1
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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Das A, Rivera-Serrano EE, Yin X, Walker CM, Feng Z, Lemon SM. Cell entry and release of quasi-enveloped human hepatitis viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:573-589. [PMID: 37185947 PMCID: PMC10127183 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped. However, studies show that both are released nonlytically from hepatocytes as 'quasi-enveloped' virions cloaked in host membranes. These virion types predominate in the blood of infected individuals and mediate virus spread within the liver. They lack virally encoded proteins on their surface and are resistant to neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies induced by infection, yet they efficiently enter cells and initiate new rounds of virus replication. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which specific peptide sequences in the capsids of these quasi-enveloped virions mediate their endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent release from hepatocytes through multivesicular endosomes, what is known about how they enter cells, and the impact of capsid quasi-envelopment on host immunity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Das
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Nain A, Kumar M, Banerjee M. Oligomers of hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid protein VP1 generated in a heterologous expression system. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:53. [PMID: 35392916 PMCID: PMC8991588 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quasi-enveloped picornavirus, Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), causes acute hepatitis in humans and infects approximately 1.5 million individuals a year, which does not include the asymptomatically infected population. Several severe outbreaks in developing nations in recent years have highlighted the reduction in HAV endemicity, which increases the risk of infections in the vulnerable population. The current HAV vaccines are based on growing wildtype or attenuated virus in cell culture, which raises the cost of production. For generation of cheaper, subunit vaccines or strategies for antibody-based diagnostics, production of viral structural proteins in recombinant form in easily accessible expression systems is a priority. Results We attempted several strategies for recombinant production of one of the major capsid proteins VP1, from HAV, in the E. coli expression system. Several efforts resulted in the formation of soluble aggregates or tight association of VP1 with the bacterial chaperone GroEL. Correctly folded VP1 was eventually generated in a discrete oligomeric form upon purification of the protein from inclusion bodies and refolding. The oligomers resemble oligomers of capsid proteins from other picornaviruses and appear to have the correct secondary and antigenic surface structure. Conclusions VP1 oligomers generated in the bacterial expression system can be utilized for understanding the molecular pathway of HAV capsid assembly and may also have potential biomedical usages in prevention and diagnostics of HAV infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01780-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Nain
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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4
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Herzog C, Van Herck K, Van Damme P. Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects - a review of the evidence. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1496-1519. [PMID: 33325760 PMCID: PMC8078665 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1819742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections continue to represent a significant disease burden causing approximately 200 million infections, 30 million symptomatic illnesses and 30,000 deaths each year. Effective and safe hepatitis A vaccines have been available since the early 1990s. Initially developed for individual prophylaxis, HAV vaccines are now increasingly used to control hepatitis A in endemic areas. The human enteral HAV is eradicable in principle, however, HAV eradication is currently not being pursued. Inactivated HAV vaccines are safe and, after two doses, elicit seroprotection in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults for an estimated 30-40 years, if not lifelong, with no need for a later second booster. The long-term effects of the single-dose live-attenuated HAV vaccines are less well documented but available data suggest they are safe and provide long-lasting immunity and protection. A universal mass vaccination strategy (UMV) based on two doses of inactivated vaccine is commonly implemented in endemic countries and eliminates clinical hepatitis A disease in toddlers within a few years. Consequently, older age groups also benefit due to the herd protection effects. Single-dose UMV programs have shown promising outcomes but need to be monitored for many more years in order to document an effective immune memory persistence. In non-endemic countries, prevention efforts need to focus on 'new' risk groups, such as men having sex with men, prisoners, the homeless, and families visiting friends and relatives in endemic countries. This narrative review presents the current evidence regarding the immunological and epidemiological long-term effects of the hepatitis A vaccination and finally discusses emerging issues and areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Herzog
- Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Koen Van Herck
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Detection of Antibodies against Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) by a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor: A New Diagnosis Tool Based on the Major HAV Capsid Protein VP1 (SPR-HAVP1). SENSORS 2021; 21:s21093167. [PMID: 34063564 PMCID: PMC8125114 DOI: 10.3390/s21093167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HA) is an acute human infectious disease caused by a positive single-stranded RNA virus (HAV). It is mainly acquired through the fecal–oral route and is primarily spread by contact between people and exposure to contaminated water and food. Recently, large outbreaks of HA have been reported by low and moderate endemicity countries, emphasizing its importance in public health and the need for rapid and large-scale diagnostic tests to support public health decisions on HA. This work proposes a new tool for HAV diagnosis based on the association of surface plasmonic resonance with major capsid protein VP1 (SPR-HAVP1 assay), detecting IgM antibodies for HAV in human serum samples. Structural analyses of VP1 B-lymphocyte epitopes showed continuous and discontinuous epitopes. The discontinuous epitopes were identified in the N-terminal region of the VP1 protein. Both epitope types in the VP1 protein were shown by the reactivity of VP1 in native and denaturing conditions to IgM anti-HAV, which was favorable to tests of VP1 in the SPR assays. SPR-HAVP1 assays showed good performance in the detection of IgM polyclonal antibody anti-HAV. These assays were performed using a COOH5 sensor chip functionalized with VP1 protein. The sensorgram record showed a significant difference between positive and negative serum samples, which was confirmed by analysis of variation of initial and final dissociation values through time (ΔRUd/t). The data gathered here are unequivocal evidence that the SPR-HAVP1 strategy can be applied to detect IgM antibodies in human serum positive to the HAV. This is a new tool to be explored to diagnose human HAV infections.
