1
|
Ziegler CM, Botten JW. Defective Interfering Particles of Negative-Strand RNA Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:554-565. [PMID: 32544442 PMCID: PMC7298151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral defective interfering particles (DIPs) were intensely studied several decades ago but research waned leaving open many critical questions. New technologies and other advances led to a resurgence in DIP studies for negative-strand RNA viruses. While DIPs have long been recognized, their exact contribution to the outcome of acute or persistent viral infections has remained elusive. Recent studies have identified defective viral genomes (DVGs) in human infections, including respiratory syncytial virus and influenza, and growing evidence indicates that DVGs influence disease severity and may contribute to viral persistence. Further, several studies have advanced our understanding of key viral and host factors that regulate DIP formation and activity. Here we review these discoveries and highlight key questions moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jason W Botten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Attenuated Replication of Lassa Virus Vaccine Candidate ML29 in STAT-1 -/- Mice. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010009. [PMID: 30650607 PMCID: PMC6470856 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), a highly prevalent mammalian arenavirus endemic in West Africa, can cause Lassa fever (LF), which is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. LASV is transmitted to humans from naturally infected rodents. At present, there is not an effective vaccine nor treatment. The genetic diversity of LASV is the greatest challenge for vaccine development. The reassortant ML29 carrying the L segment from the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus (MOPV) and the S segment from LASV is a vaccine candidate under current development. ML29 demonstrated complete protection in validated animal models against a Nigerian strain from clade II, which was responsible for the worst outbreak on record in 2018. This study demonstrated that ML29 was more attenuated than MOPV in STAT1-/- mice, a small animal model of human LF and its sequelae. ML29 infection of these mice resulted in more than a thousand-fold reduction in viremia and viral load in tissues and strong LASV-specific adaptive T cell responses compared to MOPV-infected mice. Persistent infection of Vero cells with ML29 resulted in generation of interfering particles (IPs), which strongly interfered with the replication of LASV, MOPV and LCMV, the prototype of the Arenaviridae. ML29 IPs induced potent cell-mediated immunity and were fully attenuated in STAT1-/- mice. Formulation of ML29 with IPs will improve the breadth of the host’s immune responses and further contribute to development of a pan-LASV vaccine with full coverage meeting the WHO requirements.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ziegler CM, Eisenhauer P, Manuelyan I, Weir ME, Bruce EA, Ballif BA, Botten J. Host-Driven Phosphorylation Appears to Regulate the Budding Activity of the Lassa Virus Matrix Protein. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040097. [PMID: 30544850 PMCID: PMC6313517 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an enveloped RNA virus that can cause Lassa fever, an acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome associated with significant morbidity and high rates of fatality in endemic regions of western Africa. The arenavirus matrix protein Z has several functions during the virus life cycle, including coordinating viral assembly, driving the release of new virus particles, regulating viral polymerase activity, and antagonizing the host antiviral response. There is limited knowledge regarding how the various functions of Z are regulated. To investigate possible means of regulation, mass spectrometry was used to identify potential sites of phosphorylation in the LASV Z protein. This analysis revealed that two serines (S18, S98) and one tyrosine (Y97) are phosphorylated in the flexible N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. Notably, two of these sites, Y97 and S98, are located in (Y97) or directly adjacent to (S98) the PPXY late domain, an important motif for virus release. Studies with non-phosphorylatable and phosphomimetic Z proteins revealed that these sites are important regulators of the release of LASV particles and that host-driven, reversible phosphorylation may play an important role in the regulation of LASV Z protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Philip Eisenhauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Inessa Manuelyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Marion E Weir
