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Hidayati DN, Untari T, Wibowo MH, Akiyama K, Asmara W. Cloning and sequencing gB, gD, and gM genes to perform the genetic variability of bovine herpesvirus-1 from Indonesia. Vet World 2018; 11:1255-1261. [PMID: 30410230 PMCID: PMC6200558 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1255-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Previous research has shown that bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in Indonesia was closely related to subtype-1 based on glycoprotein D genes. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variability of the BHV-1 isolated from the recent case in Indonesia not only based on gD but also other genes such as gB and gM and to study the homology and similarity of the sample to other BHV-1 isolated in other countries or regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were drawn from the tracheal organ in recent field case and prepared for DNA extraction. The gB, gD, and gM were amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) with our specifically designed primer pair and based on the specified bands of 350 bp gB, 325 bp gD, and 734 bp gM confirmed as BHV-1. The PCR product was ligated into pGEM-T and transformed into competent Escherichia coli. The purified plasmid was subsequently sequenced. RESULTS The virus sample isolated from the recent field case of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) from Indonesia showed variability based on the gB, gD, and gM sequences. However, all of the genes had high similarity (98-100%) to BHV-1.2. CONCLUSION The recent field case of IBR in Indonesia was similar to BHV-1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Noor Hidayati
- Doctoral Program, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Caturtunggal, Depok, Karangmalang, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- PUSVETMA (Pusat Veteriner Farma), The Ministry of Agriculture of The Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Frontage Ahmad Yani Siwalankerto No. 68-70, Ketintang, Gayungan, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60231, Indonesia
| | - Tri Untari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Caturtunggal, Depok, Karangmalang, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Michael Haryadi Wibowo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Caturtunggal, Depok, Karangmalang, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Koichi Akiyama
- Advanced Research Support Centre (ADRES), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Widya Asmara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Caturtunggal, Depok, Karangmalang, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Hart J, MacHugh ND, Sheldrake T, Nielsen M, Morrison WI. Identification of immediate early gene products of bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) as dominant antigens recognized by CD8 T cells in immune cattle. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1843-1854. [PMID: 28671533 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In common with other herpes viruses, bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) induces strong virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses. However, there is a paucity of information on the antigenic specificity of the responding T-cells. The development of a system to generate virus-specific CD8 T-cell lines from BHV-1-immune cattle, employing Theileria-transformed cell lines for antigen presentation, has enabled us to address this issue. Use of this system allowed the study to screen for CD8 T-cell antigens that are efficiently presented on the surface of virus-infected cells. Screening of a panel of 16 candidate viral gene products with CD8 T-cell lines from 3 BHV-1-immune cattle of defined MHC genotypes identified 4 antigens, including 3 immediate early (IE) gene products (ICP4, ICP22 and Circ) and a tegument protein (UL49). Identification of the MHC restriction specificities revealed that the antigens were presented by two or three class I MHC alleles in each animal. Six CD8 T-cell epitopes were identified in the three IE proteins by screening of synthetic peptides. Use of an algorithm (NetMHCpan) that predicts the peptide-binding characteristics of restricting MHC alleles confirmed and, in some cases refined, the identity of the epitopes. Analyses of the epitope specificity of the CD8 T-cell lines showed that a large component of the response is directed against these IE epitopes. The results indicate that these IE gene products are dominant targets of the CD8 T-cell response in BHV-I-immune cattle and hence are prime-candidate antigens for the generation of a subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hart
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Niall D MacHugh
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tara Sheldrake