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6
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Elrick MJ, Pekosz A, Duggal P. Enterovirus D68 molecular and cellular biology and pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100317. [PMID: 33484714 PMCID: PMC7949111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has advanced from a rarely detected respiratory virus to a widespread pathogen responsible for increasing rates of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children worldwide. In this review, we discuss the accumulating data on the molecular features of EV-D68 and place these into the context of enterovirus biology in general. We highlight similarities and differences with other enteroviruses and genetic divergence from own historical prototype strains of EV-D68. These include changes in capsid antigens, host cell receptor usage, and viral RNA metabolism collectively leading to increased virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of EV-D68 infection on the biology of its host cells, and how these changes are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron toxicity in AFM. We highlight areas in need of further research, including the identification of its primary receptor and an understanding of the pathogenic cascade leading to motor neuron injury in AFM. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of the EV-D68 and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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7
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Rachida S, Taylor MB. Potentially Infectious Novel Hepatitis A Virus Strains Detected in Selected Treated Wastewater Discharge Sources, South Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:E1468. [PMID: 33352751 PMCID: PMC7765943 DOI: 10.3390/v12121468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a waterborne pathogen of public health importance. In South Africa (SA), unique HAV subgenotype IB strains have been detected in surface and wastewater samples, as well as on fresh produce at the point of retail. However, due to the use of molecular-based assays, the infectivity of the detected strains was unknown. Considering the potential shift of HAV endemicity from high to intermediate, which could increase the risk of severe symptomatic disease, this study investigated the identity of HAV strains detected before and after viability treatment of selected wastewater discharge samples. For one year, 118 samples consisting of sewage, treated wastewater discharge and downstream dam water were collected from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Unique HAV IB strains were detected in samples from all five WWTPs, with 11 of these strains carrying amino acid mutations at the immunodominant and neutralisation epitopes. A quasispecies dynamic of HAV has also been detected in sewage samples. The subsequent application of viability PCR revealed that potentially infectious HAV strains were discharged from WWTP 1, 2, 4 and 5 into the dam. Therefore, there is a potential risk of HAV exposure to communities using water sources downstream the WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd Rachida
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, 0031 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Maureen Beatrice Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Gezina, 0031 Pretoria, South Africa;
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Abe H, Ushijima Y, Bikangui R, Ondo GN, Zadeh VR, Pemba CM, Mpingabo PI, Igasaki Y, de Vries SG, Grobusch MP, Loembe MM, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Yasuda J. First evidence for continuous circulation of hepatitis A virus subgenotype IIA in Central Africa. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1234-1242. [PMID: 32564517 PMCID: PMC7586949 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although a high seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been estimated in Central Africa, the current status of both HAV infections and seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies remains unclear due to a paucity of surveillance data available. We conducted a serological survey during 2015-2017 in Gabon, Central Africa, and confirmed a high seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in all age groups. To identify the currently circulating HAV strains and to reveal the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of the virus, we conducted molecular surveillance in a total of 1007 patients presenting febrile illness. Through HAV detection and sequencing, we identified subgenotype IIA (HAV-IIA) infections in the country throughout the year. A significant prevalence trend emerged in the young child population, presenting several infection peaks which appeared to be unrelated to dry or rainy seasons. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed local HAV-IIA evolutionary events in Central Africa, indicating the circulation of HAV-IIA strains of a region-specific lineage. Recombination analysis of complete genome sequences revealed potential recombination events in Gabonese HAV strains. Interestingly, Gabonese HAV-IIA possibly acquired the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the rare subgenotype HAV-IIB in recent years, suggesting the present existence of HAV-IIB in Central Africa. These findings indicate a currently stable HAV-IIA circulation in Gabon, with a high risk of infections in children aged under 5 years. Our findings will enhance the understanding of the current status of HAV infections in Central Africa and provide new insight into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HAV genotype II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Yuri Ushijima
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Rodrigue Bikangui
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de LambarénéLambarénéGabon,Institute for Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Vahid R. Zadeh
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Christelle M. Pemba
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Patrick I. Mpingabo
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Yui Igasaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Sophia G. de Vries
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de LambarénéLambarénéGabon,Division of Internal MedicineDepartment of Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de LambarénéLambarénéGabon,Institute for Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany,Division of Internal MedicineDepartment of Infectious DiseasesCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel MedicineAmsterdam University Medical CentersUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Selidji T. Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de LambarénéLambarénéGabon,Institute for Tropical MedicineUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de LambarénéLambarénéGabon,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan,Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID)Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
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9
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Walker CM. Adaptive Immune Responses in Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033472. [PMID: 29844218 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause self-limited infections in humans that are preventable by vaccination. Progress in characterizing adaptive immune responses against these enteric hepatitis viruses, and how they contribute to resolution of infection or liver injury, has therefore remained largely frozen for the past two decades. How HAV and HEV infections are so effectively controlled by B- and T-cell immunity, and why they do not have the same propensity to persist as HBV and HCV infections, cannot yet be adequately explained. The objective of this review is to summarize our understanding of the relationship between patterns of virus replication, adaptive immune responses, and acute liver injury in HAV and HEV infections. Gaps in knowledge, and recent studies that challenge long-held concepts of how antibodies and T cells contribute to control and pathogenesis of HAV and HEV infections, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43004
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10
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Stuart DI, Ren J, Wang X, Rao Z, Fry EE. Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Structure. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031807. [PMID: 30037986 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been enigmatic, evading detailed structural analysis for many years. Its recently determined high-resolution structure revealed an angular surface without the indentations often characteristic of receptor-binding sites. The viral protein 1 (VP1) β-barrel shows no sign of a pocket factor and the amino terminus of VP2 displays a "domain swap" across the pentamer interface, as in a subset of mammalian picornaviruses and insect picorna-like viruses. Structure-based phylogeny confirms this placement. These differences suggest an uncoating mechanism distinct from that of enteroviruses. An empty capsid structure reveals internal differences in VP0 and the VP1 amino terminus connected with particle maturation. An HAV/Fab complex structure, in which the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) appears to act as a receptor-mimic, clarifies some historical epitope mapping data, but some remain difficult to reconcile. We still have little idea of the structural features of enveloped HAV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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11
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Cao L, Liu P, Yang P, Gao Q, Li H, Sun Y, Zhu L, Lin J, Su D, Rao Z, Wang X. Structural basis for neutralization of hepatitis A virus informs a rational design of highly potent inhibitors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000229. [PMID: 31039149 PMCID: PMC6493668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enigmatic and ancient pathogen, is a major causative
agent of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Although there are effective vaccines,
antivirals against HAV infection are still required, especially during fulminant
hepatitis outbreaks. A more in-depth understanding of the antigenic
characteristics of HAV and the mechanisms of neutralization could aid in the
development of rationally designed antiviral drugs targeting HAV. In this paper,
4 new antibodies—F4, F6, F7, and F9—are reported that potently neutralize HAV at
50% neutralizing concentration values (neut50) ranging from 0.1 nM to
0.85 nM. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of HAV
bound to F4, F6, F7, and F9, together with results of our previous studies on
R10 fragment of antigen binding (Fab)-HAV complex, shed light on the locations
and nature of the epitopes recognized by the 5 neutralizing monoclonal
antibodies (NAbs). All the epitopes locate within the same patch and are highly
conserved. The key structure-activity correlates based on the antigenic sites
have been established. Based on the structural data of the single conserved
antigenic site and key structure-activity correlates, one promising drug
candidate named golvatinib was identified by in silico docking studies.
Cell-based antiviral assays confirmed that golvatinib is capable of blocking HAV
infection effectively with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of
approximately 1 μM. These results suggest that the single conserved antigenic
site from complete HAV capsid is a good antiviral target and that golvatinib
could function as a lead compound for anti-HAV drug development. Structures of hepatitis A virus in complex with five neutralizing antibodies
reveal a single conserved antigenic site and pinpoint key structure-activity
correlates, allowing in silico screening to identify a potent candidate
inhibitor drug, golvatinib. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a unique, hepatotropic human picornavirus that infects
approximately 1.5 million people annually and continues to cause mortality
despite a successful vaccine. There are no licensed therapeutic drugs to date.
