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Hughes JH. Physical and chemical methods for enhancing rapid detection of viruses and other agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:150-75. [PMID: 8472247 PMCID: PMC358275 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.6.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication events can be enhanced by physical, chemical, or heat treatment of cells. The centrifugation of cells can stimulate them to proliferate, reduce their generation times, and activate gene expression. Human endothelial cells can be activated to release cyclo-oxygenase metabolites after rocking for 5 min, and mechanical stress can stimulate endothelial cells to proliferate. Centrifugation of virus-infected cultures can increase cytopathic effects (CPE), enhance the number of infected cells, increase viral yields, and reduce viral detection times and may increase viral isolation rates. The rolling of virus-infected cells also has an effect similar to that of centrifugation. The continuous rolling of virus-infected cultures at < or = 2.0 rpm can enhance enterovirus, rhinovirus, reovirus, rotavirus, paramyxovirus, herpesvirus, and vaccinia virus CPE or yields or both. For some viruses, the continuous rolling of infected cell cultures at 96 rpm (1.9 x g) is superior to rolling at 2.0 rpm for viral replication or CPE production. In addition to centrifugation and rolling, the treatment of cells with chemicals or heat can also enhance viral yields or CPE. For example, the treatment of virus-infected cells with dimethyl sulfoxide can enhance viral transformation, increase plaque numbers and plaque size, increase the number of cells producing antigens, and increase viral yields. The infectivity of fowl plague virus is increased by 80-fold when 4% dimethyl sulfoxide is added to culture medium immediately after infection. The heat shocking of virus-infected cells also has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on the replication events of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. The effects of motion, chemicals, or heat treatments on viral replication are not well understood. These treatments apparently activate cells to make them more permissive to viral infection and viral replication. Perhaps heat shock proteins or stress proteins are a common factor for this enhancement phenomenon. The utility of these treatments alone or in combination with other methods for enhancing viral isolation and replication in a diagnostic setting needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, Veren K, Orndorff S, Gallo RC. Hydrocortisone and some other hormones enhance the expression of HTLV-III. Int J Cancer 1986; 37:67-72. [PMID: 3000956 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910370112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to productively infect fresh normal human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes with HTLV-III was improved by supplementing cell culture medium with either the gonadal steroid, chorionic gonadotropin, or insulin, and more substantially with the adrenocortical steroid, hydrocortisone. Several other sex hormones and another corticosteroid, dexamethasone, had no significant effect. In addition, the isolation of HTLV-III from lymphocytes established in culture from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related complex (ARC), and healthy, at-risk donors was greatly facilitated by the inclusion of hydrocortisone in cell culture media. In 13/20 primary cell cultures tested from AIDS and ARC patients from whom virus was isolated, the amount of virus produced was elevated from low to easily detectable levels in those containing hydrocortisone. In 3/20 specimens tested, virus was detected and isolated from cell cultures supplemented with hydrocortisone but was undetectable in those lacking the hormone. These experiments demonstrate that hydrocortisone, a readily available, inexpensive supplement to cell culture media, can facilitate the detection and isolation of HTLV-III. These studies, furthermore, suggest a role for corticosteroids and possibly gonadal steroids in the modulation of virus expression and/or release and suggest that the viral inductive capacity of these and other compounds should be considered as they are evaluated for clinical use.
