4KB in EV replication was analyzed by trans complementation with PI4KB mutants in a PI4KB-knockout cell line. Ectopically expressed PI4KB mutants, which lack binding regions for ACBD3, RAB11, and 14-3-3 proteins, rescued replication of poliovirus and enterovirus 71. These findings suggest that interaction of PI4KB with these host proteins is not essential for EV replication once PI4KB has been expressed and that PI4KB is functionally independent from these host proteins regarding EV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Arita M, Bigay J. Poliovirus Evolution toward Independence from the Phosphatidylinositol-4 Kinase III β/Oxysterol-Binding Protein Family I Pathway. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:962-973. [PMID: 30919621 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III β (PI4KB) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family I provide a conserved host pathway required for enterovirus replication. Here, we analyze the role and essentiality of this pathway in enterovirus replication. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) production and cholesterol accumulation in the replication organelle (RO) are severely suppressed in cells infected with a poliovirus (PV) mutant isolated from a PI4KB-knockout cell line (RD[Δ PI4KB]). Major determinants of the mutant for infectivity in RD(Δ PI4KB) cells map to the A5270U(3A-R54W) and U3881C(2B-F17L) mutations. The 3A mutation is required for PI4KB-independent development of RO. The 2B mutation rather sensitizes PV to PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors by itself but confers substantially complete resistance to the inhibitors with the 3A mutation. The 2B mutation also confers hypersensitivity to interferon alpha treatment on PV. These suggest that the PI4KB/OSBP pathway is not necessarily essential for enterovirus replication in vitro. This work supports a two-step resistance model of enterovirus to PI4KB/OSBP inhibitors involving unique recessive epistasis of 3A and 2B and offers insights into a potential evolutionary pathway of enterovirus toward independence from the PI4KB/OSBP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Joëlle Bigay
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France
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32
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Grefhorst A, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Lipid-Lowering Therapies. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:70-76. [PMID: 31049152 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the well-known hepatobiliary pathway of cholesterol excretion into the feces, transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a second major pathway through which cholesterol is disposed from the body. In the process of TICE, cholesterol is taken up from lipoprotein particles at the basolateral side of the enterocyte and translocates towards the apical side of the enterocyte. At the apical side, the ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 form a heterodimer that transports cholesterol into the intestinal lumen. A substantial amount of the secreted cholesterol is likely reabsorbed by the cholesterol influx transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) since recent data indicate that inhibition of NPC1L1 increases the efficacy of TICE for disposal of cholesterol via the feces. The pathways and proteins involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking in the enterocyte have not yet been identified. Therefore, in addition to discussing known mediators of TICE, this review will also examine potential candidates involved in cholesterol translocation in the enterocyte. Both the cholesterol reuptake and efflux pathways can be influenced by pharmaceutical means; thus, the TICE pathway is a very attractive target to increase cholesterol excretion from the body and prevent or mitigate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Grefhorst
- AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTERS, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Albert K Groen
- AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTERS, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS.,UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
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33
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Huang X, Wang S, Huang Y, Qin Q. Fish Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Inhibits Virus Replication via Regulating Interferon Immune Response or Affecting Virus Entry. Front Immunol 2019; 10:322. [PMID: 30894855 PMCID: PMC6414437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon (IFN)-induced gene that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which exerts broad-spectrum antiviral function. To investigate the roles of fish CH25H in Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection, we cloned and characterized a CH25H homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcCH25H). EcCH25H encoded a 271-amino-acid polypeptide, with 86 and 59% homology with yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and humans, respectively. EcCH25H contained a conserved fatty acid (FA) hydroxylase domain and an ERG3 domain. EcCH25H expression was induced by RGNNV or SGIV infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or poly (I:C) treatment in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that EcCH25H and mutant EcCH25H-M were distributed in the cytoplasm and partly colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum. SGIV and RGNNV replication was decreased by EcCH25H overexpression, which was reflected in the reduced severity of the cytopathic effect and a decrease in viral gene transcription, but replication of both viruses was increased by knockdown of EcCH25H. Besides, the antiviral activity was dependent on its enzymatic activity. Treatment with 25HC significantly inhibited replication of SGIV and RGNNV. EcCH25H overexpression positively regulated the IFN-related molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, and increased both IFN and ISRE promoter activities. Moreover, 25HC treatment significantly suppressed SGIV and RGNNV entry into host cells. The similar inhibitory effect on SGIV entry was observed in EcCH25H overexpression cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that EcCH25H inhibited SGIV and RGNNV infection by regulating IFN signaling molecules, and might also influence viral entry via an effect on cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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34