Better knowledge of HAV antigenic features and neutralizing mechanisms will
facilitate the development of HAV-targeting antiviral drugs. In this study, we
report 4 potent HAV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs), together
with our previous reported R10, that efficiently inhibit HAV infection by
blocking attachment to the host cell. All 5 epitopes are located within the same
patch and are highly conserved across 6 genotypes of human HAV, which suggests a
single antigenic site for HAV, highlighting a prime target for structure-based
drug design. Analysis of complexes with the 5 NAbs with varying neutralizing
activities pinpointed key structure-activity correlates. By using a robust in
silico docking method, one promising inhibitor named golvatinib was successfully
identified from the DrugBank Database. In vitro assays confirmed its ability to
block viral infection and revealed its neutralizing mechanism. Our approach
could be useful in the design of effective drugs for picornavirus
infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu,
China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Tianjin International Biomedical Joint Research Institute, Tianjin,
China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu,
China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tianjin International Biomedical Joint Research Institute, Tianjin,
China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
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12
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Lanford RE, Walker CM, Lemon SM. Nonhuman Primate Models of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a031815. [PMID: 29686041 PMCID: PMC6360867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although phylogenetically unrelated, human hepatitis viruses share an exclusive or near exclusive tropism for replication in differentiated hepatocytes. This narrow tissue tropism may contribute to the restriction of the host ranges of these viruses to relatively few host species, mostly nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primate models thus figure prominently in our current understanding of the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses, including the enterically transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), and have also played major roles in vaccine development. This review draws comparisons of HAV and HEV infection from studies conducted in nonhuman primates, and describes how such studies have contributed to our current understanding of the biology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 782227
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030
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13
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McKnight KL, Lemon SM. Hepatitis A Virus Genome Organization and Replication Strategy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a033480. [PMID: 29610147 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus classified in the genus Hepatovirus of the family Picornaviridae It is an ancient virus with a long evolutionary history and multiple features of its capsid structure, genome organization, and replication cycle that distinguish it from other mammalian picornaviruses. HAV proteins are produced by cap-independent translation of a single, long open reading frame under direction of an inefficient, upstream internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Genome replication occurs slowly and is noncytopathic, with transcription likely primed by a uridylated protein primer as in other picornaviruses. Newly produced quasi-enveloped virions (eHAV) are released from cells in a nonlytic fashion in a unique process mediated by interactions of capsid proteins with components of the host cell endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L McKnight
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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14
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Sabrià A, Gregori J, Garcia-Cehic D, Guix S, Pumarola T, Manzanares-Laya S, Caylà JA, Bosch A, Quer J, Pintó RM. Evidence for positive selection of hepatitis A virus antigenic variants in vaccinated men-having-sex-with men patients: Implications for immunization policies. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:348-357. [PMID: 30472089 PMCID: PMC6354442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A huge outbreak in the men-having-sex-with-men (MSM) has hit Europe during the years 2016–2018. Outbreak control has been hampered by vaccine shortages in many countries, and to minimize their impact, reduction of antigen doses has been implemented. However, these measures may have consequences on the evolution of hepatitis A virus (HAV), leading to the emergence of antigenic variants. Cases in vaccinated MSM patients have been detected in Barcelona, opening the possibility to study HAV evolution under immune pressure. Methods We performed deep-sequencing analysis of ten overlapping fragments covering the complete capsid coding region of HAV. A total of 14578255 reads were obtained and used for the analysis of virus evolution in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated patients. We estimated maximum and minimum mutation frequencies, and Shannon entropy in the quasispecies of each patient. Non-synonymous (NSyn) mutations affecting residues exposed in the capsid surface were located, with respect to epitopes, using the recently described crystal structure of HAV, as an indication of its potential role in escaping to the effect of vaccines. Findings HAV evolution at the quasispecies level, in non-vaccinated and vaccinated patients, revealed higher diversity in epitope-coding regions of the vaccinated group. Although amino acid replacements occurring in and around the epitopes were observed in both groups, their abundance was significantly higher in the quasispecies of vaccinated patients, indicating ongoing processes of fixation. Interpretation Our data suggest positive selection of antigenic variants in some vaccinated patients, raising concerns for new vaccination polices directed to the MSM group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Sabrià
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Roche Diagnostics, S.L., Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damir Garcia-Cehic
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Virology Unit, Microbiology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Manzanares-Laya
- Epidemiology Service, Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan A Caylà
- Epidemiology Service, Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBEResp) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Pintó RM, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, D'Andrea L, de Castellarnau M, Guix S, Bosch A. Hepatitis A Virus Codon Usage: Implications for Translation Kinetics and Capsid Folding. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018. [PMID: 29530949 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Codon usage bias is universal to all genomes. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) codon usage is highly biased and deoptimized with respect to its host. Accordingly, HAV is unable to induce cellular translational shutoff and its internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is inefficient. Codon usage deoptimization may be seen as a hawk (host cell) versus dove (HAV) game strategy for accessing transfer RNA (tRNA). HAV avoids use of abundant host cell codons and thereby eludes competition for the corresponding tRNAs. Instead, codons that are abundant or rare in cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are used relatively rarely in its genome, although intermediately abundant host cell codons are abundant in the viral genome. Rare codons in the capsid coding region slow down the translation elongation rate, and in doing so intrinsically modulate capsid folding, which is critical to the stability of a virus transmitted through the fecal-oral route. HAV is a paradigmatic example of what has been proposed as a codon usage "code" for protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Lucia D'Andrea
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castellarnau
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Enteric Virus Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Campus Torribera, University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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16
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Bohm K, Filomena A, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Krause G, Sievers C. Validation of HAV biomarker 2A for differential diagnostic of hepatitis A infected and vaccinated individuals using multiplex serology. Vaccine 2017; 35:5883-5889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Lemon SM, Ott JJ, Van Damme P, Shouval D. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J Hepatol 2017; 68:S0168-8278(17)32278-X. [PMID: 28887164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although epidemic jaundice was well known to physicians of antiquity, it is only in recent years that medical science has begun to unravel the origins of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the unique pathobiology underlying acute hepatitis A in humans. Improvements in sanitation and the successful development of highly efficacious vaccines have markedly reduced the worldwide prevalence and incidence of this enterically-transmitted infection over the past quarter century, yet the virus persists in vulnerable populations and remains a common cause of food-borne disease outbreaks in economically-advantaged societies. Reductions in the prevalence of HAV have led to increases in the median age at which infection occurs, often resulting in more severe disease in affected persons and paradoxical increases in disease burden in some developing nations. Here, we summarize recent advances in the molecular virology of HAV, an atypical member of the Picornaviridae family, survey what is known of the pathogenesis of hepatitis A in humans and the host-pathogen interactions that typify the infection, and review medical and public health aspects of immunisation and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and the Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292, USA.
| | - Jördis J Ott
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Liver Unit, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, P.O.Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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18
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Yu JM, Li LL, Zhang CY, Lu S, Ao YY, Gao HC, Xie ZP, Xie GC, Sun XM, Pang LL, Xu JG, Lipkin WI, Duan ZJ. A novel hepatovirus identified in wild woodchuck Marmota himalayana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22361. [PMID: 26924426 PMCID: PMC4770319 DOI: 10.1038/srep22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a hepatotropic picornavirus that causes acute liver disease worldwide. Here, we report on the identification of a novel hepatovirus tentatively named Marmota Himalayana hepatovirus (MHHAV) in wild woodchucks (Marmota Himalayana) in China. The genomic and molecular characterization of MHHAV indicated that it is most closely related genetically to HAV. MHHAV has wide tissue distribution but shows tropism for the liver. The virus is morphologically and structurally similar to HAV. The pattern of its codon usage bias is also consistent with that of HAV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MHHAV groups with known HAVs but forms an independent branch, and represents a new species in the genus Hepatovirus within the family Picornaviridae. Antigenic site analysis suggested MHHAV has a new antigenic property to other HAVs. Further evolutionary analysis of MHHAV and primate HAVs led to a most recent common ancestor estimate of 1,000 years ago, while the common ancestor of all HAV-related viruses including phopivirus can be traced back to 1800 years ago. The discovery of MHHAV may provide new insights into the origin and evolution of HAV and a model system with which to explore the pathogenesis of HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Li-li Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Cui-yuan Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-yun Ao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Han-chun Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-ping Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-cheng Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Li-li Pang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-guo Xu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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19
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Specific IgA Enhances the Transcytosis and Excretion of Hepatitis A Virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21855. [PMID: 26911447 PMCID: PMC4766440 DOI: 10.1038/srep21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) replicates in the liver, and is excreted from the body in feces. However, the mechanisms of HAV transport from hepatocytes to the gastrointestinal tract are poorly understood, mainly due to lack of suitable in vitro models. Here, we use a polarized hepatic cell line and in vivo models to demonstrate vectorial transport of HAV from hepatocytes into bile via the apical cell membrane. Although this transport is specific for HAV, the rate of fecal excretion in inefficient, accounting for less than 1% of input virus from the bloodstream per hour. However, we also found that the rate of HAV excretion was enhanced in the presence of HAV-specific IgA. Using mice lacking the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgR−/−), we show that a proportion of HAV:IgA complexes are transported via the pIgR demonstrating a role for specific antibody in pathogen excretion.
