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Chang C, Wang H, Hua T, Zhang D, Hong W, Deng B, Tang B. A single dose of Astragalus saponins adjuvanted inactivated vaccine for pseudorabies virus protected mice against lethal challenge. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1036161. [PMID: 36478947 PMCID: PMC9719957 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1036161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an important infectious disease of swine that causes enormous economic losses to the swine industry in China. Immunization with vaccines is a routine practice to control this disease. PRV inactivated vaccines usually require a booster vaccination to provide complete immune protection. Therefore, Astragalus saponins (AST) have been added as an immunopotentiator to improve the immune efficacy and reduce the immunization times for the PRV inactivated vaccine. The results in mice have shown that a single dose of AST-adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine promoted higher production of gB-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a and neutralizing antibody, secretion of Th1-type (IFN-γ) and Th2-type (IL-4) cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation than mice immunized without AST. Compared to mice immunized without AST, a single dose of the AST-adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine improved the survival percentage of mice and reduced the PRV viral loads in the lungs and brains after lethal challenge. In summary, AST was an effective immunopotentiator to improve the immune efficacy of a single dose PRV inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibin Hong
- Dongguan Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
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2
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Chen X, Wang R, Hu H, Zhao X, Yin Z, Zou Y, Li L, Jia R, Zhang Y, Song X. Antiviral effect of an extract from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome in mice infected with pseudorabies virus. J Virol Methods 2022; 307:114573. [PMID: 35779703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is one of the most important herpesviruses which can cause severe diseases in many mammals and some avian species. In recent years, repeated outbreaks of pseudorabies worldwide indicated an urgent need for new control measures. The results described in this study demonstrated that an extract prepared from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L (Kge), which consisted of flavonoids (2.82%), saccharides (61.37%), phenols (1.22%) and saponins (3.10%), possessed a potent anti-PrV activity. In PK-15 cells, Kge treatment inhibited PrV-induced cell death by more than 90% at a dose of 200 μg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 55.85 μg/mL. In the PrV-infected mice treated with Kge, the survival rate was up to 60% at day 6 post-infection, while the infected mice without Kge treatment all died. The virus titers in the brains of the Kge-treated infected mice were significantly reduced. Kge treatment also alleviated the severity of the PrV-induced lesions in the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. Kge exhibited immune-regulating activity through the regulation of cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the serum of PrV-infected mice, suggesting that one possible mechanism of anti-PrV activity was through the regulation of immune function. These results suggested that Kge could be a promising drug candidate for treating PrV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufan Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Wu F, Lv Y, Zhang S, Liu L, Wu Y, Zhao P, Peng Z, Liu S, Zhang Z, Li W. Isolation and Characterization of a Variant Psedorabies Virus HNXY and Construction of rHNXY-∆ TK/∆ gE. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1804. [PMID: 33020441 PMCID: PMC7600349 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of pseudorabies in China, caused by more virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV) than the classical strains, has led to considerable economic losses. In this study, PRV strain HNXY was isolated from the Henan province of China in 2015 from the pig farm with severe reproductive failure in sows and a high mortality in piglets. The 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of HNXY in Vero cells were examined to be 106.5/mL, and the neutralisation titer against Bartha-K61 was significantly higher than against HNXY when tested with the serum from Bartha-K61 vaccinated pigs. The 50% lethal doses (LD50) of HNXY to six-week-old BALB/c mice and two-month-old PRV-free pigs were both 102.3 TCID50. HNXY was classified as genotype II, and numerous amino acid variations were found in gB, gE, gC, gD, TK, and RR1 proteins, compared with PRV from other countries or those prevalent in China before 2012. The attenuated rHNXY-∆TK/∆gE was further constructed, which presented significantly smaller plaques than HNXY, as well as the similar growth kinetics. rHNXY-∆TK/∆gE was confirmed to be non-pathogenic to six-week-old BALB/c mice and zero-day-old piglets. This study isolated updated PRV promising to develop into a new vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsun Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujin Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lingling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pandeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhifeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shengli Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wengang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Zhang P, Lv L, Sun H, Li S, Fan H, Wang X, Bai J, Jiang P. Identification of linear B cell epitope on gB, gC, and gE proteins of porcine pseudorabies virus using monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:83-91. [PMID: 31213277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 2011, there have been outbreaks of pseudorabies (PR) in several pig farms despite vaccination coverage, which causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry in China. The emergence of a pseudorabies virusvariant strain with high virulence and antigenic variation (e.g., PRV ZJ01), is considered to be the primary cause. In this study, truncated gB, gC, and gE of PRV ZJ01 was expressed and used to generate seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against gB, gC, or gE. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed that these mAbs were specific against PRV. Subsequently we identified the B cell epitopes recognized by these mAbs by Western blot. The mAbs 5A2 and 6G5 against gB recognized the same B cell linear epitope at 576SAVATAA582, the mAb 5D10 against gC recognized the B cell linear epitope at 134GETFE138, mAb 7C5 against gC recognized the B cell linear epitope at 143RRGRFRSPDAD153, and mAbs 3E1, 3H8, and 4D2 against gE recognized the same B cell linear epitope at 151IGDYL155 of gE. Biological information analysis showed that these B cell linear epitopes are highly conserved among different PRV isolates and the epitope 143RRGRFRSPDAD153 with a high antigenic index and high hydrophilicity, fully exposed on the surface of the gC, is likely to be an important B cell epitope. These mAbs and their defined epitopes may provide useful tools for the study of the structure and function of the PRV protein, analysis of antigenic epitope characteristics, and establishment of antibody detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shihai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Yu ZQ, Tong W, Zheng H, Li LW, Li GX, Gao F, Wang T, Liang C, Ye C, Wu JQ, Huang Q, Tong GZ. Variations in glycoprotein B contribute to immunogenic difference between PRV variant JS-2012 and Bartha-K61. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:97-105. [PMID: 28888658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A newly emerged pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has been identified in many Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig farms. This variant has caused great economic losses to the swine industry in China since 2011. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the gB gene of the emerging PRV variant JS-2012 had multiple variations compared with the vaccine strain Bartha-K61. In the study, a specific CRISPR/Cas9 system combined with homologous recombination was used to construct two recombinant viruses, BJB (Bartha-K61+JS-2012gB) and JBJ (JS-2012-ΔgE/gI+Bartha-K61gB), by interchanging the full-length gB genes between Bartha-K61 and JS-2012-ΔgE/gI. The two recombinant viruses showed similar characteristics in growth kinetics in vitro and similar pathogenicity in mice, as compared to their parental strains. Immunization of mice with inactivated BJB or JBJ followed by challenge of JS-2012 showed that BJB could increase protective efficacy to 80%, compared to only 40% protection by the parental Bartha-K61 strain. JBJ had a decreased protective efficacy of 65%, as compared to 90% protection by its parental JS-2012-ΔgE/gI strain. Exchange of the gB gene markedly altered the immunogenicity of the recombinant PRV. These data suggest that variations in gB might play an important role in the virulence of the reemergent PRV variant in China. Our results demonstrate the importance of gB in protective immunity and suggest that the recombinant virus BJB could be a promising vaccine candidate for eradication of the PRV variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Improved immune response to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine by ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with thimerosal (TS). Antiviral Res 2016; 132:92-8. [PMID: 27241688 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination using attenuated vaccines remains an important method to control animal infectious diseases. The present study evaluated ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and thimerosal (TS) for their adjuvant effect on an attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine in mice. Compared to the group immunized with aPrV alone, the co-inoculation of GSLS and/or TS induced a higher antibody response. Particularly, when administered together with GSLS-TS, the aPrV vaccine provoked a higher serum gB-specific antibody, IgG1 and IgG2a levels, lymphocyte proliferative responses, as well as production of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-5 and IL-10) from lymphocytes, and more importantly provided an enhanced cytotoxicity of NK cells and protection against virulent field pseudorabies virus challenge. Additionally, the increased expression of miR-132, miR-146a, miR-147 and miR-155 was found in murine macrophages cultured with GSLS and/or TS. These data suggest that GSLS-TS as adjuvant improve the efficacy of aPrV vaccine in mouse model and have potential for the development of attenuated viral vaccines.
