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Nasri D, Bouslama L, Pillet S, Bourlet T, Aouni M, Pozzetto B. Basic rationale, current methods and future directions for molecular typing of human enterovirus. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 7:419-34. [PMID: 17620049 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus is a genus of the Picornaviridae family including more than 80 serotypes belonging to four species designed Human enterovirus A to D. The antigens of the structural proteins support the subdivision of enteroviruses into multiple serotypes. Comparative phylogeny based on molecular typing methods has been of great help to classify former and new types of enterovirus, and to investigate the diversity of enteroviruses and the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversity. By now, molecular typing methods of enterovirus rely mainly on the sequencing of an amplicon targeting a variable part of the region coding for the capsid proteins (VP1 and, alternatively, VP2 or VP4), either from a strain recovered by cell culture or, more recently, by direct amplification of a clinical or environmental specimen. In the future, microarrays are thought to play a major role in enterovirus typing and in the analysis of the determinants of virulence that support the puzzling diversity of the pathological conditions associated with human infection by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Nasri
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, GIMAP EA3064, Faculté de Médicine Jacques Lisfranc, Saint-Etienne cedex 02, France.
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2
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Kanno T, Kim K, Kono K, Drescher KM, Chapman NM, Tracy S. Group B coxsackievirus diabetogenic phenotype correlates with replication efficiency. J Virol 2007; 80:5637-43. [PMID: 16699045 PMCID: PMC1472143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02361-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses can initiate rapid onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Inoculating high doses of poorly pathogenic CVB3/GA per mouse initiated rapid onset T1D. Viral protein was detectable in islets shortly after inoculation in association with beta cells as well as other primary islet cell types. The virulent strain CVB3/28 replicated to higher titers more rapidly than CVB3/GA in the pancreas and in established beta cell cultures. Exchange of 5'-nontranslated regions between the two CVB3 strains demonstrated a variable impact on replication in beta cell cultures and suppression of in vivo replication for both strains. While any CVB strain may be able to induce T1D in prediabetic NOD mice, T1D onset is linked both to the viral replication rate and infectious dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kanno
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
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3
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Hindersson M, Maria H, Elshebani A, Orn A, Anders O, Tuvemo T, Torsten T, Frisk G, Gun F. Simultaneous type 1 diabetes onset in mother and son coincident with an enteroviral infection. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:158-67. [PMID: 15911432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infections have been implicated in the development of type 1 diabetes. (T1D). They may cause beta-cell destruction either by cytolytic infection of the cells or indirectly by triggering the autoimmune response. Virus was isolated from a woman at diagnosis of T1D (Tuvemo 1) and in addition, virus was isolated from her son at diagnosis of T1D at the same day (Tuvemo 2). None of the isolates could initially be serotyped by conventional methods. The Tuvemo 1 virus was genotyped and after sub-cultivation it was also serotyped as Coxsackievirus B5. The mother revealed antibodies against GAD65. The boy and the father both revealed a significant increase in neutralization antibody titre against two strains of CBV-4, clearly indicating a recent or ongoing EV infection. In addition, the brother showed such a titre rise against another CBV-4 strain (E2) and against a CBV-5 strain (4429). These results show that the whole family had a proven EV infection at the time of T1D diagnosis of the mother and the 10-years-old boy, indicating that the infection might cause or accelerate the T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hindersson
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Lee CK, Kono K, Haas E, Kim KS, Drescher KM, Chapman NM, Tracy S. Characterization of an infectious cDNA copy of the genome of a naturally occurring, avirulent coxsackievirus B3 clinical isolate. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:197-210. [PMID: 15604447 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) cause numerous diseases, including myocarditis, pancreatitis, aseptic meningitis and possibly type 1 diabetes. To date, infectious cDNA copies of CVB type 3 (CVB3) genomes have all been derived from pathogenic virus strains. An infectious cDNA copy of the well-characterized, non-pathogenic CVB3 strain GA genome was cloned in order to facilitate mapping of the CVB genes that influence expression of a virulence phenotype. Comparison of the sequence of the parental CVB3/GA population, derived by direct RT-PCR-mediated sequence analysis, to that of the infectious CVB3/GA progeny genome demonstrated that an authentic copy was cloned; numerous differences were observed in coding and non-coding sequences relative to other CVB3 strains. Progeny CVB3/GA replicated similarly to the parental strain in three different cell cultures and was avirulent when inoculated into mice, causing neither pancreatitis nor myocarditis. Inoculation of mice with CVB3/GA protected mice completely against myocarditis and pancreatitis induced by cardiovirulent CVB3 challenge. The secondary structure predicted for the CVB3/GA domain II, a region within the 5′ non-translated region that is implicated as a key site affecting the expression of a cardiovirulent phenotype, differs from those predicted for cardiovirulent and pancreovirulent CVB3 strains. This is the first report characterizing a cloned CVB3 genome from an avirulent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-K Lee
