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Pujol J, Rousseau C, Vergneau-Grosset C. SEROLOGIC RESPONSE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RECOMBINANT CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINATION IN THREE AQUARIUM-HOUSED WALRUSES ( ODOBENUS ROSMARUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:131-136. [PMID: 36971637 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatalities have been associated with phocine and canine distemper viruses in marine mammals, including pinnipeds. No data are available regarding distemper disease or vaccination in walruses. This study evaluates seroconversion and clinical adverse effects following administration of a canarypox-vectored recombinant distemper vaccination (two 1-ml doses, 3 wk apart) in three adult aquarium-housed walruses. Serum antibodies to distemper were measured using seroneutralization on blood samples collected under operant conditioning prior to and for 12 mon after vaccination or until titers were <32. All walruses seroconverted. Medium positive titers (64-128) were detected for 4 to 9.5 mon in two of three individuals. Interindividual variability was noted, with one individual displaying only low positive titers. Major swelling at the site of injection and lameness for a week following injection occurred in all three walruses. Further studies on dosing amount and interval are needed to make vaccine recommendations in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pujol
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada,
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2
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Canine distemper virus DNA vaccination of mink can overcome interference by maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2015; 33:1375-81. [PMID: 25637861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is highly contagious and can cause severe disease against which conventional live vaccines are ineffective in the presence of maternal antibodies. Vaccination in the presences of maternal antibodies was challenged by vaccination of 5 days old and 3 weeks old mink kits with CDV DNA vaccines. Virus neutralising (VN) antibody responses were induced in mink kits vaccinated with a plasmid encoding the haemaglutinin protein (H) of CDV (n=5, pCDV-H) or a combination of the H, fusion (F) and nucleoprotein (N) of CDV (n=5, pCDV-HFN). These DNA vaccinated kits were protected against virulent experimental infection with field strains of CDV. The pCDV-H was more efficient in inducing protective immunity in the presence of maternal antibodies compared to the pCDV-HFN. The results show that DNA vaccination with the pCDV-H or pCDV-HFN (n=4) only given once at 5 days of age induces virus specific immune response in neonatal mink and protection against virulent CDV exposure later in life.
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3
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Nielsen L, Jensen TH, Kristensen B, Jensen TD, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Lund M, Aasted B, Blixenkrone-Møller M. DNA vaccines encoding proteins from wild-type and attenuated canine distemper virus protect equally well against wild-type virus challenge. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1887-96. [PMID: 22714870 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunity induced by DNA vaccines containing the hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes of wild-type and attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) was investigated in mink (Mustela vison), a highly susceptible natural host of CDV. All DNA-immunized mink seroconverted, and significant levels of virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies were present on the day of challenge with wild-type CDV. The DNA vaccines also primed the cell-mediated memory responses, as indicated by an early increase in the number of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing lymphocytes after challenge. Importantly, the wild-type and attenuated CDV DNA vaccines had a long-term protective effect against wild-type CDV challenge. The vaccine-induced immunity induced by the H and N genes from wild-type CDV and those from attenuated CDV was comparable. Because these two DNA vaccines were shown to protect equally well against wild-type virus challenge, it is suggested that the genetic/antigenic heterogeneity between vaccine strains and contemporary wild-type strains are unlikely to cause vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Early life DNA vaccination with the H gene of Canine distemper virus induces robust protection against distemper. Vaccine 2009; 27:5178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Nielsen L, Søgaard M, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Jensen TH, Jensen TD, Aasted B, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in DNA immunized mink challenged with wild-type canine distemper virus. Vaccine 2009; 27:4791-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Chen H, Zhang C, Song C, Deng X, Qin A. MDV-1 VP22 conjugated VP2 enhancing immune response against infectious bursal disease virus by DNA vaccination in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:981-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:341-56. [PMID: 18425596 PMCID: PMC7089108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
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8
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RNA-loaded CD40-activated B cells stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma. Gene Ther 2008; 15:955-65. [PMID: 18337841 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based vaccination strategies to induce functional tumor-specific T cells in cancer patients have focused on using autologous dendritic cells. An alternative approach is to use RNA-loaded CD40 activated B cells (CD40-B) that are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells capable of priming naive T cells, boosting memory T-cell responses and breaking tolerance to tumor antigens. The use of tumor RNA as the antigenic payload allows for gene transfer without viruses or vectors and permits major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent, multiple-antigen targeting. Here, we use CD40L transfected K562 cells to generate functional CD40-B cells from the peripheral blood of humans and dogs. Testing of RNA-loaded CD40-B cells in dogs allows not only for its development in veterinary medicine but also for determination of its safety and efficacy in a large animal model of spontaneous cancer prior to initiation of human clinical trials. We found that CD40-B cells from healthy humans, healthy dogs and tumor-bearing dogs express increased levels of immune molecules such as MHC and CCR7. Moreover, RNA-loaded CD40-B cells induce functional, antigen-specific T cells from healthy dogs and dogs with lymphoma. These findings pave the way for immunotherapy trials using tumor RNA-loaded CD40-B cells to stimulate antitumor immunity in a large animal model of spontaneous neoplasia.
