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Litz B, Sehl-Ewert J, Breithaupt A, Landmesser A, Pfaff F, Romey A, Blaise-Boisseau S, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O did not cause clinical disease and failed to establish a persistent infection in cattle. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348526. [PMID: 38683015 PMCID: PMC11100440 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Leader proteinase Lpro inhibits host mRNA translation and blocks the interferon response which promotes viral survival. Lpro is not required for viral replication in vitro but serotype A FMDV lacking Lpro has been shown to be attenuated in cattle and pigs. However, it is not known, whether leaderless viruses can cause persistent infection in vivo after simulated natural infection and whether the attenuated phenotype is the same in other serotypes. We have generated an FMDV O/FRA/1/2001 variant lacking most of the Lpro coding region (ΔLb). Cattle were inoculated intranasopharyngeally and observed for 35 days to determine if O FRA/1/2001 ΔLb is attenuated during the acute phase of infection and whether it can maintain a persistent infection in the upper respiratory tract. We found that although this leaderless virus can replicate in vitro in different cell lines, it is unable to establish an acute infection with vesicular lesions and viral shedding nor is it able to persistently infect bovine pharyngeal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Litz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anja Landmesser
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Aurore Romey
- Animal Health Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Virology JRU, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- Animal Health Laboratory, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Virology JRU, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Medina GN, Spinard E, Azzinaro PA, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Gutkoska J, Kloc A, Rieder EA, Taillon BE, Mueller S, de Los Santos T, Segundo FDS. Deoptimization of FMDV P1 Region Results in Robust Serotype-Independent Viral Attenuation. Viruses 2023; 15:1332. [PMID: 37376631 DOI: 10.3390/v15061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock that can have severe economic impacts. Control and prevention strategies, including the development of improved vaccines, are urgently needed to effectively control FMD outbreaks in endemic settings. Previously, we employed two distinct strategies (codon pair bias deoptimization (CPD) and codon bias deoptimization (CD)) to deoptimize various regions of the FMDV serotype A subtype A12 genome, which resulted in the development of an attenuated virus in vitro and in vivo, inducing varying levels of humoral responses. In the current study, we examined the versatility of the system by using CPD applied to the P1 capsid coding region of FMDV serotype A subtype, A24, and another serotype, Asia1. Viruses carrying recoded P1 (A24-P1Deopt or Asia1-P1Deopt) exhibited different degrees of attenuation (i.e., delayed viral growth kinetics and replication) in cultured cells. Studies in vivo using a mouse model of FMD demonstrated that inoculation with the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains elicited a strong humoral immune response capable of offering protection against challenge with homologous wildtype (WT) viruses. However, different results were obtained in pigs. While clear attenuation was detected for both the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains, only a limited induction of adaptive immunity and protection against challenge was detected, depending on the inoculated dose and serotype deoptimized. Our work demonstrates that while CPD of the P1 coding region attenuates viral strains of multiple FMDV serotypes/subtypes, a thorough assessment of virulence and induction of adaptive immunity in the natural host is required in each case in order to finely adjust the degree of deoptimization required for attenuation without affecting the induction of protective adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- ORISE-PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Joseph Gutkoska
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Institute of Health, NIAID, DMID, OBRRTR, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Evaluation of Potential In Vitro Recombination Events in Codon Deoptimized FMDV Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030670. [PMID: 36992379 PMCID: PMC10052203 DOI: 10.3390/v15030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codon deoptimization (CD) has been recently used as a possible strategy to derive foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates containing DIVA markers. However, reversion to virulence, or loss of DIVA, from possible recombination with wild-type (WT) strains has yet to be analyzed. An in vitro assay was developed to quantitate the levels of recombination between WT and a prospective A24-P2P3 partially deoptimized LAV candidate. By using two genetically engineered non-infectious RNA templates, we demonstrate that recombination can occur within non-deoptimized viral genomic regions (i.e., 3′end of P3 region). The sequencing of single plaque recombinants revealed a variety of genome compositions, including full-length WT sequences at the consensus level and deoptimized sequences at the sub-consensus/consensus level within the 3′end of the P3 region. Notably, after further passage, two recombinants that contained deoptimized sequences evolved to WT. Overall, recombinants featuring large stretches of CD or DIVA markers were less fit than WT viruses. Our results indicate that the developed assay is a powerful tool to evaluate the recombination of FMDV genomes in vitro and should contribute to the improved design of FMDV codon deoptimized LAV candidates.
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Su CM, Du Y, Rowland RRR, Wang Q, Yoo D. Reprogramming viral immune evasion for a rational design of next-generation vaccines for RNA viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172000. [PMID: 37138878 PMCID: PMC10149994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-α/β) are antiviral cytokines that constitute the innate immunity of hosts to fight against viral infections. Recent studies, however, have revealed the pleiotropic functions of IFNs, in addition to their antiviral activities, for the priming of activation and maturation of adaptive immunity. In turn, many viruses have developed various strategies to counteract the IFN response and to evade the host immune system for their benefits. The inefficient innate immunity and delayed adaptive response fail to clear of invading viruses and negatively affect the efficacy of vaccines. A better understanding of evasion strategies will provide opportunities to revert the viral IFN antagonism. Furthermore, IFN antagonism-deficient viruses can be generated by reverse genetics technology. Such viruses can potentially serve as next-generation vaccines that can induce effective and broad-spectrum responses for both innate and adaptive immunities for various pathogens. This review describes the recent advances in developing IFN antagonism-deficient viruses, their immune evasion and attenuated phenotypes in natural host animal species, and future potential as veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Su
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Raymond R. R. Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongwan Yoo,
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Azzinaro PA, Medina GN, Rai D, Ramirez-Medina E, Spinard E, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Zhu J, Rieder E, de los Santos T, Díaz-San Segundo F. Mutation of FMDV Lpro H138 residue drives viral attenuation in cell culture and in vivo in swine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028077. [PMID: 36387381 PMCID: PMC9661595 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) is a papain like protease that cleaves the viral polyprotein and several host factors affecting host cell translation and induction of innate immunity. Introduction of Lpro mutations ablating catalytic activity is not tolerated by the virus, however, complete coding sequence deletion or introduction of targeted amino acid substitutions can render viable progeny. In proof-of-concept studies, we have previously identified and characterized FMDV Lpro mutants that are attenuated in cell culture and in animals, while retaining their capacity for inducing a strong adaptive immunity. By using molecular modeling, we have now identified a His residue (H138), that resides outside the substrate binding and catalytic domain, and is highly conserved across serotypes. Mutation of H138 renders possible FMDV variants of reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo. Kinetics studies showed that FMDV A12-LH138L mutant replicates similarly to FMDV A12-wild type (WT) virus in cells that do not offer immune selective pressure, but attenuation is observed upon infection of primary or low passage porcine epithelial cells. Western blot analysis on protein extracts from these cells, revealed that while processing of translation initiation factor eIF-4G was slightly delayed, no degradation of innate sensors or effector molecules such as NF-κB or G3BP2 was observed, and higher levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced after infection with A12-LH138L as compared to WT FMDV. Consistent with the results in porcine cells, inoculation of swine with this mutant resulted in a mild, or in some cases, no clinical disease but induction of a strong serological adaptive immune response. These results further support previous evidence that Lpro is a reliable target to derive numerous viable FMDV strains that alone or in combination could be exploited for the development of novel FMD vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Devendra Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - James Zhu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Teresa de los Santos
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
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Inhibition of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus L pro through Interaction with the N-Terminal Domain of Swine RNase L. J Virol 2021; 95:e0036121. [PMID: 33980594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00361-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the pathogen of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals. To survive in the host, FMDV has evolved multiple strategies to antagonize host innate immune responses. In this study, we showed that the leader protease (Lpro) of FMDV, a papain-like proteinase, promoted viral replication by evading the antiviral interferon response through counteracting the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system. Specifically, we observed that the titers of Lpro deletion virus were significantly lower than those of wild-type FMDV (FMDV-WT) in cultured cells. Our mechanistic studies demonstrated that Lpro interfered with the OAS/RNase L pathway by interacting with the N-terminal domain of swine RNase L (sRNase L). Remarkably, Lpro of FMDV exhibited species-specific binding to RNase L in that the interaction was observed only in swine cells, not human, monkey, or canine cells. Lastly, we presented evidence that by interacting with sRNase L, FMDV Lpro inhibited cellular apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel mechanism that Lpro utilizes to escape the OAS/RNase L-mediated antiviral defense pathway. IMPORTANCE FMDV is a picornavirus that causes a significant disease in agricultural animals. FMDV has developed diverse strategies to escape the host interferon response. Here, we show that Lpro of FMDV antagonizes the OAS/RNase L pathway, an important interferon effector pathway, by interacting with the N-terminal domain of sRNase L. Interestingly, such a virus-host interaction is species-specific because the interaction is detected only in swine cells, not in human, monkey, or canine cells. Furthermore, Lpro inhibits apoptosis through interacting with sRNase L. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which FMDV has evolved to inhibit host innate immune responses.