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Emily A Bruce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Jason Botten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liao LE, Iwami S, Beauchemin CAA. (In)validating experimentally derived knowledge about influenza A defective interfering particles. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0412. [PMID: 27881801 PMCID: PMC5134007 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A defective interfering particle (DIP) in the context of influenza A virus is a virion with a significantly shortened RNA segment substituting one of eight full-length parent RNA segments, such that it is preferentially amplified. Hence, a cell co-infected with DIPs will produce mainly DIPs, suppressing infectious virus yields and affecting infection kinetics. Unfortunately, the quantification of DIPs contained in a sample is difficult because they are indistinguishable from standard virus (STV). Using a mathematical model, we investigated the standard experimental method for counting DIPs based on the reduction in STV yield (Bellett & Cooper, 1959, Journal of General Microbiology21, 498–509 (doi:10.1099/00221287-21-3-498)). We found the method is valid for counting DIPs provided that: (i) an STV-infected cell's co-infection window is approximately half its eclipse phase (it blocks infection by other virions before it begins producing progeny virions), (ii) a cell co-infected by STV and DIP produces less than 1 STV per 1000 DIPs and (iii) a high MOI of STV stock (more than 4 PFU per cell) is added to perform the assay. Prior work makes no mention of these criteria such that the method has been applied incorrectly in several publications discussed herein. We determined influenza A virus meets these criteria, making the method suitable for counting influenza A DIPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Liao
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,CREST and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Catherine A A Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada .,Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science (iTHES) Research Group at RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lassa virus (LASV), the most prominent human pathogen of the Arenaviridae, is transmitted to humans from infected rodents and can cause Lassa Fever (LF). The sizeable disease burden in West Africa, numerous imported LF cases worldwide, and the possibility that LASV can be used as an agent of biological warfare make a strong case for vaccine development. There are no licensed LASV vaccines and the antiviral treatment is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. AREAS COVERED LASV vaccine development is hampered by high cost of biocontainment requirement, the absence of appropriate small animal models, genetic diversity of LASV species, and by high HIV-1 prevalence in LASV endemic areas. Over the past 15 years several vaccine platforms have been developed. Natural history of LASV and pathogenesis of the disease provide strong justification for replication-competent (RC) vaccine as one of the most feasible approaches to control LF. Development of LASV vaccine candidates based on reassortant, recombinant, and alphavirus replicon technologies is covered in this review. Expert commentary: Two lead RC vaccine candidates, reassortant ML29 and recombinant VSV/LASV, have been successfully tested in non-human primates and have been recommended by international vaccine experts for rapid clinical development. Both platforms have powerful molecular tools to further secure safety, improve immunogenicity, and cross-protection. These platforms are well positioned to design multivalent vaccines to protect against all LASV strains citculatrd in West Africa. The regulatory pathway of Candid #1, the first live-attenuated arenaviral vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic, will be a reasonable guideline for LASV vaccine efficacy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Matrix Protein PPXY Late Domain Drives the Production of Defective Interfering Particles. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005501. [PMID: 27010636 PMCID: PMC4806877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses cause severe diseases in humans but establish asymptomatic, lifelong infections in rodent reservoirs. Persistently-infected rodents harbor high levels of defective interfering (DI) particles, which are thought to be important for establishing persistence and mitigating virus-induced cytopathic effect. Little is known about what drives the production of DI particles. We show that neither the PPXY late domain encoded within the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) matrix protein nor a functional endosomal sorting complex transport (ESCRT) pathway is absolutely required for the generation of standard infectious virus particles. In contrast, DI particle release critically requires the PPXY late domain and is ESCRT-dependent. Additionally, the terminal tyrosine in the PPXY motif is reversibly phosphorylated and our findings indicate that this posttranslational modification may regulate DI particle formation. Thus we have uncovered a new role for the PPXY late domain and a possible mechanism for its regulation. Arenaviruses cause severe and often fatal diseases in humans yet typically establish lifelong, asymptomatic infections in their rodent reservoirs. Several families of enveloped RNA viruses, including the arenaviruses, encode short amino acid motifs, called late domains, to hijack host proteins in the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) to drive the release of virus particles from the host cell’s outer membrane. Many late domain-containing viruses produce defective interfering (DI) particles in addition to standard, infectious virus. DI particles cannot self-replicate but interfere with the production of infectious virus and mitigate virus-induced cytopathic effect. Arenaviruses such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) generate high levels of DI particles, yet, the mechanism that drives their formation is not known. We show that LCMV’s only encoded late domain, PPXY, and a functional ESCRT pathway are critical for DI particle production, but in contrast, are not absolutely required for infectious virus production. We also demonstrate that the LCMV PPXY late domain is phosphorylated and that this modification may regulate DI particle production. In summary, we have discovered a new and unexpected role for a viral late domain in selectively driving the production of DI particles independently of standard infectious virus particles.