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Centre for Biological Science Sequence Analysis, The Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.,Biotechnological Research Institute, National University of San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Barber KA, Daugherty HC, Ander SE, Jefferson VA, Shack LA, Pechan T, Nanduri B, Meyer F. Protein Composition of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1.1 Virion. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010011. [PMID: 29056670 PMCID: PMC5606624 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) type 1 is an important agricultural pathogen that infects cattle and other ruminants worldwide. Acute infection of the oro-respiratory tract leads to immune suppression and allows commensal bacteria to infect an otherwise healthy lower respiratory tract. This condition is known as the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). BoHV-1 latently infects the host for life and periodical stress events re-initiate BRD, translating into high morbidity and large economic losses. To gain a better understanding of the biology of BoHV-1 and the disease it causes, we elucidated the protein composition of extracellular virions using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We detected 33 viral proteins, including the expected proteins of the nucleocapsid and envelope as well as other regulatory proteins present in the viral tegument. In addition to viral proteins, we have also identified packaged proteins of host origin. This constitutes the first proteomic characterization of the BoHV virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley A. Barber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Hillary C. Daugherty
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Victoria A. Jefferson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Leslie A. Shack
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (A.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (A.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-325-7734
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Kennedy PGE, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1581-602. [PMID: 25794504 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong infections in ganglia. Following primary infection and establishment of latency, HSV-1 reactivation typically results in herpes labialis (cold sores), but can occur frequently elsewhere on the body at the site of primary infection (e.g. whitlow), particularly at the genitals. Rarely, HSV-1 reactivation can cause encephalitis; however, a third of the cases of HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with HSV-1 primary infection. Primary VZV infection causes varicella (chickenpox) following which latent virus may reactivate decades later to produce herpes zoster (shingles), as well as an increasingly recognized number of subacute, acute and chronic neurological conditions. Following primary infection, both viruses establish a latent infection in neuronal cells in human peripheral ganglia. However, the detailed mechanisms of viral latency and reactivation have yet to be unravelled. In both cases latent viral DNA exists in an 'end-less' state where the ends of the virus genome are joined to form structures consistent with unit length episomes and concatemers, from which viral gene transcription is restricted. In latently infected ganglia, the most abundantly detected HSV-1 RNAs are the spliced products originating from the primary latency associated transcript (LAT). This primary LAT is an 8.3 kb unstable transcript from which two stable (1.5 and 2.0 kb) introns are spliced. Transcripts mapping to 12 VZV genes have been detected in human ganglia removed at autopsy; however, it is difficult to ascribe these as transcripts present during latent infection as early-stage virus reactivation may have transpired in the post-mortem time period in the ganglia. Nonetheless, low-level transcription of VZV ORF63 has been repeatedly detected in multiple ganglia removed as close to death as possible. There is increasing evidence that HSV-1 and VZV latency is epigenetically regulated. In vitro models that permit pathway analysis and identification of both epigenetic modulations and global transcriptional mechanisms of HSV-1 and VZV latency hold much promise for our future understanding in this complex area. This review summarizes the molecular biology of HSV-1 and VZV latency and reactivation, and also presents future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- 1Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joel Rovnak
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hussain Badani
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 4Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Spatz SJ, Volkening JD, Ross TA. Molecular characterization of the complete genome of falconid herpesvirus strain S-18. Virus Res 2014; 188:109-21. [PMID: 24685675 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Falconid herpesvirus type 1 (FaHV-1) is the causative agent of falcon inclusion body disease, an acute, highly contagious disease of raptors. The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of FaHV-1 has been determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The genome is 204,054 nucleotides in length and has a class E organization. The genome encodes approximately 130 putative protein-coding genes, of which 70 are orthologs of conserved alphaherpesvirus and Mardivirus proteins. Three FaHV-1 genes (UL3.5, UL44.5 and CIRC) were identified that encode protein homologues unique to Mardivirus and Varicellovirus. The genome also encodes homologues to the Mardivirus genes LORF2, LORF3, LORF4, LORF5, SORF3 and SORF4. An opal mutation resulting in premature termination was identified in the FaHV-1 UL43 gene. Phylogenetically, FaHV-1 resides in a monophyletic group with the other Mardiviruses but, along with anatid herpesvirus 1, represents a more distant divergence from the rest of the Mardivirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Spatz
