1
|
Moranguinho I, Taveira N, Bártolo I. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065905. [PMID: 36982978 PMCID: PMC10053740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 1-2 million people worldwide are infected with HIV-2, accounting for 3-5% of the global burden of HIV. The course of HIV-2 infection is longer compared to HIV-1 infection, but without effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), a substantial proportion of infected patients will progress to AIDS and die. Antiretroviral drugs in clinical use were designed for HIV-1 and, unfortunately, some do not work as well, or do not work at all, for HIV-2. This is the case for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), most protease inhibitors (PIs), the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir and most broadly neutralizing antibodies. Integrase inhibitors work well against HIV-2 and are included in first-line therapeutic regimens for HIV-2-infected patients. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance and cross-resistance within each drug class dramatically reduces second-line treatment options. New drugs are needed to treat infection with drug-resistant isolates. Here, we review the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat HIV-2-infected patients, as well as promising drugs in development. We also review HIV-2 drug resistance mutations and resistance pathways that develop in HIV-2-infected patients under treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang M, Li L, Wu L, Zhang J. Isarubrolone C Promotes Autophagic Degradation of Virus Proteins via Activating ATG10S in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1018-1028. [PMID: 35201775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isarubrolone C is a bioactive polycyclic tropoloalkaloid from Streptomyces. Our previous study showed that isarubrolone C could trigger autophagy. Here, we report isarubrolone C potential in broad-spectrum antiviral effect and its antiviral mechanism in vitro. Our results show that isarubrolone C activated autophagy and reduced levels of viral proteins in the cells harboring HCV-CORE/NS5B, HBx, ZIKV-NS5, and HIV-RT, respectively. The role of isarubrolone C in suppression of the viral proteins was via an autophagic degradation pathway rather than a proteasome pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that isarubrolone C promoted both autophagy flux opening and the viral proteins being enwrapped in autolysosomes. PCR assays showed that isarubrolone C elevated the transcription levels of ATG10/ATG10S and IL28A. Further, ATG10S high expression could efficiently enhance IL28A expression and the ability of isarubrolone C to degrade the viral proteins by promoting the colocalization of viral proteins with autolysosomes. Additionally, knockdown of endogenous IL28A caused both losses of the isarubrolone C antiviral effect and autolysosome formation. These results indicate that the role of isarubrolone C antiviruses is achieved by triggering the autophagic mechanism, which is mediated by endogenous ATG10S and IL28A activation. This is the first report about isarubrolone C potential of in vitro broad-spectrum antiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linzhuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingpu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boyer PL, Rehm CA, Sneller MC, Mican J, Caplan MR, Dewar R, Ferris AL, Clark P, Johnson A, Maldarelli F, Hughes SH. A Combination of Amino Acid Mutations Leads to Resistance to Multiple Nucleoside Analogs in Reverse Transcriptases from HIV-1 Subtypes B and C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0150021. [PMID: 34723625 PMCID: PMC8765311 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01500-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to anti-HIV drugs has been a problem from the beginning of antiviral drug treatments. The recent expansion of combination antiretroviral therapy worldwide has led to an increase in resistance to antiretrovirals; understanding the mechanisms of resistance is increasingly important. In this study, we analyzed reverse transcriptase (RT) variants based on sequences derived from an individual who had low-level rebound viremia while undergoing therapy with abacavir, azidothymidine (AZT) (zidovudine), and (-)-l-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) (lamivudine). The RT had mutations at positions 64, 67, 70, 184, and 219 and a threonine insertion after amino acid 69 in RT. The virus remained partially susceptible to the nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) regimen. We show how these mutations affect the ability of NRTIs to inhibit DNA synthesis by RT. The presence of the inserted threonine reduced the susceptibility of the RT mutant to inhibition by tenofovir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Boyer
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine A. Rehm
- Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C. Sneller
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - JoAnn Mican
- Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret R. Caplan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robin Dewar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea L. Ferris
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Clark
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Johnson
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- Clinical Retrovirology Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ceccarelli G, Giovanetti M, Sagnelli C, Ciccozzi A, d’Ettorre G, Angeletti S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111377. [PMID: 34832533 PMCID: PMC8621479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9187
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tzou PL, Descamps D, Rhee SY, Raugi DN, Charpentier C, Taveira N, Smith RA, Soriano V, de Mendoza C, Holmes SP, Gottlieb GS, Shafer RW. Expanded Spectrum of Antiretroviral-Selected Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1962-1972. [PMID: 31965175 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ in their antiretroviral (ARV) susceptibilities and drug resistance mutations (DRMs). METHODS We analyzed published HIV-2 pol sequences to identify HIV-2 treatment-selected mutations (TSMs). Mutation prevalences were determined by HIV-2 group and ARV status. Nonpolymorphic mutations were those in <1% of ARV-naive persons. TSMs were those associated with ARV therapy after multiple comparisons adjustment. RESULTS We analyzed protease (PR) sequences from 483 PR inhibitor (PI)-naive and 232 PI-treated persons; RT sequences from 333 nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI)-naive and 252 NRTI-treated persons; and integrase (IN) sequences from 236 IN inhibitor (INSTI)-naive and 60 INSTI-treated persons. In PR, 12 nonpolymorphic TSMs occurred in ≥11 persons: V33I, K45R, V47A, I50V, I54M, T56V, V62A, A73G, I82F, I84V, F85L, L90M. In RT, 9 nonpolymorphic TSMs occurred in ≥10 persons: K40R, A62V, K70R, Y115F, Q151M, M184VI, S215Y. In IN, 11 nonpolymorphic TSMs occurred in ≥4 persons: Q91R, E92AQ, T97A, G140S, Y143G, Q148R, A153G, N155H, H156R, R231 5-amino acid insertions. Nine of 32 nonpolymorphic TSMs were previously unreported. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis confirmed the ARV association of previously reported HIV-2 DRMs and identified novel TSMs. Genotypic and phenotypic studies of HIV-2 TSMs will improve approaches to predicting HIV-2 ARV susceptibility and treating HIV-2-infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Diane Descamps
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP.Nord Universite de Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Soo-Yon Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP.Nord Universite de Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Robert A Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Health Sciences School and Medical Center, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen de Mendoza
- Puerta de Hierro University Hospital and Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert W Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramesh D, Vijayakumar BG, Kannan T. Therapeutic potential of uracil and its derivatives in countering pathogenic and physiological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112801. [PMID: 32927231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Uracil is one of the most notable pharmacophores in medicinal chemistry as the pyrimidine nucleobase forms an integral part of many commercial drugs. Though the name uracil is usually associated with cancer drugs, there are many uracil-based compounds which can treat different diseases when they are employed. So far, there has been no in-depth review concerning uracil drugs in the market, or in the different stages of clinical trials, including those approved or discontinued. The current work focuses on the importance of uracil and its derivatives in treating different diseases. The use of uracil compounds in treating viral infections, cancer, diabetic, thyroid and autosomal recessive disorders are discussed in the review. The mechanism of action of each uracil drug with emphasis on their structure and properties are discussed in detail. The targeted action of these drugs on sites or on the different stages of a disorder/pathogenic life cycle are also discussed. This review encompasses uracil drugs approved as well as those in development from the 1950's onwards. The utility of uracil in drug discovery and its association with a wide range of diseases is brought forth within this review to demonstrate its potential to a wider audience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | | | - Tharanikkarasu Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Rusconi S. The crosstalk between antiretrovirals pharmacology and HIV drug resistance. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:739-760. [PMID: 32538221 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1782737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical development of antiretroviral drugs has been followed by a rapid and concomitant development of HIV drug resistance. The development and spread of HIV drug resistance is due on the one hand to the within-host intrinsic HIV evolutionary rate and on the other to the wide use of low genetic barrier antiretrovirals. AREAS COVERED We searched PubMed and Embase on 31 January 2020, for studies reporting antiretroviral resistance and pharmacology. In this review, we assessed the molecular target and mechanism of drug resistance development of the different antiretroviral classes focusing on the currently approved antiretroviral drugs. Then, we assessed the main pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic of the antiretrovirals. Finally, we retraced the history of antiretroviral treatment and its interconnection with antiretroviral worldwide resistance development both in , and middle-income countries in the perspective of 90-90-90 World Health Organization target. EXPERT OPINION Drug resistance development is an invariably evolutionary driven phenomenon, which challenge the 90-90-90 target. In high-income countries, the antiretroviral drug resistance seems to be stable since the last decade. On the contrary, multi-intervention strategies comprehensive of broad availability of high genetic barrier regimens should be implemented in resource-limited setting to curb the rise of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- III Infectious Disease Unit, ASST-FBF-Sacco , Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pezzati