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huber VC. Influenza vaccines: from whole virus preparations to recombinant protein technology. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:31-42. [PMID: 24192014 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.852476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against influenza represents our most effective form of prevention. Historical approaches toward vaccine creation and production have yielded highly effective vaccines that are safe and immunogenic. Despite their effectiveness, these historical approaches do not allow for the incorporation of changes into the vaccine in a timely manner. In 2013, a recombinant protein-based vaccine that induces immunity toward the influenza virus hemagglutinin was approved for use in the USA. This vaccine represents the first approved vaccine formulation that does not require an influenza virus intermediate for production. This review presents a brief history of influenza vaccines, with insight into the potential future application of vaccines generated using recombinant technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moreno H, Tejero H, de la Torre JC, Domingo E, Martín V. Mutagenesis-mediated virus extinction: virus-dependent effect of viral load on sensitivity to lethal defection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32550. [PMID: 22442668 PMCID: PMC3307711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lethal mutagenesis is a transition towards virus extinction mediated by enhanced mutation rates during viral genome replication, and it is currently under investigation as a potential new antiviral strategy. Viral load and virus fitness are known to influence virus extinction. Here we examine the effect or the multiplicity of infection (MOI) on progeny production of several RNA viruses under enhanced mutagenesis. RESULTS The effect of the mutagenic base analogue 5-fluorouracil (FU) on the replication of the arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can result either in inhibition of progeny production and virus extinction in infections carried out at low multiplicity of infection (MOI), or in a moderate titer decrease without extinction at high MOI. The effect of the MOI is similar for LCMV and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), but minimal or absent for the picornaviruses foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). The increase in mutation frequency and Shannon entropy (mutant spectrum complexity) as a result of virus passage in the presence of FU was more accentuated at low MOI for LCMV and VSV, and at high MOI for FMDV and EMCV. We present an extension of the lethal defection model that agrees with the experimental results. CONCLUSIONS (i) Low infecting load favoured the extinction of negative strand viruses, LCMV or VSV, with an increase of mutant spectrum complexity. (ii) This behaviour is not observed in RNA positive strand viruses, FMDV or EMCV. (iii) The accumulation of defector genomes may underlie the MOI-dependent behaviour. (iv) LCMV coinfections are allowed but superinfection is strongly restricted in BHK-21 cells. (v) The dissimilar effects of the MOI on the efficiency of mutagenic-based extinction of different RNA viruses can have implications for the design of antiviral protocols based on lethal mutagenesis, presently under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Tejero
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreno H, Gallego I, Sevilla N, de la Torre JC, Domingo E, Martín V. Ribavirin can be mutagenic for arenaviruses. J Virol 2011; 85:7246-55. [PMID: 21561907 PMCID: PMC3126590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00614-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses include several important human pathogens, and there are very limited options of preventive or therapeutic interventions to combat these viruses. An off-label use of the purine nucleoside analogue ribavirin (1-β-d-ribofuranosyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) is the only antiviral treatment currently available for arenavirus infections. However, the ribavirin antiviral mechanism action against arenaviruses remains unknown. Here we document that ribavirin is mutagenic for the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in cell culture. The mutagenic activity of ribavirin on LCMV was observed under single- and multiple-passage regimes and could not be accounted for by a decrease of the intracellular GTP pool promoted by ribavirin-mediated inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Our findings suggest that the antiviral activity of ribavirin on arenaviruses might be exerted, at least partially, by lethal mutagenesis. Implications for antiarenavirus therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-6, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM-6, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martín V, Abia D, Domingo E, Grande-Pérez A. An interfering activity against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replication associated with enhanced mutagenesis. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:990-1003. [PMID: 20007356 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that, in the presence of the mutagenic base analogue 5-fluorouracil (FU), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) that persisted in BHK-21 cells decreased its infectivity to a larger extent than intracellular viral RNA levels, prior to virus extinction. This observation, together with in silico simulations, led to the proposal of the lethal defection model of virus extinction. This model suggests the participation of defective-interfering genomes in the loss of infectivity by increased mutagenesis. Since LCMV naturally produces defective-interfering particles, it was important to show that a capacity to interfere is produced in association with FU treatment. Here, we document that BHK-21 cells persistently infected with LCMV grown in the presence of FU, but not in its absence, generated an interfering activity that suppressed LCMV infectivity. Interference was specific for LCMV and was sensitive to UV irradiation and its activity was dose- and time-dependent. The interfering preparations produced positive LCMV immunofluorescence and viral particles seen by electron microscopy when used to infect cells, despite some preparations being devoid of detectable infectivity. Interference did not involve significant increases of mutant spectrum complexity, as predicted by the lethal defection model. The results provide support for a specific interference associated with LCMV when the virus replicates in the presence of FU. The excess of interference relative to that observed in the absence of FU is necessary for LCMV extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
References. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY 2008; 2:209-245. [PMID: 32287595 PMCID: PMC7134342 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
Lassa virus is a RNA virus belonging to the family of Arenaviridae. It was discovered as the causative agent of a hemorrhagic fever--Lassa fever--about 30 years ago. Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and is estimated to affect some 100,000 people annually. Great progress in the understanding of the life cycle of arenaviruses, including Lassa virus, has been made in recent years. New insights have been gained in the pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of Lassa fever, and state-of the-art technologies for diagnosing this life-threatening disease have been developed. The intention of this review is to summarize in particular the recent literature on Lassa virus and Lassa fever. Several aspects ranging from basic research up to clinical practice and laboratory diagnosis are discussed and linked together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meyer BJ, Southern PJ. A novel type of defective viral genome suggests a unique strategy to establish and maintain persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. J Virol 1997; 71:6757-64. [PMID: 9261400 PMCID: PMC191956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.9.6757-6764.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering RNAs have long been thought to be a causal factor of persistent RNA virus infections. Here we describe a novel type of defective genome of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the unique mechanism by which these RNAs appear to contribute to the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection. The defective genomes have short deletions in the untranslated regions at their termini and additional nontemplated terminal nucleotides. This and previous work from our laboratory suggested that the RNAs were competent for replication but not for transcription. From experiments using a technique to unambiguously determine the sequences of individual RNA termini, it appears that some truncated RNAs can be repaired. The data suggest that the loss or gain of nucleotides from the RNA termini during the course of infection is the mechanism for establishing and maintaining persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Meyer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sedlik C, Saron M, Sarraseca J, Casal I, Leclerc C. Recombinant parvovirus-like particles as an antigen carrier: a novel nonreplicative exogenous antigen to elicit protective antiviral cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:7503-8. [PMID: 9207121 PMCID: PMC23851 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a strategy that promotes efficient antiviral immunity, hybrid virus-like particles (VLP) were prepared by self-assembly of the modified porcine parvovirus VP2 capsid protein carrying a CD8(+) T cell epitope from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein. Immunization of mice with these hybrid pseudoparticles, without adjuvant, induced strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against both peptide-coated- or virus-infected-target cells. This CD8(+) class I-restricted cytotoxic activity persisted in vivo for at least 9 months. Furthermore, the hybrid parvovirus-like particles were able to induce a complete protection of mice against a lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. To our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration that hybrid nonreplicative VLP carrying a single viral CTL epitope can induce protection against a viral lethal challenge, in the absence of any adjuvant. These recombinant particles containing a single type of protein are easily produced by the baculovirus expression system and, therefore, represent a promising and safe strategy to induce strong CTL responses for the elimination of virus-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sedlik