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | | | - Teresa A Ross
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Ahn BC, Kim S, Zhang Y, Charvat RA, O'Callaghan DJ. The early UL3 gene of equine herpesvirus-1 encodes a tegument protein not essential for replication or virulence in the mouse. Virology 2011; 420:20-31. [PMID: 21917286 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The UL3 gene of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is retained in the genome of defective interfering particles and encodes a ~33kDa myristylated protein. Further characterization showed that the UL3 gene is trans-activated only by the sole immediate early (IE) protein and encodes an early protein that is dispensable for EHV-1 replication and localizes in the tegument of purified virions. UL3-deleted EHV-1 (vL11ΔUL3) exhibits properties of host cell tropism, plaque size, and growth kinetics similar to those of the parental virus. Expression levels of EHV-1 proteins representative of all three gene classes in vL11ΔUL3-infected cells were identical to those in cells infected with parental virus. Mice intranasally infected with vL11ΔUL3 and parental virus showed no significant difference in mortality or virus lung titers. These findings suggest that the UL3 protein does not play a major role in the biology of EHV-1 in cell culture or virulence in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Ahn
- Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Robinson KE, Meers J, Gravel JL, McCarthy FM, Mahony TJ. The essential and non-essential genes of Bovine herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2851-2863. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an economically important pathogen of cattle associated with respiratory and reproductive disease. To further develop BoHV-1 as a vaccine vector, a study was conducted to identify the essential and non-essential genes required for in vitro viability. Random-insertion mutagenesis utilizing a Tn5 transposition system and targeted gene deletion were employed to construct gene disruption and gene deletion libraries, respectively, of an infectious clone of BoHV-1. Transposon insertion position and confirmation of gene deletion were determined by direct sequencing. The essential or non-essential requirement of either transposed or deleted open reading frames (ORFs) was assessed by transfection of respective BoHV-1 DNA into host cells. Of the 73 recognized ORFs encoded by the BoHV-1 genome, 33 were determined to be essential and 36 to be non-essential for virus viability in cell culture; determining the requirement of the two dual copy ORFs was inconclusive. The majority of ORFs were shown to conform to the in vitro requirements of BoHV-1 homologues encoded by human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1). However, ORFs encoding glycoprotein K (UL53), regulatory, membrane, tegument and capsid proteins (UL54, UL49.5, UL49, UL35, UL20, UL16 and UL7) were shown to differ in requirement when compared to HHV-1-encoded homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E. Robinson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Gravel
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fiona M. McCarthy
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Mahony
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Muylkens B, Thiry J, Kirten P, Schynts F, Thiry E. Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res 2007; 38:181-209. [PMID: 17257569 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), classified as an alphaherpesvirus, is a major pathogen of cattle. Primary infection is accompanied by various clinical manifestations such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, abortion, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, and systemic infection in neonates. When animals survive, a life-long latent infection is established in nervous sensory ganglia. Several reactivation stimuli can lead to viral re-excretion, which is responsible for the maintenance of BoHV-1 within a cattle herd. This paper focuses on an updated pathogenesis based on a molecular characterization of BoHV-1 and the description of the virus cycle. Special emphasis is accorded to the impact of the latency and reactivation cycle on the epidemiology and the control of BoHV-1. Several European countries have initiated BoHV-1 eradication schemes because of the significant losses incurred by disease and trading restrictions. The vaccines used against BoHV-1 are described in this context where the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals is of critical importance to achieve BoHV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Muylkens