- III Infectious Disease Unit, ASST-FBF-Sacco , Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- III Infectious Disease Unit, ASST-FBF-Sacco , Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martín-Alonso S, Álvarez M, Nevot M, Martínez MÁ, Menéndez-Arias L. Defective Strand-Displacement DNA Synthesis Due to Accumulation of Thymidine Analogue Resistance Mutations in HIV-2 Reverse Transcriptase. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1140-1153. [PMID: 32129987 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral reverse transcriptases (RTs) have the ability to carry out strand displacement DNA synthesis in the absence of accessory proteins. Although studies with RTs and other DNA polymerases suggest that fingers subdomain residues participate in strand displacement, molecular determinants of this activity are still unknown. A mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) RT (M41L/D67N/K70R/S215Y) with low strand displacement activity was identified after screening a panel of purified enzymes, including several antiretroviral drug-resistant HIV-1 and HIV-2 RTs. In HIV-1, resistance to zidovudine and other thymidine analogues is conferred by different combinations of M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219E/Q (designated as thymidine analogue resistance-associated mutations (TAMs)). However, those changes are rarely selected in HIV-2. We show that the strand displacement activity of HIV-2ROD mutants M41L/S215Y and D67N/K70R was only slightly reduced compared to the wild-type RT. In contrast, mutants D67N/K70R/S215Y and M41L/D67N/K70R/S215Y were the most defective RTs in reactions carried out with nicked and gapped substrates. Moreover, these enzymes showed the lowest nucleotide incorporation rates in assays carried out with strand displacement substrates. Unlike in HIV-2, substitutions M41L/T215Y and D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q had no effect on the strand displacement activity of HIV-1BH10 RT. The strand displacement efficiencies of HIV-2ROD RTs were consistent with the lower replication capacity of HIV-2 strains bearing the four major TAMs in their RT. Our results highlight the role of the fingers subdomain in strand displacement. These findings might be important for the development of strand-displacement defective RTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samara Martín-Alonso
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Nevot
- Laboratori de Retrovirologia, Fundació irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Martínez
- Laboratori de Retrovirologia, Fundació irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genotypic resistance profiles of HIV-2-infected patients from Cape Verde failing first-line antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2020; 34:483-486. [PMID: 31764077 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: The pol gene from HIV-2-infected patients from Cape Verde experiencing virologic failure was sequenced and drug resistance mutations were determined. Most patients were taking a first-line regimen of zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Resistance mutations were found in most patients (11/17; 64.7%) especially I82F (4/7; 57.1%) and M184V (10/17; 58.8%). Resistance to all reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors was found in 58.8% (10/17) of the patients. Integrase inhibitors are warranted to treat these patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fabian L, Taverna Porro M, Gómez N, Salvatori M, Turk G, Estrin D, Moglioni A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinoxaline compounds as anti-HIV agents targeting reverse transcriptase enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:111987. [PMID: 31893549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus still represents a continuous serious concern and a global threat to human health. Due to appearance of multi-resistant virus strains and the serious adverse side effects of the antiretroviral therapy administered, there is an urgent need for the development of new treatment agents, more active, less toxic and with increased tolerability to mutations. Quinoxaline derivatives are an emergent class of heterocyclic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities and therapeutic applications. These types of compounds have also shown high potency in the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase and HIV replication in cell culture. For these reasons we propose, in this work, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinoxaline derivatives targeting HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. For this, we first carried out a structure-based development of target-specific compound virtual chemical library of quinoxaline derivatives. The rational construction of the virtual chemical library was based on previously assigned pharmacophore features. This library was processed by a virtual screening protocol employing molecular docking and 3D-QSAR. Twenty-five quinoxaline compounds were selected for synthesis in the basis of their docking and 3D-QSAR scores and chemical synthetic simplicity. They were evaluated as inhibitors of the recombinant wild-type reverse transcriptase enzyme. Finally, the anti-HIV activity and cytotoxicity of the synthesized quinoxaline compounds with highest reverse transcriptase inhibitory capabilities was evaluated. This simple screening strategy led to the discovery of two selective and potent quinoxaline reverse transcriptase inhibitors with high selectivity index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fabian
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina; Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina
| | - Marisa Taverna Porro
- Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina
| | - Melina Salvatori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Turk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina
| | - Darío Estrin
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1428, Argentina
| | - Albertina Moglioni
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina; Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, 1113, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Two Coselected Distal Mutations in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Alter Susceptibility to Nonnucleoside RT Inhibitors and Nucleoside Analogs. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00224-19. [PMID: 30894467 PMCID: PMC6532099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00224-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly successful, drug-resistant variants can arise that blunt the efficacy of ART. New inhibitors that are broadly effective against known drug-resistant variants are needed, although such compounds might select for novel resistance mutations that affect the sensitivity of the virus to other compounds. Compound 13 selects for resistance mutations that differ from traditional NNRTI resistance mutations. These mutations cause increased sensitivity to NRTIs, such as AZT. Two mutations, G112D and M230I, were selected in the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). G112D is located near the HIV-1 polymerase active site; M230I is located near the hydrophobic region where NNRTIs bind. Thus, M230I could directly interfere with NNRTI binding but G112D could not. Biochemical and virological assays were performed to analyze the effects of these mutations individually and in combination. M230I alone caused a reduction in susceptibility to NNRTIs, while G112D alone did not. The G112D/M230I double mutant was less susceptible to NNRTIs than was M230I alone. In contrast, both mutations affected the ability of RT to incorporate nucleoside analogs. We suggest that the mutations interact with each other via the bound nucleic acid substrate; the nucleic acid forms part of the polymerase active site, which is near G112D. The positioning of the nucleic acid is influenced by its interactions with the “primer grip” region and could be influenced by the M230I mutation. IMPORTANCE Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly successful, drug-resistant variants can arise that blunt the efficacy of ART. New inhibitors that are broadly effective against known drug-resistant variants are needed, although such compounds might select for novel resistance mutations that affect the sensitivity of the virus to other compounds. Compound 13 selects for resistance mutations that differ from traditional NNRTI resistance mutations. These mutations cause increased sensitivity to NRTIs, such as AZT.