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Proulx J, Borgmann K, Park IW. Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094438. [PMID: 33922750 PMCID: PMC8123002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Proulx
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.)
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(817)-735-5115; Fax: +1-(817)-735-2610
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Saiz M, Martinez-Salas E. Uncovering targets of the Leader protease: Linking RNA-mediated pathways and antiviral defense. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1645. [PMID: 33605051 PMCID: PMC8244099 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have developed specialized mechanisms to subvert host RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) favoring their own gene expression. The Leader (L) protein of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus, a member of the Picornaviridae family, is a papain‐like cysteine protease that self‐cleaves from the polyprotein. Early in infection, the L protease cleaves the translation initiation factors eIF4GI and eIF4GII, inducing the shutdown of cap‐dependent translation. However, the cleavage sites on the viral polyprotein, eIF4GI, and eIF4GII differ in sequence, challenging the definition of a consensus site for L targets. Identification of Gemin5 and Daxx proteolytic products in infected cells unveiled a motif centered on the RKAR sequence. The RBP Gemin5 is a member of the survival of motor neurons complex, a ribosome interacting protein, and a translation downregulator. Likewise, the Fas‐ligand Daxx is a multifunctional adaptor that plays key roles in transcription control, apoptosis, and innate immune antiviral response. Remarkably, the cleavage site on the RNA helicases MDA5 and LGP2, two relevant immune sensors of the retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I (RIG‐I)‐like receptors family, resembles the L target site of Gemin5 and Daxx, and similar cleavage sites have been reported in ISG15 and TBK1, two proteins involved in type I interferon response and signaling pathway, respectively. In this review we dissect the features of the L cleavage sites in essential RBPs, eventually helping in the discovery of novel L targets. This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Translation Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Saiz
- Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
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Medina GN, de Los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F. Use of IFN-Based Biotherapeutics to Harness the Host Against Foot-And-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:465. [PMID: 32851039 PMCID: PMC7431487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals that severely constrains international trade of livestock and animal products. Currently, disease control measures include broad surveillance, enforcement of sanitary policy, and use of an inactivated vaccine. While use of these measures has contributed to eliminating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from a vast area of the world, the disease remains endemic in three continents, and outbreaks occasionally appear in previously declared FMD-free zones, causing economic and social devastation. Among others, a very fast rate of viral replication and the need for 7 days to achieve vaccine-induced protection are the main limitations in controlling the disease. New fast-acting antiviral strategies targeted to boost the innate immunity of the host to block viral replication are needed. Here we review the knowledge on the multiple strategies FMDV has evolved to block the host innate immunity, with particularly focus on the past and current research toward the development of interferon (IFN)-based biotherapeutics in relevant livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
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Visser LJ, Aloise C, Swatek KN, Medina GN, Olek KM, Rabouw HH, de Groot RJ, Langereis MA, de los Santos T, Komander D, Skern T, van Kuppeveld FJM. Dissecting distinct proteolytic activities of FMDV Lpro implicates cleavage and degradation of RLR signaling proteins, not its deISGylase/DUB activity, in type I interferon suppression. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008702. [PMID: 32667958 PMCID: PMC7384677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon response is an important innate antiviral pathway. Recognition of viral RNA by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) activates a signaling cascade that leads to type I interferon (IFN-α/β) gene transcription. Multiple proteins in this signaling pathway (e.g. RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, IRF3) are regulated by (de)ubiquitination events. Most viruses have evolved mechanisms to counter this antiviral response. The leader protease (Lpro) of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) has been recognized to reduce IFN-α/β gene transcription; however, the exact mechanism is unknown. The proteolytic activity of Lpro is vital for releasing itself from the viral polyprotein and for cleaving and degrading specific host cell proteins, such as eIF4G and NF-κB. In addition, Lpro has been demonstrated to have deubiquitination/deISGylation activity. Lpro’s deubiquitination/deISGylation activity and the cleavage/degradation of signaling proteins have both been postulated to be important for reduced IFN-α/β gene transcription. Here, we demonstrate that TBK1, the kinase that phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor IRF3, is cleaved by Lpro in FMDV-infected cells as well as in cells infected with a recombinant EMCV expressing Lpro. In vitro cleavage experiments revealed that Lpro cleaves TBK1 at residues 692–694. We also observed cleavage of MAVS in HeLa cells infected with EMCV-Lpro, but only observed decreasing levels of MAVS in FMDV-infected porcine LFPK αVβ6 cells. We set out to dissect Lpro’s ability to cleave RLR signaling proteins from its deubiquitination/deISGylation activity to determine their relative contributions to the reduction of IFN-α/β gene transcription. The introduction of specific mutations, of which several were based on the recently published structure of Lpro in complex with ISG15, allowed us to identify specific amino acid substitutions that separate the different proteolytic activities of Lpro. Characterization of the effects of these mutations revealed that Lpro’s ability to cleave RLR signaling proteins but not its deubiquitination/deISGylation activity correlates with the reduced IFN-β gene transcription. Outbreaks of the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have significant consequences for animal health and product safety and place a major economic burden on the global livestock industry. Understanding how this notorious animal pathogen suppresses the antiviral type I interferon (IFN-α/β) response may help to develop countermeasures to control FMDV infections. FMDV suppresses the IFN-α/β response through the activity of its Leader protein (Lpro), a protease that can cleave host cell proteins. Lpro was also shown to have deubiquitinase and deISGylase activity, raising the possibility that Lpro suppresses IFN-α/β by removing ubiquitin and/or ISG15, two posttranslational modifications that can regulate the activation, interactions and localization of (signaling) proteins. Here, we show that TBK1 and MAVS, two signaling proteins that are important for activation of IFN-α/β gene transcription, are cleaved by Lpro. By generating Lpro mutants lacking either of these two activities, we demonstrate that Lpro’s ability to cleave signaling proteins, but not its deubiquitination/deISGylase activity, correlates with suppression of IFN-β gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Visser
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Aloise
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kirby N. Swatek
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin M. Olek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huib H. Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, United States of America
| | - David Komander
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Ubiquitin Signaling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Skern
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Impairment of the DeISGylation Activity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lpro Causes Attenuation In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00341-20. [PMID: 32295921 PMCID: PMC7307143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00341-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) affects several pathways of the host innate immune response. Previous studies in bovine cells demonstrated that deletions (leaderless [LLV]) or point mutations in Lpro result in increased expression of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including, among others, the ubiquitin-like protein modifier ISG15 and the ubiquitin specific peptidase USP18. In addition to its conventional papain-like protease activity, Lpro acts as a deubiquitinase (DUB) and deISGylase. In this study, we identified a conserved residue in Lpro that is involved in its interaction with ISG15. Mutation W105A rendered Escherichia coli-expressed Lpro unable to cleave the synthetic substrate pro-ISG15 while preserving cellular eIF4G cleavage. Interestingly, mutant FMDV W105A was viable. Overexpression of ISG15 and the ISGylation machinery in porcine cells resulted in moderate inhibition of FMDV replication, along with a decrease of the overall state of ISGylation in wild-type (WT)-infected cells. In contrast, reduced deISGylation was observed upon infection with W105A and leaderless virus. Reduction in the levels of deubiquitination was also observed in cells infected with the FMDV LproW105A mutant. Surprisingly, similarly to WT, infection with W105A inhibited IFN/ISG expression despite displaying an attenuated phenotype in vivo in mice. Altogether, our studies indicate that abolishing/reducing the deISGylase/DUB activity of Lpro causes viral attenuation independently of its ability to block the expression of IFN and ISG mRNA. Furthermore, our studies highlight the potential of ISG15 to be developed as a novel biotherapeutic molecule against FMD.IMPORTANCE In this study, we identified an aromatic hydrophobic residue in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) (W105) that is involved in the interaction with ISG15. Mutation in Lpro W105 (A12-LproW105A) resulted in reduced deISGylation in vitro and in porcine-infected cells. Impaired deISGylase activity correlated with viral attenuation in vitro and in vivo and did not affect the ability of Lpro to block expression of type I interferon (IFN) and other IFN-stimulated genes. Moreover, overexpression of ISG15 resulted in the reduction of FMDV viral titers. Thus, our study highlights the potential use of Lpro mutants with modified deISGylase activity for development of live attenuated vaccine candidates, and ISG15 as a novel biotherapeutic against FMD.