- Virology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Gianni T, Fato R, Bergamini C, Lenaz G, Campadelli-Fiume G. Hydrophobic alpha-helices 1 and 2 of herpes simplex virus gH interact with lipids, and their mimetic peptides enhance virus infection and fusion. J Virol 2006; 80:8190-8. [PMID: 16873275 PMCID: PMC1563806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00504-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry of herpes simplex virus into cells occurs by fusion and requires four glycoproteins. gD serves as the receptor binding glycoprotein. Of the remaining glycoproteins, gH carries structural and functional elements typical of class 1 fusion glycoproteins, in particular alpha-helix 1 (alpha-H1), with properties of a candidate fusion peptide, and two heptad repeats. Here, we characterized alpha-H2 and compared it to alpha-H1. alpha-H2 (amino acids 513 to 531) is of lower hydrophobicity than alpha-H1. Its deletion or mutation decreased virus infection and cell fusion. Its replacement with heterologous fusion peptides did not rescue infection and cell fusion beyond the levels exhibited by the alpha-H2-deleted gH. This contrasts with alpha-H1, which cannot be deleted and can be functionally replaced with heterologous fusion peptides (T. Gianni et al., J. Virol. 79:2931-2940, 2005). Synthetic peptides mimicking alpha-H1 and alpha-H2 induced fusion of nude lipid vesicles. Importantly, they increased infection of herpes simplex virus, pseudorabies virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and vesicular stomatitis virus. The alpha-H1 mimetic peptide was more effective than the alpha-H2 peptide. Consistent with the findings that gH carries membrane-interacting segments, a soluble form of gH, but not of gD or gB, partitioned with lipid vesicles. Current findings highlight that alpha-H2 is an important albeit nonessential region for virus entry and fusion. alpha-H1 and alpha-H2 share the ability to target the membrane lipids; they contribute to virus entry and fusion, possibly by destabilizing the membranes. However, alpha-H2 differs from alpha-H1 in that it is of lower hydrophobicity and cannot be replaced with heterologous fusion peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Section on Microbiology and Virology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo, 12-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Saydam O, Steiner F, Vogt B, Schwyzer M. Host cell targets of immediate-early protein BICP22 of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:185-92. [PMID: 16352405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The immediate-early (IE) protein BICP22 of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) acts as transrepressor protein on viral promoters of different kinetic classes. In the present work, we looked for host cell targets of BICP22 using a yeast two-hybrid system and identified seven candidates: (1) JIK, a serine/threonine kinase of the sterile 20 protein (STE20) family that inhibits stress-related pathways; (2) cAMP response element binding protein-like 2 (CREBL2), which in its bZip domain shares homology with CREB, modulating transcription of cAMP responsive genes; (3) DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase (ATRX), a protein of the SNF2 family altering nucleosome structure; (4) scaffold attachment factor B (SAF-B), which helps to organize chromatin into topologically separated loops; (5) peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase COOH-terminal interactor protein 1 (PAMCIP1), involved in regulation of the secretory pathway in the perinuclear area; (6) zinc finger protein (ZNF38) found in proliferating cells and possibly associated with meiosis in male and female gametogenesis; (7) FLJ22709, hypothetical protein conserved among various species, containing an occludin/ELL domain. To confirm some of the interactions by confocal fluorescence microscopy, BICP22 was tagged with red fluorescent protein in an amplicon, and selected target sequences were tagged with green fluorescent protein in plasmid expression vectors. Upon amplicon transduction of Vero cells and plasmid transfection, CREBL2 and ZNF38 both colocalized with BICP22 in distinct nuclear domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okay Saydam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266A, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Wild P, Engels M, Senn C, Tobler K, Ziegler U, Schraner EM, Loepfe E, Ackermann M, Mueller M, Walther P. Impairment of nuclear pores in bovine herpesvirus 1-infected MDBK cells. J Virol 2005; 79:1071-83. [PMID: 15613336 PMCID: PMC538577 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1071-1083.