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Nakao N, Ueno M, Sakai S, Egawa D, Hanzawa H, Kawasaki S, Kumagai K, Suzuki M, Kobayashi S, Hanada K. Natural ligand-nonmimetic inhibitors of the lipid-transfer protein CERT. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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35
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Roberts BL, Severance ZC, Bensen RC, Le AT, Kothapalli NR, Nuñez JI, Ma H, Wu S, Standke SJ, Yang Z, Reddig WJ, Blewett EL, Burgett AWG. Transient Compound Treatment Induces a Multigenerational Reduction of Oxysterol-Binding Protein (OSBP) Levels and Prophylactic Antiviral Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:276-287. [PMID: 30576108 PMCID: PMC6379863 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Oxysterol-binding
protein (OSBP) is a lipid transport and regulatory
protein required for the replication of Enterovirus genus viruses, which includes many significant human pathogens.
Short-term exposure (i.e., 1–6 h) to a low dose (i.e., 1 nM)
of the natural product compound OSW-1 induces a reduction of cellular
OSBP levels by ∼90% in multiple different cell lines with no
measurable cytotoxicity, defect in cellular proliferation, or global
proteome reduction. Interestingly, the reduction of OSBP levels persists
multiple days after the low-dose, transient OSW-1 compound treatment
is ended and the intracellular OSW-1 compound levels drop to undetectable
levels. The reduction in OSBP levels is inherited in multiple generations
of cells that are propagated after the OSW-1 compound treatment is
stopped. The enduring multiday, multigenerational reduction of OSBP
levels triggered by the OSW-1 compound is not due to proteasome degradation
of OSBP or due to a reduction in OSBP mRNA levels. OSW-1 compound
treatment induces transient autophagy in cells, but blocking autophagy
does not rescue OSBP levels. Although the specific cellular mechanism
of long-term OSBP repression is not yet identified, these results
clearly show the existence of an OSBP specific cellular regulation
process that is triggered upon treatment with an OSBP-binding compound.
The stable reduction of OSBP levels upon short-term, transient OSW-1
compound treatment will be a powerful tool to understand OSBP regulation
and cellular function. Additionally, the persistent reduction in OSBP
levels triggered by the transient OSW-1 compound treatment substantially
reduces viral replication in treated cells. Therefore, the long-term,
compound-induced reduction of OSBP in cells presents a new route to
broad spectrum anti-Enterovirus activity, including
as a novel route to antiviral prophylactic treatment through small
molecule targeting a human host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zachary C. Severance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ryan C. Bensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh T. Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Naga Rama Kothapalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Juan I. Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Hongyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Shawna J. Standke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - William J. Reddig
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74107, United States
| | - Earl L. Blewett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74107, United States
| | - Anthony W. G. Burgett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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36
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The Oxysterol 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Replication of Murine Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020097. [PMID: 30682775 PMCID: PMC6409565 DOI: 10.3390/v11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, an essential component of mammalian cells, is also an important factor in the replicative-cycles of several human and animal viruses. The oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, is produced from cholesterol by the enzyme, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) has been shown to have anti-viral activities against a wide range of viruses, including a range of positive-sense RNA viruses. In this study, we have investigated the role of 25-HC in norovirus replication using murine norovirus (MNV) as a model system. As a control, we employed herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a pathogen previously shown to be inhibited by 25-HC. Consistent with previous studies, 25-HC inhibited HSV-1 replication in the MNV-susceptible cell line, RAW264.7. Treating RAW264.7 cells with sub-cytotoxic concentrations of 25-HC reduced the MNV titers. However, other sterols such as cholesterol or the oxysterol, 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC), did not inhibit MNV replication. Moreover, treating MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells with 25-HC-stimulated caspase 3/7 activity, which leads to enhanced apoptosis and increased cell death. Our study adds noroviruses to the list of viruses inhibited by 25-HC and begins to offer insights into the mechanism behind this inhibition.