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12
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Genetic Determinants of Altered Virulence of Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01657-19. [PMID: 31915277 PMCID: PMC7081894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01657-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
FMD is probably the most important livestock disease in the world due to the severe economic consequences caused. The alteration of several viral genes may give the virus selective advantage to maintain its prevalence in nature. Here, we identified that a 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment combined with a single leucine insertion in the leader protein (Lpro) is a novel determinant of restricted growth on bovine cells, which significantly contributes to the altered virulence of serotype O FMDV in cattle. A synergistic and additive effect of the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the single leucine insertion in Lpro on the virulence and host specificity of the virus was determined. These results will benefit efforts to understand the vial pathogenicity mechanism and molecular characteristics of FMDV. Under different circumstances, the alteration of several viral genes may give an evolutionary advantage to the virus to maintain its prevalence in nature. In this study, a 70-nucleotide deletion in the small fragment (S fragment) of the viral 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) together with one amino acid insertion in the leader protein (Lpro) that naturally occurred in several serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in China was identified. The properties of two field serotype O FMDV strains, with or without the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the amino acid insertion in Lpro, were compared in vitro and in vivo. Clinical manifestations of FMD were clearly observed in cattle and pigs infected by the virus without the mutations. However, the virus with the mentioned mutations caused FMD outcomes only in pigs, not in cattle. To determine the role of the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the single amino acid insertion in Lpro in the pathogenicity and host range of FMDV, four recombinant viruses, with complete genomes and a 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment, a single amino acid insertion in Lpro, or both mutations, were constructed and rescued. It showed that deletion of 70 nucleotides in the S fragment or insertion of one amino acid (leucine) at position 10 of Lpro partly decreased the viral pathogenicity of Mya-98 lineage virus in cattle and pigs. However, the virus with dual mutations caused clinical disease only in pigs, not in cattle. This suggested that the S fragment and Lpro are significantly associated with the virulence and host specificity of FMDV. The naturally occurring dual mutation in the S fragment and Lpro is a novel determinant of viral pathogenicity and host range for serotype O FMDV. IMPORTANCE FMD is probably the most important livestock disease in the world due to the severe economic consequences caused. The alteration of several viral genes may give the virus selective advantage to maintain its prevalence in nature. Here, we identified that a 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment combined with a single leucine insertion in the leader protein (Lpro) is a novel determinant of restricted growth on bovine cells, which significantly contributes to the altered virulence of serotype O FMDV in cattle. A synergistic and additive effect of the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the single leucine insertion in Lpro on the virulence and host specificity of the virus was determined. These results will benefit efforts to understand the vial pathogenicity mechanism and molecular characteristics of FMDV.
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13
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Belsham GJ, Kristensen T, Jackson T. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: Prospects for using knowledge of virus biology to improve control of this continuing global threat. Virus Res 2020; 281:197909. [PMID: 32126297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the biology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has grown considerably since the nucleotide sequence of the viral RNA was determined. The ability to manipulate the intact genome and also to express specific parts of the genome individually has enabled detailed analyses of viral components, both RNA and protein. Such studies have identified the requirements for specific functional elements for virus replication and pathogenicity. Furthermore, information about the functions of individual virus proteins has enabled the rational design of cDNA cassettes to express non-infectious empty capsid particles that can induce protective immunity in the natural host animals and thus represent new vaccine candidates. Similarly, attempts to block specific virus activities using antiviral agents have also been performed. However, currently, only the well-established, chemically inactivated FMDV vaccines are commercially available and suitable for use to combat this important disease of livestock animals. These vaccines, despite certain shortcomings, have been used very successfully (e.g. in Europe) to control the disease but it still remains endemic in much of Africa, southern Asia and the Middle East. Hence there remains a significant risk of reintroduction of the disease into highly susceptible animal populations with enormous economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Belsham
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Thea Kristensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF. UK
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14
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Evolutionary conserved compositional structures hidden in genomes of the foot-and-mouth disease virus and of the human rhinovirus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16553. [PMID: 31719605 PMCID: PMC6851159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviridae family includes several viruses of great economic and medical importance. Among all members of the family we focused our attention on the human rhinovirus, the most important etiologic agent of the common cold and on the foot-and-mouth disease virus that cause of an economically important disease in cattle. Despite the low sequence similarity of the polyprotein coding open reading frames of these highly divergent picornaviruses, they have in common structural and functional similarities including a similar genomic organization, a capsid structure composed of 60 copies of four different proteins, or 3D-structures showing similar general topology, among others. We hypothesized that such similarities could be reflected in emergent common compositional structures interspersed in their genomes which were not observed heretofore. Using a methodology categorizing nucleotide triplets by their gross-composition we have found two human rhinoviruses sharing compositional structures interspersed along their genomic RNA with three foot-and-mouth disease viruses. The shared compositional structures are in one case composed by nucleotide triplets containing all nearest-neighbours of A and G and in other case containing all nearest-neighbours of A, and C. The structures are under strong evolutionary constraints for variability, allowing the access to novel viral genomic motifs with likely biological relevance. The conserved fragments would be useful to predict critical mutation points sites important from the evolutionary point of view.
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15
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Leader Protease Cleaves G3BP1 and G3BP2 and Inhibits Stress Granule Formation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00922-18. [PMID: 30404792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00922-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other viruses, the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV; genus Aphthovirus), one of the most notorious pathogens in the global livestock industry, needs to navigate antiviral host responses to establish an infection. There is substantial insight into how FMDV suppresses the type I interferon (IFN) response, but it is largely unknown whether and how FMDV modulates the integrated stress response. Here, we show that the stress response is suppressed during FMDV infection. Using a chimeric recombinant encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), in which we functionally replaced the endogenous stress response antagonist by FMDV leader protease (Lpro) or 3Cpro, we demonstrate an essential role for Lpro in suppressing stress granule (SG) formation. Consistently, infection with a recombinant FMDV lacking Lpro resulted in SG formation. Additionally, we show that Lpro cleaves the known SG scaffold proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2 but not TIA-1. We demonstrate that the closely related equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) Lpro also cleaves G3BP1 and G3BP2 and also suppresses SG formation, indicating that these abilities are conserved among aphthoviruses. Neither FMDV nor ERAV Lpro interfered with phosphorylation of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) or eIF2α, indicating that Lpro does not affect SG formation by inhibiting the PKR-triggered signaling cascade. Taken together, our data suggest that aphthoviruses actively target scaffolding proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2 and antagonize SG formation to modulate the integrated stress response.IMPORTANCE The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a notorious animal pathogen that puts a major economic burden on the global livestock industry. Outbreaks have significant consequences for animal health and product safety. Like many other viruses, FMDV must manipulate antiviral host responses to establish infection. Upon infection, viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is detected, which results in the activation of the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR)-mediated stress response, leading to a stop in cellular and viral translation and the formation of stress granules (SG), which are thought to have antiviral properties. Here, we show that FMDV can suppress SG formation via its leader protease (Lpro). Simultaneously, we observed that Lpro can cleave the SG scaffolding proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the antiviral host response evasion strategies of FMDV may help to develop countermeasures to control FMDV infections in the future.