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K Kono
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - E Haas
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K-S Kim
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - N M Chapman
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - S Tracy
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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5
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Abstract
In humans, infections with the group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) range from asymptomatic infections to chronic, debilitating diseases. The CVBs are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas, heart, and central nervous system. A major focus in CVB pathogenesis is to understand the mechanisms by which these viruses cause acute diseases that resolve or acute diseases that progress to chronic diseases. The present review explores CVB infections in the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Mouse models of CVB-induced pancreatitis share many features with the human diseases and are providing insight into the multi-faceted processes of pancreatic tissue repair and irreversible tissue destruction. The development and progression of CVB-induced pancreatic inflammatory disease is an extremely complex process, involving both viral and host factors. The review examines the roles of the virus and host in contributing to the disease process. Recent studies of global gene expression during CVB-induced pancreatitis have increased our understanding of host factors that influence the outcome of infection and have highlighted interrelationships among complex biological programs. As we unravel the complexity of the disease process, the information gained will lead to the design of therapeutics that not only prevent the progression of chronic inflammatory disease, but that also restore functionality of affected tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Bington, Vermont, USA
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6
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Tracy S, Drescher KM, Chapman NM, Kim KS, Carson SD, Pirruccello S, Lane PH, Romero JR, Leser JS. Toward testing the hypothesis that group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) trigger insulin-dependent diabetes: inoculating nonobese diabetic mice with CVB markedly lowers diabetes incidence. J Virol 2002; 76:12097-111. [PMID: 12414951 PMCID: PMC136885 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.12097-12111.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (T1D) onset is mediated by individual human genetics as well as undefined environmental influences such as viral infections. The group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are commonly named as putative T1D-inducing agents. We studied CVB replication in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice to assess how infection by diverse CVB strains affected T1D incidence in a model of human T1D. Inoculation of 4- or 8-week-old NOD mice with any of nine different CVB strains significantly reduced the incidence of T1D by 2- to 10-fold over a 10-month period relative to T1D incidences in mock-infected control mice. Greater protection was conferred by more-pathogenic CVB strains relative to less-virulent or avirulent strains. Two CVB3 strains were employed to further explore the relationship of CVB virulence phenotypes to T1D onset and incidence: a pathogenic strain (CVB3/M) and a nonvirulent strain (CVB3/GA). CVB3/M replicated to four- to fivefold-higher titers than CVB3/GA in the pancreas and induced widespread pancreatitis, whereas CVB3/GA induced no pancreatitis. Apoptotic nuclei were detected by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) assay in CVB3/M-infected pancreata but not in CVB3/GA-infected pancreata. In situ hybridization detected CVB3 RNA in acinar tissue but not in pancreatic islets. Although islets demonstrated inflammatory infiltrates in CVB3-protected mice, insulin remained detectable by immunohistochemistry in these islets but not in those from diabetic mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based examination of murine sera for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a immunoreactivity against diabetic autoantigens insulin and HSP60 revealed no statistically significant relationship between CVB3-protected mice or diabetic mice and specific autoimmunity. However, when pooled sera from CVB3/M-protected mice were used to probe a Western blot of pancreatic proteins, numerous proteins were detected, whereas only one band was detected by sera from CVB3/GA-protected mice. No proteins were detected by sera from diabetic or normal mice. Cumulatively, these data do not support the hypothesis that CVB are causative agents of T1D. To the contrary, CVB infections provide significant protection from T1D onset in NOD mice. Possible mechanisms by which this virus-induced protection may occur are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tracy