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Clementi M, Bagnarelli P, Pauri P. Effect of steroids and adenine-arabinoside (araA) on growth and HBsAg production of a human hepatoma cell line. Arch Virol 1983; 75:137-41. [PMID: 6187317 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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4
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Vogel A, Chandra P. Evidence for two forms of reverse transcriptase in human placenta of a patient with breast cancer. Purification and biochemical characterization of the enzymes. Biochem J 1981; 197:553-63. [PMID: 6173035 PMCID: PMC1163166 DOI: 10.1042/bj1970553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two DNA polymerases with properties of viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase were found in the placenta of a patient with breast cancer. Both enzyme activities were purified by column-chromatographic procedures or by preparative isoelectric focusing. The most distinguishing feature of the two enzymes is their specificity to transcribe (rA)n . (dT)12 or (rC)n . (dG)18. The two enzymes differ with respect to their elution profiles from the phosphocellulose column, isoelectric point, molecular weight, bivalent-cation requirements and thermal stability. Serological analysis of the (rA)n . (dT)12-activated enzyme showed that this enzyme is immunologically not related to DNA polymerase-gamma, or to any of the reverse transcriptases purified from retroviruses of avian, murine and subprimate origin. However, the activity of this enzyme was neutralized by antibodies to reverse transcriptase purified from human spleen of a patient with myelofibrosis [Chandra & Steel (1977) Biochem. J. 167, 513-524]. Attempts to purify reverse transcriptase of normal human placenta were repeatedly unsuccessful. Once the crude homogenate of normal placenta was freed from endogenous nucleic acids, no (rC)n . (dG)18-dependent activity cold be detected.U
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Reitz MS, Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC. Characterization and distribution of nucleic acid sequences of a novel type C retrovirus isolated from neoplastic human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:1887-91. [PMID: 6262827 PMCID: PMC319240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A type C retrovirus (designated HTLV) recently isolated from a cell line derived from a lymph node and later from peripheral blood of a person with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) was characterized by nucleic acid hybridization experiments. HTLV [3H]cDNA hybridized 90% to its own 70S RNA with kinetics consistent with the genetic complexity of other retroviruses, but it did not hybridize substantially to RNA or proviral DNA from any animal retroviruses (types B, C, and D), including those from nonhuman primates. Conversely, [3H]cDNA from other retroviruses did not hybridize to RNA or DNA of the human T-cell line producing HTLV. HTLV proviral sequences were present (two to three copies per haploid genome) in DNA of these cells, and homologous sequences were present in the cell cytoplasmic RNA (0.3% viral sequences by weight). HTLV-related nucleic acid sequences were not found in DNA from various other human tissues. The results indicate that HTLV is a new class of type C virus that is not an endogenous (genetically transmitted) retrovirus in man.
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Sobis H, Van Hove L, Heremans H, DeLey M, Billiau A, Vandeputte M. Induction of immune reaction against rat embryonal carcinoma by activation of viral genome. Int J Cancer 1980; 26:93-9. [PMID: 6263807 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910260115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A cell line (F3/1) derived from a rat embryonal carcinoma, originally induced in fetectomized rats injected with MSV, was found to be essentially non-immunogenic in a syngeneic host; the cells did not produce C-type virions. The MSV genome could be rescued by superinfection of F3/1 cells with endogenous C-type mouse virus and the cells were converted in a producer line-F3/1-P. The produced virus was shown to be MSV by its ability to induce focus formation in mouse fibroblasts. In contrast to its non-producer ancestor, the F3/1-P line proved to be strongly immunogenic in the syngeneic host. These results indicate the possibility of converting certain non-immunogenic tumors into immunogenic ones by the activation of dormant viral genome using xenogeneic non-oncogenic helper virus.
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Schaller JP, Mathes LE, Hoover EA, Olsen RG. Enhancement of feline leukemia virus-induced leukemogenesis in cats exposed to methylnitrosourea. Int J Cancer 1979; 24:700-5. [PMID: 93586 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910240526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of methylnitrosourea (MNU), a potent resorptive carcinogen, was evaluated for its influence on the susceptibility of adult cats to infection and induction of oncornavirus disease by feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Young adult cats at an age previously demonstrated to be highly resistant to FeLV, were injected intravenously with moderately toxic doses (15-20 mg/kg) of MNU alone or with infections FeLV (Rickard strain). Following exposure to virus and chemical, cats were monitored for antibody to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA), viremia by direct infectivity and the presence of gsa in peripheral blood leukocytes, and for toxic effects of MNU by hemogram analyses on peripheral blood. Of 8 cats injected with MNU + FeLV, 6 developed persistent viremia, 5 of which became debilitated from thymic lymphoma. Only 1 of 6 non-MNU-treated and infected cats of the same age became transiently viremic. FOCMA antibody development was markedly depressed in MNU + FeLV inoculated cats compared with cats inoculated with FeLV alone. Results show that MNU was apparently responsible for the obliteration of age-related susceptibility in cats to FeLV infection and induction of FeLV-related disease, and suggest that in nature exposure to toxic chemical carcinogens may act as factors which determine susceptibility to feline oncornaviruses in the cat.