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Civra A, Francese R, Gamba P, Testa G, Cagno V, Poli G, Lembo D. 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibit human rotavirus infection by sequestering viral particles into late endosomes. Redox Biol 2018; 19:318-330. [PMID: 30212801 PMCID: PMC6138790 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel innate immune strategy, involving specific cholesterol oxidation products as effectors, has begun to reveal connections between cholesterol metabolism and immune response against viral infections. Indeed, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), physiologically produced by enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol, act as inhibitors of a wide spectrum of enveloped and non-enveloped human viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying their protective effects against non-enveloped viruses are almost completely unexplored. To get insight into this field, we investigated the antiviral activity of 25HC and 27HC against a non-enveloped virus causing acute gastroenteritis in children, the human rotavirus (HRV). We found that 25HC and 27HC block the infectivity of several HRV strains at 50% inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range in the absence of cell toxicity. Both molecules affect the final step of virus penetration into cells by preventing the association of two cellular proteins: the oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein-A (VAP-A). By altering the activity of these cellular mediators, 25HC and 27HC disturb the recycling of cholesterol between the endoplasmic reticulum and the late endosomes which are exploited by HRV to penetrate into the cell. The substantial accumulation of cholesterol in the late endosomal compartment results in sequestering viral particles inside these vesicles thereby preventing cytoplasmic virus replication. These findings suggest that cholesterol oxidation products of enzymatic origin might be primary effectors of host restriction strategies to counteract HRV infection and point to redox active lipids involvement in viral infections as a research area of focus to better focus in order to identify novel antiviral agents targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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Hanada K. Lipid transfer proteins rectify inter-organelle flux and accurately deliver lipids at membrane contact sites. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1341-1366. [PMID: 29884707 PMCID: PMC6071762 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main center for the synthesis of various lipid types in cells, and newly synthesized lipids are delivered from the ER to other organelles. In the past decade, various lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) have been recognized as mediators of lipid transport from the ER to other organelles; inter-organelle transport occurs at membrane contact sites (MCSs) and in a nonvesicular manner. Although the intermembrane transfer reaction catalyzed by LTPs is an equilibrium reaction, various types of newly synthesized lipids are transported unidirectionally in cells. This review provides a brief history of the inter-organelle trafficking of lipids and summarizes the structural and biochemical characteristics of the ceramide transport protein (CERT) as a typical LTP acting at MCSs. In addition, this review compares several LTP-mediated inter-organelle lipid trafficking systems and proposes that LTPs generate unidirectional fluxes of specific lipids between different organelles by indirect coupling with the metabolic reactions that occur in specific organelles. Moreover, the available data also suggest that the major advantage of LTP-mediated lipid transport at MCSs may be the accuracy of delivery. Finally, how cholesterol is enriched in the plasma membrane is discussed from a thermodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Meutiawati F, Bezemer B, Strating JRPM, Overheul GJ, Žusinaite E, van Kuppeveld FJM, van Cleef KWR, van Rij RP. Posaconazole inhibits dengue virus replication by targeting oxysterol-binding protein. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:68-79. [PMID: 29981375 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is associated with an estimated 390 million infections per year, occurring across approximately 100 countries in tropical and sub-tropical regions. To date, there are no antiviral drugs or specific therapies to treat DENV infection. Posaconazole and itraconazole are potent antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis in fungal cells, but also target a number of human proteins. Here, we show that itraconazole and posaconazole have antiviral activity against DENV. Posaconazole inhibited replication of multiple serotypes of DENV and the related flavivirus Zika virus, and reduced viral RNA replication, but not translation of the viral genome. We used a combination of knockdown and drug sensitization assays to define the molecular target of posaconazole that mediates its antiviral activity. We found that knockdown of oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibited DENV replication. Moreover, knockdown of OSBP, but not other known targets of posaconazole, enhanced the inhibitory effect of posaconazole. Our findings imply OSBP as a potential target for the development of antiviral compounds against DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febrina Meutiawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bodine Bezemer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen R P M Strating