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Tong GZ, Zhang SJ, Wang L, Qiu HJ, Wang YF, Wang M. Protection of chickens from infectious laryngotracheitis with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing glycoprotein B of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Avian Pathol 2012; 30:143-8. [PMID: 19184888 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120044542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease of chickens caused by a type I gallid herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The vaccines currently available are modified live viruses, which are effective in preventing disease outbreaks. However, they have often been associated with a variety of adverse effects including spread of vaccine virus to non-vaccinates, inadequate attenuation, production of latently infected carriers, and increased virulence as a result of in vivo passage. In this study, a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing glycoprotein B (gB) of ILTV (rFPV-ILTVgB) was constructed. Protection of specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chickens from ILT with the rFPV-ILTVgB and commercial ILTV vaccine (Nobilis ILT) were compared after challenge with a lethal dose of virulent ILTV.Both the rFPV-ILTVgB- and the Nobilis ILT-vaccinated SPF chickens were completely protected from death, while 90% of the unvaccinated chickens died after challenge. The immunized commercial chickens were also 100% protected with rFPV-ILTVgB, compared with 85% protected with Nobilis ILT. The protective efficacy was also measured by the antibody response to ILTV gB, isolation of challenge virus and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene after challenge. The results showed that rFPV-ILTVgB could be a potential safe vaccine to replace current modified live vaccines for preventing ILT.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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Grabowska AK, Lipińska AD, Rohde J, Szewczyk B, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Rziha HJ. New baculovirus recombinants expressing Pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoproteins protect mice against lethal challenge infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:3584-91. [PMID: 19464538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the protective potential of novel baculovirus recombinants, which express the glycoproteins gB, gC, or gD of Pseudorabies virus (PRV; Alphaherpesvirus of swine) and additionally contain the glycoprotein G of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV-G) in the virion (Bac-G-PRV). To evaluate the protective capacity, mixtures of equal amounts of the PRV gB-, gC-, and gD-expressing baculoviruses were used for immunization. Three intramuscular immunizations with that Bac-G-PRV mixture could protect mice against a lethal PRV challenge infection. To achieve complete protection high titers of Bac-G-PRV and three immunizations were necessary. This immunization with Bac-G-PRV resulted in the induction of high titers of PRV-specific serum antibodies of the IgG2a subclass and of interferon (IFN)-gamma, indicating a Th1-type immune response. Moreover, splenocytes of immunized mice exhibited natural killer cell activity accompanied by the production of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. Collectively, the presented data demonstrate for the first time that co-expression of VSV-G in baculovirus recombinant vaccines can improve the induction of a protective immune response against foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Grabowska
- Dept. of Mol. Virology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Jang H, Kitazawa T, Ono M, Kawaguchi Y, Maeda K, Yokoyama N, Tohya Y, Niikura M, Mikami T. Protection studies against Marek's disease using baculovirus‐expressed glycoproteins B and C of Marek's disease virus type 1. Avian Pathol 2007; 25:5-24. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459608419116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Fischer T, Planz O, Stitz L, Rziha HJ. Novel recombinant parapoxvirus vectors induce protective humoral and cellular immunity against lethal herpesvirus challenge infection in mice. J Virol 2003; 77:9312-23. [PMID: 12915547 PMCID: PMC187421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9312-9323.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV; Parapoxvirus ovis) was used to develop a novel vector system for the generation of effective and safe live vaccines. Based on the attenuated ORFV strain D1701-V, recombinants were produced that express the glycoproteins gC (D1701-VrVgC) or gD (D1701-VrVgD) of the alphaherpesvirus of swine, pseudorabies virus (PRV). Expression of gC and gD was also demonstrated on the surface of recombinant virus-infected murine cells that do not produce infectious ORFV. Single or combined immunization with the ORFV recombinants protected different mouse strains of a host species nonpermissive for ORFV against a fulminant, lethal PRV challenge infection equal to immunization with PRV live vaccine. Most notably, even a single immunization with D1701-VrVgC was protective, whereas two applications of D1701-VrVgD were required for immune protection. The higher protective capacity of D1701-VrVgC correlated with the induction of a strong specific humoral immune response. This suggestion was supported by transfer experiments using sera from recombinant-immunized mice, which resulted in partial gC but not gD antibody-mediated protection of the naïve recipients. Remarkably, immunization of different immune-deficient mice demonstrated that the application of the PRV gC-expressing recombinant controlled the challenge infection in the absence of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, B cells, or an intact perforin pathway. In contrast, D1701-VrVgD-immunized mice lacking CD4(+) T cells exhibited reduced protection, whereas animals lacking CD8(+) T cells, B cells, or perforin resisted the challenge infection. The present study demonstrates the potential of these new vector vaccines to efficiently prime both protective humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms in a host species nonpermissive for the vector virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Genetic Vectors
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Parapoxvirus/genetics
- Pseudorabies/immunology
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Recombination, Genetic
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Fischer
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute of Immunology, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Fischer L, Barzu S, Andreoni C, Buisson N, Brun A, Audonnet JC. DNA vaccination of neonate piglets in the face of maternal immunity induces humoral memory and protection against a virulent pseudorabies virus challenge. Vaccine 2003; 21:1732-41. [PMID: 12639497 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination represents a unique opportunity to overcome the limitations of conventional vaccine strategy in early life in the face of maternal-derived immunity. We used the model of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in pigs to further explore the potential of DNA vaccination in piglets born to sows repeatedly vaccinated with a PRV inactivated vaccine. A single immunisation of 8-week-old piglets with a DNA vaccine expressing secreted forms of PRV gB, gC, and gD, triggered an active serological response, confirming that DNA vaccination can over-ride significant residual maternal-derived immunity. A clear anamnestic response was evidenced when a secondary DNA vaccination was performed at 11 weeks of age, suggesting that DNA vaccination, performed in the face of passive immunity, elicited a strong humoral memory. We subsequently explored the potential of DNA vaccination in neonate piglets (5-6 days of age) in the face of very high titres of maternal antibodies and demonstrated that very high titres of passive antibodies selectively inhibited serological responses but not the establishment of potent memory responses. Finally, we demonstrated that DNA vaccination provided protection against an infectious PRV challenge at the end of the fattening period (i.e. at approximately 5 months of age). Collectively, our results pave the way for a new flexible vaccination program, which could ensure uninterrupted protection of fattening pigs over their entire economical life under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Fischer