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Smith RG, Nooter K, Bentvelzen P, Robert-Guroff M, Harewood K, Reitz MS, Lee SA, Gallo RC. Characterization of a type-C virus produced by co-cultures of human leukemic bone-marrow and fetal canine thymus cells. Int J Cancer 1979; 24:210-7. [PMID: 90662 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910240213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The putative human helper virus SKA-21/A204V, isolated by Nooter et al. in 1977 from human leukemic bone-marrow cells following co-culture with normal fetal canine thymus cells, Cf2th, has been characterized with respect to its major viral core protein, reverse transcriptase, and nucleic acid sequences. The results of these analyses show that this virus is not distinguishable from the woolly monkey type-C virus, SSAV-1, by the techniques employed.
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Varnier OE, Levy JA. Differential effect of dexamethasone on replication of ecotropic and xenotropic mouse type C viruses. Virology 1979; 96:604-14. [PMID: 223319 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Dudley JP, Butel JS. Effect of dexamethasone on expression of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus sequences in BALB/c tumor cell lines. Virology 1979; 96:453-62. [PMID: 223313 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Kemp MC, Basak S, Compans RW. Glycopeptides of murine leukemia viruses. I. Comparison of two ecotropic viruses. J Virol 1979; 31:1-7. [PMID: 228050 PMCID: PMC353415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.31.1.1-7.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycopeptides obtained by pronase digestion of two ecotropic strains of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) were compared by gel filtration. Four different glycopeptide size classes, designated G(1), G(2), G(3), and G(4), with molecular weights of approximately 5,100, 2,900, 2,200, and 1,500, respectively, were shown to be associated with Rauscher MuLV virions grown in JLS-V9 cells. Various sugar precursors, including glucosamine, galactose, fucose, and mannose were incorporated into G(1) and G(2), suggesting that these are complex (type I) glycopeptides. The two smaller glycopeptide size classes, G(3) and G(4), were shown to be mannoserich (type II) glycopeptides. G(4) was more sensitive to digestion with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H than G(3), suggesting that the core of G(3) may contain fewer mannose residues. Glycopeptides of the same size class as G(1) and G(2) were associated with both Rauscher MuLV and AKR-MuLV grown in III6A (mouse embryo) cells. Previous studies have shown that gp52, a proteolytic cleavage product of gp70, possessed primarily G(1) glycopeptides and that gp52 was more highly sulfated than gp70. We observed that G(1) is approximately twofold more highly sulfated than G(2), explaining the observed difference in sulfation of gp52. The unusually large size of G(1) suggested that infection with MuLV may alter the host cell glycosylation pattern. To test this possibility, glycopeptides from Sindbis virions grown in uninfected and Rauscher MuLV-infected JLS-V9 cells were compared, and no differences were observed. G(1) was not detected in Sindbis virions, indicating that acquisition of G(1) depends on properties of the virus-coded polypeptide backbone of the gp70 molecule.
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12
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Kaufman SL, Gallo RC, Miller NR. Detection of virus-specific RNA in simian sarcoma-leukemia virus-infected cells in in situ hybridization to viral complementary DNA. J Virol 1979; 30:637-41. [PMID: 224220 PMCID: PMC353366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.30.2.637-641.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An in situ molecular hybridization system which will detect retrovirus RNA in the cytoplasm of individual virus-infected cells has been developed. The technique was applied to cells infected with simian sarcoma-leukemia virus, where the virus-specific RNA was detected by hybridization to simian sarcoma-leukemia virus 3H-labeled complementary DNA. The system is useful for detecting viral RNA-containing cells in the presence of an excess of virus-negative cells and for determining which type of cell in a heterogenous population is expressing viral RNA.