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9
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Pasarica M, Dhurandhar NV. Infectobesity: Obesity of Infectious Origin. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2007; 52:61-102. [PMID: 17425944 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(06)52002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in obesity and the associated health care costs have prompted a search for better approaches for its prevention and management. Such efforts may be facilitated by better understanding the etiology of obesity. Of the several etiological factors, infection, an unusual causative factor, has recently started receiving greater attention. In the last two decades, 10 adipogenic pathogens were reported, including human and nonhuman viruses, scrapie agents, bacteria, and gut microflora. Some of these pathogens are associated with human obesity, but their causative role in human obesity has not been established. This chapter presents information about the natural hosts, signs and symptoms, and pathogenesis of the adipogenic microorganisms. If relevant to humans, "Infectobesity" would be a relatively novel, yet extremely significant concept. A new perspective about the infectious etiology of obesity may stimulate additional research to assess the contribution of hitherto unknown pathogens to human obesity and possibly to prevent or treat obesity of infectious origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pasarica
- Department of Infections and Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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10
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Kerdiles YM, Cherif B, Marie JC, Tremillon N, Blanquier B, Libeau G, Diallo A, Wild TF, Villiers MB, Horvat B. Immunomodulatory properties of morbillivirus nucleoproteins. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:324-34. [PMID: 16817775 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbillivirus infections have been known for a long time to be associated with an acute immunosuppression in their natural hosts. Here, we show that recombinant Morbillivirus nucleoproteins from canine distemper virus, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus, and Rinderpest virus bind B-lymphocytes from dogs, goats, and cattle, respectively, similarly to measles virus nucleoprotein in humans. The use of surface plasmon resonance imaging allowed the real time detection of differential interactions between Morbillivirus nucleoproteins and FcgammaRIIb (CD32). Moreover, those nucleoproteins which bind murine Fcgamma receptor inhibited the inflammatory immune responses in mice in a Fc receptor- dependent manner. In contrast, nucleoprotein from closely related Henipavirus genus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family as Morbillivirus, was devoid of capacity either to bind FcgammaRIIb or to inhibit inflammatory response. Altogether, these results suggest that nucleoprotein-FcR interaction is a common mechanism used by different Morbilliviruses to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann M Kerdiles
- INSERM U404, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, IFR128 BioScience Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
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11
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Dahl L, Jensen TH, Gottschalck E, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Jensen TD, Nielsen L, Andersen MK, Buckland R, Wild TF, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding the hemagglutinin and the nucleoprotein confers robust protection against a lethal canine distemper virus challenge. Vaccine 2004; 22:3642-8. [PMID: 15315843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the protective effect of immunization of a highly susceptible natural host of canine distemper virus (CDV) with DNA plasmids encoding the viral nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H). The combined intradermal and intramuscular routes of immunization elicited high virus-neutralizing serum antibody titres in mink (Mustela vison). To mimic natural exposure, we also conducted challenge infection by horizontal transmission from infected contact animals. Other groups received a lethal challenge infection by administration to the mucosae of the respiratory tract and into the muscle. One of the mink vaccinated with N plasmid alone developed severe disease after challenge. In contrast, vaccination with the H plasmid together with the N plasmid conferred solid protection against disease and we were unable to detect CDV infection in PBMCs or in different tissues after challenge. Our findings show that DNA immunization by the combined intradermal and intramuscular routes can confer solid protective immunity against naturally transmitted morbillivirus infection and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Distemper/immunology