- Unité de Biologie des Régulations Immunitaires, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meyer BJ, Southern PJ. Sequence heterogeneity in the termini of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genomic and antigenomic RNAs. J Virol 1994; 68:7659-64. [PMID: 7933159 PMCID: PMC237220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.11.7659-7664.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence analysis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus L and S RNAs has revealed evidence of heterogeneity within the termini of the genomic and antigenomic RNAs. The RNAs are missing from 0 to 38 bases, show characteristic patterns of deleted nucleotides at both 5' and 3' termini, and often have a nontemplated base at the terminus. The same deletions, at either the 5' or the 3' terminus of the genomic L and S RNAs, are frequently found in the complementary strand of antigenomic RNA, suggesting that RNAs with deleted termini may be recognized as functional templates for replication. RNAs extracted from virions, or viral nucleocapsids isolated from acutely infected cells, are similar in the nature and extent of terminal heterogeneity that have been observed. This finding brings into question the function of the conserved sequences located at the termini of arenavirus genomic RNAs. Our data suggest that, while replication and packaging of the genomic and antigenomic RNA molecules can occur with terminally deleted molecules, mature transcripts may be derived only from full-length templates containing the conserved terminal sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Meyer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bruns M, Kratzberg T, Zeller W, Lehmann-Grube F. Mode of replication of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in persistently infected cultivated mouse L cells. Virology 1990; 177:615-24. [PMID: 1695411 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During persistent infection of mouse L cells with strain Armstrong lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the latter undergoes characteristic changes, including loss of mouse pathogenicity and failure to form plaques on cultivated cells. We call this virus L(Arm) and have analyzed transcription and translation of its S-RNA, which codes for the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and the glycoprotein precursor (GP-C). In L(Arm) virus-infected L cells, S-RNA and genomic-sized viral complementary S-RNA (VC-S-RNA) were detected and, in addition, considerable quantities of shortened molecules of either species. The cells' content of NP was high, but they contained little GP-C; instead, a viral glycoprotein with MW 65,000 was present. We propose a hypothesis in which it is assumed that along the VC-S-RNA there is more than one recognition site for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which leads to the generation of truncated forms of S-RNA, VC-S-RNA, and mRNA for GP-C; this, in turn, results in relative overproduction of NP and relative underproduction of GP-C as well as the emergence of a new form of viral glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bruns
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bruns M, Gessner A, Lother H, Lehmann-Grube F. Host cell-dependent homologous interference in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Virology 1988; 166:133-9. [PMID: 3413982 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of virus progeny as well as transcription, translation, and replication of the viral small RNA (S-RNA), which codes for the nucleoprotein (NP) and the glycoprotein precursor (GPC), was followed in L and MDCK cells after infection with multiplicities (m.o.i.) ranging from 0.01 to 100. In L cells, the yields of both plaque-forming units and interfering particles varied inversely with the m.o.i. Northern blot analysis revealed that early after infection with high multiplicity NP-mRNA was present, but later few or no signals of any specificity were registered. After low m.o.i. the results were negative at 8 hr, but large quantities of mRNAs for NP and GPC as well as viral genomic S-RNA and genomic-sized complementary S-RNA had been synthesized at 48 hr. In MDCK cells, throughout the range of m.o.i. both entities attained lower levels and most were generated at m.o.i. one. The degree of hybridization correlated roughly with the quantity of infectious virus to which the cells had been exposed. In the cells of both lines the NP-mRNA corresponded to the synthesis of its translation product, but once produced, most of it appeared to be retained in the phosphorylated form. We assume that the homologous interference seen in L cells after infection with high m.o.i. results from a host-dependent inhibition of viral transcription and replication mediated by NP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bruns