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Wong-Staal F, Reitz MS, Gallo RC. Retrovirus sequences in a leukemic gibbon and its contact: evidence for partial provirus in the nonleukemic gibbon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:2032-6. [PMID: 287041 PMCID: PMC383528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.4.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated viral DNA sequences were detected in tissues from two gibbon apes, a leukemic gibbon (6G-1) from whose leukocytes a distinct strain of gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLVH) was isolated, and gibbon 6G-4, a contact of 6G-1 from the same colony that had uremia and cachexia of unknown origin. Although 6G-4 had no detectable neoplasia or viral proteins, its serum contained persistent antibody against GaLV antigens. Whereas DNA from most of the tissues of 6G-1 contained GaLV provirus, DNA from only three tissues (kidney, spleen, and liver) from 6G-4 showed detectable viral sequences, and the extent of hybridization in each case was lower than with 6G-1. After cleavage with BamHI, two virus-specific DNA fragments were detected in tissues of 6G-1. Only one of these fragments was detected in the positive tissues of 6G-4. The results indicate that: (i) 6G-4 was exposed to and infected by GaLV; (ii) early target sites for infection of gibbon by GaLV may be limited to a few tissues; and (iii) infection can be contained by integration of only partial provirus in a few tissues.
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Steinberg RA, Ivarie RD. Posttranscriptional regulation of glucocorticoid-regulated functions. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1979; 12:291-304. [PMID: 40116 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81265-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Relying heavily on studies of TAT regulation in cultured rat hepatoma cell lines, we have attempted in this brief review to discuss possible mechanisms for posttranscriptional regulation of glucocorticoid-sensitive enzymes and to chronicle the evidence for and against posttranscriptional mechanisms for specific enzyme induction by glucocorticoids. Initially, mechanisms were considered that would reconcile results showing sensitivity of both induction and deinduction of TAT to inhibitors of RNA synthesis with studies demonstrating first that glucocorticoids regulate the rates of specific enzyme synthesis and, then, that glucocorticoids regulate levels of enzyme-specific mRNA. Such reconciliation proved unnecessary when it was demonstrated that inhibitors of RNA synthesis such as actinomycin D were not specific for RNA synthesis, but also had effects on mRNA turnover and protein metabolism. The bulk of evidence to date establishes that glucocorticoids promote the production of enzyme-specific mRNA for the proteins whose synthesis is regulated by thses steroids. Nevertheless, there is still very little direct evidence that steroids can modulate rates of specific gene transcription. The glucocorticoid stimulation of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA production in cultured cell lines is the only example to date where such a mechanism is supported by RNA-DNA hybridization studies. Posttranscriptional actions of steroids on the turnover, processing, or extranuclear transport of specific mRNA precursors remain potential steps at which glucocorticoids might function. The rapid turnover of some glucocorticoid-regulated enzymes and their mRNAs not only ensures a rapid response to steroid addition or withdrawal, but also subjects these proteins to relatively large fluctuations upon alterations in overall protein or mRNA metabolism. Thus many of the inductions and repressions of hepatic TAT and TO by mediators other than the glucocorticoids may be attributable entirely to nonspecific mechanisms.
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Onuma M, Okada K, Yamazaki Y, Fujinaga K, Fujimoto Y, Mikami T. Induction of C-type virus in cell lines derived from calf form bovine lymphosarcoma. Microbiol Immunol 1978; 22:683-91. [PMID: 85238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1978.tb00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For attempt to detect an etiological agent, cultures from bovine lymphosarcoma cases (adult form (ALS), calf form (CLS), and thymic form (TLS) were maintained in vitro for over a 18 month period. In two cultures from ALS, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) antigen was constantly detected. On the other hand, BLV antigen remained negative in cultures from two CLS and one TLS cases up to 40 passages. The RNA dependent DNA polymerase activities in these cultures were also negative. Treatment of a culture from CLS (3178) originated from liver tumor with 5'-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU) and dexamethasone (DXM) resulted in production of an agent serologically and morphologically similar to BLV and in alteration of cell morphology. No virus was detected in culture from TLS after treatment with IdU and DXM.