- Distemper/prevention & control
- Distemper/virology
- Distemper Virus, Canine/immunology
- Dogs
- Female
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral/immunology
- Hemagglutinins/immunology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mink/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Dahl
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 7, DK 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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12
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Griot C, Moser C, Cherpillod P, Bruckner L, Wittek R, Zurbriggen A, Zurbriggen R. Early DNA vaccination of puppies against canine distemper in the presence of maternally derived immunity. Vaccine 2004; 22:650-4. [PMID: 14741156 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a disease in carnivores caused by CD virus (CDV), a member of the morbillivirus genus. It still is a threat to the carnivore and ferret population. The currently used modified attenuated live vaccines have several drawbacks of which lack of appropriate protection from severe infection is the most outstanding one. In addition, puppies up to the age of 6-8 weeks cannot be immunized efficiently due to the presence of maternal antibodies. In this study, a DNA prime modified live vaccine boost strategy was investigated in puppies in order to determine if vaccinated neonatal dogs induce a neutralizing immune response which is supposed to protect animals from a CDV challenge. Furthermore, a single DNA vaccination of puppies, 14 days after birth and in the presence of high titers of CDV neutralizing maternal antibodies, induced a clear and significant priming effect observed as early as 3 days after the subsequent booster with a conventional CDV vaccine. It was shown that the priming effect develops faster and to higher titers in puppies preimmunized with DNA 14 days after birth than in those vaccinated 28 days after birth. Our results demonstrate that despite the presence of maternal antibodies puppies can be vaccinated using the CDV DNA vaccine, and that this vaccination has a clear priming effect leading to a solid immune response after a booster with a conventional CDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griot
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, PO Box 17, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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13
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Fischer L, Tronel JP, Minke J, Barzu S, Baudu P, Audonnet JC. Vaccination of puppies with a lipid-formulated plasmid vaccine protects against a severe canine distemper virus challenge. Vaccine 2003; 21:1099-102. [PMID: 12559786 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We assessed whether the formulation of a DNA vaccine expressing the canine distemper virus (CDV) hemagglutinin (HA) and fusion (F) immunogens with the cationic lipid DMRIE-DOPE could induce serological responses and protection against a severe CDV challenge in the dog. Although clear protection was observed in dogs vaccinated with formulated plasmids only limited CDV specific antibody titers were observed in protected dogs before challenge, suggesting that protection could be explained by cell-mediated immunity and/or by a strong antibody-based memory response (priming) triggered by the infectious challenge. The high level of protection achieved in this study, demonstrated that formulated DNA CDV vaccines can generate in dogs a level a protection comparable to conventional CDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Fischer
- Merial SAS, Biological Discovery Research, 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France.