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16
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Medina GN, Segundo FDS, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T. The Different Tactics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Evade Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2644. [PMID: 30483224 PMCID: PMC6241212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all pathogens, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is recognized by the immune system inducing a heightened immune response mainly mediated by type I and type III IFNs. To overcome the strong antiviral response induced by these cytokines, FMDV has evolved many strategies exploiting each region of its small RNA genome. These include: (a) inhibition of IFN induction at the transcriptional and translational level, (b) inhibition of protein trafficking; (c) blockage of specific post-translational modifications in proteins that regulate innate immune signaling; (d) modulation of autophagy; (e) inhibition of stress granule formation; and (f) in vivo modulation of immune cell function. Here, we summarize and discuss FMDV virulence factors and the host immune footprint that characterize infection in cell culture and in the natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Codagenix Inc., Farmingdale, NY, United States
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
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17
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de los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F, Rodriguez LL. The need for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Bailey-Elkin BA, Knaap RCM, Kikkert M, Mark BL. Structure and Function of Viral Deubiquitinating Enzymes. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3441-3470. [PMID: 28625850 PMCID: PMC7094624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by cellular deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from cellular targets and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains. The importance of protein ubiquitination to host immunity has been underscored by the discovery of viruses that encode proteases with deubiquitinating activity, many of which have been demonstrated to actively corrupt cellular ubiquitin-dependent processes to suppress innate antiviral responses and promote viral replication. DUBs have now been identified in diverse viral lineages, and their characterization is providing valuable insights into virus biology and the role of the ubiquitin system in host antiviral mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of the structural biology of these fascinating viral enzymes and their role innate immune evasion and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Bailey-Elkin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Robert C M Knaap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada.
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19
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Conceição-Neto N, Theuns S, Cui T, Zeller M, Yinda CK, Christiaens I, Heylen E, Van Ranst M, Carpentier S, Nauwynck HJ, Matthijnssens J. Identification of an enterovirus recombinant with a torovirus-like gene insertion during a diarrhea outbreak in fattening pigs. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex024. [PMID: 28924489 PMCID: PMC5591953 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea outbreaks in pig farms have raised major concerns in Europe and USA, as they can lead to dramatic pig losses. During a suspected outbreak in Belgium of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we performed viral metagenomics to assess other potential viral pathogens. Although PEDV was detected, its low abundance indicated that other viruses were involved in the outbreak. Interestingly, a porcine bocavirus and several enteroviruses were most abundant in the sample. We also observed the presence of a porcine enterovirus genome with a gene insertion, resembling a C28 peptidase gene found in toroviruses, which was confirmed using re-sequencing, bioinformatics, and proteomics approaches. Moreover, the predicted cleavage sites for the insertion suggest that this gene was being expressed as a single protein, rather than a fused protein. Recombination in enteroviruses has been reported as a major mechanism to generate genetic diversity, but gene insertions across viral families are rather uncommon. Although such inter-family recombinations are rare, our finding suggests that these events may significantly contribute to viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tingting Cui
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isaura Christiaens
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Facility for Systems Biology Based Mass Spectrometry (SYBIOMA), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Lowrey AJ, Cramblet W, Bentz GL. Viral manipulation of the cellular sumoylation machinery. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:27. [PMID: 28705221 PMCID: PMC5513362 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit various cellular processes for their own benefit, including counteracting anti-viral responses and regulating viral replication and propagation. In the past 20 years, protein sumoylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification that is manipulated by viruses to modulate anti-viral responses, viral replication, and viral pathogenesis. The process of sumoylation is a multi-step cascade where a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is covalently attached to a conserved ΨKxD/E motif within a target protein, altering the function of the modified protein. Here we review how viruses manipulate the cellular machinery at each step of the sumoylation process to favor viral survival and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Wyatt Cramblet
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Gretchen L Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia.
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21
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Medina GN, Knudsen GM, Greninger AL, Kloc A, Díaz-San Segundo F, Rieder E, Grubman MJ, DeRisi JL, de Los Santos T. Interaction between FMDV L pro and transcription factor ADNP is required for optimal viral replication. Virology 2017; 505:12-22. [PMID: 28219017 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader protease (Lpro) inhibits host translation and transcription affecting the expression of several factors involved in innate immunity. In this study, we have identified the host transcription factor ADNP (activity dependent neuroprotective protein) as an Lpro interacting protein by mass spectrometry. We show that Lpro can bind to ADNP in vitro and in cell culture. RNAi of ADNP negatively affected virus replication and higher levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene expression were detected. Importantly, infection with FMDV wild type but not with a virus lacking Lpro (leaderless), induced recruitment of ADNP to IFN-α promoter sites early during infection. Furthermore, we found that Lpro and ADNP are in a protein complex with the ubiquitous chromatin remodeling factor Brg-1. Our results uncover a novel role of FMDV Lpro in targeting ADNP and modulation of its transcription repressive function to decrease the expression of IFN and ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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22
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Diaz-San Segundo F, Medina GN, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:102-112. [PMID: 28040311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease affects many areas of the world, often causing extensive epizootics in livestock, mostly farmed cattle and swine, although sheep, goats and many wild species are also susceptible. In countries where food and farm animals are essential for subsistence agriculture, outbreaks of FMD seriously impact food security and development. In highly industrialized developed nations, FMD endemics cause economic and social devastation mainly due to observance of health measures adopted from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). High morbidity, complex host-range and broad genetic diversity make FMD prevention and control exceptionally challenging. In this article we review multiple vaccine approaches developed over the years ultimately aimed to successfully control and eradicate this feared disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, New York, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, CANR, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, New York, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, New York, USA; PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Greenport, New York, USA.
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23
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Gao Y, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements. Virol J 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27334704 PMCID: PMC4917953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid. The virus genome is a positive single stranded RNA and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a long structured 5ʹ-untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) and a short 3ʹ-UTR. The ORF is translated into a polypeptide chain and processed into four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), 10 NSPs (Lpro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1–3, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol), and some cleavage intermediates. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on the molecular pathogenesis of FMDV NSPs and NCEs. This review collected recent research progress on the biological functions of these NSPs and NCEs on the replication and host cellular regulation of FMDV to understand the molecular mechanism of host–FMDV interactions and provide perspectives for antiviral strategy and development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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Moreno E, Perales C. Distance effects during polyprotein processing in the complementation between defective FMDV RNAs. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1575-1583. [PMID: 27073008 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells resulted in the segmentation of the viral genome into two defective RNAs lacking part of either the L- or the capsid-coding region. The two RNAs are infectious by complementation. Electroporation of L-defective RNA in BHK-21 cells resulted in the accumulation of the precursor P3 located away from the deleted sequence. Expression of L in trans led to the processing of P3, indicating that there is a connection between L protease activity and the secondary cleavages carried out by 3C protease within P3. These results suggest that the complementation mechanism between defective RNAs is not restricted to supplying the L and capsid proteins but that distance effects on polyprotein processing events are also implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Malalties Hepàtiques, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca-Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, (VHIR-HUVH), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Nishi T, Onozato H, Ohashi S, Fukai K, Yamada M, Morioka K, Kanno T. Construction and characterization of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain O/JPN/2010 isolated in Japan in 2010. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:165-9. [PMID: 27234555 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A full-length infectious cDNA clone of the genome of a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated from the 2010 epidemic in Japan was constructed and designated pSVL-f02. Transfection of Cos-7 or IBRS-2 cells with this clone allowed the recovery of infectious virus. The recovered virus had the same in vitro characterization as the parental virus with regard to antigenicity in neutralization and indirect immunofluorescence tests, plaque size and one-step growth. Pigs were experimentally infected with the parental virus or the recombinant virus recovered from pSVL-f02 transfected cells. There were no significant differences in clinical signs or antibody responses between the two groups, and virus isolation and viral RNA detection from clinical samples were similar. Virus recovered from transfected cells therefore retained the in vitro characteristics and the in vivo pathogenicity of their parental strain. This cDNA clone should be a valuable tool to analyze determinants of pathogenicity and mechanisms of virus replication, and to develop genetically engineered vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Onozato
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ohashi
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Exotic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan.
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26
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Ni Z, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang X, Jin Y, Mao R, Du X, Li W, Guo J, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Differential gene expression in porcine SK6 cells infected with wild-type and SAP domain-mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol Sin 2016; 31:249-57. [PMID: 27097918 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in livestock. The viral proteinase L(pro) of FMDV is involved in pathogenicity, and mutation of the L(pro) SAP domain reduces FMDV pathogenicity in pigs. To determine the gene expression profiles associated with decreased pathogenicity in porcine cells, we performed transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing technology and compared differentially expressed genes in SK6 cells infected with FMDV containing L(pro) with either a wild-type or mutated version of the SAP domain. This analysis yielded 1,853 genes that exhibited a ≥ 2-fold change in expression and was validated by real-time quantitative PCR detection of several differentially expressed genes. Many of the differentially expressed genes correlated with antiviral responses corresponded to genes associated with transcription factors, immune regulation, cytokine production, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. Alterations in gene expression profiles may be responsible for the variations in pathogenicity observed between the two FMDV variants. Our results provided genes of interest for the further study of antiviral pathways and pathogenic mechanisms related to FMDV L(pro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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27
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Steinberger J, Skern T. The leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus: structure-function relationships in a proteolytic virulence factor. Biol Chem 2015; 395:1179-85. [PMID: 24670358 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leader proteinase (Lpro) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the host innate immune response by at least three different mechanisms. The most well-characterised of these is the prevention of the synthesis of cytokines such as interferons immediately after infection, brought about by specific proteolytic cleavage of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4G. This prevents the recruitment of capped cellular mRNA; however, the viral RNA can be translated under these conditions. The two other mechanisms are the induction of NF-κB cleavage and the deubiquitination of immune signalling molecules. This review focuses on the structure-function relationships in Lpro responsible for these widely divergent activities.