- Merial SAS, Biological Discovery Research, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007, Lyon, France.
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13
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Takashima Y, Nagane N, Hushur O, Matsumoto Y, Otsuka H. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) recombinant expressing pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins B and C induces type 1 immune response in BALB/c mice. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:589-96. [PMID: 12185312 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) attached poorly and penetrated into a mouse cell line, BALB 3T3/A31, but a recombinant BHV-1/TF7-6, which expresses pseudorabies virus (PrV) gB and gC genes, did attach and penetrated into cells more efficiently. In this study the gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been integrated into genome of BHV-1/TF7-6 and its parental line of BHV-1. When the mouse mesenteries were incubated in vitro and infected with BHV-1/TF7-6/GFP, strong fluorescence was observed while BHV-1/GFP infection hardly demonstrated fluorescence, suggesting that BHV-1 recombinant expressing PrV gB and gC can infect mouse tissue cells more efficiently than the parental BHV-1 does. When BALB/c mice were inoculated with purified BHV-1/TF7-6 or its parental BHV-1, the former induced lower level of anti-BHV-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) than the latter did. When sub-classes of anti-BHV-1 IgG were analyzed, it was found that mice immunized with BHV-1/TF7-6 or the parental BHV-1 demonstrated the same level of IgG2a. Since anti-BHV-1 IgG1 level was lower in mice inoculated with BHV-1/TF7-6, the IgG2a:IgG1 ratio was higher in BHV-1/TF7-6 inoculated mice than in the parental BHV-1 inoculated ones. These results indicate that BHV-1/TF7-6 induces type 1 predominant immune to BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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14
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Hong W, Xiao S, Zhou R, Fang L, He Q, Wu B, Zhou F, Chen H. Protection induced by intramuscular immunization with DNA vaccines of pseudorabies in mice, rabbits and piglets. Vaccine 2002; 20:1205-14. [PMID: 11803083 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoprotein gene gB, gC and gD of pseudorabies virus (PrV) strain Ea, which was isolated locally in Wuhan, were cloned from the viral genome DNA and expressed in vitro controlled by the major immediately-early promotor/enhancer of HCMV. In the presented paper, Balb/c mice, rabbits and piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly two times at 2-week interval with those eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDB, pcDC and pcDD, respectively. The animals injected with pcDB, pcDC, pcDD or mix DNA developed anti-PrV antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titers obtained 2-5log(2), 2 weeks after the second vaccination. Cellular immune responses were also detected by lymphoproliferation assay and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity assay in all groups vaccinated with DNA. Immune responses elicited by DNA vaccines provided protections with different degrees against lethal dose PrV challenge. In mice, protections induced by pcDC, pcDD or mix DNA were 100%, similar to that by inactivated vaccine. Protections were more than 50% induced by pcDC, pcDD or mix DNA in rabbits. Protections induced by pcDB were the lowest among DNA immunization in mice or rabbits. However, pcDB could elicit the higher cellular responses in rabbits or piglets. In piglets, body temperatures of animals injected with pcDB, pcDC, pcDD or mix DNA did not change significantly after challenge with 2x10(5) pfu of PrV strain Ea, and the means daily growth post-challenge of those animals were higher than those injected with inactivated vaccine or parental plasmid. Neither DNA vaccines nor inactivated vaccine could prevent or delay virus excretion after challenge. Our experiments in experimental animals and natural hosts suggested the efficiency and potential application of DNA vaccines for pseudorabies in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhou Hong
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province 430070, Wuhan, China
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15
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Hammond JM, Jansen ES, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide B, Goff WV, Williamson MM, Hooper PT, Babiuk LA, Tikoo SK, Johnson MA. Vaccination of pigs with a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the gD gene from pseudorabies virus. Vaccine 2001; 19:3752-8. [PMID: 11395210 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Five week old, commercially available large white pigs were vaccinated with either a single dose or two doses of a recombinant porcine adenovirus expressing the glycoprotein D gene from pseudorabies virus (PRV). Pigs were monitored for the development of serum neutralizing antibodies to PRV and challenged 3 weeks after final vaccination. Prior to challenge, pigs given 2 doses of the vaccine demonstrated boosted levels of antibody compared with those given a single dose, and all surviving pigs had increased neutralization titres over pre-challenge levels. Following challenge, pigs were monitored for clinical signs of disease, with blood and nasal swabs collected for virus isolation. All control animals became sick with elevated temperatures for 6 days post challenge, whereas; vaccinated animals displayed an increase in body temperature for only 2-3 days. Control pigs and those given a single dose all lost condition, but the group given 2 doses remained healthy. At postmortem, gross lesions of pneumonia only occurred in control animals and those given a single dose of vaccine. Histology carried out on the brains of all animals demonstrated a difference in severity of infection and frequency of immunohistochemical antigen detection between test animals, with control and single dose groups being most severely affected and pigs given 2 doses the least. Virus isolation studies demonstrated that no viraemia could be detected, but virus was found in nasal swabs from some animals in both groups of vaccinates following challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hammond
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Private Mail Bag 24, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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16