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14
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Hirama K, Togashi KI, Wakasa C, Yoneda M, Nishi T, Endo Y, Miura R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity specific for hemagglutinin (H) protein of canine distemper virus in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:109-12. [PMID: 12576714 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to hemagglutinin (H) protein of canine distemper virus (CDV) were evaluated in dogs using the replication-deficient adenovirus protein expression system. Skin fibroblasts were isolated from two dogs and were infected with recombinant adenovirus bearing the CDV-H gene (Ade-CDVH). CTL assay was performed using fibroblasts expressing CDV-H protein as target cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) collected from the same dogs one week after immunization of CDV as effector cells. Specific cytotoxic activity was observed against autologous but not heterologous fibroblasts expressing CDV-H protein. These results indicate that the CTL epitope(s) were localized in the H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hirama
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
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15
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Pahar B, Sharma B, Goel AC. Effect of immunization with plasmid DNA encoding for rinderpest virus matrix protein on systemic rinderpest virus infection in rabbits. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:227-37. [PMID: 12090294 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015257721988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid vaccine pBK-CMVMPILC113 expressing the matrix (M) gene of rinderpest virus was assessed for its potential to protect rabbits against a lethal viral challenge. Rabbits immunized with plasmids expressing the M gene were not protected when challenged with lapinized rinderpest virus, despite the production of anti-M antibodies, while rabbits immunized with rinderpest tissue culture vaccine were completely protected from a lethal challenge with lapinized rinderpest virus. The plasmid vaccine also had no significant effect on the lymphopenia in challenged rabbits. The results indicate that rinderpest M protein does not have a protective role in rinderpest infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pahar
- National Project on Rinderpest Eradication, Division of Biochemistry and Food Sciences, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
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16
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Parks CL, Wang HP, Kovacs GR, Vasilakis N, Kowalski J, Nowak RM, Lerch RA, Walpita P, Sidhu MS, Udem SA. Expression of a foreign gene by recombinant canine distemper virus recovered from cloned DNAs. Virus Res 2002; 83:131-47. [PMID: 11864746 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A canine distemper virus (CDV) genomic cDNA clone and expression plasmids required to establish a CDV rescue system were generated from a laboratory-adapted strain of the Onderstepoort vaccine virus. In addition, a CDV minireplicon was prepared and used in transient expression studies performed to identify optimal virus rescue conditions. Results from the transient expression experiments indicated that minireplicon-encoded reporter gene activity was increased when transfected cell cultures were maintained at 32 rather than 37 degrees C, and when the cellular stress response was induced by heat shock. Applying these findings to rescue of recombinant CDV (rCDV) resulted in efficient recovery of virus after transfected HEp2 or A549 cells were co-cultured with Vero cell monolayers. Nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of restriction site polymorphisms confirmed that rescued virus was rCDV. A rCDV strain also was engineered that contained the luciferase gene inserted between the P and M genes; this virus directed high levels of luciferase expression in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Parks
- Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines, Department of Viral Vaccine Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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18
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Cherpillod P, Tipold A, Griot-Wenk M, Cardozo C, Schmid I, Fatzer R, Schobesberger M, Zurbriggen R, Bruckner L, Roch F, Vandevelde M, Wittek R, Zurbriggen A. DNA vaccine encoding nucleocapsid and surface proteins of wild type canine distemper virus protects its natural host against distemper. Vaccine 2000; 18:2927-36. [PMID: 10825593 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus induces a highly infectious, frequently lethal disease in dogs and other carnivores. Current vaccines against canine distemper consisting of attenuated viruses have been in use for many years and have greatly reduced the incidence of distemper in the dog population. However, certain strains may not guarantee adequate protection and others can induce post vaccinal encephalitis. We tested a DNA vaccine for its ability to protect dogs, the natural host of CDV, against distemper. We constructed plasmids containing the nucleocapsid, the fusion, and the attachment protein genes of a virulent canine distemper virus strain. Mice inoculated with these plasmids developed humoral and cellular immune responses against CDV antigens. Dogs immunized with the expression plasmids developed virus-neutralizing antibodies. Significantly, vaccinated dogs were protected against challenge with virulent CDV, whereas unvaccinated animals succumbed to distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cherpillod