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28
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Synonymous Deoptimization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Causes Attenuation In Vivo while Inducing a Strong Neutralizing Antibody Response. J Virol 2015; 90:1298-310. [PMID: 26581977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02167-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Codon bias deoptimization has been previously used to successfully attenuate human pathogens, including poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. We have applied a similar technology to deoptimize the capsid-coding region (P1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Despite the introduction of 489 nucleotide changes (19%), synonymous deoptimization of the P1 region rendered a viable FMDV progeny. The resulting strain was stable and reached cell culture titers similar to those obtained for wild-type (WT) virus, but at reduced specific infectivity. Studies in mice showed that 100% of animals inoculated with the FMDV A12 P1 deoptimized mutant (A12-P1 deopt) survived, even when the animals were infected at doses 100 times higher than the dose required to cause death by WT virus. All mice inoculated with the A12-P1 deopt mutant developed a strong antibody response and were protected against subsequent lethal challenge with WT virus at 21 days postinoculation. Remarkably, the vaccine safety margin was at least 1,000-fold higher for A12-P1 deopt than for WT virus. Similar patterns of attenuation were observed in swine, in which animals inoculated with A12-P1 deopt virus did not develop clinical disease until doses reached 1,000 to 10,000 times the dose required to cause severe disease in 2 days with WT A12. Consistently, high levels of antibody titers were induced, even at the lowest dose tested. These results highlight the potential use of synonymous codon pair deoptimization as a strategy to safely attenuate FMDV and further develop live attenuated vaccine candidates to control such a feared livestock disease. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most feared viral diseases that can affect livestock. Although this disease appeared to be contained in developed nations by the end of the last century, recent outbreaks in Europe, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, etc., have demonstrated that infection can spread rapidly, causing devastating economic and social consequences. The Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA), an international organization launched in 2003, has set as part of their five main goals the development of next-generation control measures and strategies, including improved vaccines and biotherapeutics. Our work demonstrates that newly developed codon pair bias deoptimization technologies can be applied to FMD virus to obtain attenuated strains with potential for further development as novel live attenuated vaccine candidates that may rapidly control disease without reverting to virulence.
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Liu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang M, Zheng H. Multifunctional roles of leader protein of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in suppressing host antiviral responses. Vet Res 2015; 46:127. [PMID: 26511922 PMCID: PMC4625562 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader protein (Lpro) is a papain-like proteinase, which plays an important role in FMDV pathogenesis. Lpro exists as two forms, Lab and Lb, due to translation being initiated from two different start codons separated by 84 nucleotides. Lpro self-cleaves from the nascent viral polyprotein precursor as the first mature viral protein. In addition to its role as a viral proteinase, Lpro also has the ability to antagonize host antiviral effects. To promote FMDV replication, Lpro can suppress host antiviral responses by three different mechanisms: (1) cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 γ (eIF4G) to shut off host protein synthesis; (2) inhibition of host innate immune responses through restriction of interferon-α/β production; and (3) Lpro can also act as a deubiquitinase and catalyze deubiquitination of innate immune signaling molecules. In the light of recent functional and biochemical findings regarding Lpro, this review introduces the basic properties of Lpro and the mechanisms by which it antagonizes host antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Miaotao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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30
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Zhu Z, Yang F, Zhang K, Cao W, Jin Y, Wang G, Mao R, Li D, Guo J, Liu X, Zheng H. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild-Type and SAP Domain Mutant Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Infected Porcine Cells Identifies the Ubiquitin-Activating Enzyme UBE1 Required for Virus Replication. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4194-206. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary
Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory,
Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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31
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Jiang S, Bai X, Li P, Zhang M, Bao H, Sun P, Lu Z, Cao Y, Chen Y, Li D, Fu Y, Liu Z. Influence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus O/CHN/Mya98/33-P Strain Leader Protein on Viral Replication and Host Innate Immunity. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:360-6. [PMID: 26186028 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/CHN/Mya98/33-P strain was isolated from the esophageal-pharyngeal fluid sample of cattle, and was shown to cause persistent infection. Its leader protein contains 200 amino acids with one amino acid deletion, which is upstream and next to the second initiation codon compared with the majority of FMDV Mya98 strains. The FMDV genome includes two initiation codons that can produce two different leader proteins, Lab (from the first AUG) and Lb (from the second AUG). For convenience, the inter-AUG region was named as La. Previously, it was found that a recombinant virus with Lab of FMDV O/CHN/Mya98/33-P strain had higher proliferation efficiency, and better ability to inhibit the host innate immune response. Three full-length infectious cDNA clones-rHN33-Lb, rHN33-La, and rHNGSLX-Lb-containing the FMDV O/CHN/Mya98/33-P strain leader proteins Lb, La, or the FMDV O/GSLX/2010 strain leader protein Lb, respectively, were constructed based on an established infectious clone r-HN rescued from FMDV O/HN/CHN/93 strain. After infecting pig kidney primary cells, rHN33-La showed higher replication efficiency than r-HN, and rHN33-Lb displayed better ability to resist host innate immunity than rHNGSLX-Lb. These results demonstrated that the inter-AUG region of FMDV strain O/CHN/Mya98/33-P leader protein must be involved in increasing viral replication efficiency. Additionally, the Lb of FMDV O/CHN/Mya98/33-P must be involve in increasing its ability to inhibit host innate immune response, and the distinctive amino acids G56 and/or R118 of FMDV leader protein may play essential roles in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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32
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Maree FF, Nsamba P, Mutowembwa P, Rotherham LS, Esterhuysen J, Scott K. Intra-serotype SAT2 chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine protects cattle against FMDV challenge. Vaccine 2015; 33:2909-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Ma X, Li P, Sun P, Bai X, Bao H, Lu Z, Fu Y, Cao Y, Li D, Chen Y, Qiao Z, Liu Z. Construction and characterization of 3A-epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:17-24. [PMID: 25584768 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 3A of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a partially conserved protein of 153 amino acids (aa) in most FMDVs examined to date. Specific deletion in the FMDV 3A protein has been associated with the inability of FMDV to grow in primary bovine cells and cause disease in cattle. However, the aa residues playing key roles in these processes are poorly understood. In this study, we constructed epitope-tagged FMDVs containing an 8 aa FLAG epitope, a 9 aa haemagglutinin (HA) epitope, and a 10 aa c-Myc epitope to substitute residues 94-101, 93-101, and 93-102 of 3A protein, respectively, using a recently developed O/SEA/Mya-98 FMDV infectious cDNA clone. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot and sequence analysis showed that the epitope-tagged viruses stably maintained and expressed the foreign epitopes even after 10 serial passages in BHK-21 cells. The epitope-tagged viruses displayed growth properties and plaque phenotypes similar to those of the parental virus in BHK-21 cells. However, the epitope-tagged viruses exhibited lower growth rates and smaller plaque size phenotypes than those of the parental virus in primary fetal bovine kidney (FBK) cells, but similar growth properties and plaque phenotypes to those of the recombinant viruses harboring 93-102 deletion in 3A. These results demonstrate that the decreased ability of FMDV to replicate in primary bovine cells was not associated with the length of 3A, and the genetic determinant thought to play key role in decreased ability to replicate in primary bovine cells could be reduced from 93-102 residues to 8 aa residues at positions 94-101 in 3A protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Animal Cell Engineering & Technology Research Center of Gansu, Northwest University for Nationalities, No. 1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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Tulloch F, Pathania U, Luke GA, Nicholson J, Stonehouse NJ, Rowlands DJ, Jackson T, Tuthill T, Haas J, Lamond AI, Ryan MD. FMDV replicons encoding green fluorescent protein are replication competent. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:35-40. [PMID: 25194890 PMCID: PMC4201441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
FMDV replication can be studied outwith high disease secure facilities. FMDV replicon genomes encoding GFP are replication competent. These FMDV replicon systems can be used to study replication by live-cell imaging/image analyses.