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Hwang DY, Lee JB, Kim TJ, Song JY, Hyun BH, Song CS, Park SY. Induction of immune responses to glycoprotein gD of Aujeszky's disease virus with DNA immunization. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:659-62. [PMID: 11459012 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to produce a DNA vaccine to prevent Aujeszky's disease, the induction of immune responses against Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) gD was investigated in mice. The plasmid was constructed by placing ADV gD gene downstream of murine cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter of expression vector pMYK, which was injected twice on the skin of mice by using a gene-gun. All mice showed neutralizing antibodies against ADV gD at 4 weeks after immunization. The induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and splenic natural killer cells was also observed at 6 weeks post immunization. These results indicate that ADV gD gene in the form of DNA vaccine may induce specific as well as non-specific immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hwang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Ikeda Y, Shibata I, Xuan X, Matsumoto Y, Otsuka H. Immunogenic properties of a bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) recombinant expressing major pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins in combination. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:849-59. [PMID: 10993182 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), designated BHV-1/TF17-1, which expresses pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, gE and gI in combination was constructed. To test the protective immunity, 10 mice were inoculated with BHV-1/TF17-1 and three weeks later 10 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenged with 20 LD50 virulent PrV (YS-81). BHV-1/TF17-1 protected all the mice from the PrV lethal challenge while all the control mice died in around 3 days. Mice vaccinated with BHV-1/TF17-1 acquired high PrV-neutralizing antibody titers and demonstrated strong delayed type hypersensitivity responses and moderate in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to PrV antigen. Since the major PrV glycoproteins were integrated into virions (probably into viral envelope), BHV-1/17-1 was neutralized with anti-PrV antiserum. However, the susceptibility of BHV-1/TF17-1 to anti-PrV antiserum is 2- to 4-fold lower than that of PrV vaccine lines. Our results demonstrated the possibility of BHV-1/17-1 as a vaccine to protect piglets from Audjesky's disease where maternal antibodies against PrV interfere attenuated live PrV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ikeda
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Ober BT, Teufel B, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Pfaff E, Saalmüller A, Rziha HJ. The porcine humoral immune response against pseudorabies virus specifically targets attachment sites on glycoprotein gC. J Virol 2000; 74:1752-60. [PMID: 10644346 PMCID: PMC111651 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1752-1760.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1999] [Accepted: 11/22/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed against glycoprotein gC of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) (Suid herpesvirus 1) are generally observed in the serum of immunized pigs. A known function of the glycoprotein gC is to mediate attachment of PRV to target cells through distinct viral heparin-binding domains (HBDs). Therefore, it was suggested that the virus-neutralizing activity of anti-PRV sera is directed against HBDs on gC. To address this issue, sera with high virus-neutralizing activity against gC were used to characterize the anti-gC response. Epitope mapping demonstrated that amino acids of HBDs are part of an antigenic antibody binding domain which is located in the N-terminal part of gC. Binding of antibodies to this antigenic domain of gC was further shown to interfere with the viral attachment. Therefore, these results show that the viral HBDs are accessible targets for the humoral anti-PRV response even after tolerance induction against self-proteins, which utilize similar HBDs to promote host protein-protein interactions. The findings indicate that the host's immune system can specifically block the attachment function of PRV gC. Since HBDs promote the attachment of a number of herpesviruses, the design of future antiherpesvirus vaccines should aim to induce a humoral immune response that prevents HBD-mediated viral attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Ober
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute of Immunology, D-72 076 T]ubingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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19
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Nishikawa Y, Xuan X, Kimura M, Otsuka H. Characterization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B expressed by canine herpesvirus. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:1113-7. [PMID: 10563288 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant canine herpesvirus (CHV) which expressed glycoprotein B (gB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was constructed. The antigenicity of the PrV gB expressed by the recombinant CHV is similar to that of the native PrV. The expressed PrV gB was shown to be transported to the surface of infected cells as judged by an indirected immunofluorescence test. Antibodies raised in mice immunized with the recombinant CHV neutralized the infectivity of PrV in vitro. It is known that the authentic PrV gB exists as a glycoprotein complex, which consists of gBa, gBb and gBc. In MDCK cells, PrV gB expressed by the recombinant CHV was processed like authentic PrV gB, suggesting that the cleavage mechanism of PrV gB depends on a functional cleavage domain from PrV gB gene and protease from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishikawa
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Aoki H, Sakoda Y, Jukuroki K, Takada A, Kida H, Fukusho A. Induction of antibodies in mice by a recombinant baculovirus expressing pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B in mammalian cells. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68:197-207. [PMID: 10510039 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein gB of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was expressed in various mammalian cells by a recombinant baculovirus carrying the PrV gB gene under the control of the CAG promoter. When the recombinant baculovirus was inoculated into the stable porcine kidney cell line CPK, expression of PrV gB was detected by immunofluorescent antibody analysis and a 155 kDa of protein, which has the same molecular mass as the native PrV gB, was detected by Western blotting. High levels of expression of PrV gB were observed in BHK-21, HmLu-1 and SK-H cell lines. Furthermore, anti-PrV gB-specific antibodies against PrV gB protein were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mice inoculated the recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant baculovirus containing the PrV glycoprotein gB gene under the CAG promoter could be a candidate for a pseudorabies vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Baculoviridae/chemistry
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spodoptera/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aoki
- Department of Exotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Haagmans BL, van Rooij EM, Dubelaar M, Kimman TG, Horzinek MC, Schijns VE, Bianchi AT. Vaccination of pigs against pseudorabies virus with plasmid DNA encoding glycoprotein D. Vaccine 1999; 17:1264-71. [PMID: 10195639 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the ability of a plasmid carrying the gene encoding glycoprotein D (gD) of pseudorabies virus (PRV) to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and assessed the protection provided by PRV-gD DNA vaccination against challenge infection with PRV. Immunization with plasmid PRV-gD induced neutralizing antibodies and lymphocyte proliferative responses both in mice and pigs. Moreover, when challenged with virulent PRV six weeks following the last immunization, PRV-gD DNA vaccinated pigs excreted virus for a significantly shorter period and showed less clinical symptoms than pigs vaccinated with a control plasmid. Thus, in the target animal, DNA vaccination with PRV-gD DNA induces protective immunity against challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Haagmans