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20
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21
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Full-length genome characterization and quasispecies distribution of hepatitis A virus isolates in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Enhanced mucosal immune responses induced by a combined candidate mucosal vaccine based on Hepatitis A virus and Hepatitis E virus structural proteins linked to tuftsin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123400. [PMID: 25875115 PMCID: PMC4395237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) are the most common causes of infectious hepatitis. These viruses are spread largely by the fecal-oral route and lead to clinically important disease in developing countries. To evaluate the potential of targeting hepatitis A and E infection simultaneously, a combined mucosal candidate vaccine was developed with the partial open reading frame 2 (ORF2) sequence (aa 368–607) of HEV (HE-ORF2) and partial virus protein 1 (VP1) sequence (aa 1–198) of HAV (HA-VP1), which included the viral neutralization epitopes. Tuftsin is an immunostimulatory peptide which can enhance the immunogenicity of a protein by targeting it to macrophages and dendritic cells. Here, we developed a novel combined protein vaccine by conjugating tuftsin to HE-ORF2 and HA-VP1 and used synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as the adjuvant. Subsequent experiments in BALB/c mice demonstrated that tuftsin enhanced the serum-specific IgG and IgA antibodies against HEV and HAV at the intestinal, vaginal and pulmonary interface when delivered intranasally. Moreover, mice from the intranasally immunized tuftsin group (HE-ORF2-tuftsin + HA-VP1-tuftsin + CpG) showed higher levels of IFN-γ-secreting splenocytes (Th1 response) and ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells than those of the no-tuftsin group (HE-ORF2 + HA-VP1 + CpG). Thus, the tuftsin group generated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses compared with the no-tuftsin group. Moreover, enhanced responses to the combined protein vaccine were obtained by intranasal immunization compared with intramuscular injection. By integrating HE-ORF2, HA-VP1 and tuftsin in a vaccine, this study validated an important concept for further development of a combined mucosal vaccine against hepatitis A and E infection.
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23
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Walker CM, Feng Z, Lemon SM. Reassessing immune control of hepatitis A virus. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:7-13. [PMID: 25617494 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is renewed interest in hepatitis A virus (HAV) pathogenesis and immunity after 2-3 decades of limited progress. From a public health perspective, the average age at infection has increased in developing countries, resulting in more severe hepatitis that is poorly understood mechanistically. More fundamentally, there is interest in comparing immunity to HAV and hepatitis C virus (HCV): small, positive-strand RNA viruses with very different infection outcomes. Here, we review evidence that circulating HAV virions are cloaked in membranes, with consequences for induction of innate immunity and antibody-mediated neutralization. We also consider the contribution of CD4+ helper versus CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to antiviral immunity and liver injury, and present a model of non-cytotoxic immune control of HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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24
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Wang X, Ren J, Gao Q, Hu Z, Sun Y, Li X, Rowlands DJ, Yin W, Wang J, Stuart DI, Rao Z, Fry EE. Hepatitis A virus and the origins of picornaviruses. Nature 2015; 517:85-88. [PMID: 25327248 PMCID: PMC4773894 DOI: 10.1038/nature13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains enigmatic, despite 1.4 million cases worldwide annually. It differs radically from other picornaviruses, existing in an enveloped form and being unusually stable, both genetically and physically, but has proved difficult to study. Here we report high-resolution X-ray structures for the mature virus and the empty particle. The structures of the two particles are indistinguishable, apart from some disorder on the inside of the empty particle. The full virus contains the small viral protein VP4, whereas the empty particle harbours only the uncleaved precursor, VP0. The smooth particle surface is devoid of depressions that might correspond to receptor-binding sites. Peptide scanning data extend the previously reported VP3 antigenic site, while structure-based predictions suggest further epitopes. HAV contains no pocket factor and can withstand remarkably high temperature and low pH, and empty particles are even more robust than full particles. The virus probably uncoats via a novel mechanism, being assembled differently to other picornaviruses. It utilizes a VP2 'domain swap' characteristic of insect picorna-like viruses, and structure-based phylogenetic analysis places HAV between typical picornaviruses and the insect viruses. The enigmatic properties of HAV may reflect its position as a link between 'modern' picornaviruses and the more 'primitive' precursor insect viruses; for instance, HAV retains the ability to move from cell-to-cell by transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Qiang Gao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, TiantanXili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Weidong Yin
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, TiantanXili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Diamond Light Sources, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Molecular basis of the behavior of hepatitis a virus exposed to high hydrostatic pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6499-505. [PMID: 25107980 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01693-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may be prevented by subjecting foods at risk of virus contamination to moderate treatments of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). A pretreatment promoting hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid-folding changes enhances the virucidal effect of HHP, indicating that its efficacy depends on capsid conformation. HAV populations enriched in immature capsids (125S provirions) are more resistant to HHP, suggesting that mature capsids (150S virions) are more susceptible to this treatment. In addition, the monoclonal antibody (MAb) K24F2 epitope contained in the immunodominant site is a key factor for the resistance to HHP. Changes in capsid folding inducing a loss of recognition by MAb K24F2 render more susceptible conformations independently of the origin of such changes. Accordingly, codon usage-associated folding changes and changes stimulated by pH-dependent breathings, provided they confer a loss of recognition by MAb K24F2, induce a higher susceptibility to HHP. In conclusion, the resistance of HAV to HHP treatments may be explained by a low proportion of 150S particles combined with a good accessibility of the epitope contained in the immunodominant site close to the 5-fold axis.
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26
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Expression and immunogenic analysis of recombinant polypeptides derived from capsid protein VP1 for developing subunit vaccine material against hepatitis A virus. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 100:1-9. [PMID: 24816194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three recombinant polypeptides, VP1-His, VP1-3N-His, and 3D2-His, were produced by Escherichia coli expression system. Recombinant VP1-His, VP1-3N-His, and 3D2-His were expressed as bands with molecular weights of 32, 38, and 30 kDa, respectively. These were purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA Fast-flow resin and/or ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sepharose Fast-flow resin. Intraperitoneal immunizations of recombinant polypeptides successfully elicited the productions of VP1-His, VP1-3N-His, and 3D2-His specific IgG antibodies (IgG subclass distribution of IgG1>IgG2a>IgG2b>IgG3) in sera and induced the secretions of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 in spleen cells. Sera from recombinant VP1-His-, VP1-3N-His-, and 3D2-His-immunized mice neutralized the propagation of HAV. The highest neutralizing activity was shown in sera from recombinant VP1-3N-His-immunized mice. These results suggest that recombinant VP1-3N-His can be a useful source for developing hepatitis A virus (HAV) subunit vaccine candidates.