Collapse
|
12
|
Niewiadomska AM, Jayabalasingham B, Seidman JC, Willem L, Grenfell B, Spiro D, Viboud C. Population-level mathematical modeling of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review. BMC Med 2019; 17:81. [PMID: 31014341 PMCID: PMC6480522 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mathematical transmission models are increasingly used to guide public health interventions for infectious diseases, particularly in the context of emerging pathogens; however, the contribution of modeling to the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains unclear. Here, we systematically evaluate publications on population-level transmission models of AMR over a recent period (2006-2016) to gauge the state of research and identify gaps warranting further work. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search of relevant databases to identify transmission studies of AMR in viral, bacterial, and parasitic disease systems. We analyzed the temporal, geographic, and subject matter trends, described the predominant medical and behavioral interventions studied, and identified central findings relating to key pathogens. RESULTS We identified 273 modeling studies; the majority of which (> 70%) focused on 5 infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, Plasmodium falciparum (malaria), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)). AMR studies of influenza and nosocomial pathogens were mainly set in industrialized nations, while HIV, TB, and malaria studies were heavily skewed towards developing countries. The majority of articles focused on AMR exclusively in humans (89%), either in community (58%) or healthcare (27%) settings. Model systems were largely compartmental (76%) and deterministic (66%). Only 43% of models were calibrated against epidemiological data, and few were validated against out-of-sample datasets (14%). The interventions considered were primarily the impact of different drug regimens, hygiene and infection control measures, screening, and diagnostics, while few studies addressed de novo resistance, vaccination strategies, economic, or behavioral changes to reduce antibiotic use in humans and animals. CONCLUSIONS The AMR modeling literature concentrates on disease systems where resistance has been long-established, while few studies pro-actively address recent rise in resistance in new pathogens or explore upstream strategies to reduce overall antibiotic consumption. Notable gaps include research on emerging resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; AMR transmission at the animal-human interface, particularly in agricultural and veterinary settings; transmission between hospitals and the community; the role of environmental factors in AMR transmission; and the potential of vaccines to combat AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Niewiadomska
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Bamini Jayabalasingham
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,Present Address: Elsevier Inc., 230 Park Ave, Suite B00, New York, NY, 10169, USA
| | - Jessica C Seidman
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Bryan Grenfell
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David Spiro
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Majer C, Schüssler JM, König R. Intertwined: SAMHD1 cellular functions, restriction, and viral evasion strategies. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:513-529. [PMID: 30879196 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SAMHD1 was initially described for its ability to efficiently restrict HIV-1 replication in myeloid cells and resting CD4+ T cells. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that SAMHD1-mediated restriction is by far not limited to lentiviruses, but seems to be a general concept that applies to most retroviruses and at least a number of DNA viruses. SAMHD1 anti-viral activity was long believed to be solely due to its ability to deplete cellular dNTPs by enzymatic degradation. However, since its discovery, several new functions have been attributed to SAMHD1. It has been demonstrated to bind nucleic acids, to modulate innate immunity, as well as to participate in the DNA damage response and resolution of stalled replication forks. Consequently, it is likely that SAMHD1-mediated anti-viral activity is not or not exclusively mediated through its dNTPase activity. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on SAMHD1 cellular functions and systematically discuss how these functions could contribute to the restriction of a broad range of viruses besides retroviruses: herpesviruses, poxviruses and hepatitis B virus. Furthermore, we aim to highlight different ways how viruses counteract SAMHD1-mediated restriction to bypass the SAMHD1-mediated block to viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Majer
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pollpeter D, Parsons M, Sobala AE, Coxhead S, Lang RD, Bruns AM, Papaioannou S, McDonnell JM, Apolonia L, Chowdhury JA, Horvath CM, Malim MH. Deep sequencing of HIV-1 reverse transcripts reveals the multifaceted antiviral functions of APOBEC3G. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:220-233. [PMID: 29158605 PMCID: PMC6014619 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following cell entry, the RNA genome of HIV-1 is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA that ultimately integrates into the host-cell genome to establish the provirus. These early phases of infection are notably vulnerable to suppression by a collection of cellular antiviral effectors, called restriction or resistance factors. The host antiviral protein APOBEC3G (A3G) antagonizes the early steps of HIV-1 infection through the combined effects of inhibiting viral cDNA production and cytidine-to-uridine-driven hypermutation of this cDNA. In seeking to address the underlying molecular mechanism for inhibited cDNA synthesis, we developed a deep sequencing strategy to characterize nascent reverse transcription products and their precise 3'-termini in HIV-1 infected T cells. Our results demonstrate site- and sequence-independent interference with reverse transcription, which requires the specific interaction of A3G with reverse transcriptase itself. This approach also established, contrary to current ideas, that cellular uracil base excision repair (UBER) enzymes target and cleave A3G-edited uridine-containing viral cDNA. Together, these findings yield further insights into the regulatory interplay between reverse transcriptase, A3G and cellular DNA repair machinery, and identify the suppression of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by a directly interacting host protein as a new cell-mediated antiviral mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darja Pollpeter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew E Sobala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sashika Coxhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rupert D Lang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annie M Bruns
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luis Apolonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jamil A Chowdhury
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
HIV-1 with HBV-associated Q151M substitution in RT becomes highly susceptible to entecavir: structural insights into HBV-RT inhibition by entecavir. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1624. [PMID: 29374261 PMCID: PMC5785976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase (RT) is essential for viral replication and is an important drug target. Nonetheless, the notorious insolubility of HBV RT has hindered experimental structural studies and structure-based drug design. Here, we demonstrate that a Q151M substitution alone at the nucleotide-binding site (N-site) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) RT renders HIV-1 highly sensitive to entecavir (ETV), a potent nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NRTI) against HBV. The results suggest that Met151 forms a transient hydrophobic interaction with the cyclopentyl methylene of ETV, a characteristic hydrophobic moiety of ETV. We thus solved the crystal structures of HIV-1 RTQ151M:DNA complex with bound dGTP or ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP). The structures revealed that ETV-TP is accommodated at the N-site slightly apart from the ribose ring of the 3′-end nucleotide, compared to the position of bound dGTP and previously reported NRTI/dNTP. In addition, the protruding methylene group of bound ETV-TP directly pushes the side-chain of Met184 backward. Met184 is a key residue that confers ETV resistance upon substitution with smaller Ile/Val. These results provide novel insights into NRTI binding to the N-site and further provide important clues for the development of novel anti-HBV/HIV-1 RT inhibitors to overcome critical drug resistance.