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
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22
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Abstract
This contribution highlights factors involved with maintaining and enhancing antigen delivery or immunogenicity. Areas discussed include the cold chain, adjuvants, recombinant vectors for antigen delivery, routes for antigen delivery, and edible plant vaccines. It is doubtless that the technological understanding that underlies these advances is about to revolutionize vaccinology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gradon
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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23
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van Rooij EM, Haagmans BL, de Visser YE, de Bruin MG, Boersma W, Bianchi AT. Effect of vaccination route and composition of DNA vaccine on the induction of protective immunity against pseudorabies infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 66:113-26. [PMID: 9860185 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with naked DNA may be an alternative to conventional vaccines because it combines the efficacy of attenuated vaccines with the biological safety of inactivated vaccines. We recently showed that the vaccination with naked DNA coding for the immunorelevant glycoprotein D (gD) of pseudorabies virus (PRV) induced both antibody and cell-mediated immunity in pigs and provided protection against challenge infection. To determine whether the efficacy of the naked DNA vaccination against PRV could be improved, we compared three sets of variables. First, the efficacy of the naked DNA vaccine coding only for the immunorelevant gD was compared with a cocktail vaccine containing additional plasmids coding for two other immunorelevant glycoproteins, gB and gC. Second, the intramuscular route of vaccination was compared with the intradermal route. Third, the commonly used needle method of inoculation was compared with the needleless Pigjet injector method. Five groups of five pigs were vaccinated three times at 4-weeks intervals and challenged with the virulent NIA-3 strain of PRV 6 weeks after the last vaccination. Results showed that although the cocktail vaccine induced stronger cell-mediated immune responses than the vaccine containing only gD plasmid, both vaccines protected pigs equally well against challenge infection. Intradermal inoculation with a needle induced significantly stronger antibody and cell-mediated immune responses and better protection against challenge infection than intramuscular inoculation. Our data show that the route of administering DNA vaccines in pigs is important for an optimal induction of protective immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- COS Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Injections, Intradermal/veterinary
- Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/veterinary
- Pseudorabies/immunology
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Random Allocation
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Rooij
- Department of Mammalian Virology and Immunology, Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, Netherlands.
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24
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Ober BT, Summerfield A, Mattlinger C, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Pfaff E, Saalmüller A, Rziha HJ. Vaccine-induced, pseudorabies virus-specific, extrathymic CD4+CD8+ memory T-helper cells in swine. J Virol 1998; 72:4866-73. [PMID: 9573253 PMCID: PMC110037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.4866-4873.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1997] [Accepted: 02/17/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV; suid herpesvirus 1) infection causes heavy economic losses in the pig industry. Therefore, vaccination with live attenuated viruses is practiced in many countries. This vaccination was demonstrated to induce extrathymic virus-specific memory CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes. Due to their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted proliferation, it is generally believed that these T lymphocytes function as memory T-helper cells. To directly prove this hypothesis, 15-amino-acid, overlapping peptides of the viral glycoprotein gC were used for screening in proliferation assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vaccinated d/d haplotype inbred pigs. In these experiments, two naturally processed T-cell epitopes (T1 and T2) which are MHC class II restricted were identified. It was shown that extrathymic CD4+CD8+ T cells are the T-lymphocyte subpopulation that responds to epitope T2. In addition, we were able to show that cytokine secretion can be induced in these T cells through recall with inactivated PRV and demonstrated that activated PRV-primed CD4+CD8+ T cells are able to induce PRV-specific immunoglobulin synthesis by PRV-primed, resting B cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the glycoprotein gC takes part in the priming of humoral anti-PRV memory responses. The experiments identified the first T-cell epitopes so far known to induce the generation of virus-specific CD4+CD8+ memory T lymphocytes and showed that CD4+CD8+ T cells are memory T-helper cells. Therefore, this study describes the generation of virus-specific CD4+CD8+ T cells, which is observed during vaccination, as a part of the potent humoral anti-PRV memory response induced by the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Ober
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Katayama S, Yoshiki K, Okada N, Kokubu T, Shimizu Y. Efficacy of a mixed glycoprotein vaccine against pseudorabies in pregnant sows. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:23-7. [PMID: 9492356 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein-mixed vaccine was prepared by heparin-affinity chromatography from PRV-infected PK-15 cell lysates. In our previous study, the trial vaccine was induced protection with suppression of virus shedding in one-month-old pigs and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in mice. In this study, the effect of the trial vaccine on suppression of both virus shedding and reproductive failure in pregnant sows was examined. Three sows were vaccinated twice until one week before mating. Each of them was infected intranasally with 10(6) TCID50 of PRV on day 28, 54, or 85 after mating, respectively. Three other sows were also mated and challenged at the same time as the respective control. The vaccinated sows produced virus-neutralizing antibodies. Sows with high level of VN antibody lowered the level and period of virus shedding after challenge. The maximum level of shed-virus titers in vaccinated sows were 10(1.25) to 10(3) times lower than controls. Vaccinated sows shed virus for 1 or 5 days, while controls shed for 8, 9, or 12 days. No abortion or stillbirth was observed in vaccinated sows during pregnancy. On the other hand, control sow challenged at a late stage of pregnancy showed abortion and stillbirth. The results obtained here indicate that our trial vaccine is effective to prevent reproductive failure by pseudorabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katayama
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Uji, Japan
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26