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Hepatitis A virus adaptation to cellular shutoff is driven by dynamic adjustments of codon usage and results in the selection of populations with altered capsids. J Virol 2014; 88:5029-41. [PMID: 24554668 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00087-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has a highly biased and deoptimized codon usage compared to the host cell and fails to inhibit host protein synthesis. It has been proposed that an optimal combination of abundant and rare codons controls the translation speed required for the correct capsid folding. The artificial shutoff host protein synthesis results in the selection of variants containing mutations in the HAV capsid coding region critical for folding, stability, and function. Here, we show that these capsid mutations resulted in changes in their antigenicity; in a reduced stability to high temperature, low pH, and biliary salts; and in an increased efficacy of cell entry. In conclusion, the adaptation to cellular shutoff resulted in the selection of large-plaque-producing virus populations. IMPORTANCE HAV has a naturally deoptimized codon usage with respect to that of its cell host and is unable to shut down the cellular translation. This fact contributes to the low replication rate of the virus, in addition to other factors such as the highly inefficient internal ribosome entry site (IRES), and explains the outstanding physical stability of this pathogen in the environment mediated by a folding-dependent highly cohesive capsid. Adaptation to artificially induced cellular transcription shutoff resulted in a redeoptimization of its capsid codon usage, instead of an optimization. These genomic changes are related to an overall change of capsid folding, which in turn induces changes in the cell entry process. Remarkably, the adaptation to cellular shutoff allowed the virus to significantly increase its RNA uncoating efficiency, resulting in the selection of large-plaque-producing populations. However, these populations produced much-debilitated virions.
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Genetic diversity of hepatitis A virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A genes and evidence of quasispecies distribution in the isolates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74752. [PMID: 24069343 PMCID: PMC3775754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of infectious hepatitis throughout the world, spread largely by the fecal-oral route. To characterize the genetic diversity of the virus circulating in China where HAV in endemic, we selected the outbreak cases with identical sequences in VP1-2A junction region and compiled a panel of 42 isolates. The VP3-VP1-2A regions of the HAV capsid-coding genes were further sequenced and analyzed. The quasispecies distribution was evaluated by cloning the VP3 and VP1-2A genes in three clinical samples. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the same genotyping results could be obtained whether using the complete VP3, VP1, or partial VP1-2A genes for analysis in this study, although some differences did exist. Most isolates clustered in sub-genotype IA, and fewer in sub-genotype IB. No amino acid mutations were found at the published neutralizing epitope sites, however, several unique amino acid substitutions in the VP3 or VP1 region were identified, with two amino acid variants closely located to the immunodominant site. Quasispecies analysis showed the mutation frequencies were in the range of 7.22x10-4 -2.33x10-3 substitutions per nucleotide for VP3, VP1, or VP1-2A. When compared with the consensus sequences, mutated nucleotide sites represented the minority of all the analyzed sequences sites. HAV replicated as a complex distribution of closely genetically related variants referred to as quasispecies, and were under negative selection. The results indicate that diverse HAV strains and quasispecies inside the viral populations are presented in China, with unique amino acid substitutions detected close to the immunodominant site, and that the possibility of antigenic escaping mutants cannot be ruled out and needs to be further analyzed.
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Study of Peptide Mimetics of Hepatitis A Virus Conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin and as Multiple Antigen Peptide System. Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Parisi A, Lopes JS, Nunes A, Gomes MGM. Heterogeneity in antibody range and the antigenic drift of influenza A viruses. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Feng Z, Hensley L, McKnight KL, Hu F, Madden V, Ping L, Jeong SH, Walker C, Lanford RE, Lemon SM. A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature 2013; 496:367-71. [PMID: 23542590 PMCID: PMC3631468 DOI: 10.1038/nature12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal viruses are broadly categorized structurally by the presence or absence of an envelope composed of a lipid-bilayer membrane, attributes that profoundly affect stability, transmission and immune recognition. Among those lacking an envelope, the Picornaviridae are a large and diverse family of positive-strand RNA viruses that includes hepatitis A virus (HAV), an ancient human pathogen that remains a common cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis. HAV infects in a stealth-like manner and replicates efficiently in the liver. Virus-specific antibodies appear only after 3-4 weeks of infection, and typically herald its resolution. Although unexplained mechanistically, both anti-HAV antibody and inactivated whole-virus vaccines prevent disease when administered as late as 2 weeks after exposure, when virus replication is well established in the liver. Here we show that HAV released from cells is cloaked in host-derived membranes, thereby protecting the virion from antibody-mediated neutralization. These enveloped viruses ('eHAV') resemble exosomes, small vesicles that are increasingly recognized to be important in intercellular communications. They are fully infectious, sensitive to extraction with chloroform, and circulate in the blood of infected humans. Their biogenesis is dependent on host proteins associated with endosomal-sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), namely VPS4B and ALIX. Whereas the hijacking of membranes by HAV facilitates escape from neutralizing antibodies and probably promotes virus spread within the liver, anti-capsid antibodies restrict replication after infection with eHAV, suggesting a possible explanation for prophylaxis after exposure. Membrane hijacking by HAV blurs the classic distinction between 'enveloped' and 'non-enveloped' viruses and has broad implications for mechanisms of viral egress from infected cells as well as host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7292, USA
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Pintó RM, D'Andrea L, Pérez-Rodriguez FJ, Costafreda MI, Ribes E, Guix S, Bosch A. Hepatitis A virus evolution and the potential emergence of new variants escaping the presently available vaccines. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:331-46. [PMID: 22393888 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A is the most common infection of the liver worldwide and is fecal-orally transmitted. Its incidence tends to decrease with improvements in hygiene conditions but at the same time its severity increases. Hepatitis A virus is the causative agent of acute hepatitis in humans and belongs to the Hepatovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, and it has very unique characteristics. This article reviews some molecular and biological properties that allow the virus to live in a very quiescent way and to build an extremely stable capsid that is able to persist in and out of the body. Additionally, the relationship between the genomic composition and the structural and antigenic properties of the capsid is discussed, and the potential emergence of antigenic variants is evaluated from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Dotzauer A, Kraemer L. Innate and adaptive immune responses against picornaviruses and their counteractions: An overview. World J Virol 2012; 1:91-107. [PMID: 24175214 PMCID: PMC3782268 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i3.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses, small positive-stranded RNA viruses, cause a wide range of diseases which is based on their differential tissue and cell type tropisms. This diversity is reflected by the immune responses, both innate and adaptive, induced after infection, and the subsequent interactions of the viruses with the immune system. The defense mechanisms of the host and the countermeasures of the virus significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of the infections. Important human pathogens are poliovirus, coxsackievirus, human rhinovirus and hepatitis A virus. These viruses are the best-studied members of the family, and in this review we want to present the major aspects of the reciprocal effects between the immune system and these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dotzauer
- Andreas Dotzauer, Leena Kraemer, Department of Virology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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A single mutation in the glycophorin A binding site of hepatitis A virus enhances virus clearance from the blood and results in a lower fitness variant. J Virol 2012; 86:7887-95. [PMID: 22593170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has previously been reported to bind to human red blood cells through interaction with glycophorin A. Residue K221 of VP1 and the surrounding VP3 residues are involved in such an interaction. This capsid region is specifically recognized by the monoclonal antibody H7C27. A monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant with the mutation G1217D has been isolated. In the present study, the G1217D mutant was characterized physically and biologically in comparison with the parental HM175 43c strain. The G1217D mutant is more sensitive to acid pH and binds more efficiently to human and rat erythrocytes than the parental 43c strain. In a rat model, it is eliminated from serum more rapidly and consequently reaches the liver with a certain delay compared to the parental 43c strain. In competition experiments performed in vivo in the rat model, the G1217D mutant was efficiently outcompeted by the parental 43c strain. Only in the presence of antibodies reacting specifically with the parental 43c strain could the G1217D mutant outcompete the parental 43c strain in serum, although the latter still showed a remarkable ability to reach the liver. Altogether, these results indicate that the G1217D mutation induces a low fitness phenotype which could explain the lack of natural antigenic variants of the glycophorin A binding site.