The study of replication of viruses that require high bio-secure facilities can be accomplished with less stringent containment using non-infectious ‘replicon’ systems. The FMDV replicon system (pT7rep) reported by Mclnerney et al. (2000) was modified by the replacement of sequences encoding chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) with those encoding a functional L proteinase (Lpro) linked to a bi-functional fluorescent/antibiotic resistance fusion protein (green fluorescent protein/puromycin resistance, [GFP-PAC]). Cells were transfected with replicon-derived transcript RNA and GFP fluorescence quantified. Replication of transcript RNAs was readily detected by fluorescence, whilst the signal from replication-incompetent forms of the genome was >2-fold lower. Surprisingly, a form of the replicon lacking the Lpro showed a significantly stronger fluorescence signal, but appeared with slightly delayed kinetics. Replication can, therefore, be quantified simply by live-cell imaging and image analyses, providing a rapid and facile alternative to RT-qPCR or CAT assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Tulloch
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Uday Pathania
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - John Nicholson
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK.
| | - Toby Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK.
| | - Juergen Haas
- Division of Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
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35
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Ma X, Li P, Bai X, Sun P, Bao H, Lu Z, Cao Y, Li D, Chen Y, Qiao Z, Liu Z. Sequences outside that of residues 93-102 of 3A protein can contribute to the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to replicate in bovine-derived cells. Virus Res 2014; 191:161-71. [PMID: 25116389 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. During 2010 and 2011, there was an epidemic of the Mya-98 lineage of the Southeast Asia (SEA) topotype in East Asia, including China. Changes in the FMDV 3A protein have been previously reported to be associated with the inability of FMDV to grow in bovine cells and cause disease in cattle. In this paper, we report the generation of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of FMDV O/SEA/Mya-98 strain O/GZSB/2011 for the first time along with two genetically modified viruses with deletion at positions 93-102 and 133-143 in 3A based on the established infectious clone. All the recombinant viruses grew well and displayed growth properties and plaque phenotypes similar to those of the parental virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, and primary fetal porcine kidney (FPK) cells. While the recombinant viruses rvGZSB and rvSBΔ133-143 exhibited similar growth properties and plaque phenotypes with the parental virus in primary fetal bovine kidney (FBK) cells, the recombinant virus rvSBΔ93-102, containing deletion at positions 93-102 in 3A, grew at a slower rate and had a smaller plaque size phenotype in FBK cells than that of the parental virus. Therefore, the results suggest that the deletion at positions 93-102 of 3A protein does not affect FMDV replication efficiency in BHK-21, PK-15 and FPK cells, but affects virus replication efficiency in FBK cells, although, cannot alone account for the inability to replicate in bovine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Animal Cell Engineering & Technology Research Center of Gansu, Northwest University for Nationalities, No. 1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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Chitray M, de Beer TAP, Vosloo W, Maree FF. Genetic heterogeneity in the leader and P1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O in Africa. Arch Virol 2013; 159:947-61. [PMID: 24221247 PMCID: PMC4010724 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information regarding the leader (L) and complete capsid-coding (P1) region of FMD serotype A and O viruses prevalent on the African continent is lacking. Here, we present the complete L-P1 sequences for eight serotype A and nine serotype O viruses recovered from FMDV outbreaks in East and West Africa over the last 33 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 and capsid-coding regions revealed that the African isolates grouped according to serotype, and certain clusters were indicative of transboundary as well as intra-regional spread of the virus. However, similar analysis of the L region revealed random groupings of isolates from serotypes O and A. Comparisons between the phylogenetic trees derived from the structural coding regions and the L region pointed to a possibility of genetic recombination. The intertypic nucleotide and amino acid variation of all the isolates in this study supported results from previous studies where the externally located 1D was the most variable whilst the internally located 1A was the most conserved, which likely reflects the selective pressures on these proteins. Amino acids identified previously as important for FMDV structure and functioning were found to be highly conserved. The information gained from this study will contribute to the construction of structurally designed FMDV vaccines in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa,
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Characterization of a chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus bearing a bovine rhinitis B virus leader proteinase. Virology 2013; 447:172-80. [PMID: 24210112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) shares many motifs and sequence similarities with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). This study examined if the BRBV leader proteinase (L(pro) ) could functionally replace that of FMDV. A mutant A24LBRV3DYR FMDV engineered with the BRBV L(pro) and an antigenic marker in the 3D polymerase exhibited growth properties and eIF4G cleavage similar to parental A24WT virus. The A24LBRV3DYR type I interferon activity in infected bovine cells resembled that of A24LL virus that lacks L(pro), but this effect was less pronounced for A24LBRV3DYR infected porcine cells. In vivo studies showed that the A24LBRV3DYR virus was attenuated in cattle, and exhibited low virulence in pigs exposed by direct contact. The mutant virus induced protective immunity in cattle against challenge with parental A24WT. These results provide evidence that L(pro) of different Aphthoviruses are not fully functionally interchangeable and have roles that may depend on the nature of the infected host.
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Belsham GJ. Influence of the Leader protein coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus on virus replication. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1486-1495. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Leader (L) protein is produced in two forms, Lab and Lb, differing only at their amino-termini, due to the use of separate initiation codons, usually 84 nt apart. It has been shown previously, and confirmed here, that precise deletion of the Lab coding sequence is lethal for the virus, whereas loss of the Lb coding sequence results in a virus that is viable in BHK cells. In addition, it is now shown that deletion of the ‘spacer’ region between these two initiation codons can be tolerated. Growth of the virus precisely lacking just the Lb coding sequence resulted in a previously undetected accumulation of frameshift mutations within the ‘spacer’ region. These mutations block the inappropriate fusion of amino acid sequences to the amino-terminus of the capsid protein precursor. Modification, by site-directed mutagenesis, of the Lab initiation codon, in the context of the virus lacking the Lb coding region, was also tolerated by the virus within BHK cells. However, precise loss of the Lb coding sequence alone blocked FMDV replication in primary bovine thyroid cells. Thus, the requirement for the Leader protein coding sequences is highly dependent on the nature and extent of the residual Leader protein sequences and on the host cell system used. FMDVs precisely lacking Lb and with the Lab initiation codon modified may represent safer seed viruses for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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A safe foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform with two negative markers for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. J Virol 2012; 86:11675-85. [PMID: 22915802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01254-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of domestic animals with chemically inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widely practiced to control FMD. Currently, FMD vaccine manufacturing requires the growth of large volumes of virulent FMDV in biocontainment-level facilities. Here, two marker FMDV vaccine candidates (A(24)LL3D(YR) and A(24)LL3B(PVKV)3D(YR)) featuring the deletion of the leader coding region (L(pro)) and one of the 3B proteins were constructed and evaluated. These vaccine candidates also contain either one or two sets of mutations to create negative antigenic markers in the 3D polymerase (3D(pol)) and 3B nonstructural proteins. Two mutations in 3D(pol), H(27)Y and N(31)R, as well as RQKP(9-12)→PVKV substitutions, in 3B(2) abolish reactivity with monoclonal antibodies targeting the respective sequences in 3D(pol) and 3B. Infectious cDNA clones encoding the marker viruses also contain unique restriction endonuclease sites flanking the capsid-coding region that allow for easy derivation of custom designed vaccine candidates. In contrast to the parental A(24)WT virus, single A(24)LL3D(YR) and double A(24)LL3B(PVKV)3D(YR) mutant viruses were markedly attenuated upon inoculation of cattle using the natural aerosol or direct tongue inoculation. Likewise, pigs inoculated with live A(24)LL3D(YR) virus in the heel bulbs showed no clinical signs of disease, no fever, and no FMD transmission to in-contact animals. Immunization of cattle with chemically inactivated A(24)LL3D(YR) and A(24)LL3B(PVKV)3D(YR) vaccines provided 100% protection from challenge with parental wild-type virus. These attenuated, antigenically marked viruses provide a safe alternative to virulent strains for FMD vaccine manufacturing. In addition, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeted to the negative markers provides a suitable companion test for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.