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Zaripov MM, Morenkov OS, Siklodi B, Barna-Vetro I, Gyöngyösi-Horvath A, Fodor I. Glycoprotein B of Aujeszky's disease virus: topographical epitope mapping and epitope-specific antibody response. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1998; 149:29-41. [PMID: 9561562 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(97)86898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A panel of 26 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against glycoprotein B (gB) of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus (ADV), a glycoprotein complex consisting of three glycoproteins, gBa, gBb, and gBc, was produced by two research groups and was used for the topographical epitope mapping of gB. An epitope map was constructed in which the identified epitopes of gB were situated in 14 topologically distinct antigenic domains; ten antigenic domains represented by 22 mAbs were localized on gBc, while four antigenic domains represented by four mAbs resided on gBb of the gB complex. All the epitopes located on gBc appeared to be conformation-dependent, whereas all the epitopes on gBb were conformation-independent. The identified epitopes of gB were conserved among laboratory, vaccine and field ADV strains. Conformation-dependent epitopes were shown to contribute largely to the overall antibody response to gB in naturally infected swine and immunized mice. Moreover, it was found that most of the infected animals responded relatively weakly to the identified conformation-independent epitopes of gB, while a group of immunodominant epitopes that induced a strong antibody response was represented exclusively by conformation-dependent epitopes from different antigenic domains. The results clearly demonstrated that conformation-dependent epitopes of gBc play a crucial role in inducing the humoral immune response to gB of ADV during the natural infection of swine and immunization of mice. The application of mAbs of our panel as research and diagnostic tools is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zaripov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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27
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Ambriović A, Adam M, Monteil M, Paulin D, Eloit M. Efficacy of replication-defective adenovirus-vectored vaccines: protection following intramuscular injection is linked to promoter efficiency in muscle representative cells. Virology 1997; 238:327-35. [PMID: 9400605 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the respective role of transduced cells in the induction of immune response following intramuscular inoculation of adenovirus-based vaccines, we generated several replication-defective adenoviruses expressing the glycoprotein D gene of pseudorabies virus under the control of four different promoters: major late promoter of adenovirus type 2, human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter/enhancer (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus-long terminal repeat promoter, and human desmin gene 5' regulatory region (DES). All the adenovirus constructs were able to fully protect mice, in the contrary of direct DNA inoculation of plasmids harboring the same transcription units. The far most effective adenovirus constructs, on the criterion of protective doses and specific antibody response induction, were those in which the foreign gene was driven by the DES or CMV promoter. Wide variations in promoter strength in vitro were evidenced in several cell culture types representative of putative target cells following muscular inoculation (myoblasts, myotubes, fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells). The level of efficacy in vivo, was not correlated with the level of expression in vitro in myotubes, but paralleled the level of expression in endothelial cells and in myoblasts. Together with previously published data, these results suggest that, following adenovirus injection, locally produced cytokines may induce myoblasts to act as local antigen presenting cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Defective Viruses/physiology
- Genetic Vectors
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Muscles/cytology
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pseudorabies/immunology
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ambriović
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Génétique virale, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Maisons Alfort, France
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28
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Katayama S, Okada N, Yoshiki K, Okabe T, Shimizu Y. Protective effect of glycoprotein gC-rich antigen against pseudorabies virus. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:657-63. [PMID: 9300361 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A trial vaccine containing pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein gC as the main component showed excellent protection against virulent virus infection in pigs. Glycoprotein gC-rich antigen was prepared by heparin affinity chromatography from PRV-infected cell lysates. The preparations were mixed with mineral oil adjuvant as a water-in-oil emulsion. Six-week-old pigs were immunized twice at two-week intervals with trial vaccines containing 128,000, 12,800 and 1,280 HA units per dose of gC antigen. They were then challenged with a virulent PRV at day 7 after the final immunization. Neutralizing (NT) antibodies were produced with increase of antibody titers after challenge. Pigs immunized with 128,000 HA units per dose of gC survived and showed no virus shedding during the 2-week experimental period after the challenge. The role of cell-mediated immunity was examined using BALB/c mice, and induction of gC-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was detected by 51Cr release assay. From these results with mice, it is inferred that cell-mediated immunity, especially CTL, may play an important role in the effectiveness of our trial vaccine in addition to humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katayama
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Japan
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29
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Heine HG, Foord AJ, Young PL, Hooper PT, Lehrbach PR, Boyle DB. Recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines against Australian virulent Marek's disease virus: gene sequence analysis and comparison of vaccine efficacy in specific pathogen free and production chickens. Virus Res 1997; 50:23-33. [PMID: 9255932 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(97)00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein genes gB, gC and gD of the Australian virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) isolate Woodlands No. 1. The glycoprotein gB and gC sequences were identical to the homologs of other virulent MDV type 1 strains, and the glycoprotein gD sequence contained only one unique amino acid substitution. Recombinant fowlpox viruses (rFPVs) expressing the MDV glycoprotein genes were constructed and their efficacy as vaccines was evaluated in specific pathogen free (SPF) and production chickens. Vaccination with the FPV-gB recombinant protected SPF chickens from Marek's disease mortality and tumour formation following challenge with virulent MDV Woodlands No. 1. The degree of protection from Marek's disease was dependent on the vaccine dose and route of inoculation. The rFPVs expressing gC or gD did not provide protection from Marek's disease. A rFPV expressing both gB and gC did not provide enhanced protection in comparison with the rFPV-gB alone. The rFPV-gB vaccine failed to protect commercial chickens from MD mortality and provided little protection from tumour formation in comparison with the commercial herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine. The failure to provide protection against MD may be related to the impact of maternally derived immunity to MDV and FPV and possibly the genotype of the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Heine
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria.