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus capsids originating in the nucleus overcome the nucleocytoplasmic barrier by budding at the inner nuclear membrane. The fate of the resulting virions is still under debate. The fact that capsids approach Golgi membranes from the cytoplasmic side led to the theory of fusion between the viral envelope and the outer nuclear membrane, resulting in the release of capsids into the cytoplasm. We recently discovered a continuum from the perinuclear space to the Golgi complex implying (i) intracisternal viral transportation from the perinuclear space directly into Golgi cisternae and (ii) the existence of an alternative pathway of capsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Here, we analyzed the nuclear surface by high-resolution microscopy. Confocal microscopy of MDBK cells infected with recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 expressing green fluorescent protein fused to VP26 (a minor capsid protein) revealed distortions of the nuclear surface in the course of viral multiplication. High-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy proved the distortions to be related to enlargement of nuclear pores through which nuclear content including capsids protrudes into the cytoplasm, suggesting that capsids use impaired nuclear pores as gateways to gain access to the cytoplasmic matrix. Close examination of Golgi membranes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and outer nuclear membrane yielded capsid-membrane interaction of high identity to the budding process at the inner nuclear membrane. These observations signify the ability of capsids to induce budding at any cell membrane, provided the fusion machinery is present and/or budding is not suppressed by viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wild
- Electron Microscopy Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Saydam O, Abril C, Vogt B, Ackermann M, Schwyzer M. Transactivator protein BICP0 of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is blocked by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which points to a mechanism for PGD2-mediated inhibition of BHV-1 replication. J Virol 2004; 78:3805-10. [PMID: 15047795 PMCID: PMC374247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.3805-3810.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate-early protein, BICP0, of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) transactivates a variety of viral and cellular genes. In a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library screening, we found that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, which catalyzes the production of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), is a cellular target of BICP0. We observed that, during wild-type BHV-1 infection, PGD(2) levels were increased intracellularly and decreased in the medium. These effects were absent upon infection with recombinant BHV-1 expressing beta-galactosidase instead of BICP0 (A2G2). Transient-expression assays showed that BICP0 alone caused a significant increase in PGD(2) levels in the cell. PGD(2) repressed BHV-1 replication in cultured cells. Antiviral activities of prostaglandins have been documented long ago, but their mode of action remains to be clarified. Here we provide evidence that PGD(2) impairs the transactivation ability of BICP0 that is necessary for efficient virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okay Saydam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Schwyzer M, Fischer-Bracher C, Fraefel C, Bächi T, Nuñez R, Engels M, Ackermann M. Transduction of Vero cells and bovine monocytes with a herpes simplex virus-1 based amplicon carrying the gene for the bovine herpesvirus-1 Circ protein. Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:165-74. [PMID: 11888699 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) based amplicon vectors are promising gene delivery vehicles because they have a large transgene capacity and can efficiently transduce many different cell types, including non-dividing cells, of various animal species. The Circ protein of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is a myristylated virion component of unknown function. Preliminary experiments with a circ gene deletion mutant indicated that Circ may influence the host's immune response by downregulating MHC-II expression in bovine monocytes. To get more insight into the function of Circ, amplicon vectors were constructed with various open reading frames (ORFs) under the control of the HSV-1 IE4/5 promoter: (i) the Circ ORF alone, (ii) a fusion ORF encoding an N-terminal Circ fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), (iii) the eGFP ORF alone, and (iv) the Circ ORF in the inverted orientation. Upon helpervirus-free packaging into HSV-1 amplicon particles and transduction of Vero cells, both Circ alone and the Circ-eGFP fusion protein produced a punctate pattern within the cytoplasm, suggesting membrane association of the myristylated protein. In contrast, eGFP alone was evenly distributed over the cytoplasm of transduced cells. Upon infection of bovine buffy-coat cells, it was observed that cells of the monocyte lineage but not lymphocytes were transduced. Transgene expression reached a peak around 20h after transduction and lasted for at least 90h. Transduced monocytes underwent specific morphological changes, which may be attributed to Circ synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwyzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Winterthurerstrasse 