Collapse
|
16
|
Álvarez M, Nevot M, Mendieta J, Martínez MA, Menéndez-Arias L. Amino acid residues in HIV-2 reverse transcriptase that restrict the development of nucleoside analogue resistance through the excision pathway. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2247-2259. [PMID: 29275329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) are the backbone of current antiretroviral treatments. However, the emergence of viral resistance against NRTIs is a major threat to their therapeutic effectiveness. In HIV-1, NRTI resistance-associated mutations either reduce RT-mediated incorporation of NRTI triphosphates (discrimination mechanism) or confer an ATP-mediated nucleotide excision activity that removes the inhibitor from the 3' terminus of DNA primers, enabling further primer elongation (excision mechanism). In HIV-2, resistance to zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)) and other NRTIs is conferred by mutations affecting nucleotide discrimination. Mutations of the excision pathway such as M41L, D67N, K70R, or S215Y (known as thymidine-analogue resistance mutations (TAMs)) are rare in the virus from HIV-2-infected individuals. Here, we demonstrate that mutant M41L/D67N/K70R/S215Y HIV-2 RT lacks ATP-dependent excision activity, and recombinant virus containing this RT remains susceptible to AZT inhibition. Mutant HIV-2 RTs were tested for their ability to unblock and extend DNA primers terminated with AZT and other NRTIs, when complexed with RNA or DNA templates. Our results show that Met73 and, to a lesser extent, Ile75 suppress excision activity when TAMs are present in the HIV-2 RT. Interestingly, recombinant HIV-2 carrying a mutant D67N/K70R/M73K RT showed 10-fold decreased AZT susceptibility and increased rescue efficiency on AZT- or tenofovir-terminated primers, as compared with the double-mutant D67N/K70R. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that Met73influences β3-β4 hairpin loop conformation, whereas its substitution affects hydrogen bond interactions at position 70, required for NRTI excision. Our work highlights critical HIV-2 RT residues impeding the development of excision-mediated NRTI resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Álvarez
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid
| | - María Nevot
- the Laboratori de Retrovirologia, Fundació irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, and
| | - Jesús Mendieta
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid.,the Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martínez
- the Laboratori de Retrovirologia, Fundació irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, and
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
MK-8591 (4'-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2'-Deoxyadenosine) Exhibits Potent Activity against HIV-2 Isolates and Drug-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants in Culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00744-17. [PMID: 28559249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00744-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify more effective antiretroviral drugs for HIV-2 treatment. Here, we show that the investigational compound MK-8591 (4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine [EFdA]) is highly active against group A and B isolates of HIV-2; 50% effective concentrations [EC50] for HIV-2 were, on average, 4.8-fold lower than those observed for HIV-1. MK-8591 also retains potent activity against multinucleoside-resistant HIV-2 mutants (EC50 ≤ 11 nM). These data suggest that MK-8591 may have antiviral activity in HIV-2-infected individuals.