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30
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Mengeling WL, Brockmeier SL, Lager KM, Vorwald AC. The role of biotechnologically engineered vaccines and diagnostics in pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) eradication strategies. Vet Microbiol 1997; 55:49-60. [PMID: 9220596 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern-day biotechnology has an almost unlimited number of possibilities for reducing the impact of hereditary and infectious diseases. To date one of its most visible and rewarding applications for veterinary medicine has been in the genetic engineering of vaccines and diagnostics to assist in the eventual eradication of pseudorabies (PR, Aujeszky's disease). In the following review we summarize some of the most pertinent issues relative to PR eradication and point out the present and potential role of biotechnology in achieving our goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Mengeling
- Virology Swine Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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31
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Brockmeier SL, Mengeling WL. Comparison of the protective response induced by NYVAC vaccinia recombinants expressing either gp50 or gII and gp50 of pseudorabies virus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1996; 60:315-7. [PMID: 8904669 PMCID: PMC1263855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A NYVAC vaccinia vector containing genes for pseudorables virus glycoproteins gII and gp50 was administered to pigs to determine if it would have a greater protective effect than a vector containing the gene for gp50 alone. Both NYVAC vectors protected pigs similarly from virulent pseudorabies virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Brockmeier
- Virology Swine Research Unit, USDA, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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32
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Limbach KJ, Paoletti E. Non-replicating expression vectors: applications in vaccine development and gene therapy. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 116:241-56. [PMID: 8666067 PMCID: PMC2271436 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800052547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents experimental, preclinical and clinical data illustrating the multiple uses of recombinant non-replicating virus vectors in the fields of immunoprophylaxis and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Limbach
- Virogenetics Corporation, Rensselaer Technology Park, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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33
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Srinivasan J, Singh O, Chakrabarti S, Talwar GP. Targeting vaccinia virus-expressed secretory beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin to the cell surface induces antibodies. Infect Immun 1995; 63:4907-11. [PMID: 7591154 PMCID: PMC173703 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.12.4907-4911.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We carried out experiments designed to study the effect of a protein's localization on its immunogenicity. A novel cell-surface protein was generated from a small, glycosylated secretory protein. The DNA sequence encoding the entire precursor of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta (beta hCG) subunit was fused in the correct reading frame to the DNA sequence encoding the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. This chimeric gene was introduced into the vaccinia virus genome to generate a recombinant virus. The recombinant virus, when used to infect animal cells, expressed a 135-amino-acid beta hCG subunit anchored in cellular membranes by the 48 carboxy-terminal amino acids of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. The immunogenicity of this recombinant virus with respect to its ability to generate anti-hCG antibodies was compared with that of a second recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the native secretory form of beta hCG. All animals immunized with the vaccinia virus expressing beta hCG on the cell surface elicited high titers of anti-hCG antibodies. Even after a single immunization with the recombinant vaccinia virus, the anti-hCG antibody titers persisted for a long period of time (more than 6 months). None of the animals immunized with vaccinia virus expressing the native secretory form of beta hCG showed any hCG-specific antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Srinivasan
- National Institute of Immunology, Shaheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi, India
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34
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Takada A, Kida H. Induction of protective antibody responses against pseudorabies virus by intranasal vaccination with glycoprotein B in mice. Arch Virol 1995; 140:1629-35. [PMID: 7487494 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination of mice with glycoprotein B (gB) of pseudorabies virus (PRV) induced specific IgA and IgG antibody responses in the secretion of the respiratory tract, resulting in protection of the animals against intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of virulent PRV. The immune response was enhanced by the use of cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. The present results indicate that local vaccination with gB is a promising strategy to confer protective immunity on animals against PRV infection by inducing secretory antibodies on their mucosal surfaces where the primary replication of the virus occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takada
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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35
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Xuan X, Nakamura T, Ihara T, Sato I, Tuchiya K, Nosetto E, Ishihama A, Ueda S. Characterization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gII expressed by recombinant baculovirus. Virus Res 1995; 36:151-61. [PMID: 7653095 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)00112-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding the complete glycoprotein gII (homologue of gB of herpes simplex virus) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant virus expressing gII was isolated. Three gII-related recombinant baculovirus-expressed peptides of 100, 60, and 45 to 50 kDa were detected with a polyclonal antibody against gII; these correspond to the authentic subunits gIIa and its cleavage products gIIb and gIIc, respectively. These proteins were subjected to N-terminal sequencing, and the results showed that the protease cleavage sites were identical to those of authentic gII. The expressed gII was shown to be transported to the surface of infected cells as judged by an indirect immunofluorescence test. Antibodies raised in mice immunized with the recombinant gII neutralized the infection of PrV in vitro. Mice inoculated with the recombinant gII were completely protected from lethal challenge with PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xuan
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Adam M, Lepottier MF, Eloit M. Vaccination of pigs with replication-defective adenovirus vectored vaccines: the example of pseudorabies. Vet Microbiol 1994; 42:205-15. [PMID: 7886933 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing gD, one of the immunogenic glycoprotein of pseudorabies virus, was tested in pigs. Due to the deletion of the E1a gene, the recombinant virus is unable to replicate in non transcomplementing cells but is capable of eliciting an immune response against gp50 after inoculation into animals. The virus was formulated in a water/oil/water emulsion, a strategy previously shown to enhance the immune response against the virus-induced gp50. Pigs of 18-25 kg were vaccinated twice and the recombinant virus was not isolated from nasal and rectal swabs taken after each injection of the vaccine. High levels of neutralizing antibodies were induced by the vaccination. Protection against a severe challenge was effective, as measured by growth performance (dG = 1.73), and reduction of the time of excretion of the challenge strain (mean time: 4.4 days for the vaccinated and 7.9 days for the control pigs). These results show that non replicating adenoviruses are able to induce a strong protective immune response against foreign genes in pigs, which may be of general interest for the design of pig vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adam
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Génétique Virale, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort, France
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37
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Ganne V, Eloit M, Laval A, Adam M, Trouve G. Enhancement of the efficacy of a replication-defective adenovirus-vectored vaccine by the addition of oil adjuvants. Vaccine 1994; 12:1190-6. [PMID: 7839723 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously constructed a recombinant adenovirus with a defective E1A gene, which expresses high levels of the pseudorabies virus gp50 in non-transcomplementing cells. The virus is unable to replicate in mice. It elicited the production of anti-gp50 antibodies only when high concentrations (10(8) TCID50 per dose) of the virus were used and it gave mice little protection. The combination of the recombinant adenovirus at several concentrations (10(8), 10(7.4), 10(6.4) TCID50 per dose) with certain oil adjuvants in different galenic forms (water-in-oil, oil-in-water, water-in-oil-in-water) led to an increase in specific antibody responses and protection for the host when challenged with a virulent pseudorabies virus under very severe conditions, i.e. where 100% of unvaccinated mice died. A water-in-oil-in-water formulation induced a very high level of anti-gp50 antibodies even with a low concentration of adenovirus. These results could be correlated to the induction of cytokines, such as IL6, which is observed with this galenic form. The oil-adjuvanted emulsions induced IL2, suggesting that they were able to activate T-helper cells. Different oil formulations elicited the different IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3). These results can be extended to other live replication-defective vaccines expressing different proteins.