266A, University of Zürich, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Turin L, Russo S, Poli G. BHV-1: new molecular approaches to control a common and widespread infection. Mol Med 1999; 5:261-84. [PMID: 10390543 PMCID: PMC2230419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses are widespread viruses, causing severe infections in both humans and animals. Eradication of herpesviruses is extremely difficult because of their ability to establish latent and life-long infections. However, latency is only one tool that has evolved in herpesviruses to successfully infect their hosts; such viruses display a wide (and still incompletely known) panoply of genes and proteins that are able to counteract immune responses of their hosts. Envelope glycoproteins and cytokine inhibitors are two examples of such weapons. All of these factors make it difficult to develop diagnostics and vaccines, unless they are based on molecular techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal herpesviruses, because of their striking similarity to human ones, are suitable models to study the molecular biology of herpesviruses and develop strategies aimed at designing neurotropic live vectors for gene therapy as well as engineered attenuated vaccines. RESULTS BHV-1 is a neurotropic herpesvirus causing infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle. It is a major plague in zootechnics and commercial trade, because of its ability to spread through asymptomatic carrier animals, frozen semen, and embryos. Such portals of infections are also important for human herpesviruses, which mainly cause systemic, eye, and genital tract infections, leading even to the development of cancer. CONCLUSIONS This review covers both the genetics and molecular biology of BHV-1 and its related herpesviruses. Epidemiology and diagnostic approaches to herpesvirus infections are presented. The role of herpesviruses in gene therapy and a broad introduction to classic and engineered vaccines against herpesviruses are also provided. http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00020/bibs/5n5p261.html
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Affiliation(s)
- L Turin
- Institute of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
N-myristoylation is an acylation process absolutely specific to the N-terminal amino acid glycine in proteins. This maturation process concerns about a hundred proteins in lower and higher eukaryotes involved in oncogenesis, in secondary cellular signalling, in infectivity of retroviruses and, marginally, of other virus types. Thy cytosolic enzyme responsible for this activity, N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), studied since 1987, has been purified from different sources. However, the studies of the specificities of the various NMTs have not progressed in detail except for those relating to the yeast cytosolic enzyme. Still to be explained are differences in species specificity and between various putative isoenzymes, also whether the data obtained from the yeast enzyme can be transposed to other NMTs. The present review discusses data on the various addressing processes subsequent to myristoylation, a patchwork of pathways that suggests myristoylation is only the first step of the mechanisms by which a protein associates with the membrane. Concerning the enzyme itself, there are evidences that NMT is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum and that its substrate specificity is different from that of the cytosolic enzyme(s). These differences have major implications for their differential inhibition and for their respective roles in several pathologies. For instance, the NMTs from mammalians are clearly different from those found in several microorganisms, which raises the question whether the NMT may be a new targets for fungicides. Finally, since myristoylation has a central role in virus maturation and oncogenesis, specific NMT inhibitors might lead to potent antivirus and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Département de Chemie des Peptides, Institut de Recherches Servier 11, Suresnes, France
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Köppel R, Fraefel C, Vogt B, Bello LJ, Lawrence WC, Schwyzer M. Recombinant bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) lacking transactivator protein BICPO entails lack of glycoprotein C and severely reduced infectivity. Biol Chem 1996; 377:787-95. [PMID: 8997489 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.12.