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Kemp MC, Wise KS, Edlund LE, Acton RT, Compans RW. Origin of the minor glycoproteins of murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1978; 28:84-94. [PMID: 702658 PMCID: PMC354250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.1.84-94.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to study glycoproteins from purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) and from AKR thymic lymphoblastoid cell membranes. In addition to gp70, a minor glycoprotein of approximately 52,000 daltons (gp52) was demonstrated in purified R-MuLV preparations, which was antigenically related to gp70. Analysis of R-MuLV glycopeptides obtained after exhaustive Pronase digestion showed that gp70 has at least two different glycopeptide size classes with molecular weights of 5,100 and 2,900, respectively. gp52, however, contained only a single glycopeptide size class of approximately 5,100 daltons, indicating that the two glycoproteins contain distinct carbohydrate components. Trypsin treatment of R-MuLV converted gp70 into a product with a molecular mass of approximately 52,000 daltons as well as a 45,000-dalton minor product, with little effect on virus infectivity. Similarly, trypsin treatment of 125I-labeled glycoproteins derived from AKR mouse lymphoblastoid cell membranes generated fragments antigenically related to gp70 and similar in size to those obtained by trypsin treatment of R-MuLV. In both cases, the appearance of cleavage products was accompanied by a decrease in gp70 during trypsin treatment. The occurrence of glycosylated components antigenically related to gp70 in AKR membrane glycoprotein preparations and in purified R-MuLV preparations which were similar to those generated by trypsin treatment supports the concept that these minor components arise from proteolytic cleavage of gp70.
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Sarngadharan MG, Kalyanaraman VS, Gallo RC. Inhibition by RNA of RNase H activity associated with reverse transcriptase in Rauscher murine leukemia virus cores. J Virol 1978; 27:568-75. [PMID: 81312 PMCID: PMC525843 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.27.3.568-575.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported earlier that core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus, when separated on an isopycnic sucrose gradient, did not contain detectable levels of RNase H activity, while retaining high levels of reverse transcriptase activity. We reexamined this phenomenon, and the earlier observation was found to be reproducible. However, when doubly banded preparations of viral cores were solubilized and reverse transcriptase was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, a coincident peak of a nuclease activity with the specificity of RNase H was observed, which indicated that RNase H was selectively inhibited in the core fractions. By direct activity measurements using the purified reverse transcriptase-RNase H from cores, this endogenous inhibitor has been identified as the viral RNA. Viral 70S RNA strongly inhibited RNase H activity purified either from whole virions or from prefractionated cores. Other RNAs tested that had inhibitory effects were yeast tRNA, polyadenylic acid, and polyguanylic acid. Polyuridylic acid and polyadenylic acid were moderately inhibitory, and polycytidylic acid did not inhibit the RNase H. A rabbit anti-reverse transcriptase immunoglobulin G inhibited both the reverse transcriptase and RNase H activities of the enzyme purified from cores. These data provide a rational explanation for the failure to detect RNase H activity in core preparations of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the idea that the RNase H and reverse transcriptase activities purified from cores reside on the same protein molecule. Possible biological implications of the observed inhibition of RNase H by RNA is discussed.
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Billiau A, Heremans H, Allens PT, Baron S, de Somer P. Interferon inhibits C-type virus at a posttranscriptional, prerelease step. Arch Virol 1978; 57:205-20. [PMID: 79409 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mode of action of interferon in JLSV 5-cells, chronically infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV), was studied by examining the fate of preexisting labelled viral RNA in interferon-treated cells and by determining the infectivity/physical particle ratio of cell-associated and extracellular virus. Interferon added together with 3H-uridine inhibited the production of labelled virus particles even when it was only allowed to act after all viral RNA synthesis had been stopped by actinomycin D. This indicated that the interferon-induced antiviral state primarily functions at a posttranscriptional step. When interferon was given after a 3H-uridine pulse label and arrest of label incorporation by glucosamine and unlabelled uridine, it prevented a portion of the preexisting radioactive RNA from occurring in extracellular particles. However, part of the labelled viral RNA had reached a stage beyond which interferon could not prevent it from occurring in extracellular virus particles. The notion that interferon primarily affects release of fully assembled and enveloped MLV particles may be eliminated: interferon-treatment did not affect the release of particle-bound reverse transcriptase in cells treated with cycloheximide after the antiviral state had been established. It was confirmed that interferon-treated JLSV 5-cells contained an increased number of virus particles associated with the cell membrane. However, these particles were found to have a reduced infectivity compared to those associated with control cells, thus confirming the view that virions produced by interferon-treated cells are defective; perhaps lacking in certain components.