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The six serotypes of the group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are common human enteroviruses linked etiologically to inflammatory cardiomyopathies. This has been demonstrated by molecular detection of enteroviral RNA in human heart tissue, serologic associations with disease, and virus isolation from cases of fulminant myocarditis. The murine model of CVB-associated myocarditis has demonstrated that CVB can be attenuated through mutations at different genomic sites. Human CVB3 isolates demonstrate varying degrees of cardiovirulence in the murine model; one site of virulence determination has been mapped to domain II of the 5' non-translated region. The interplay of CVB replication and the immune response to that replication in the heart is a complex interaction determining the extent to which the virus replication is limited and the degree to which a pathogenic inflammation of cardiac muscle occurs. Studies of CVB3-induced myocarditis in murine strains lacking subsets of the immune system or genes regulating the immune response have demonstrated a pivotal role of the T cell response to the generation of myocarditis. While CVB are associated with 20-25% of cases of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy, the severity of the disease and the existence of attenuated strains shown to generate protective immunity in animal models indicates that vaccination against the CVBs would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kim
- Enterovirus Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
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8
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Kanno T, Mackay D, Inoue T, Wilsden G, Yamakawa M, Yamazoe R, Yamaguchi S, Shirai J, Kitching P, Murakami Y. Mapping the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype in swine vesicular disease virus. J Virol 1999; 73:2710-6. [PMID: 10074117 PMCID: PMC104027 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.2710-2716.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of recombinant viruses were constructed using infectious cDNA clones of the virulent J1'73 (large plaque phenotype) and the avirulent H/3'76 (small plaque phenotype) strains of swine vesicular disease virus to identify the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype. Both traits could be mapped to the region between nucleotides (nt) 2233 and 3368 corresponding to the C terminus of VP3, the whole of VP1, and the N terminus of 2A. In this region, there are eight nucleotide differences leading to amino acid changes between the J1'73 and the H/3'76 strains. Site-directed mutagenesis of individual nucleotides from the virulent to the avirulent genotype and vice versa indicated that A at nt 2832, encoding glycine at VP1-132, and G at nt 3355, encoding arginine at 2APRO-20, correlated with a large-plaque phenotype and virulence in pigs, irrespective of the origin of the remainder of the genome. Of these two sites, 2APRO-20 appeared to be the dominant determinant for the large-plaque phenotype but further studies are required to elucidate their relative importance for virulence in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanno
- Department of Exotic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1, Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6495, USA
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10
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Crowell RL, Landau BJ. A short history and introductory background on the coxsackieviruses of group B. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997; 223:1-11. [PMID: 9294922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60687-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The past 50 years have revealed an array of significant developments in our documentation and understanding of viruses and their associated diseases. The CVB, as enteroviruses, were discovered in the search for poliomyelitis-related viruses by the inoculation of newborn mice. Future strategies for the discovery of additional viruses will undoubtedly come through the application of differentiating cell culture systems with increased susceptibility to infection by specific viruses. Developments in regulation of the cell cycle also will contribute to the better definition of events controlling persistent infections caused by the CVB. Methods utilizing molecular biological probes in situ will prove to be major aids in identifying the molecular events in CVB pathogenesis. Virology of the CVB continues to be an exciting area for research and application of preventive measures to lesson human suffering. The chapters in this book which follow will amplify most of the themes briefly presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Crowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, MCP Hannemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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11
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Ramsingh AI, Caggana M, Ronstrom S. Genetic mapping of the determinants of plaque morphology of coxsackievirus B4. Arch Virol 1995; 140:2215-26. [PMID: 8572942 DOI: 10.1007/bf01323241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genetic determinants of plaque size of two variants of coxsackie-virus B4, CB4-P and CB4-V, were identified using a panel of recombinant, chimeric viruses. When grown in monkey kidney cells, CB4-V yielded large plaques with an average size of 1.0 cm while CB4-P yielded small plaques with an average size of 0.4 cm. Two genetic domains, the 5' untranslated region and the VP4 gene sequence, independently influenced plaque size. Recombinant viruses containing the CB4-P genetic background with point mutations in either the VP1 or VP2 coding sequences had small plaque phenotypes. However, two additional chimerics containing the CB4-P genetic background with either a point mutation in the VP4 sequence or four substitutions in the 5' untranslated region, had large plaque phenotypes. Plaque size correlated with growth kinetics under single-step conditions. Large-plaque variants replicated to higher titers than small-plaque variants. Comparison of the growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses revealed some differences in viral replication. These data suggest that both the 5' untranslated region and arg-16 of VP4 influence viral replication but at different stages of the replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ramsingh