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Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains that induced epidemics in Korea during 2007-2009. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1252-7. [PMID: 22238447 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01114-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is one of the most prominent causes of fecally transmitted acute hepatitis worldwide. In order to characterize the viral agents causing an outbreak in Korea (comprising North and South Korea) from June 2007 to May 2009, we collected specimens and performed genotyping of the VP1/P2A and VP3/VP1 regions of hepatitis A virus. We then used a multiple-alignment algorithm to compare the nucleotide sequences of the 2 regions with those of reference strains. Hepatitis A virus antibodies were detected in 64 patients from 5 reported outbreaks (North Korea, June 2007 [n = 11]; Jeonnam, April 2008 [n = 15]; Daegu, May 2008 [n = 13]; Seoul, May 2009 [n = 22]; and Incheon, May 2009 [n = 3]). We found 100% homology between strains isolated from the Kaesong Industrial Region and Jeonnam. While those strains were classified as genotype IA strains, strains from Seoul and Incheon were identified as genotype IIIA strains and showed 98.9 to 100% homology. Genotype IIIA was also dominant in Daegu, where strains were 95.7 to 100% homologous. All hepatitis A virus strains isolated from the Kaesong Industrial Region, Jeonnam, Seoul, and Incheon belonged to a single cluster. However, strains from Daegu could be classified into 2 clusters, suggesting that the outbreak had multiple sources. This study indicates that hepatitis A virus strains of 2 different genotypes are currently cocirculating in Korea. Moreover, it documents an increasing prevalence of genotype IIIA strains in the country.
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36
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Dotzauer A, Heitmann A, Laue T, Kraemer L, Schwabe K, Paulmann D, Flehmig B, Vallbracht A. The role of immunoglobulin A in prolonged and relapsing hepatitis A virus infections. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:754-760. [PMID: 22170633 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.038406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections result in different courses of the disease, varying between normal, prolonged and relapsing. However, the reason for these heterogeneous clinical appearances is not understood. As HAV-anti-HAV IgA immunocomplexes (HAV-IgA) infect hepatocytes, IgA was postulated as a carrier supporting hepatotropic transport of HAV, and it was speculated that this carrier mechanism contributes to the various clinical outcomes. In this study, the IgA-carrier mechanism was investigated in a mouse model. We show that HAV-IgA immunocomplexes efficiently reached the liver not only in HAV-seronegative mice, but also, and this is in contrast to free-HAV particles, in immunized HAV-seropositive animals. This IgA-mediated transport of HAV to the liver in the presence of immunity depended on the stage of development of the immune response. We conclude that over a period of several weeks after infection, anti-HAV IgA is able to promote an enterohepatic cycling of HAV, resulting in continuous endogenous reinfections of the liver. Our experiments indicate that highly avid IgG antibodies, which are present at later times of the infection, can terminate the reinfections. However, the endogenous reinfections in the presence of a developing neutralizing immunity might contribute to prolonged as well as to relapsing courses of HAV infections. Furthermore, the results show that serum IgA may act as an infection protracting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dotzauer
- Department of Virology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße/UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alke Heitmann
- QIAGEN Hamburg GmbH, Königstr. 4a, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Laue
- Altona Diagnostics GmbH, Mörkenstr. 12, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leena Kraemer
- Department of Virology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße/UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Department of Virology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße/UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bertram Flehmig
- Children's Hospital, Department 1, University of Tübingen, Silcherstraße 7, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelika Vallbracht
- Department of Virology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße/UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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Edwards VC, Tarr AW, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK. The role of neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:1-19. [PMID: 22049091 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus estimated to infect around 170 million people worldwide and is, therefore, a major disease burden. In some individuals the virus is spontaneously cleared during the acute phase of infection, whilst in others a persistent infection ensues. Of those persistently infected, severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and primary liver cancer may develop, although many individuals remain asymptomatic. A range of factors shape the course of HCV infection, not least host genetic polymorphisms and host immunity. A number of studies have shown that neutralizing antibodies (nAb) arise during HCV infection, but that these antibodies differ in their breadth and mechanism of neutralization. Recent studies, using both mAbs and polyclonal sera, have provided an insight into neutralizing determinants and the likely protective role of antibodies during infection. This understanding has helped to shape our knowledge of the overall structure of the HCV envelope glycoproteins--the natural target for nAb. Most nAb identified to date target receptor-binding sites within the envelope glycoprotein E2. However, there is some evidence that other viral epitopes may be targets for antibody neutralization, suggesting the need to broaden the search for neutralization epitopes beyond E2. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the role played by nAb in HCV infection and disease outcome and explores the limitations in the study systems currently used. In addition, we briefly discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of nAb and efforts to develop nAb-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Edwards
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and The Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Pérez-Sautu U, Costafreda MI, Caylà J, Tortajada C, Lite J, Bosch A, Pintó RM. Hepatitis a virus vaccine escape variants and potential new serotype emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:734-7. [PMID: 21470474 PMCID: PMC3377408 DOI: 10.3201/eid1704.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Six hepatitis A virus antigenic variants that likely escaped the protective effect of available vaccines were isolated, mostly from men who have sex with men. The need to complete the proper vaccination schedules is critical, particularly in the immunocompromised population, to prevent the emergence of vaccine-escaping variants.
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Acute hepatitis A virus infection is associated with a limited type I interferon response and persistence of intrahepatic viral RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11223-8. [PMID: 21690403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101939108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an hepatotropic human picornavirus that is associated only with acute infection. Its pathogenesis is not well understood because there are few studies in animal models using modern methodologies. We characterized HAV infections in three chimpanzees, quantifying viral RNA by quantitative RT-PCR and examining critical aspects of the innate immune response including intrahepatic IFN-stimulated gene expression. We compared these infection profiles with similar studies of chimpanzees infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), an hepatotropic flavivirus that frequently causes persistent infection. Surprisingly, HAV-infected animals exhibited very limited induction of type I IFN-stimulated genes in the liver compared with chimpanzees with acute resolving HCV infection, despite similar levels of viremia and 100-fold greater quantities of viral RNA in the liver. Minimal IFN-stimulated gene 15 and IFIT1 responses peaked 1-2 wk after HAV challenge and then subsided despite continuing high hepatic viral RNA. An acute inflammatory response at 3-4 wk correlated with the appearance of virus-specific antibodies and apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocytes. Despite this, HAV RNA persisted in the liver for months, remaining present long after clearance from serum and feces and revealing dramatic differences in the kinetics of clearance in the three compartments. Viral RNA was detected in the liver for significantly longer (35 to >48 wk) than HCV RNA in animals with acute resolving HCV infection (10-20 wk). Collectively, these findings indicate that HAV is far stealthier than HCV early in the course of acute resolving infection. HAV infections represent a distinctly different paradigm in virus-host interactions within the liver.