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Scher W, Tsuei D, Sassa S, Price P, Gabelman N, Friend C. Inhibition of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cell erythrodifferentiation by hydrocortisone and other steroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:3851-5. [PMID: 278999 PMCID: PMC392885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.8.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrodifferentiation and hemoglobin synthesis in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemia cells were inhibited by hydrocortisone (HC) and four other steroids: dexamethasone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and aldosterone. The effect was specific, because no significant cytotoxicity occurred with any of these compounds at the concentrations that were inhibitory. The mechanism of action of HC was studied in detail. In the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide, it had no effect on hemoglobin levels; but, in the presence of this inducer, the synthesis of heme and globin were each inhibited by approximately 90%. There was no alteration in the synthesis of any major protein other than globin, as determined by gel electrophoresis of cell lysates. The activities of two enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I synthase, were inhibited by 80% and 70%, respectively. Globin mRNA induction was reduced by approximately 90%. This demonstrated that the HC inhibition of globin synthesis occurred at a pretranslational step. The dimethyl sulfoxide-induced single-stranded breaks in DNA, which have been suggested to play a role in Friend leukemia cell differentiation, were reduced in number but not eliminated. HC reduced the dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulation of virus release into the medium by approximately 50%. HC treatment in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide doubled the production of virus.
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Tennant RW, Jones SC, Otten JA, Yang WK, Brown A. Fv-1 locus restriction of mouse retroviruses in glucocorticoid-treated cells. Virology 1978; 89:335-41. [PMID: 210577 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Gallo RC, Gallagher RE, Wong-Staal F, Aoki T, Markham PD, Schetters H, Ruscetti F, Valerio M, Walling MJ, O'Keeffe RT, Saxinger WC, Smith RG, Gillespie DH, Reitz MS. Isolation and tissue distribution of type-C virus and viral components from a gibbon ape (Hylobates lar) with lymphocytic leukemia. Virology 1978; 84:359-73. [PMID: 74897 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Lowy DR, Scolnick EM. Glucocorticoids induce focus formation and increase sarcoma viral expression in a mink cell line that contains a murine sarcoma viral genome. J Virol 1978; 25:157-63. [PMID: 202733 PMCID: PMC353912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.25.1.157-163.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (3 X 10(-10) to 3 X 10(-6) M) induced foci of morphologically transformed cells in a small proportion of a mink cell line that contains the Moloney murine sarcoma viral genome (S+L-). The induction was glucocorticoid specific, since other steroids with glucocorticoid activity (prednisolone, cortisol, and aldosterone) induced foci with an efficiency that paralleled their glucocorticoid activity, and steroids lacking glucocorticoid activity (17B-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone) failed to induce foci. Viral antigen, as measured by specific immunofluorescence, was localized to the foci. The induction of foci by dexamethasone (3 X 10(-7)) was accompanied by an approximately 10-fold increase in intracellular Moloney murine sarcoma virus-specific RNA and viral p30 antigen. Removal of dexamethasone was followed by the disappearance of foci and a decrease in viral RNA and p30. In this cell system, therefore, glucocorticoids can affect the intracellular levels of type C viral RNA and protein.