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, USA
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12
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Lu HH, Li X, Cuconati A, Wimmer E. Analysis of picornavirus 2A(pro) proteins: separation of proteinase from translation and replication functions. J Virol 1995; 69:7445-52. [PMID: 7494250 PMCID: PMC189682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7445-7452.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus (PV) genome was manipulated by replacing its 2A-encoding sequence with the corresponding sequence of coxsackie B4 virus (CBV4) or human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2). In vitro translation of the resulting chimeric PV genomes revealed a normal cis-cleavage activity for both heterologous 2A(pro) proteinases in the chimeric PV polyproteins. However, only the genome containing the 2A-encoding sequence of CBV4 (PV/CBV4-2A) yielded viable virus in transfected cells, producing a mixture of large and small plaques on HeLa cell monolayers. The large-plaque variants were found to contain single-amino-acid mutations at a specific site near the C terminus of the CBV4 2A(pro) protein. When the same single-amino-acid mutations were directly introduced into the parental PV/CBV4-2A genome, chimeric viruses with a large-plaque phenotype and a wild-type PV-like growth pattern were obtained upon transfection, an observation demonstrating that these point mutations alone had a drastic effect on the growth of the PV/CBV4 chimeric virus. On the other hand, the chimeric genome containing the 2A-encoding sequence of HRV2 (PV/HRV2-2A) produced a null phenotype in transfected HeLa cells, although low-level replication of this chimeric genome was evident. We conclude that only 2A(pro) of the more closely related enterovirus CBV4 is able to functionally substitute for that of PV in vivo, and a subtle genetic modification of the CBV4 2A(pro) protein results in a drastic improvement in the growth of the chimeric PV/CBV4-2A virus. In addition, this chimeric cDNA approach enabled us to dissect multiple biological functions encoded by the 2A(pro) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222, USA
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13
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Ramsingh AI, Collins DN. A point mutation in the VP4 coding sequence of coxsackievirus B4 influences virulence. J Virol 1995; 69:7278-81. [PMID: 7474153 PMCID: PMC189653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7278-7281.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In analyzing the molecular determinants of virulence of coxsackievirus B4, chimeric viruses were constructed from avirulent and virulent viruses. The vCB424 recombinant contained a single nucleotide substitution on an avirulent genetic background, resulting in replacement of Ser-16 of VP4 with Arg-16. Mice infected with vCB424 displayed an intermediate phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ramsingh
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-2002, USA
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14
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Chapman NM, Tu Z, Tracy S, Gauntt CJ. An infectious cDNA copy of the genome of a non-cardiovirulent coxsackievirus B3 strain: its complete sequence analysis and comparison to the genomes of cardiovirulent coxsackieviruses. Arch Virol 1994; 135:115-30. [PMID: 8198437 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the non-cardiovirulent coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) strain CVB3/0 was cloned and sequenced to aid in the elucidation of the viral genetic basis for the CVB3 cardiovirulent phenotype. Reverse-transcribed sub-genomic complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments were enzymatically amplified using generic oligonucleotide primers and were assembled as a complete infectious genomic copy (pCVB3-0) downstream of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Positive-strand viral RNA transcribed from pCVB3-0 using T7 RNA polymerase and transfected into HeLa cells produced infectious virus (CVB3/0c). No differences in phenotype were observed comparing growth of CVB3/0c to the parental CVB3/0 in HeLa single-step growth curves, virus yields, or plaque size. When inoculated into C3H/HeJ mice, CVB3/0c achieved cardiac titers equivalent to the parental CVB3/0 and like the parental virus, demonstrated a non-cardiovirulent phenotype. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned CVB3/0 genome was determined and compared to the genomes of infectious cDNA clones of cardiovirulent CVB3 strains. Two consistent differences among nucleotides in non-translated regions and 8 amino acid differences relative to two well-characterized infectious cDNA copies of genomes from cardiovirulent CVB3 strains were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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15