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie, Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Von Laer DM, Mack D, Kruppa J. Delayed formation of defective interfering particles in vesicular stomatitis virus-infected cells: kinetic studies of viral protein and RNA synthesis during autointerference. J Virol 1988; 62:1323-9. [PMID: 2831393 PMCID: PMC253144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.4.1323-1329.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The time course of defective interfering (DI) particle and B particle release from vesicular stomatitis virus-infected BHK-21 cells was studied at different multiplicities of defective and infective particles. Particle release was progressively delayed in cells infected with an increasing DI-to-B particle ratio. The delayed particle release during interference was found to be connected with a reduced but prolonged synthesis of viral proteins, a slower accumulation of viral proteins, and a delayed shutoff of cellular protein synthesis. The relative synthesis of M and G proteins was reduced during interference, whereas the relative synthesis of N and NS proteins was increased. On the level of genomic RNA replication, we found that DI RNA was replicated more slowly during interference than the standard genomic RNA was during acute infection. The ratio of DI particles to B particles which were released increased throughout the infectious cycle. At a given time in the infectious cycle, this ratio was independent of the multiplicity of infecting DI and B particles. On the basis of the kinetic studies, we argue that cells infected with higher amounts of DI particles compared with B particles synthesize a higher DI-to-B particle ratio and release these progeny particles later than cells infected with a low DI-to-B particle ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Von Laer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
van der Zeijst BA, Noyes BE, Mirault ME, Parker B, Osterhaus AD, Swyryd EA, Bleumink N, Horzinek MC, Stark GR. Persistent infection of some standard cell lines by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: transmission of infection by an intracellular agent. J Virol 1983; 48:249-61. [PMID: 6193287 PMCID: PMC255341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.48.1.249-261.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free cytoplasmic extracts of the Syrian hamster cell lines C13/SV28 and BHK-21F were immunogenic in Syrian hamsters. The resulting antisera cross-reacted completely with antisera against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in an immunoradiometric assay employing BHK-21F antigen. Several other Syrian hamster cell lines not previously known to be infected with LCMV were also strongly positive when assayed for viral antigens. Also, several mouse sera and antisera raised in Syrian hamsters against cells transformed by papovaviruses had high titers of anti-LCMV activity. No cytopathic effect was evident in any of the persistently infected cell lines. Culture media from these cells were not infectious and showed no evidence of defective interfering particles. However, cell-free extracts of all the persistently infected cells contained material capable of transmitting the persistent infection to uninfected cells of Syrian hamsters, rats, mice, green monkeys, and humans. The onset of infection is much slower than when LCMV virions are used. When 2 X 10(6) uninfected BHK cells were treated with an extract from 100 persistently infected cells, the new infection was apparent within about 12 days. When an extract from 10(6) cells was used, the new infection was apparent within about 5 days, but not sooner. The intracellular infectious material was sensitive to treatment with deoxycholate, Nonidet P-40, or ether but resistant to treatment with RNase or trypsin. It was also large (5,000S) and heterodisperse on sucrose gradients. The infectious material was probably contained in large lipid vesicles and their integrity was probably essential for infection. When a few persistently infected cells were cocultivated with many uninfected cells, a few discrete colonies positive for LCMV antigens were observed after about 5 days. Since the culture media were not infectious, the infection probably spread by cell-cell contact. Several different experiments indicated that interferon did not play a major role in mediating persistence in this case. Persistent infections by LCMV can be maintained without expression of extracellular virus particles and without appearance of large amounts of viral antigens on the cell surface. Cell-cell contact could still allow transmission of intracellular infectious material. In an animal, these properties could circumvent immune surveillance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Weber C, Martínez Peralta L, Lehmann-Grube F. Persistent infection of cultivated cells with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: regulation of virus replication. Brief report. Arch Virol 1983; 77:271-6. [PMID: 6639358 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
L cells were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM virus). They were subcultivated and infectious virus and interfering virus were quantified at intervals. Both entities fluctuated in perfect parallelism. Superinfection with LCM virus revealed a pattern of interference that bore no simple relationship with the quantity of interfering virus present. We explain the oscillating pattern of virus replication, which characterizes this type of LCM virus carrier cultures, as being due to spontaneous shutdown of virus synthesis in conjunction with the action of a resistance factor produced by cells coinfected with infectious virus and interfering virus.