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40
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Lohse L, Jackson T, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ. Capsid coding sequences of foot-and-mouth disease viruses are determinants of pathogenicity in pigs. Vet Res 2012; 43:46. [PMID: 22624592 PMCID: PMC3431240 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface exposed capsid proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) determine its antigenicity and the ability of the virus to interact with host-cell receptors. Hence, modification of these structural proteins may alter the properties of the virus.In the present study we compared the pathogenicity of different FMDVs in young pigs. In total 32 pigs, 7-weeks-old, were exposed to virus, either by direct inoculation or through contact with inoculated pigs, using cell culture adapted (O1K B64), chimeric (O1K/A-TUR and O1K/O-UKG) or field strain (O-UKG/34/2001) viruses. The O1K B64 virus and the two chimeric viruses are identical to each other except for the capsid coding region.Animals exposed to O1K B64 did not exhibit signs of disease, while pigs exposed to each of the other viruses showed typical clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). All pigs infected with the O1K/O-UKG chimera or the field strain (O-UKG/34/2001) developed fulminant disease. Furthermore, 3 of 4 in-contact pigs exposed to the O1K/O-UKG virus died in the acute phase of infection, likely from myocardial infection. However, in the group exposed to the O1K/A-TUR chimeric virus, only 1 pig showed symptoms of disease within the time frame of the experiment (10 days). All pigs that developed clinical disease showed a high level of viral RNA in serum and infected pigs that survived the acute phase of infection developed a serotype specific antibody response. It is concluded that the capsid coding sequences are determinants of FMDV pathogenicity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Lohse
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, DK-4771, Denmark.
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41
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Toward genetics-based virus taxonomy: comparative analysis of a genetics-based classification and the taxonomy of picornaviruses. J Virol 2012; 86:3905-15. [PMID: 22278238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07174-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus taxonomy has received little attention from the research community despite its broad relevance. In an accompanying paper (C. Lauber and A. E. Gorbalenya, J. Virol. 86:3890-3904, 2012), we have introduced a quantitative approach to hierarchically classify viruses of a family using pairwise evolutionary distances (PEDs) as a measure of genetic divergence. When applied to the six most conserved proteins of the Picornaviridae, it clustered 1,234 genome sequences in groups at three hierarchical levels (to which we refer as the "GENETIC classification"). In this study, we compare the GENETIC classification with the expert-based picornavirus taxonomy and outline differences in the underlying frameworks regarding the relation of virus groups and genetic diversity that represent, respectively, the structure and content of a classification. To facilitate the analysis, we introduce two novel diagrams. The first connects the genetic diversity of taxa to both the PED distribution and the phylogeny of picornaviruses. The second depicts a classification and the accommodated genetic diversity in a standardized manner. Generally, we found striking agreement between the two classifications on species and genus taxa. A few disagreements concern the species Human rhinovirus A and Human rhinovirus C and the genus Aphthovirus, which were split in the GENETIC classification. Furthermore, we propose a new supergenus level and universal, level-specific PED thresholds, not reached yet by many taxa. Since the species threshold is approached mostly by taxa with large sampling sizes and those infecting multiple hosts, it may represent an upper limit on divergence, beyond which homologous recombination in the six most conserved genes between two picornaviruses might not give viable progeny.
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Inoculation of swine with foot-and-mouth disease SAP-mutant virus induces early protection against disease. J Virol 2011; 86:1316-27. [PMID: 22114339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05941-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (L(pro)) cleaves itself from the viral polyprotein and cleaves the translation initiation factor eIF4G. As a result, host cell translation is inhibited, affecting the host innate immune response. We have demonstrated that L(pro) is also associated with degradation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a process that requires L(pro) nuclear localization. Additionally, we reported that disruption of a conserved protein domain within the L(pro) coding sequence, SAP mutation, prevented L(pro) nuclear retention and degradation of NF-κB, resulting in in vitro attenuation. Here we report that inoculation of swine with this SAP-mutant virus does not cause clinical signs of disease, viremia, or virus shedding even when inoculated at doses 100-fold higher than those required to cause disease with wild-type (WT) virus. Remarkably, SAP-mutant virus-inoculated animals developed a strong neutralizing antibody response and were completely protected against challenge with WT FMDV as early as 2 days postinoculation and for at least 21 days postinoculation. Early protection correlated with a distinct pattern in the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines in comparison to the levels detected in animals inoculated with WT FMDV that developed disease. In addition, animals inoculated with the FMDV SAP mutant displayed a memory T cell response that resembled infection with WT virus. Our results suggest that L(pro) plays a pivotal role in modulating several pathways of the immune response. Furthermore, manipulation of the L(pro) coding region may serve as a viable strategy to derive live attenuated strains with potential for development as effective vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease.
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Borca MV, Pacheco JM, Holinka LG, Carrillo C, Hartwig E, Garriga D, Kramer E, Rodriguez L, Piccone ME. Role of arginine-56 within the structural protein VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O1 Campos in virus virulence. Virology 2011; 422:37-45. [PMID: 22036313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
FMDV O1 subtype undergoes antigenic variation under diverse growth conditions. Of particular interest is the amino acid variation observed at position 56 within the structural protein VP3. Selective pressures influence whether histidine (H) or arginine (R) is present at this position, ultimately influencing in vitro plaque morphology and in vivo pathogenesis in cattle. Using reverse genetics techniques, we have constructed FMDV type O1 Campos variants differing only at VP3 position 56, possessing either an H or R (O1Ca-VP3-56H and O1Ca-VP3-56R, respectively), and characterized their in vitro phenotype and virulence in the natural host. Both viruses showed similar growth kinetics in vitro. Conversely, they had distinct temperature-sensitivity (ts) and displayed significantly different pathogenic profiles in cattle and swine. O1Ca-VP3-56H was thermo stable and induced typical clinical signs of FMD, whereas O1Ca-VP3-56R presented a ts phenotype and was nonpathogenic unless VP3 position 56 reverted in vivo to either H or cysteine (C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York 11944-0848, USA
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Wang D, Fang L, Liu L, Zhong H, Chen Q, Luo R, Liu X, Zhang Z, Chen H, Xiao S. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase negatively regulates the porcine interferon-λ1 pathway. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:407-12. [PMID: 21975014 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of wild and domestic cloven-hoofed animals, and causes an economically important disease in the swine industry. In this study, we found that the replication of FMDV in IBRS-2 cells could be significantly inhibited after treatment with the purified recombinant porcine interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1), a newly identified type III interferon. However, FMDV could not activate the IFN-λ1 promoter and IFN-λ1 mRNA expression in infected IBRS-2 cells, suggesting that FMDV has evolved mechanisms to interrupt the antiviral function of IFN-λ1. The cause of this inhibition was determined by screening all structural and non-structural proteins of FMDV, and the leader proteinase (L(pro)) was found to exhibit the highest potential to inhibit poly(I:C)-induced IFN-λ1 promoter activity. Further study revealed that the catalytic activity and a SAP (SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS) domain of L(pro) were required for suppressing poly(I:C)-induced IFN-λ1 production. These data suggest that FMDV replication could be inhibited by porcine IFN-λ1, but that the virus has evolved specific mechanisms to inhibit this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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45
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Rodriguez LL, Gay CG. Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:377-87. [PMID: 21434805 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically and socially devastating diseases affecting animal agriculture throughout the world. Although mortality is usually low in adult animals, millions of animals have been killed in efforts to rapidly control and eradicate FMD. The causing virus, FMD virus (FMDV), is a highly variable RNA virus occurring in seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia 1, Sat 1, Sat 2 and Sat 3) and a large number of subtypes. FMDV is one of the most infectious agents known, affecting cloven-hoofed animals with significant variations in infectivity and virus transmission. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been available for decades, there is little or no cross-protection across serotypes and subtypes, requiring vaccines that are matched to circulating field strains. Current inactivated vaccines require growth of virulent virus, posing a threat of escape from manufacturing sites, have limited shelf life and require re-vaccination every 4-12 months. These vaccines have aided in the eradication of FMD from Europe and the control of clinical disease in many parts of the world, albeit at a very high cost. However, FMDV persists in endemic regions impacting millions of people dependent on livestock for food and their livelihood. Usually associated with developing countries that lack the resources to control it, FMD is a global problem and the World Organization for Animal Health and the United Nations' Food Agriculture Organization have called for its global control and eradication. One of the main limitations to FMDV eradication is the lack of vaccines designed for this purpose, vaccines that not only protect against clinical signs but that can actually prevent infection and effectively interrupt the natural transmission cycle. These vaccines should be safely and inexpensively produced, be easy to deliver, and also be capable of inducing lifelong immunity against multiple serotypes and subtypes. Furthermore, there is a need for better integrated strategies that fit the specific needs of endemic regions. Availability of these critical components will greatly enhance the chances for the global control and eradication of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Orient Point, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Chen HT, Zhou JH, Ma LN, Ding YZ, Liu YS. Research in advance for FMD novel vaccines. Virol J 2011; 8:268. [PMID: 21635788 PMCID: PMC3118361 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), as a major global animal disease, affects millions of animals worldwide and remains the main sanitary barrier to the international and national trade of animals and animal products. Inactivated vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention of FMD at present, but fail to induce long-term protection and content new requires for production of FMD vaccines. As a number of Researchers hope to obtain satisfactory novel vaccines by new bio-technology, novel vaccines have been studied for more than thirty years. Here reviews the latest research progress of new vaccines, summarizes some importance and raises several suggestions for the future of FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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The multifaceted poliovirus 2A protease: regulation of gene expression by picornavirus proteases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:369648. [PMID: 21541224 PMCID: PMC3085340 DOI: 10.1155/2011/369648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After entry into animal cells, most viruses hijack essential components involved in gene expression. This is the case of poliovirus, which abrogates cellular translation soon after virus internalization. Abrogation is achieved by cleavage of both eIF4GI and eIF4GII by the viral protease 2A. Apart from the interference of poliovirus with cellular protein synthesis, other gene expression steps such as RNA and protein trafficking between nucleus and cytoplasm are also altered. Poliovirus 2Apro is capable of hydrolyzing components of the nuclear pore, thus preventing an efficient antiviral response by the host cell. Here, we compare in detail poliovirus 2Apro with other viral proteins (from picornaviruses and unrelated families) as regard to their activity on key host factors that control gene expression. It is possible that future analyses to determine the cellular proteins targeted by 2Apro will uncover other cellular functions ablated by poliovirus infection. Further understanding of the cellular proteins hydrolyzed by 2Apro will add further insight into the molecular mechanism by which poliovirus and other viruses interact with the host cell.