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen W R van Cleef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Nguyen A, Guedán A, Mousnier A, Swieboda D, Zhang Q, Horkai D, Le Novere N, Solari R, Wakelam MJO. Host lipidome analysis during rhinovirus replication in HBECs identifies potential therapeutic targets. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1671-1684. [PMID: 29946055 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinovirus (RV) infections can provoke acute worsening of disease, and limited treatment options exist. Viral replication in the host cell induces significant remodeling of intracellular membranes, but few studies have explored this mechanistically or as a therapeutic opportunity. We performed unbiased lipidomic analysis on human bronchial epithelial cells infected over a 6 h period with the RV-A1b strain of RV to determine changes in 493 distinct lipid species. Through pathway and network analysis, we identified temporal changes in the apparent activities of a number of lipid metabolizing and signaling enzymes. In particular, analysis highlighted FA synthesis and ceramide metabolism as potential anti-rhinoviral targets. To validate the importance of these enzymes in viral replication, we explored the effects of commercially available enzyme inhibitors upon RV-A1b infection and replication. Ceranib-1, D609, and C75 were the most potent inhibitors, which confirmed that FAS and ceramidase are potential inhibitory targets in rhinoviral infections. More broadly, this study demonstrates the potential of lipidomics and pathway analysis to identify novel targets to treat human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Nguyen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Anabel Guedán
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Mousnier
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Qifeng Zhang
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dorottya Horkai
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Le Novere
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Solari
- Medical Research Council and Asthma United Kingdom Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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41
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Casanova V, Sousa FH, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Antiviral therapeutic approaches for human rhinovirus infections. Future Virol 2018; 13:505-518. [PMID: 30245735 PMCID: PMC6136076 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses are the primary etiological agent of the common cold. This infection can be mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts, but can be associated with bronchiolitis in infants, pneumonia in the immunosuppressed and exacerbations of pre-existing pulmonary conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Many of these conditions can place significant economic costs upon healthcare infrastructure. There is currently no licensed vaccine for rhinovirus, as the large variety of rhinovirus serotypes has posed significant challenges for research. In this review, we discuss current knowledge around antiviral drugs and small molecule inhibitors of rhinovirus infection, as well as antiviral host defense peptides as exciting prospects to approach the development of novel therapeutics which target human rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Filipa H Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland
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42
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Bauer L, Ferla S, Head SA, Bhat S, Pasunooti KK, Shi WQ, Albulescu L, Liu JO, Brancale A, van Kuppeveld FJM, Strating JRPM. Structure-activity relationship study of itraconazole, a broad-range inhibitor of picornavirus replication that targets oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP). Antiviral Res 2018; 156:55-63. [PMID: 29807040 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a well-known, FDA-approved antifungal drug that is also in clinical trials for its anticancer activity. ITZ exerts its anticancer activity through several disparate targets and pathways. ITZ inhibits angiogenesis by hampering the functioning of the vascular endothelial growth receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and by indirectly inhibiting mTOR signaling. Furthermore, ITZ directly inhibits the growth of several types of tumor cells by