Collapse
|
18
|
Álvarez M, Sebastián-Martín A, García-Marquina G, Menéndez-Arias L. Fidelity of classwide-resistant HIV-2 reverse transcriptase and differential contribution of K65R to the accuracy of HIV-1 and HIV-2 reverse transcriptases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44834. [PMID: 28333133 PMCID: PMC5363063 DOI: 10.1038/srep44834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors constitute the backbone of current therapies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively). However, mutational pathways leading to the development of nucleoside analogue resistance are different in both types of HIV. In HIV-2, resistance to all approved nucleoside analogues is conferred by the combination of RT substitutions K65R, Q151M and M184V. Nucleotide incorporation kinetic analyses of mutant and wild-type (WT) HIV-2 RTs show that the triple-mutant has decreased catalytic efficiency due to the presence of M184V. Although similar effects were previously reported for equivalent mutations in HIV-1 RT, the HIV-2 enzymes were catalytically less efficient. Interestingly, in highly divergent HIV-1 RTs, K65R confers several-fold increased accuracy of DNA synthesis. We have determined the intrinsic fidelity of DNA synthesis of WT HIV-2 RT and mutants K65R and K65R/Q151M/M184V. Our results show that those changes in HIV-2 RT have a relatively small impact on nucleotide selectivity. Furthermore, we found that there were less than two-fold differences in error rates obtained with forward mutation assays using mutant and WT HIV-2 RTs. A different conformation of the β3-β4 hairpin loop in HIV-1 and HIV-2 RTs could probably explain the differential effects of K65R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Álvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sebastián-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Marquina
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Achuthan V, Singh K, DeStefano JJ. Physiological Mg 2+ Conditions Significantly Alter the Inhibition of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Reverse Transcriptases by Nucleoside and Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors in Vitro. Biochemistry 2016; 56:33-46. [PMID: 27936595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are typically assayed in vitro with 5-10 mM Mg2+, whereas the free Mg2+ concentration in cells is much lower. Artificially high Mg2+ concentrations used in vitro can misrepresent different properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT, including fidelity, catalysis, pausing, and RNase H activity. Here, we analyzed nucleoside (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) in primer extension assays at different concentrations of free Mg2+. At low concentrations of Mg2+, NRTIs and dideoxynucleotides (AZTTP, ddCTP, ddGTP, and 3TCTP) inhibited HIV-1 and HIV-2 RT synthesis less efficiently than they did with large amounts of Mg2+, whereas inhibition by the "translocation-defective RT inhibitor" EFdA (4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine) was unaffected by Mg2+ concentrations. Steady-state kinetic analyses revealed that the reduced level of inhibition at low Mg2+ concentrations resulted from a 3-9-fold (depending on the particular nucleotide and inhibitor) less efficient incorporation (based on kcat/Km) of these NRTIs under this condition compared to incorporation of natural dNTPs. In contrast, EFdATP was incorporated with an efficiency similar to that of its analogue dATP at low Mg2+ concentrations. Unlike NRTIs, NNRTIs (nevirapine, efavirenz, and rilviripine), were approximately 4-fold (based on IC50 values) more effective at low than at high Mg2+ concentrations. Drug-resistant HIV-1 RT mutants also displayed the Mg2+-dependent difference in susceptibility to NRTIs and NNRTIs. In summary, analyzing the efficiency of inhibitors under more physiologically relevant low-Mg2+ conditions yielded results dramatically different from those from measurements using commonly employed high-Mg2+ in vitro conditions. These results also emphasize differences in Mg2+ sensitivity between the translocation inhibitor EFdATP and other NRTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Achuthan
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kamlendra Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu S, Neff CP, Kumar DM, Habu Y, Akkina SR, Seki T, Akkina R. A humanized mouse model for HIV-2 infection and efficacy testing of a single-pill triple-drug combination anti-retroviral therapy. Virology 2016; 501:115-118. [PMID: 27912079 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While HIV-2 is a causative agent for AIDS in addition to the better studied HIV-1, there is currently no suitable animal model for experimental studies for HIV-2 infection and evaluating promising drugs in vivo. Here we evaluated humanized mice for their susceptibility to HIV-2 infection and tested a single-pill three drug formulation of anti-retrovirals (NRTIs abacavir and lamivudine, integrase inhibitor dolutegravir) (trade name, TriumeqR). Our results showed that hu-mice are susceptible to HIV-2 infection showing persistent viremia and CD4 T cell loss, key hallmarks of AIDS pathogenesis. Oral drug treatment led to full viral suppression and protection from CD4 T cell depletion. Cessation of therapy resulted in viral rebound and CD4 T cell loss. These proof-of-concept studies establish the utility of hu-mice for evaluating HIV-2 pathogenesis in more detail in the future, testing novel therapies and providing pre-clinical efficacy data of a three drug combination to treat HIV-2 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Charles Preston Neff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dipu Mohan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yuichiro Habu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sarah R Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Visseaux B, Damond F, Matheron S, Descamps D, Charpentier C. Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:233-240. [PMID: 27530215 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) has been revealed to be at the origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 (HIV-2) in humans, firstly detected from two Portuguese patients in 1986. HIV-2 is mainly restricted to West Africa where it infects up to 1 to 2 million people. HIV-2 is also present in Europe, mainly Portugal and France, India and United States of America. Two major HIV-2 groups, groups A and B, were generated by two independent transmission events involving infected sooty mangabeys from the Taï forest in Ivory Coast. Seven other HIV-2 groups have been described, but each has only been identified in one patient. To date, no subtypes have been formally described but some preliminary data suggest that HIV-2 group A may be divided in two distinct subtypes with distinct geographical origins. To date only two recombinant forms have been described: one circulating recombinant form (CRF01_AB) and one unique recombinant form. In this review, we focused mainly on molecular data available and their insights about HIV-2 origins, diversity, drug resistance and global epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Visseaux
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Damond
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, F-75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Medeiros SDO, Abreu CM, Delvecchio R, Ribeiro AP, Vasconcelos Z, Brindeiro RDM, Tanuri A. Follow-up on long-term antiretroviral therapy for cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:264-72. [PMID: 25855689 PMCID: PMC11112254 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15580144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces AIDS-like disease in cats. Some of the antiretroviral drugs available to treat patients with HIV type 1 are used to treat FIV-infected cats; however, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not used in cats as a long-term treatment. In this study, the effects of long-term ART were evaluated in domestic cats treated initially with the nucleoside transcriptase reverse inhibitor (NTRI) zidovudine (AZT) over a period ranging from 5-6 years, followed by a regimen of the NTRI lamivudine (3TC) plus AZT over 3 years. METHODS Viral load, sequencing of pol (reverse transcriptase [RT]) region and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during and after treatment. Untreated cats were evaluated as a control group. RESULTS CD4:CD8 ratios were lower, and uncharacterized resistance mutations were found in the RT region in the group of treated cats. A slight increase in viral load was observed in some cats after discontinuing treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The data strongly suggest that treated cats were resistant to therapy, and uncharacterized resistance mutations in the RT gene of FIV were selected for by AZT. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy in cats. To date, resistance mutations have not been described in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila de Oliveira Medeiros