- Institut de Biologie Animale, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Martinez X, Li X, Kovarik J, Klein M, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Combining DNA and protein vaccines for early life immunization against respiratory syncytial virus in mice. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3390-400. [PMID: 10540351 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199910)29:10<3390::aid-immu3390>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early life responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-F DNA and RSV-F protein immunization were studied in murine models of neonatal immunization. RSV-F DNA induced similar antibody (Ab) responses, antigen-specific IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in 1-week-old and adult BALB / c mice. In contrast, RSV-F protein induced much higher IL-5 responses in early life. Both vaccines elicited Ab and CTL responses in spite of maternal Ab, but with distinctive kinetics. Sequential RSV-F DNA priming / protein boosting primed 1-week-old mice for RSV-F-specific CTL responses, reduced IL-5 production and enhanced Ab responses. In contrast, IL-5 exceeded IFN-gamma responses when young mice were primed with protein and boosted with DNA. Last, when protein and DNA immunization were combined, a single vaccine dose induced early Ab responses, preferential IL-5 responses but strong CTL responses. Sequential or combined DNA / protein immunization thus represent interesting strategies for early life immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Martinez
- W.H.O. Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Mochizuki M, Hashimoto M, Hagiwara S, Yoshida Y, Ishiguro S. Genotypes of canine distemper virus determined by analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of recent isolates from dogs in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2936-42. [PMID: 10449479 PMCID: PMC85418 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.9.2936-2942.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper of domestic dogs is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the morbilliviruses. It has been a highly contagious disease of great veterinary importance for centuries, but for the last several decades it has been controlled satisfactorily by modified live vaccines. In the 1990s, however, it was described that CDV strains genetically different from vaccine strains may have caused the disease in vaccinated dogs. The highest antigenic variation is found in the H protein. Therefore, in the present study, hemagglutinin (H) genes obtained from current vaccines and field isolates and amplified directly from clinical specimens were genetically analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the H-gene amino acid sequences revealed that at least two CDV genotypes are circulating among dogs in Japan; one is a genotype to which almost all Japanese CDV isolates belong and the other has not been previously described. Both are separate and independent from the other lineages or genotypes of vaccine strains, as well as European and U.S. CDV isolates. The results suggest that CDV has also evolved in Japan, and further studies will be needed for an evaluation and possible improvement of the efficacies of current CDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Kyoritsu Shoji Corporation, 1-12-4 Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073, Japan.
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Bernard A, Cohen R, Khuth ST, Vedrine B, Verlaeten O, Akaoka H, Giraudon P, Belin MF. Alteration of the leptin network in late morbid obesity induced in mice by brain infection with canine distemper virus. J Virol 1999; 73:7317-27. [PMID: 10438820 PMCID: PMC104257 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7317-7327.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can induce progressive neurologic disorders associated with diverse pathological manifestations, and therefore, viral infection of the brain can impair differentiated neural functions, depending on the initial viral tropism. We have previously reported that canine distemper virus (CDV) targets certain mouse brain structures, including the hypothalamus, early and selectively. Infected mice exhibit acute encephalitis, with late disease, characterized by motor impairment or obesity syndrome, appearing in some of the surviving mice several months after the initial viral replication. In the present study, we show viral persistence in the hypothalami of obese mice, as demonstrated by low, but still significant, levels of CDV nucleoprotein transcripts, associated with a dramatic decrease in F gene mRNAs. Given the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in obesity (eating behavior, energy consumption, and neuroendocrine function) and that of leptin, the adipose tissue-derived satiety factor acting through hypothalamic receptors, we analyzed the leptin networks in both obese and nonobese mice. The discrepancy found between the chronic and dramatic increase in blood leptin levels and the occurrence of obesity may be due to leptin resistance in the brain. In fact, expression of the long leptin receptor isoform, representing the functional leptin receptor, was specifically downregulated in the hypothalami of obese mice, explaining their inability to generate an adequate response to leptin in the brain. Intriguingly, during the acute phase of infection, its expression was increased in CDV-targeted structures in all infected mice and remained high in obese mice in all CDV-targeted structures, except for the hypothalamus. The biphasic change in hypothalamic leptin receptor expression seen during the progression of CDV-induced obesity provides a new paradigm for understanding mechanisms of neuroendocrinological, virus-induced abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernard
- INSERM U433, Neurobiologie Expérimentale et Physiopathologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laënnec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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