Collapse
|
22
|
Martínez Peralta L, Lehmann-Grube F. Properties of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus interfering particles. Arch Virol 1983; 77:61-9. [PMID: 6625886 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM virus) interfering particles (IP) were generated in cultivated cells and their properties determined. Unlike true defective interfering (DI) particles, LCM virus IP did not show the phenomenon of enrichment and, consequently, passaging the virus undiluted did not result in their accumulation; in fact, more IP were produced during dilute passages. Furthermore, the progeny of each of 20 plaques contained high numbers of IP. On the basis of these and previous observations, we consider LCM virus IP not deletion mutants but by-products of virus synthesis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kawai A, Matsumoto S. A sensitive bioassay system for detecting defective interfering particles of rabies virus. Virology 1982; 122:98-108. [PMID: 7135836 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
24
|
Saron MF, Rivière Y, Gresser I, Guillon JC. Prévention par les globulines anti-interféron de la mortalité des souris infectées par le virus de la choriomémingite lymphocytaire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2617(82)80005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
25
|
Jacobson S, Pfau CJ. Viral pathogenesis and resistance to defective interfering particles. Nature 1980; 283:311-3. [PMID: 7352005 DOI: 10.1038/283311a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
26
|
Buchmeier MJ, Welsh RM, Dutko FJ, Oldstone MB. The virology and immunobiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Adv Immunol 1980; 30:275-331. [PMID: 6160740 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
27
|
Welsh RM, Buchmeier MJ. Protein analysis of defective interfering lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and persistently infected cells. Virology 1979; 96:503-15. [PMID: 380148 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
28
|
Winship TR, Thacore HR. Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus-defective interfering particle synthesis by Shope fibroma virus. Virology 1979; 93:515-26. [PMID: 222054 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Macdonald RD, Yamamoto T. Quantitative analysis of defective interfering particles in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus preparations. Arch Virol 1978; 57:77-89. [PMID: 566090 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus exhibited an interference phenomenon that resulted in the survival of the infected cell with one hit kinetics. The responsible factor was found to co-purify with standard virus through a purification regime that employed two CsCl gradients and a sucrose gradient. This result suggested that a defective interfering (DI) viral particle was involved. It was possible to estimate the number of DI particles by a statistical method using the Poisson distribution that related cell survival to input DI/cell, which indicated that virus samples from dilute passage contained as many DI particles as samples from undiluted passage; this means that multiple undiluted virus passage did not increase the yield of DI particles. In isopycnic CsCl gradient centrifugation, the DI particles were found in a broad band superimposed over the standard virus peak and extending above it, such that the ratio DI/PFU varied from 0.3--20 in different fractions. These centrifugation methods did not completely separate DI particles from standard virus.
Collapse
|
31
|
Macdonald RD, Yamamoto T, Fedorak P. Statistical prediction of the number of cells surviving infection by an autointerfering virus using the Poisson distribution. J Theor Biol 1977; 68:355-63. [PMID: 599940 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
32
|
Welsh RM, Oldstone MB. Inhibition of immunologic injury of cultured cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: role of defective interfering virus in regulating viral antigenic expression. J Exp Med 1977; 145:1449-68. [PMID: 301173 PMCID: PMC2180676 DOI: 10.1084/jem.145.6.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected L-929 cells peaked 2-4 days postinfection and thereafter precipitously declined. Little or no viral antigen was expressed on the plasma membrane surfaces of persistently infected cells, but LCMV antigens were clearly present in the cytoplasms of most of those cells. Cells early after acute infection (days 2-4) were lysed by both virus-specific antibody and complement (C) and immune T lymphocytes. To the contrary, antibody and C did not kill persistently infected cells, but T lymphocytes did kill such cells although at a lower efficiency than acutely infected cells. The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of infected cells was regulated by the virus- cell interaction in the absence of immune reagents and was closely associated with defective interfering (DI) LCMV interference. DI LCMV, per se, blocked the synthesis and cell surface expression of LCMV antigens, and DI LCMV generation immediately preceded a precipitous reduction in cell surface antigenicity during the acute infection. Persistently infected cells produced DI LCMV but no detectable S LCMV. Peritoneal cells isolated from mice persistently infected with LCMV resembled cultured persistently infected cells in their reduced expression of cell surface antigens and their resistance to LCMV superinfection. It is proposed that DI virus-mediated interference with viral protein synthesis may allow cells to escape immune surveillance during persistent infections.
Collapse
|
33
|
Popescu M, Lehmann-Grube F. Defective interfering particles in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology 1977; 77:78-83. [PMID: 841872 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|