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Reitz MS, Wu AM, Gallo RC. Synthesis of type-C virus particles from murine cultured cells induced by iododeoxyuridine. VI. Biosynthesis of reverse transcriptase. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:67-74. [PMID: 71276 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aaronson SA, Stephenson JR. Endogenous type-C RNA viruses of mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1976; 458:323-54. [PMID: 62589 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(76)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blackstein ME, Kochman MA. Inherited resistance to N- and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses in vitro: effect of dexamethasone on the expression of the Fv-1 gene in the congenic strains SIM and SIM.R. Virology 1976; 74:252-5. [PMID: 185790 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shyamala G, Dickson C. Relationship between receptor and mammary tumour virus production after stimulation by glucocorticoid. Nature 1976; 262:107-12. [PMID: 180430 DOI: 10.1038/262107a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A short exposure of primary cultures of mouse mammary tumour cells to glucocorticoids results in at least a three-fold stimulation of mammary tumour virus (MTV) production. Specific interaction of glucocorticoids with the cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors can also be demonstrated. The biological potency of various steroids to stimulate MTV is related directly to the retention of the steroid-receptor complex in the nuclei. Progesterone has a high affinity for the cytoplasmic receptor, is not retained by the nuclei and does not stimulate or block the basal level of MTV production. It is, however, quite effective in abolishing the glucocorticoid-mediated stimulation of MTV and thus behaves as an antagonist of glucocorticoid.
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Wu AM, Schultz A, Gallo RC. Synthesis of type C virus particles from murine-cultured cells induced by iododeoxyuridine. V. Effect of interferon and its interaction with dexamethasone. J Virol 1976; 19:108-17. [PMID: 181591 PMCID: PMC354837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.19.1.108-117.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that in certain cell systems dexamethasone may enhance the production of type C viruses. Conversely, interferon has been shown to inhibit their production. Both appear to exert their influence late in the viral replication cycle rather than on the synthesis of viral-specific RNA. In this report dexamethasone and interferon have been used to study some aspects of the mechanisms involved in the synthesis of type C viruses in murine K-BALB cells following induction of virus production by iododeoxyuridine. Interferon inhibited production of xenotropic type C virus induced by iododeoxyuridine from K-BALB cells both in the absence and presence of dexamethasone, but it did not affect production of N-tropic type C virus. Exposure of the cells to interferon for longer than 12 h was required for maximum effect. Two types of inhibitory effects were observed: one diminished by dexamethasone when the steroid was added 24 h after interferon removal, and the second resistant to dexamethasone. The concentration of intracellular group-specific antigen was diminshed after interferon and increased after dexamethasone exposure. When induced cells were treated with both interferon and dexamethasone, the intracellular group-specific protein concentration was slightly increased, but virus production was reduced 10-fold compared with induced cells treated with dexamethasone alone. We conclude that interferon and dexamethasone may affect both the synthesis of viral proteins and the assembly or release of virus particles and that dexamethasone can partially nullify the inhibitory activity of interferon. The results also support previous conclusions that the regulatory mechanisms for synthesis of viral proteins and for the release of viral particles may differ and that controls for xenotropic and ecotropic virus formation may not be identical.
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Reitz MS, Miller NR, Wong-Staal F, Gallagher RE, Gallo RC, Gillespie DH. Primate type-C virus nucleic acid sequences (woolly monkey and baboon types) in tissues from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and in viruses isolated from cultured cells of the same patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2113-7. [PMID: 59361 PMCID: PMC430460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured peripheral blood leukocytes from a woman (patient HL23) with acute myelogenous leukemia produced type-C RNA tumor viruses (HL23V). The viruses were analyzed by molecular hybridization experiments after transmission to five secondary cell culture lines. Using the criteria of molecular hybridization, we concluded that all of the transmitted virus isolates have nucleotide sequences related to the genome of simian sarcoma virus (SiSV). In addition, in agreement with data reported elsewhere, some of the transmitted viruses also have nucleotide sequences related to those of the baboon endogenous virus (BaEV). We also used molecular hybridization to ascertain whether both viruses could have originated from the patient HL23. Utilizing [3H] cDNA complementary to RNA from the separated BaEV-related component of HL23V and hybridizing this cDNA to DNA from tissues of the patient, we detected sequences related to BaEV in DNA obtained from the patient's spleen. These BaEV DNA sequences were also detectable when 125I-labeled RNA from BaEV was used as a probe. In agreement with earlier results, however, no SiSV-related sequences were detectable in the DNA of her tissues. Cytoplasmic viral-like particles, which had a buoyant density of 1.15-1.2 g/ml and were capable of synthesizing cDNA in association with a 35S RNA in vitro, were also found in the patient's fresh uncultured leukemic blood cells. cDNA synthesized by the cytoplasmic particles contained some sequences that hybridized to RNA from SiSV and, in addition, some that hybridized to RNA from BaEV. The cDNA also hybridized significantly to DNA isolated from the spleen of patient HL23 and to cytoplasmic RNA from the patient's leukocytes. These molecular hybridization results with nucleic acids obtained from the fresh blood cells of the patient, combined with the repeated isolation of similar viruses from different blood and bone marrow samples from the same patient, suggest that the virus come directly from the leukemic cell samples. The finding of BaEV-related DNA proviral sequences in the spleen of the patient strongly supports this interpretation. The failure so far to find a complete SiSV-related provirus is perplexing, but could be attributable to the existence of such a provirus in DNA of only a small population of cells in most leukemic patient.