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D' Andrea L, Pintó RM, Bosch A, Musto H, Cristina J. A detailed comparative analysis on the overall codon usage patterns in hepatitis A virus. Virus Res 2011; 157:19-24. [PMID: 21296111 PMCID: PMC7172775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a hepatotropic member of the family Picornaviridae. HAV has several unique biological characteristics that distinguish it from other members of this family. Recent and previous studies revealed that codon usage plays a key role in HAV replication and evolution. In this study, the patterns of synonymous codon usage in HAV have been studied through multivariate statistical methods on 30 complete open reading frames (ORFs) from the available 30 full-length HAV sequences. Effective number of codons (ENC) indicates that the overall extent of codon usage bias in HAV genomes is significant. The relative dinucleotide abundances suggest that codon usage in HAV can also be strongly influenced by underlying biases in dinucleotide frequencies. These factors strongly correlated with the first major axis of correspondence analysis (COA) on relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU). The distribution of the HAV ORFs along the plane defined by the first two major axes in COA showed that different genotypes are located at different places in the plane, suggesting that HAV codon usage is also reflecting an evolutionary process. It has been very recently described that fine-tuning translation kinetics selection also contributes to codon usage bias of HAV. The results of these studies suggest that HAV genomic biases are the result of the co-evolution of genome composition, controlled translation kinetics and probably the ability to escape the antiviral cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía D' Andrea
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Roberts A, Lamirande EW, Vogel L, Baras B, Goossens G, Knott I, Chen J, Ward JM, Vassilev V, Subbarao K. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice and hamsters of a β-propiolactone inactivated whole virus SARS-CoV vaccine. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:509-19. [PMID: 20883165 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity and efficacy of β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated whole virion SARS-CoV (WI-SARS) vaccine was evaluated in BALB/c mice and golden Syrian hamsters. The vaccine preparation was tested with or without adjuvants. Adjuvant Systems AS01(B) and AS03(A) were selected and tested for their capacity to elicit high humoral and cellular immune responses to WI-SARS vaccine. We evaluated the effect of vaccine dose and each adjuvant on immunogenicity and efficacy in mice, and the effect of vaccine dose with or without the AS01(B) adjuvant on the immunogenicity and efficacy in hamsters. Efficacy was evaluated by challenge with wild-type virus at early and late time points (4 and 18 wk post-vaccination). A single dose of vaccine with or without adjuvant was poorly immunogenic in mice; a second dose resulted in a significant boost in antibody levels, even in the absence of adjuvant. The use of adjuvants resulted in higher antibody titers, with the AS01(B)-adjuvanted vaccine being slightly more immunogenic than the AS03(A)-adjuvanted vaccine. Two doses of WI-SARS with and without Adjuvant Systems were highly efficacious in mice. In hamsters, two doses of WI-SARS with and without AS01(B) were immunogenic, and two doses of 2 μg of WI-SARS with and without the adjuvant provided complete protection from early challenge. Although antibody titers had declined in all groups of vaccinated hamsters 18 wk after the second dose, the vaccinated hamsters were still partially protected from wild-type virus challenge. Vaccine with adjuvant provided better protection than non-adjuvanted WI-SARS vaccine at this later time point. Enhanced disease was not observed in the lungs or liver of hamsters following SARS-CoV challenge, regardless of the level of serum neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeanette Roberts
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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42
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Desbois D, Couturier E, Graube A, Letort MJ, Dussaix E, Roque-Afonso AM. [Genetic diversity of a rare hepatitis A virus genotype]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:57-65. [PMID: 20822864 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Very few is known on genotype II hepatitis A virus (HAV) since it is rarely isolated. From 2002 to 2007, the French observatory of HAV identified six sub-genotype IIA strains of which one from a patient having travelled to West Africa. To investigate the possible African origin of sub-genotype IIA, we determined its prevalence among French travellers in 2008 and characterised its genetic variability. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 2008 mandatory notification records were screened for travel to Africa. Viral genotype was determined on the nucleotide sequencing of the VP1/2A junction region. The P1 region coding for capsid proteins was used to compare the genetic diversity of IIA isolates to those of other genotypes. RESULTS In 2008, five out of 54 patients returning from West Africa were infected by IIA strains and an additional "autochthonous" case was identified. Two more African cases were identified in 2009. A total of 14 IIA isolates (eight African and six "autochthonous") were analysed. Nucleotide and amino-acid variability of IIA sequences was lower than that of the other genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of two "autochthonous" cases with African isolates whereas the other ones belonged to a different lineage. CONCLUSION Most IIA strains isolated in France are imported by travellers returning from West Africa. However, the unexplained contamination mode of some "autochthonous" cases suggests another geographical origin to discover or a French reservoir to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Desbois
- Laboratoire de virologie, centre national de Référence pour les virus des hépatites à transmission entérique, hôpital Paul-Brousse, AP-HP, 94804 Villejuif, France.
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Epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis A virus genotype IIA. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3306-15. [PMID: 20592136 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00667-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotypes, I, II, and III, divided into subtypes A and B, infect humans. Genotype I is the most frequently reported, while genotype II is hardly ever isolated, and its genetic diversity is unknown. From 2002 to 2007, a French epidemiological survey of HAV identified 6 IIA isolates, mostly from patients who did not travel abroad. The possible African origin of IIA strains was investigated by screening the 2008 mandatory notification records of HAV infection: 171 HAV strains from travelers to West Africa and Morocco were identified. Genotyping was performed by sequencing of the VP1/2A junction in 68 available sera. Entire P1 and 5' untranslated regions of IIA strains were compared to reference sequences of other genotypes. The screening retrieved 5 imported IIA isolates. An additional autochthonous case and 2 more African cases were identified in 2008 and 2009, respectively. A total of 14 IIA isolates (8 African and 6 autochthonous) were analyzed. IIA sequences presented lower nucleotide and amino acid variability than other genotypes. The highest variability was observed in the N-terminal region of VP1, while for other genotypes the highest variability was observed at the VP1/2A junction. Phylogenetic analysis identified 2 clusters, one gathering all African and two autochthonous cases and a second including only autochthonous isolates. In conclusion, most IIA strains isolated in France are imported by travelers returning from West Africa. However, the unexplained contamination mode of autochthonous cases suggests another, still to be discovered geographical origin or a French reservoir to be explored.