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celina Monteiro Abreu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Delvecchio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo de Moraes Brindeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schneider A, Corona A, Spöring I, Jordan M, Buchholz B, Maccioni E, Di Santo R, Bodem J, Tramontano E, Wöhrl BM. Biochemical characterization of a multi-drug resistant HIV-1 subtype AG reverse transcriptase: antagonism of AZT discrimination and excision pathways and sensitivity to RNase H inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2310-22. [PMID: 26850643 PMCID: PMC4797301 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a multi-drug resistant (MR) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), subcloned from a patient-derived subtype CRF02_AG, harboring 45 amino acid exchanges, amongst them four thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) relevant for high-level AZT (azidothymidine) resistance by AZTMP excision (M41L, D67N, T215Y, K219E) as well as four substitutions of the AZTTP discrimination pathway (A62V, V75I, F116Y and Q151M). In addition, K65R, known to antagonize AZTMP excision in HIV-1 subtype B was present. Although MR-RT harbored the most significant amino acid exchanges T215Y and Q151M of each pathway, it exclusively used AZTTP discrimination, indicating that the two mechanisms are mutually exclusive and that the Q151M pathway is obviously preferred since it confers resistance to most nucleoside inhibitors. A derivative was created, additionally harboring the TAM K70R and the reversions M151Q as well as R65K since K65R antagonizes excision. MR-R65K-K70R-M151Q was competent of AZTMP excision, whereas other combinations thereof with only one or two exchanges still promoted discrimination. To tackle the multi-drug resistance problem, we tested if the MR-RTs could still be inhibited by RNase H inhibitors. All MR-RTs exhibited similar sensitivity toward RNase H inhibitors belonging to different inhibitor classes, indicating the importance of developing RNase H inhibitors further as anti-HIV drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schneider
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Imke Spöring
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Jordan
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernd Buchholz
- Universität Heidelberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, I-00185, Italy
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Birgitta M Wöhrl
- Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Biopolymere und Forschungszentrum für Bio-Makromoleküle, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
In silico target fishing and pharmacological profiling for the isoquinoline alkaloids of Macleaya cordata (Bo Luo Hui). Chin Med 2015; 10:37. [PMID: 26691584 PMCID: PMC4683977 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some isoquinoline alkaloids from Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br. (Bo Luo Hui) exhibited antibacterial, antiparasitic, antitumor, and analgesic effects. The targets of these isoquinoline alkaloids are undefined. This study aims to investigate the compound–target interaction network and potential pharmacological actions of isoquinoline alkaloids of M. cordata by reverse pharmacophore database screening. Methods The targets of 26 isoquinoline alkaloids identified from M. cordata were predicted by a pharmacophore-based target fishing approach. Discovery Studio 3.5 and two pharmacophore databases (PharmaDB and HypoDB) were employed for the target profiling. A compound–target interaction network of M. cordata was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape 3.0. Results Thirteen of the 65 predicted targets identified by PharmaDB were confirmed as targets by HypoDB screening. The targets in the interaction network of M. cordata were involved in cancer (31 targets), microorganisms (12 targets), neurodegeneration (10 targets), inflammation and autoimmunity (8 targets), parasitosis (5 targets), injury (4 targets), and pain (3 targets). Dihydrochelerythrine (C6) was found to hit 23 fitting targets. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) hits 15 alkaloids (C1–2, C11–16, C19–25) was the most promising target related to cancer. Conclusion Through in silico target fishing, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of M. cordata were the most significant among many possible activities. The possible anticancer effects were mainly contributed by the isoquinoline alkaloids as active components.
Collapse
|
25
|
The Nucleoside Analog BMS-986001 Shows Greater In Vitro Activity against HIV-2 than against HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7437-46. [PMID: 26392486 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01326-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are restricted by the intrinsic resistance of the virus to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and the reduced susceptibility of HIV-2 to several protease inhibitors (PIs) used in antiretroviral therapy (ART). In an effort to identify new antiretrovirals for HIV-2 treatment, we evaluated the in vitro activity of the investigational nucleoside analog BMS-986001 (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine; also known as censavudine, festinavir, OBP-601, 4'-ethynyl stavudine, or 4'-ethynyl-d4T). In single-cycle assays, BMS-986001 inhibited HIV-2 isolates from treatment-naive individuals, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) ranging from 30 to 81 nM. In contrast, EC50s for group M and O isolates of HIV-1 ranged from 450 to 890 nM. Across all isolates tested, the average EC50 for HIV-2 was 9.5-fold lower than that for HIV-1 (64 ± 18 nM versus 610 ± 200 nM, respectively; mean ± standard deviation). BMS-986001 also exhibited full activity against HIV-2 variants whose genomes encoded the single amino acid changes K65R and Q151M in reverse transcriptase, whereas the M184V mutant was 15-fold more resistant to the drug than the parental HIV-2ROD9 strain. Taken together, our findings show that BMS-986001 is an effective inhibitor of HIV-2 replication. To our knowledge, BMS-986001 is the first nucleoside analog that, when tested against a diverse collection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates, exhibits more potent activity against HIV-2 than against HIV-1 in culture.
Collapse
|
26
|
Analysis of the Zidovudine Resistance Mutations T215Y, M41L, and L210W in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7184-96. [PMID: 26324274 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05069-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapies have become more sophisticated and more effective, drug resistance continues to be a major problem. Zidovudine (azidothymidine; AZT) was the first nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NRTI) approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infections and is still being used, particularly in the developing world. This drug targets the conversion of single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA by HIV-1 RT. However, resistance to the drug quickly appeared both in viruses replicating in cells in culture and in patients undergoing AZT monotherapy. The primary resistance pathway selects for mutations of T215 that change the threonine to either a tyrosine or a phenylalanine (T215Y/F); this resistance pathway involves an ATP-dependent excision mechanism. The pseudo-sugar ring of AZT lacks a 3' OH; RT incorporates AZT monophosphate (AZTMP), which blocks the end of the viral DNA primer. AZT-resistant forms of HIV-1 RT use ATP in an excision reaction to unblock the 3' end of the primer strand, allowing its extension by RT. The T215Y AZT resistance mutation is often accompanied by two other mutations, M41L and L210W. In this study, the roles of these mutations, in combination with T215Y, were examined to determine whether they affect polymerization and excision by HIV-1 RT. The M41L mutation appears to help restore the DNA polymerization activity of RT containing the T215Y mutation and also enhances AZTMP excision. The L210W mutation plays a similar role, but it enhances excision by RTs that carry the T215Y mutation when ATP is present at a low concentration.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chauveau L, Puigdomenech I, Ayinde D, Roesch F, Porrot F, Bruni D, Visseaux B, Descamps D, Schwartz O. HIV-2 infects resting CD4+ T cells but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:2. [PMID: 25582927 PMCID: PMC4307230 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 2 (HIV-2) encodes Vpx that degrades SAMHD1, a cellular restriction factor active in non-dividing cells. HIV-2 replicates in lymphocytes but the susceptibility of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to in vitro infection remains partly characterized. Results Here, we investigated HIV-2 replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, both activated and non-activated, as well as in MDDCs. We focused on the requirement of Vpx for productive HIV-2 infection, using the reference HIV-2 ROD strain, the proviral clone GL-AN, as well as two primary HIV-2 isolates. All HIV-2 strains tested replicated in activated CD4+ T cells. Unstimulated CD4+ T cells were not productively infected by HIV-2, but viral replication was triggered upon lymphocyte activation in a Vpx-dependent manner. In contrast, MDDCs were poorly infected when exposed to HIV-2. HIV-2 particles did not potently fuse with MDDCs and did not lead to efficient viral DNA synthesis, even in the presence of Vpx. Moreover, the HIV-2 strains tested were not efficiently sensed by MDDCs, as evidenced by a lack of MxA induction upon viral exposure. Virion pseudotyping with VSV-G rescued fusion, productive infection and HIV-2 sensing by MDDCs. Conclusion Vpx allows the non-productive infection of resting CD4+ T cells, but does not confer HIV-2 with the ability to efficiently infect MDDCs. In these cells, an entry defect prevents viral fusion and reverse transcription independently of SAMHD1. We propose that HIV-2, like HIV-1, does not productively infect MDDCs, possibly to avoid triggering an immune response mediated by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0131-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