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Caggana M, Chan P, Ramsingh A. Identification of a single amino acid residue in the capsid protein VP1 of coxsackievirus B4 that determines the virulent phenotype. J Virol 1993; 67:4797-803. [PMID: 8392614 PMCID: PMC237866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.8.4797-4803.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the molecular determinants of virulence for coxsackievirus B4, a panel of recombinant, chimeric viruses were constructed from cDNA clones of a virulent virus, CB4-V, and a nonvirulent virus, CB4-P. Initial studies mapped a major determinant of virulence to the 5' end of the viral genome, which contained the 5' untranslated and the P1 regions (A. Ramsingh, A. Hixson, B. Duceman, and J. Slack, J. Virol. 64:3078-3081, 1990). To determine whether the 5' untranslated region contributed to the virulent phenotype, a chimeric virus (vCB403) containing this region of the virulent virus on an avirulent background was tested in mice. The vCB403 construct displayed a phenotype similar to that of CB4-P, suggesting that the 5' untranslated region did not significantly contribute to virulence. Analysis of the sequence data of the P1 regions of both CB4-V and CB4-P revealed five mutations that resulted in amino acid substitutions in VP1, VP2, and VP4 (A. Ramsingh, H. Araki, S. Bryant, and A. Hixson, Virus Res. 23:281-292, 1992). Analysis of individual mutations in both VP1 and VP2 revealed that a single residue (Thr-129 of VP1) determined the virulent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caggana
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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16
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Tracy S, Chapman NM, Tu Z. Coxsackievirus B3 from an infectious cDNA copy of the genome is cardiovirulent in mice. Arch Virol 1992; 122:399-409. [PMID: 1310000 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) cDNA clone, upon transfection of HeLa cells, produces CVB3 capable of induction of cardiac inflammation in C3H/He mice by day 8 post inoculation (p.i.). Liver and serum are cleared of CVB3 by day 8 p.i., but CVB3 persists in the heart through day 14. The nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of this clone have sites of divergence from 2 other completely sequenced CVB3 genomes although overall identity of the three CVB3 genomes is 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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17
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Ramsingh A, Araki H, Bryant S, Hixson A. Identification of candidate sequences that determine virulence in Coxsackievirus B4. Virus Res 1992; 23:281-92. [PMID: 1320798 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(92)90114-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a major determinant of virulence for coxsackievirus B4 mapped to the 5' end of the viral genome. Comparison of the corresponding cDNA sequences of a virulent and a non-virulent virus has allowed the identification of candidate determinants of virulence in the 5' untranslated region and the capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP4. Thirteen nucleotide substitutions were observed in a region spanning 3298 nucleotides. Four mutations were detected in the non-coding region. Of the remaining nine mutations, four were silent while five resulted in amino acid substitutions in VP1, VP2 and VP4. The amino acid substitutions in the virulent virus were analyzed in relation to the three-dimensional structures of the capsid proteins of poliovirus. Two substitutions mapped to the amino termini of VP1 and VP4. Of the two substitutions observed in VP2, one mapped to the large loop that connects beta strand E with the radial helix on the back surface of the eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel while the other mapped to beta strand G. One amino acid substitution in VP1 mapped to the loop connecting beta strands D and E at a site close to a major determinant of attenuation in poliovirus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramsingh
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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19
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Zurbriggen A, Thomas C, Yamada M, Roos RP, Fujinami RS. Direct evidence of a role for amino acid 101 of VP-1 in central nervous system disease in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J Virol 1991; 65:1929-37. [PMID: 1705992 PMCID: PMC240018 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1929-1937.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The DA virus, a member of the TO subgroup of Theiler's virus, invokes a chronic demyelinating disease in its natural host, the mouse, RNA transcripts from a cDNA clone, pDAFL3, are infectious, and the resulting virus, DAFL3, produces in mice a disease indistinguishable from that caused by the DA virus. Using oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis, a single nucleotide, cytosine at position 3305 (viral genome), was changed in this infectious cDNA to a thymine. The mutated nucleotide is located in an area coding for a neutralizing epitope on loop II of VP-1. Virus OSM101, produced from the mutagenized plasmid pDA101, had the same growth characteristics and plaque phenotype in vitro as the virus DAFL3 produced from clone pDAFL3. However, in vivo in the mouse, virus OSM101 was markedly less neurovirulent than DAFL3. Central nervous system tissues from mice infected 4 to 6 weeks previously with the OSM101 virus contained less infectious virus and fewer infected cells than central nervous system tissues from animals infected with the control virus, DAFL3. Thus, we demonstrated that the single nucleotide change resulting in an amino acid substitution at position 101 (threonine to isoleucine) of VP-1 determines one aspect of Theiler's virus persistence and disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zurbriggen
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132
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