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Poirier B, Variot P, Delourme P, Maurin J, Morgeaux S. Would an in vitro ELISA test be a suitable alternative potency method to the in vivo immunogenicity assay commonly used in the context of international Hepatitis A vaccines batch release? Vaccine 2009; 28:1796-802. [PMID: 20018270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since many years Afssaps applies the 3R's strategy (replacement, reduction and refinement) for the use of laboratory animal testing in the framework of vaccine batch release. In this context, for Hepatitis A vaccines, a study was carried out to assess the feasibility of replacing the in vivo "Gold Standard" potency assay by the Afssaps' validated in-house antigen content in vitro assay on routine testing. The use of a panel of potent vaccine batches and reduced-potency samples by heating demonstrated a correlation between the two methods. This encourages Afssaps to progressively switch from in vivo to in vitro assay in the framework of Hepatitis A vaccines batch release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Poirier
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, Laboratories and Control Directorate, Site de Lyon, 321 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-69007 Lyon, France
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45
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Kiyohara T, Totsuka A, Yoneyama T, Ishii K, Ito T, Wakita T. Characterization of anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking antibody- and receptor-binding sites on hepatitis A virus. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1263-9. [PMID: 19578927 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (mAb2s; named 94-2 and 94-7), were generated from a BALB/c mouse immunized with human monoclonal anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) neutralizing antibody KF94. We characterized the properties of the mAb2s and determined interactions between mAb2s, KF94 and HAV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence assay and HAV infectivity assay. Inactivated HAV inhibited mAb2 binding to KF94, indicating that the mAb2s mimicked the HAV neutralization site that was complementary to the paratope of KF94. MAb2 94-7 competed with an anti-HAV cellular receptor antibody for binding to HAV-susceptible cells and partially blocked virus infection. We speculated that mAb2 94-7 mimicked a portion of the HAV receptor-binding site. The ability to generate mAb2 implies that HAV receptor-binding sites are exposed on the surface of HAV, permitting antibody access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kiyohara
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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46
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Cao J, Meng S, Li C, Ji Y, Meng Q, Zhang Q, Liu F, Li J, Bi S, Li D, Liang M. Efficient neutralizing activity of cocktailed recombinant human antibodies against hepatitis A virus infection in vitro and in vivo. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1171-80. [PMID: 18461629 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the major pathogen responsible for acute infectious hepatitis A, a disease that is prevalent worldwide. Although HAV immunization effectively prevents infection, primary immunizations must be administered at least 2 weeks prior to HAV exposure. In contrast, passive immunization with pooled human immunoglobulin (Ig) can provide immediate and rapid protection from HAV infection. Because the use of human sera-derived Igs carries the risk of contamination, we sought to develop recombinant HAV-neutralizing human antibodies. We prepared a combinatorial phage display library of recombinant human anti-HAV antibodies from RNA extracted from the blood lymphocytes of a convalescent hepatitis A patient. Two recombinant human IgG antibodies, HAIgG16 and HAIgG78, were screened from the antibody library by their ability to bind with high affinity to purified, inactivated HAV virions. These antibodies recognized different epitopes of the HAV virion capsid, and competed with both patient sera and well-characterized neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies. A cocktailed mixture of HAIgG16 and HAIgG78 at a 3:1 ratio was prepared to compare its combined biological activity with that conferred by each antibody individually. The cocktailed antibodies displayed a stronger neutralizing activity in vitro than that observed with either HAIgG16 and HAIgG78 alone. To determine the in vivo neutralizing abilities of these antibodies, rhesus monkeys were inoculated with cocktailed antibodies and challenged with HAV. Whereas control animals developed hepatitis A and seroconverted to the HAV antibody, animals receiving cocktailed antibodies were protected either from viral infection or from developing clinical hepatitis. These results demonstrate that recombinant human antibody preparations could be used to prevent or treat early-stage HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing, China
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47
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Hepatitis A virus mutant spectra under the selective pressure of monoclonal antibodies: codon usage constraints limit capsid variability. J Virol 2007; 82:1688-700. [PMID: 18057242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe structural constraints in the hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid have been suggested as the reason for the lack of emergence of new serotypes in spite of the occurrence of complex distributions of mutants or quasispecies. Analysis of the HAV mutant spectra under immune pressure by the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) K34C8 (immunodominant site) and H7C27 (glycophorin binding site) has revealed different evolutionary dynamics. Populations composed of complex ensembles of mutants with very low fitness or single dominant mutants with high fitness permit the acquisition of resistance to each of the MAbs, respectively. Deletion mutants were detected as components of the mutant spectra: up to 61 residues, with an average of 19, and up to 83 residues, with an average of 45, in VP3 and VP1 proteins, respectively. A clear negative selection of those replacements affecting the residues encoded by rare codons of the capsid surface has been detected through the present quasispecies analysis, confirming a certain beneficial role of such clusters. Since these clusters are located near or at the epitope regions, the need to maintain such clusters might prevent the emergence of new serotypes.
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48
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Lochridge VP, Hardy ME. A single-amino-acid substitution in the P2 domain of VP1 of murine norovirus is sufficient for escape from antibody neutralization. J Virol 2007; 81:12316-22. [PMID: 17804495 PMCID: PMC2168968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01254-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses cause epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and the number of reported outbreaks is increasing. Human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture. However, murine norovirus (MNV) replicates in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and thus provides a tractable model to investigate norovirus interactions with host cells. Epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the human norovirus strains Norwalk virus and Snow Mountain virus (SMV) identified regions in the P domain of major capsid protein VP1 important for interactions with putative cellular receptors. To determine if there was a relationship between domains of MNV VP1 and VP1 of human norovirus strains involved in cell binding, epitope mapping by phage display was performed with an MNV-1-neutralizing MAb, A6.2.1. A consensus peptide, GWWEDHGQL, was derived from 20 third-round phage clones. A synthetic peptide containing this sequence and constrained through a disulfide linkage reacted strongly with the A6.2.1 MAb, whereas the linear sequence did not. Four residues in the A6.2.1-selected peptide, G327, G333, Q334, and L335, aligned with amino acid residues in the P2 domain of MNV-1 VP1. This sequence is immediately adjacent to the epitope recognized by anti-SMV MAb 61.21. Neutralization escape mutants selected with MAb A6.2.1 contained a leucine-to-phenylalanine substitution at position 386 in the P2 domain. The predicted location of these residues on VP1 suggests that the phage peptide and the mutation in the neutralization-resistant viruses may be in close proximity to each other and to residues reported to be important for carbohydrate binding to VP1 of human norovirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance P Lochridge
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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49
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Kusov Y, Gauss-Müller V, Morace G. Immunogenic epitopes on the surface of the hepatitis A virus capsid: Impact of secondary structure and/or isoelectric point on chimeric virus assembly. Virus Res 2007; 130:296-302. [PMID: 17640757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) protein 2A has the capacity to harbor and expose a short foreign epitope. The chimeric virus, HAV-gp41, bearing seven amino acids of the 2F5 epitope of the HIV glycoprotein gp41, was shown to replicate in cell culture and laboratory animals and to induce a humoral immune response. As an extension of this work, we now investigated the possibility to insert longer epitopes, their impact on genetic stability, and the production of chimeric HAV. Twenty-seven amino acid residues of either HIV gp41, comprising the 2F5 epitope, or of a mimotope (F78) of the hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein E2 were inserted near the C-terminus of HAV 2A and viral capsid formation and replication were studied. The genome of the chimeric virus (HAV-F78) had reduced replication ability, yet the sedimentation profile of the chimeric particles was unchanged and the HCV sequence was maintained over serial viral passages. In contrast, no capsids were formed when an extended HIV epitope of 27 residues was inserted, precluding the rescue of infectious chimeric virus. Based on structural analyses, the data suggest that the isoelectric point (pI) and/or the secondary structure of the chimeric proteins are essential determinants that affect HAV particle formation for which protein 2A serves as an assembly signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Endo K, Takahashi M, Masuko K, Inoue K, Akahane Y, Okamoto H. Full-length sequences of subgenotype IIIA and IIIB hepatitis A virus isolates: Characterization of genotype III HAV genomes. Virus Res 2007; 126:116-27. [PMID: 17376556 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the extent of genomic heterogeneity of human hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains and to characterize genotype III HAV strains over the entire genome, the full-length sequence of three subgenotype IIIA isolates (HA-JNG04-90F, HA-JNG08-92F, and HAJ95-8F) and one IIIB isolate (HAJ85-1F) was determined. The HA-JNG04-90F, HA-JNG08-92F, and HAJ95-8F genomes which comprised 7463 or 7464 nt excluding the poly(A) tail, were closest to a reported nearly entire sequence of a IIIA isolate (NOR-21) with identities of 94.4-97.8% over the entire ORF sequence, and the HAJ85-1 genome (7462 nt) to HA-JNG06-90F of IIIB with an identity of 98.6%. The phylogenetic trees constructed based on the complete ORF sequence or the 168-nt VP1/2A junction sequence and comparative analysis with reported HAV isolates suggested the presence of three distinct clusters within IIIA represented by HA-JNG04-90F, HA-JNG08-92F, and HAJ95-8F. The extreme 5' end sequences of IIIA and IIIB were well-conserved, beginning with the sequence UUCAAGAGGG. A single base deletion of G at nt 20, which is involved in the formation of a small loop in domain I, was characteristic of both IIIA and IIIB. Conserved and divergent amino acid sequences as well as amino acids unique to genotype III, IIIA or IIIB were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Endo
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-Shi, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
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