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The leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus negatively regulates the type I interferon pathway by acting as a viral deubiquitinase. J Virol 2011; 85:3758-66. [PMID: 21307201 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02589-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The leader proteinase (L(pro)) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a papain-like proteinase that plays an important role in FMDV pathogenesis. Previously, it has been shown that L(pro) is involved in the inhibition of the type I interferon (IFN) response by FMDV. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that FMDV Lb(pro), a shorter form of L(pro), has deubiquitinating activity. Sequence alignment and structural bioinformatics analyses revealed that the catalytic residues (Cys51 and His148) are highly conserved in FMDV Lb(pro) of all seven serotypes and that the topology of FMDV Lb(pro) is remarkably similar to that of ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14), a cellular deubiquitylation enzyme (DUB), and to that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) papain-like protease (PLpro), a coronaviral DUB. Both purified Lb(pro) protein and in vivo ectopically expressed Lb(pro) removed ubiquitin (Ub) moieties from cellular substrates, acting on both lysine-48- and lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Furthermore, Lb(pro) significantly inhibited ubiquitination of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and TRAF3, key signaling molecules in activation of type I IFN response. Mutations in Lb(pro) that ablate the catalytic activity (C51A or D163N/D164N) or disrupt the SAP (for SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS) domain (I83A/L86A) abrogated the DUB activity of Lb(pro) as well as its ability to block signaling to the IFN-β promoter. Collectively, these results demonstrate that FMDV Lb(pro) possesses DUB activity in addition to serving as a viral proteinase and describe a novel mechanism evolved by FMDV to counteract host innate antiviral responses.
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Bøtner A, Kakker NK, Barbezange C, Berryman S, Jackson T, Belsham GJ. Capsid proteins from field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus confer a pathogenic phenotype in cattle on an attenuated, cell-culture-adapted virus. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1141-1151. [PMID: 21270284 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.029710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) have been generated from plasmids containing full-length FMDV cDNAs and characterized. The parental virus cDNA was derived from the cell-culture-adapted O1Kaufbeuren B64 (O1K B64) strain. Chimeric viruses, containing capsid coding sequences derived from the O/UKG/34/2001 or A/Turkey 2/2006 field viruses, were constructed using the backbone from the O1K B64 cDNA, and viable viruses (O1K/O-UKG and O1K/A-Tur, respectively) were successfully rescued in each case. These viruses grew well in primary bovine thyroid cells but grew less efficiently in BHK cells than the rescued parental O1K B64 virus. The two chimeric viruses displayed the expected antigenicity in serotype-specific antigen ELISAs. Following inoculation of each virus into cattle, the rescued O1K B64 strain proved to be attenuated whereas, with each chimeric virus, typical clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease were observed, which then spread to in-contact animals. Thus, the surface-exposed capsid proteins of the O1K B64 strain are responsible for its attenuation in cattle. Consequently, there is no evidence for any adaptation, acquired during cell culture, outside the capsid coding region within the O1K B64 strain that inhibits replication in cattle. These chimeric infectious cDNA plasmids provide a basis for the analysis of FMDV pathogenicity and characterization of receptor utilization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Bøtner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Naresh K Kakker
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Cyril Barbezange
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Stephen Berryman
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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Abstract
Viral reproduction involves not only replication but also interactions with host defences. Although various viral proteins can take part in counteracting innate and adaptive immunity, many viruses possess a subset of proteins that are specifically dedicated to counter-defensive activities. These proteins are sometimes referred to as 'virulence factors', but here we argue that the term 'security proteins' is preferable, for several reasons. The concept of security proteins of RNA-containing viruses can be considered using the leader (L and L*) and 2A proteins of picornaviruses as examples. The picornaviruses are a large group of human and animal viruses that include important pathogens such as poliovirus, hepatitis A virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. The genomes of different picornaviruses have a similar organization, in which the genes for L and 2A occupy fixed positions upstream and downstream of the capsid genes, respectively. Both L and 2A are extremely heterogeneous with respect to size, sequence and biochemical properties. The similarly named proteins can be completely unrelated to each other in different viral genera, and the variation can be striking even among members of the same genus. A subset of picornaviruses lacks L altogether. The properties and functions of L and 2A of many picornaviruses are unknown, but in those viruses that have been investigated sufficiently it has been found that these proteins can switch off various aspects of host macromolecular synthesis and specifically suppress mechanisms involved in innate immunity. Thus, notwithstanding their unrelatedness, the security proteins carry out similar biological functions. It is proposed that other picornavirus L and 2A proteins that have not yet been investigated should also be primarily involved in security activities. The L, L* and 2A proteins are dispensable for viral reproduction, but their elimination or inactivation usually renders the viruses less pathogenic. The phenotypic changes associated with inactivation of security proteins are much less pronounced in cells or organisms that have innate immunity deficiencies. In several examples, the decreased fitness of a virus in which a security protein has been inactivated could be rescued by the experimental introduction of an unrelated security protein. It can be argued that L and 2A were acquired by different picornaviruses independently, and possibly by exploiting different mechanisms, late in the evolution of this viral family. It is proposed that the concept of security proteins is of general relevance and can be applied to viruses other than picornaviruses. The hallmarks of security proteins are: structural and biochemical unrelatedness in related viruses or even absence in some of them; dispensability of the entire protein or its functional domains for viral viability; and, for mutated versions of the proteins, fewer detrimental effects on viral reproduction in immune-compromised hosts than in immune-competent hosts.
Viral security proteins are structurally and biochemically unrelated proteins that function to counteract host defences. Here, Agol and Gmyl consider the impact of the picornavirus security proteins on viral reproduction, pathogenicity and evolution. Interactions with host defences are key aspects of viral infection. Various viral proteins perform counter-defensive functions, but a distinct class, called security proteins, is dedicated specifically to counteracting host defences. Here, the properties of the picornavirus security proteins L and 2A are discussed. These proteins have well-defined positions in the viral polyprotein, flanking the capsid precursor, but they are structurally and biochemically unrelated. Here, we consider the impact of these two proteins, as well as that of a third security protein, L*, on viral reproduction, pathogenicity and evolution. The concept of security proteins could serve as a paradigm for the dedicated counter-defensive proteins of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim I Agol
- M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 142782, Russia.
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