antagonizing Hedgehog signaling. Recently, we reported that ITZ also has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses, cardioviruses and hepatitis C virus, independent of established ITZ-activities but instead via a novel target, oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a cellular lipid shuttling protein. In this study, we analyzed which structural features of ITZ are important for the OSBP-mediated antiviral activity. The backbone structure, consisting of five rings, and the sec-butyl chain are important for antiviral activity, whereas the triazole moiety, which is critical for antifungal activity, is not. The features required for OSBP-mediated antiviral activity of ITZ overlap mostly with published features required for inhibition of VEGFR2 trafficking, but not Hh signaling. Furthermore, we use in silico studies to explore how ITZ could bind to OSBP. Our data show that several pharmacological activities of ITZ can be uncoupled, which is a critical step in the development of ITZ-based antiviral compounds with greater specificity and reduced off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bauer
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Sarah A Head
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shridhar Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kalyan K Pasunooti
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wei Q Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lucian Albulescu
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen R P M Strating
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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43
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Model of OSBP-Mediated Cholesterol Supply to Aichi Virus RNA Replication Sites Involving Protein-Protein Interactions among Viral Proteins, ACBD3, OSBP, VAP-A/B, and SAC1. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01952-17. [PMID: 29367253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01952-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses, including picornaviruses, utilize cellular machinery for genome replication. Previously, we reported that each of the 2B, 2BC, 2C, 3A, and 3AB proteins of Aichi virus (AiV), a picornavirus, forms a complex with the Golgi apparatus protein ACBD3 and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) at viral RNA replication sites (replication organelles [ROs]), enhancing PI4KB-dependent phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) production. Here, we demonstrate AiV hijacking of the cellular cholesterol transport system involving oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), a PI4P-binding cholesterol transfer protein. AiV RNA replication was inhibited by silencing cellular proteins known to be components of this pathway, OSBP, the ER membrane proteins VAPA and VAPB (VAP-A/B), the PI4P-phosphatase SAC1, and PI-transfer protein β. OSBP, VAP-A/B, and SAC1 were present at RNA replication sites. We also found various previously unknown interactions among the AiV proteins (2B, 2BC, 2C, 3A, and 3AB), ACBD3, OSBP, VAP-A/B, and SAC1, and the interactions were suggested to be involved in recruiting the component proteins to AiV ROs. Importantly, the OSBP-2B interaction enabled PI4P-independent recruitment of OSBP to AiV ROs, indicating preferential recruitment of OSBP among PI4P-binding proteins. Protein-protein interaction-based OSBP recruitment has not been reported for other picornaviruses. Cholesterol was accumulated at AiV ROs, and inhibition of OSBP-mediated cholesterol transfer impaired cholesterol accumulation and AiV RNA replication. Electron microscopy showed that AiV-induced vesicle-like structures were close to ER membranes. Altogether, we conclude that AiV directly recruits the cholesterol transport machinery through protein-protein interactions, resulting in formation of membrane contact sites between the ER and AiV ROs and cholesterol supply to the ROs.IMPORTANCE Positive-strand RNA viruses utilize host pathways to modulate the lipid composition of viral RNA replication sites for replication. Previously, we demonstrated that Aichi virus (AiV), a picornavirus, forms a complex comprising certain proteins of AiV, the Golgi apparatus protein ACBD3, and the lipid kinase PI4KB to synthesize PI4P lipid at the sites for AiV RNA replication. Here, we confirmed cholesterol accumulation at the AiV RNA replication sites, which are established by hijacking the host cholesterol transfer machinery mediated by a PI4P-binding cholesterol transfer protein, OSBP. We showed that the component proteins of the machinery, OSBP, VAP, SAC1, and PITPNB, are all essential host factors for AiV replication. Importantly, the machinery is directly recruited to the RNA replication sites through previously unknown interactions of VAP/OSBP/SAC1 with the AiV proteins and with ACBD3. Consequently, we propose a specific strategy employed by AiV to efficiently accumulate cholesterol at the RNA replication sites via protein-protein interactions.