28
|
Deuzing IP, Charpentier C, Wright DW, Matheron S, Paton J, Frentz D, van de Vijver DA, Coveney PV, Descamps D, Boucher CAB, Beerens N. Mutation V111I in HIV-2 reverse transcriptase increases the fitness of the nucleoside analogue-resistant K65R and Q151M viruses. J Virol 2015; 89:833-43. [PMID: 25355888 PMCID: PMC4301157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02259-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infection with HIV-2 can ultimately lead to AIDS, although disease progression is much slower than with HIV-1. HIV-2 patients are mostly treated with a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors designed for HIV-1. Many studies have described the development of HIV-1 resistance to NRTIs and identified mutations in the polymerase domain of RT. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the connection and RNase H domains of HIV-1 RT may also contribute to resistance. However, only limited information exists regarding the resistance of HIV-2 to NRTIs. In this study, therefore, we analyzed the polymerase, connection, and RNase H domains of RT in HIV-2 patients failing NRTI-containing therapies. Besides the key resistance mutations K65R, Q151M, and M184V, we identified a novel mutation, V111I, in the polymerase domain. This mutation was significantly associated with mutations K65R and Q151M. Sequencing of the connection and RNase H domains of the HIV-2 patients did not reveal any of the mutations that were reported to contribute to NRTI resistance in HIV-1. We show that V111I does not strongly affect drug susceptibility but increases the replication capacity of the K65R and Q151M viruses. Biochemical assays demonstrate that V111I restores the polymerization defects of the K65R and Q151M viruses but negatively affects the fidelity of the HIV-2 RT enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the structural changes mediated by V111I. This showed that V111I changed the flexibility of the 110-to-115 loop region, which may affect deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding and polymerase activity. IMPORTANCE Mutation V111I in the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase enzyme was identified in patients failing therapies containing nucleoside analogues. We show that the V111I change does not strongly affect the sensitivity of HIV-2 to nucleoside analogues but increases the fitness of viruses with drug resistance mutations K65R and Q151M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona P Deuzing
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - David W Wright
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Matheron
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service des Maladies Infecieuse et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Jack Paton
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dineke Frentz
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David A van de Vijver
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Descamps
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Charles A B Boucher
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105617. [PMID: 25144636 PMCID: PMC4140803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Azvudine is a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Here we reported the in vitro activity of azvudine against HIV-1 and HIV-2 when used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs and its drug resistance features. Azvudine exerted highly potent inhibition on HIV-1 (EC50s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nM) and HIV-2 (EC50s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nM). It also showed synergism in combination with six approved anti-HIV drugs on both C8166 and PBMC. In combination assay, the concentrations of azvudine used were 1000 or 500 fold lower than other drugs. Azvudine also showed potent inhibition on NRTI-resistant strains (L74V and T69N). Although M184V caused 250 fold reduction in susceptibility, azvudine remained active at nanomolar range. In in vitro induced resistant assay, the frequency of M184I mutation increased with induction time which suggests M184I as the key mutation in azvudine treatment. As control, lamivudine treatment resulted in a higher frequency of M184I/V given the same induction time and higher occurrence of M184V was found. Molecular modeling analysis suggests that steric hindrance is more pronounced in mutant M184I than M184V due to the azido group of azvudine. The present data demonstrates the potential of azvudine as a complementary drug to current anti-HIV drugs. M184I should be the key mutation, however, azvudine still remains active on HIV-1LAI-M184V at nanomolar range.
Collapse
|
30
|
Beach LB, Rawson JM, Kim B, Patterson SE, Mansky LM. Novel inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infectivity. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2778-2783. [PMID: 25103850 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infects about two million people worldwide. HIV-2 has fewer treatment options than HIV-1, yet may evolve drug resistance more quickly. We have analysed several novel drugs for anti-HIV-2 activity. It was observed that 5-azacytidine, clofarabine, gemcitabine and resveratrol have potent anti-HIV-2 activity. The EC50 values for 5-azacytidine, clofarabine and resveratrol were found to be significantly lower with HIV-2 than with HIV-1. A time-of-addition assay was used to analyse the ability of these drugs to interfere with HIV-2 replication. Reverse transcription was the likely target for antiretroviral activity. Taken together, several novel drugs have been discovered to have activity against HIV-2. Based upon their known activities, these drugs may elicit enhanced HIV-2 mutagenesis and therefore be useful for inducing HIV-2 lethal mutagenesis. In addition, the data are consistent with HIV-2 reverse transcriptase being more sensitive than HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to dNTP pool alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Beach
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan M Rawson
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Louis M Mansky
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mouse knockout models for HIV-1 restriction factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3749-66. [PMID: 24854580 PMCID: PMC4160573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is controlled by restriction factors, host proteins that counteract a variety of steps in the life cycle of this lentivirus. These include SAMHD1, APOBEC3G and tetherin, which block reverse transcription, hypermutate viral DNA and prevent progeny virus release, respectively. These and other HIV-1 restriction factors are conserved and have clear orthologues in the mouse. This review summarises studies in knockout mice lacking HIV-1 restriction factors. In vivo experiments in such animals have not only validated in vitro data obtained from cultured cells, but have also revealed new findings about the biology of these proteins. Indeed, genetic ablation of HIV-1 restriction factors in the mouse has provided evidence that restriction factors control retroviruses and other viruses in vivo and has led to new insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins counteract infection. For example, in vivo experiments in knockout mice demonstrate that virus control exerted by restriction factors can shape adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the availability of animals lacking restriction factors opens the possibility to study the function of these proteins in other contexts such as autoimmunity and cancer. Further in vivo studies of more recently identified HIV-1 restriction factors in gene targeted mice are, therefore, justified.