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The immediate-early transactivator protein BICPO is a key regulatory element of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) replication based on transient expression assays. To examine BICPO function in the context of the viral genome, we created recombinant BHV-1 expressing beta-galactosidase instead of BICPO. To complement the defect, a neomycin resistant MDBK cell line (M164) expressing BICPO was established, permitting selection of a blue-staining BHV-1 recombinant (A2G2). Southern blot and PCR analysis confirmed that the BICPO gene was interrupted by the beta-galactosidase gene and that wt progeny was absent. Compared with wt BHV-1, A2G2 reached lower titers in M164 cells but replicated with similar kinetics. Once isolated, A2G2 also grew in MDBK cells although the titer was reduced a further 10-fold and the virus remained strongly cell-associated. Thus, BICPO is not absolutely required for replication in cell culture. Gene expression of A2G2 was investigated by Western blots and immunofluorescence. Surprisingly, not only was BICPO absent, but glycoprotein C (gC) was also missing. Other viral genes were expressed normally. Semiquantitative PCR showed that A2G2 produced similar amounts of viral DNA as wt but a much smaller number of infectious particles. Cotransfection of A2G2 DNA and a plasmid containing the BICPO gene yielded revertant virus with fully restored wt properties. We conclude that BICPO is required for gC expression, and that the missing gC partly accounts for the reduced A2G2 infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Köppel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Molecular virology has served to establish bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) as the prototype member of ruminant herpesviruses. Based on the genomic sequence of the virus, we aim to identify and characterize virus-specified components, to explain their concerted action, and to predict how the chain of events during the lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle may be interrupted. The nucleotide sequence of the BHV-1 genome (136 kb) has just been completed by international cooperation (July 1995; except for a small gap in UL36). It comprises 67 unique genes and 2 genes, both duplicated, in the inverted repeats. In general, these genes exhibit strong homology at the amino acid sequence level to those of other alphaherpesviruses (HSV-1, VZV, EHV-1) and are arranged in similar order. A few genes are peculiar to only one or two herpesviruses, e.g. in BHV-1 the circ, UL0.5, UL3.5 and US1.5 genes. Not long ago, the repertoire of BHV-1 proteins under study was restricted to the three major glycoproteins (gB, gC, and gD) and thymidine kinase. The repertoire is now growing rapidly and includes 7 additional glycoproteins (gE, gI, gH, gL, gG, gK and gM), a number of enzymes (e.g. ribonucleotide reductase, DNA Polymerase, dUTPase), and a group of regulatory proteins (BICPO, 4, 22, and 27, alpha TIF). Investigations into the functions of these proteins and comparison with their counterparts in other herpesviruses should reveal which are useful targets for diagnosis, prevention or antiviral treatment. Recombinant viruses containing deletions or replacements of individual genes are being created, aiming at vaccine development and insights into pathogenesis, notably latency, neurotropism, and interference with host functions. Molecular analysis of other ruminant herpesviruses is much less advanced. Over a dozen virus species have been described; most share basic properties with BHV-1 and may be classified as alphaherpesviruses. The gammaherpesviruses are represented by the proposed agent of malignant catarrhal fever, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, and by bovine herpesvirus 4, whose partial sequences exhibit similarity to herpesvirus saimiri.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwyzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Schwyzer M, Styger D, Vogt B, Lowery DE, Simard C, LaBoissière S, Misra V, Vlĉek C, Paĉes V. Gene contents in a 31-kb segment at the left genome end of bovine herpesvirus-1. Vet Microbiol 1996; 53:67-77. [PMID: 9010999 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the nucleotide sequence of a 31-kb segment at the left genome end of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and show that it comprises 19 different open reading frames (ORFs), including seven which have been described previously (circ, dUTPase, UL49.5, alpha TIF, VP8, glycoprotein C, and ribonucleotide reductase small subunit). The new sequence resulted in a correction at the C-terminus of glycoprotein C. All 19 ORFs exhibited strong amino acid sequence homology to the gene products of other alphaherpesviruses. The BHV-1 ORFs were arranged colinearly with the prototype sequence of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in the range of the UL54 to UL37 genes. No BHV-1 homologs of the HSV-1 UL56, UL55, and UL45 genes were identified. The BHV-1 circ gene was the only gene without a HSV-1 counterpart. The additional ORFs 1 and 2 found at the left genome end of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) were absent in BHV-1. Among the newly sequenced BHV-1 ORFs are homologs of ICP27 (UL54), glycoprotein K (UL53), helicase-primase (UL52), DNA polymerase accessory protein (UL42), ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (UL39), and several virion proteins (UL49, UL46, UL43, UL41, UL38, UL37), most of which are strongly conserved in all herpesviruses. The possible functions of the proteins encoded within the sequenced region are assessed and features found are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwyzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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