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44
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Jennelle LT, Dandekar AP, Magoro T, Hahn YS. Immunometabolic Signaling Pathways Contribute to Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Function. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:379-394. [PMID: 28605345 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017018803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of antigen-presenting cell (APC) participation in tissue inflammation and metabolism has advanced through numerous studies using systems biology approaches. Previously unrecognized connections between these research areas have been elucidated in the context of inflammatory disease involving innate and adaptive immune responses. A new conceptual framework bridges APC biology, metabolism, and cytokines in the generation of effective T-cell responses. Exploring these connections is paramount to addressing the rising tide of multi-organ system diseases, particularly chronic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, infection, and cancer. Focused research in these areas will aid the development of strategies to harness and manipulate innate immunology to improve vaccine development, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor therapies. This review highlights recent advances in APC "immunometabolism" specifically related to chronic viral and metabolic disease in humans. The goal of this review is to develop an abridged and consolidated outlook on recent thematic updates to APC immunometabolism in the areas of regulation and crosstalk between metabolic and inflammatory signaling and the integrated stress response and how these signals dictate APC function in providing T-cell activation Signal 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Jennelle
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aditya P Dandekar
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tshifhiwa Magoro
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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45
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Greninger AL. A decade of RNA virus metagenomics is (not) enough. Virus Res 2018; 244:218-229. [PMID: 29055712 PMCID: PMC7114529 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to overemphasize the role that metagenomics has had on our recent understanding of RNA virus diversity. Metagenomics in the 21st century has brought with it an explosion in the number of RNA virus species, genera, and families far exceeding that following the discovery of the microscope in the 18th century for eukaryotic life or culture media in the 19th century for bacteriology or the 20th century for virology. When the definition of success in organism discovery is measured by sequence diversity and evolutionary distance, RNA viruses win. This review explores the history of RNA virus metagenomics, reasons for the successes so far in RNA virus metagenomics, and methodological concerns. In addition, the review briefly covers clinical metagenomics and environmental metagenomics and highlights some of the critical accomplishments that have defined the fast pace of RNA virus discoveries in recent years. Slightly more than a decade in, the field is exhausted from its discoveries but knows that there is yet even more out there to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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46
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Raniga K, Liang C. Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic Network against Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29342871 PMCID: PMC5795449 DOI: 10.3390/v10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host and induce drastic metabolic changes to ensure an optimal environment for replication and the production of viral progenies. In response, the host has developed diverse countermeasures to sense and limit these alterations to combat viral infection. One such host mechanism is through interferon signaling. Interferons are cytokines that enhances the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) whose products are key players in the innate immune response to viral infection. In addition to their direct targeting of viral components, interferons and ISGs exert profound effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies have started to illuminate on the specific role of interferon in rewiring cellular metabolism to activate immune cells and limit viral infection. This review reflects on our current understanding of the complex networking that occurs between the virus and host at the interface of cellular metabolism, with a focus on the ISGs in particular, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which were recently discovered to modulate specific metabolic events and consequently deter viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Raniga
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Lyoo H, Dorobantu CM, van der Schaar HM, van Kuppeveld FJM. Modulation of proteolytic polyprotein processing by coxsackievirus mutants resistant to inhibitors targeting phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIβ or oxysterol binding protein. Antiviral Res 2017; 147:86-90. [PMID: 29024767 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and rhinovirus) require several host factors for genome replication. Among these host factors are phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) and oxysterol binding protein (OSBP). Enterovirus mutants resistant to inhibitors of PI4KB and OSBP were previously isolated, which demonstrated a role of single substitutions in the non-structural 3A protein in conferring resistance. Besides the 3A substitutions (i.e., 3A-I54F and 3A-H57Y) in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), substitution N2D in 2C was identified in each of the PI4KB-inhibitor resistant CVB3 pools, but its possible benefit has not been investigated yet. In this study, we set out to investigate the possible role of 2C-N2D in the resistance to PI4KB and OSBP inhibition. We show that 2C-N2D by itself did not confer any resistance to inhibitors of PI4KB and