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase affect the errors made in a single cycle of viral replication. J Virol 2014; 88:7589-601. [PMID: 24760888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genetic variation in HIV-1 in patients is due to the high rate of viral replication, the high viral load, and the errors made during viral replication. Some of the mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT) that alter the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)-binding pocket, including those that confer resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, affect dNTP selection during replication. The effects of mutations in RT on the spectrum (nature, position, and frequency) of errors made in vivo are poorly understood. We previously determined the mutation rate and the frequency of different types of mutations and identified hot spots for mutations in a lacZα (the α complementing region of lacZ) reporter gene carried by an HIV-1 vector that replicates using wild-type RT. We show here that four mutations (Y115F, M184V, M184I, and Q151M) in the dNTP-binding pocket of RT that had relatively small effects on the overall HIV-1 mutation rate (less than 3-fold compared to the wild type) significantly increased mutations at some specific positions in the lacZα reporter gene. We also show that changes in a sequence that flanks the reporter gene can affect the mutations that arise in the reporter. These data show that changes either in HIV-1 RT or in the sequence of the nucleic acid template can affect the spectrum of mutations made during viral replication. This could, by implication, affect the generation of drug-resistant mutants and immunological-escape mutants in patients. IMPORTANCE RT is the viral enzyme that converts the RNA genome of HIV into DNA. Errors made during replication allow the virus to escape from the host's immune system and to develop resistance to the available anti-HIV drugs. We show that four different mutations in RT which are known to be associated with resistance to anti-RT drugs modestly increased the overall frequency of errors made during viral replication. However, the increased errors were not uniformly distributed; the additional errors occurred at a small number of positions (hot spots). Moreover, some of the RT mutations preferentially affected the nature of the errors that were made (some RT mutations caused an increase in insertion and deletion errors; others caused an increase in substitution errors). We also show that sequence changes in a region adjacent to a target gene can affect the errors made within the target gene.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ivetac A, Swift SE, Boyer PL, Diaz A, Naughton J, Young JAT, Hughes SH, McCammon JA. Discovery of novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase through virtual screening of experimental and theoretical ensembles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:521-31. [PMID: 24405985 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are potent anti-HIV chemotherapeutics. Although there are FDA-approved NNRTIs, challenges such as the development of resistance have limited their utility. Here, we describe the identification of novel NNRTIs through a combination of computational and experimental approaches. Based on the known plasticity of the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP), we adopted an ensemble-based virtual screening strategy: coupling receptor conformations from 10 X-ray crystal structures with 120 snapshots from a total of 480 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. A screening library of 2864 National Cancer Institute (NCI) compounds was built and docked against the ensembles in a hierarchical fashion. Sixteen diverse compounds were tested for their ability to block HIV infection in human tissue cultures using a luciferase-based reporter assay. Three promising compounds were further characterized, using a HIV-1 RT-based polymerase assay, to determine the specific mechanism of inhibition. We found that 2 of the three compounds inhibited the polymerase activity of RT (with potency similar to the positive control, the FDA-approved drug nevirapine). Through a computational approach, we were able to discover two compounds which inhibit HIV replication and block the activity of RT, thus offering the potential for optimization into mature inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ivetac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0365, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Menéndez-Arias L, Alvarez M. Antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:70-86. [PMID: 24345729 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One to two million people worldwide are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), with highest prevalences in West African countries, but also present in Western Europe, Asia and North America. Compared to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection undergoes a longer asymptomatic phase and progresses to AIDS more slowly. In addition, HIV-2 shows lower transmission rates, probably due to its lower viremia in infected individuals. There is limited experience in the treatment of HIV-2 infection and several antiretroviral drugs used to fight HIV-1 are not effective against HIV-2. Effective drugs against HIV-2 include nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (e.g. zidovudine, tenofovir, lamivudine, emtricitabine, abacavir, stavudine and didanosine), protease inhibitors (saquinavir, lopinavir and darunavir), and integrase inhibitors (raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir). Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist blocking coreceptor binding during HIV entry, is active in vitro against CCR5-tropic HIV-2 but more studies are needed to validate its use in therapeutic treatments against HIV-2 infection. HIV-2 strains are naturally resistant to a few antiretroviral drugs developed to suppress HIV-1 propagation such as nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, several protease inhibitors and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide. Resistance selection in HIV-2 appears to be faster than in HIV-1. In this scenario, the development of novel drugs specific for HIV-2 is an important priority. In this review, we discuss current anti-HIV-2 therapies and mutational pathways leading to drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mar Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rehwinkel J, Maelfait J, Bridgeman A, Rigby R, Hayward B, Liberatore RA, Bieniasz PD, Towers GJ, Moita LF, Crow YJ, Bonthron DT, Reis e Sousa C. SAMHD1-dependent retroviral control and escape in mice. EMBO J 2013; 32:2454-62. [PMID: 23872947 PMCID: PMC3770946 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a host restriction factor for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in cultured human cells. SAMHD1 mutations cause autoimmune Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and are found in cancers including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase that depletes the cellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, thereby preventing reverse transcription of retroviral genomes. However, in vivo evidence for SAMHD1's antiviral activity has been lacking. We generated Samhd1 null mice that do not develop autoimmune disease despite displaying a type I interferon signature in spleen, macrophages and fibroblasts. Samhd1(-/-) cells have elevated deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) levels but, surprisingly, SAMHD1 deficiency did not lead to increased infection with VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 vectors. The lack of restriction is likely attributable to the fact that dNTP concentrations in SAMHD1-sufficient mouse cells are higher than the KM of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Consistent with this notion, an HIV-1 vector mutant bearing an RT with lower affinity for dNTPs was sensitive to SAMHD1-dependent restriction in cultured cells and in mice. This shows that SAMHD1 can restrict lentiviruses in vivo and that nucleotide starvation is an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bruce Hayward
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Rachel A Liberatore
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luis F Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
De Clercq E. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infections (AIDS). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:317-58. [PMID: 23886005 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the drugs currently used for the treatment of HIV infections (AIDS) belong to either of the following three classes: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). At present, there are 7 NRTIs, 5 NNRTIs, and 10 PIs approved for clinical use. They are discussed from the following viewpoints: (i) chemical formulae; (ii) mechanism of action; (iii) drug combinations; (iv) clinical aspects; (v) preexposure prophylaxis; (vi) prevention of mother-to-child transmission; (vii) their use in children; (viii) toxicity; (ix) adherence (compliance); (x) resistance; (xi) new NRTIs, NNRTIs, or PIs in (pre)clinical development; and (xii) the prospects for a "cure" of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|