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Smith RG, Gallo RC. Prospects for biologic and pharmacologic inhibition of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:491-5. [PMID: 60107 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Smith RG, Donehower L, Gallo RC, Gillespie DH. Rapid purification of 70S RNA from media of cells producing RNA tumor viruses. J Virol 1976; 17:287-90. [PMID: 1206801 PMCID: PMC515414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.17.1.287-290.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Media from cells producing RNA tumor viruses, when treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinyl sulfate, yield 70S RNA as the major species binding oligo(dT)-cellulose. The procedure described for purifying 70S RNA requires no special equipment and is suitable for rapidly processing large quantities of media or for purifying RNA from commercially avialable virus, with a 5- to 10-fold higher yield than was obtained using existing methods.
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Wong-Staal F, Reitz MS, Trainor CD, Gallo RC. Murine intracisternal type A particles: a biochemical characterization. J Virol 1975; 16:887-96. [PMID: 51937 PMCID: PMC354750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.4.887-896.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracisternal A particle preparations from a murine neuroblastoma cell line (N18) and from a mineral oil-induced murine plasmacytoma (MOPC-104E) contain both an endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity and high molecular-weight polyadenylic acid (poly[A])-containing RNA. The DNA polymerase activity is stimulated by oligo(dG)-poly(C) and oligo(dT)-poly(A) and to a lesser extent by oligo(dT)-poly(dA), in agreement with previous reports. The high-molecular-weight RNA is predominantly 35S and contains a poly(A) tract of approximately 220 nucleotides as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Small amounts of 70S RNA are also present. This RNA preparation contains RNA homologous to RNA from type-C particles, as judged by molecular hybridization experiments. However, since this RNA derives only in part from A-particles and in part from other cellular RNA, hybridization of A-particle endogenously synthesized DNA or reverse transcripts of A-particle RNA to purified type C viral 70S RNA may more accurately reflect the relationship of A-particle RNA to RNA from C-particles. None of these DNA transcripts hybridizes significantly to C-particle 70S RNA, although MOPC and N18 DNA transcripts share significant homology. Our interpretation of these results is that murine intracisternal A particles are not closely related genetically to the tested murine type C viruses, although an alternate possibility is that all the A-particle DNA transcripts are copied from only a small part of the genome, which is unrelated to C-particle RNA.
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Dunn CY, Aaronson SA, Stephenson JR. Interactions of chemical inducers and steroid enhancers of endogenous mouse type-C RNA viruses. Virology 1975; 66:579-88. [PMID: 50667 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Richardson LS, Ting RC, Gallo RC, Wu AM. Effect of cordycepin on the replication of type-c RNA tumor viruses. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:451-6. [PMID: 166934 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910150311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) was previously shown to inhibit virus production induced by iododeoxyuridine from murine fibroblasts (Wu et al., 1972). We now report that the inhibitory effect of cordycepin results in a reduction of the number of cells producing virus as measured by the infectious center assay and fluorescent antibody technique. Cordycepin has a much greater inhibitory effect on viral replication than on transformation of normal rat kidney cells by murine sarcoma virus since viral production was greatly reduced (seven- to 35-fold) with 5-10 mug/ml of cordycepin while viral transformation was only slightly inhibited (two-fold reduction in focus-forming units) with the same concentration of cordycepin. Inhibition of viral production is most effective if the compound is present during the first 24 h after injection.
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