OSBP. However, the double mutant (i.e., 2C-N2D/3A-H57Y) showed better replication than the 3A-H57Y single mutant in the presence of inhibitors. Growing evidence suggests that alterations in lipid homeostasis affect the proteolytic processing of the poliovirus polyprotein. Therefore, we studied the effect of PI4KB or OSBP inhibition on proteolytic processing of the CVB3 polyprotein during infection as well as in a replication-independent system. We show that both PI4KB and OSBP inhibitors specifically affected the cleavage at the 3A-3B junction, and that mutation 3A-H57Y recovered impaired proteolytic processing at this junction. Although 2C-N2D enhanced replication of the 3A-H57Y single mutant, we did not detect additional effects of this substitution on polyprotein processing, which leaves the mechanism of how 2C-N2D contributes to the resistance to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyrhyoung Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina M Dorobantu
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M van der Schaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Arita M, Dobrikov G, Pürstinger G, Galabov AS. Allosteric Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase III Beta by an Antipicornavirus Compound MDL-860. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:585-594. [PMID: 28605587 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MDL-860 is a broad-spectrum antipicornavirus compound discovered in 1982 and one of the few promising candidates effective in in vivo virus infection. Despite the effectiveness, the target and the mechanism of action of MDL-860 remain unknown. Here, we have characterized antipoliovirus activity of MDL-860 and identified host phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta (PI4KB) as the target. MDL-860 treatment caused covalent modification and irreversible inactivation of PI4KB. A cysteine residue at amino acid 646 of PI4KB, which locates at the bottom of a surface pocket apart from the active site, was identified as the target site of MDL-860. This work reveals the mechanism of action of this class of PI4KB inhibitors and offers insights into novel allosteric regulation of PI4KB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department
of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Georgi Dobrikov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gerhard Pürstinger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angel S. Galabov
- The
Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Academician Georgi Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Wang J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Guo ZZ, Lu SF, Ming SL, Li GL, Wan B, Tian KG, Yang GY, Chu BB. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase acts as a host restriction factor on pseudorabies virus replication. J Gen Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhen-Zhen Guo
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shao-Fang Lu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Gong Tian
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan Province, PR China
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50
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Investigation of the Role of Protein Kinase D in Human Rhinovirus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00217-17. [PMID: 28228588 PMCID: PMC5391474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00217-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus replication is known to cause extensive remodeling of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and a number of the host proteins involved in the viral replication complex have been identified, including oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB). Since both OSBP and PI4KB are substrates for protein kinase D (PKD) and PKD is known to be involved in the control of Golgi membrane vesicular and lipid transport, we hypothesized that PKD played a role in viral replication. We present multiple lines of evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, infection of HeLa cells with human rhinovirus (HRV) induced the phosphorylation of PKD. Second, PKD inhibitors reduced HRV genome replication, protein expression, and titers in a concentration-dependent fashion and also blocked the replication of poliovirus (PV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in a variety of cells. Third, HRV replication was significantly reduced in HeLa cells overexpressing wild-type and mutant forms of PKD1. Fourth, HRV genome replication was reduced in HAP1 cells in which the PKD1 gene was knocked out by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. Although we have not identified the molecular mechanism through which PKD regulates viral replication, our data suggest that this is not due to enhanced interferon signaling or an inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and PKD inhibitors do not need to be present during viral uptake. Our data show for the first time that targeting PKD with small molecules can inhibit the replication of HRV, PV, and FMDV, and therefore, PKD may represent a novel antiviral target for drug discovery. IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses remain an important family of human and animal pathogens for which we have a very limited arsenal of antiviral agents. HRV is the causative agent of the common cold, which in itself is a relatively trivial infection; however, in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, this virus is a major cause of exacerbations resulting in an increased use of medication, worsening symptoms, and, frequently, hospital admission. Thus, HRV represents a substantial health care and economic burden for which there are no approved therapies. We sought to identify a novel host target as a potential anti-HRV therapy. HRV infection induces the phosphorylation of PKD, and inhibitors of this kinase effectively block HRV replication at an early stage of the viral life cycle. Moreover, PKD inhibitors also block PV and FMDV replication. This is the first description that PKD may represent a target for antiviral drug discovery.
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