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38
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Mengeling WL, Brockmeier SL, Lager KM. Evaluation of a recombinant vaccinia virus containing pseudorabies (PR) virus glycoprotein genes gp50, gII, and gIII as a PR vaccine for pigs. Arch Virol 1994; 134:259-69. [PMID: 8129615 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pigs vaccinated twice intramuscularly with a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (NYVAC) containing gene inserts for pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoproteins gp50, gII, and gIII produced neutralizing antibodies for PRV and were less clinically affected than were nonvaccinated pigs following oronasal exposure to virulent PRV. Also, following oronasal exposure to virulent PRV the duration of virulent virus shedding by pigs that had been vaccinated intramuscularly with the recombinant virus was statistically less (p < 0.05) than that of nonvaccinated pigs and like that of pigs vaccinated twice intramuscularly with inactivated PR vaccine. Intramuscular vaccination with the recombinant virus was compatible with the most commonly used differential diagnostic tests, namely those based on PRV glycoproteins gX and gI. Serum antibodies for these glycoproteins were absent from the sera of all pigs before and after vaccination with recombinant virus; whereas, they were present in the sera of all of the same pigs after they were exposed to virulent PRV. In contrast to the effectiveness of the recombinant virus administered intramuscularly, neither serum antibody nor clinical protection against PRV was detected when aliquots of the same recombinant virus preparation were administered either orally or intranasally. The latter finding suggests that recombinant virus replicates poorly, if at all, at these sites. If so, the dissemination of recombinant virus from vaccinated pigs to nonvaccinated pigs or other animals in contact seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Mengeling
- Virology Swine Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
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39
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40
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Puentes E, Cancio E, Eiras A, Nores MV, Aguilera A, Regueiro BJ, Seoane R. Efficacy of various non-oily adjuvants in immunization against the Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1993; 40:353-65. [PMID: 8237208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1993.tb00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Standard oil and various non-oily adjuvants were compared for use in immunization against the Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus, both in mice and swine, and using either inactivated virions or purified glycoproteins as antigen. Mineral oil, sodium alginate, aluminium hydroxide, and saponin were assayed in mice as adjuvants for inactivated virions, saponin being the most efficient. The addition of Mab anti-CD3 did not improve either immune response or protection achieved in mice using viral particles with oil or sodium alginate. When purified glycoproteins were used as antigens, the use of ISCOM greatly enhanced specific T-cell responses and protection of mice. The incorporation of Mab anti-CD3 into ISCOM conferred 100% protection of mice. Surprisingly, when an ISCOM containing glycoproteins was assayed in swine in a single-dose trial, no improvement on the protection conferred by the oily adjuvant was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Puentes
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Fac Medicina, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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41
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Tartaglia J, Jarrett O, Neil JC, Desmettre P, Paoletti E. Protection of cats against feline leukemia virus by vaccination with a canarypox virus recombinant, ALVAC-FL. J Virol 1993; 67:2370-5. [PMID: 8383248 PMCID: PMC240401 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2370-2375.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two ALVAC (canarypox virus)-based recombinant viruses expressing the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) subgroup A env and gag genes were assessed for their protective efficacy in cats. Both recombinant viruses contained the entire gag gene. ALVAC-FL also expressed the entire envelope glycoprotein, while ALVAC-FL(dl IS) expressed an env-specific gene product deleted of the putative immunosuppressive region. Although only 50% of the cats vaccinated with ALVAC-FL(dl IS) were protected against persistent viremia after oronasal exposure to a homologous FeLV isolate, all cats administered ALVAC-FL resisted the challenge exposure. Significantly, protection was afforded in the absence of detectable FeLV-neutralizing antibodies. These results represent the first effective vaccination of cats against FeLV with a poxvirus-based recombinant vector and have implications that are relevant not only to FeLV vaccine development but also to developing vaccines against other retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Canaries/microbiology
- Cats
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Genes, env
- Genes, gag
- Genes, pol
- Genetic Vectors
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/growth & development
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology
- Leukemia, Feline/prevention & control
- Neutralization Tests
- Poxviridae/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tartaglia
- Virogenetics Corporation, Troy, New York 12180
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42
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Heffner S, Kovács F, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. Glycoprotein gp50-negative pseudorabies virus: a novel approach toward a nonspreading live herpesvirus vaccine. J Virol 1993; 67:1529-37. [PMID: 8382308 PMCID: PMC237523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.3.1529-1537.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential herpesvirus glycoproteins are involved in membrane fusion processes during infection, e.g., viral penetration and direct cell-to-cell transmission. We previously showed that the gD-homologous glycoprotein gp50 of pseudorabies virus (PrV) is essential for virus entry into target cells but proved to be dispensable for direct viral cell-to-cell spread in cell culture (I. Rauh and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 65:5348-5456, 1991). For gp50-negative (gp50-) viruses, after phenotypic complementation necessary for primary infection, the only means of viral spread is by way of direct cell-to-cell transmission. In contrast, virus mutants lacking the essential gB-homologous glycoprotein gII after phenotypic complementation are only able to infect primary target cells and are blocked in further viral spread. To analyze how these in vitro phenotypes translate into virus replication in the animal, mice were infected intranasally with gp50- or gII- PrV mutants after prior phenotypic complementation by propagation on cell lines providing the essential glycoprotein in trans. Our results show that whereas the gII- mutants did not cause disease or any symptoms, gp50- mutants derived from two different PrV strains were fully virulent, with animals exhibiting severe symptoms ultimately leading to death. However, free infectious virus could not be recovered from either gp50- or gII- PrV-infected animals. We conclude that direct cell-to-cell transmission as the only means of viral spread of the gp50- mutants is sufficient for a full virulent phenotype in mice. After infection of pigs with phenotypically complemented gp50- PrV, only mild symptoms were observed, whereas the gII- mutant was totally avirulent. In both cases, shedding of infectious virus did not occur, in contrast to results with animals infected by gX- PrV that showed severe signs of disease and extensive virus shedding. After challenge infection with the highly virulent NIA-3 strain, the previously gII- PrV-infected animals exhibited severe symptoms, whereas the gp50- PrV-infected pigs showed a significant level of protection. In conclusion, vaccination with a PrV mutant lacking glycoprotein gp50, which is unable to spread between animals because of a lack of formation of free infectious virions, can confer on pigs protection against challenge infection. These results provide the basis for the development of new, nonspreading live herpesvirus vaccines based on gp50- PrV mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heffner
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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