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Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Poirier JT, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions: Structural Insights For Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2019; 8:39-56. [PMID: 31754615 PMCID: PMC6825474 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s218494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in oncolytic virotherapy commend a special attention to developing new strategies for targeting cancer cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Modifications of the viral envelope or coat proteins serve as a logical mean of repurposing viruses for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss how detailed structural knowledge of the interactions between OVs and their natural receptors provide valuable insights into tumor specificity of some viruses and re-targeting of alternate receptors for broad tumor tropism or improved tumor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Svyatchenko VA, Ternovoy VA, Kiselev NN, Demina AV, Loktev VB, Netesov SV, Chumakov PM. Bioselection of coxsackievirus B6 strain variants with altered tropism to human cancer cell lines. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3355-3362. [PMID: 28766058 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells develop increased sensitivity to members of many virus families and, in particular, can be efficiently infected and lysed by many low-pathogenic human enteroviruses. However, because of their great genetic heterogeneity, cancer cells display different levels of sensitivity to particular enterovirus strains, which may substantially limit the chances of a positive clinical response. We show that a non-pathogenic strain of coxsackievirus B6 (LEV15) can efficiently replicate to high titers in the malignant human cell lines C33A, DU145, AsPC-1 and SK-Mel28, although it displays much lower replication efficiency in A431 and A549 cells and very limited replication ability in RD and MCF7 cells, as well as in the normal lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 and the immortalized mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. By serial passaging in RD, MCF7 and A431 cells, we obtained LEV15 strain variants that had acquired high replication capacity in the appropriate carcinoma cell lines without losing their high replication capability in the original set of cancer cell lines and had limited replication capability in untransformed cells. The strains demonstrated improved oncolytic properties in nude-mouse xenografts. We identified nucleotide changes responsible for the phenotypes and suggest a bioselection approach for a generation of oncolytic virus strains with a wider spectrum of affected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Svyatchenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Ternovoy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai N Kiselev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna V Demina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valery B Loktev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.
- M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Federal Scientific Center on Research and Development of Immunobiology Products, Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Heine H, Ulmer A, El-Samalouti V, Lentschat A, Hamann L. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) is a functional active element of the LPS receptor complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519010070030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we identified an 80 kDa membrane protein (LMP80) that is capable of binding to LPS and lipid A in the presence of LBP and sCD14. LMP80 could also be detected after immuno-coprecipitation of cell membranes with LPS and lipid A, indicating a physical contact of LMP80 and LPS/lipid A. Further analysis and peptide sequencing revealed that LMP80 is identical to CD55 (decay accelerating factor, DAF), a regulatory molecule of the complement cascade. Transfection of LPS-hyporesponsive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with human CD55 resulted in the translocation of NF-κB upon stimulation with LPS or lipid A. Our results demonstrate a new functional role of CD55 as a molecule able to mediate LPS-induced activation of cells that may be part of a multimeric LPS receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Heine
- Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - A.J. Ulmer
- Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany,
| | - V.T. El-Samalouti
- Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - A. Lentschat
- Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - L. Hamann
- Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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4
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Chumakov PM, Morozova VV, Babkin IV, Baikov IK, Netesov SV, Tikunova NV. Oncolytic enteroviruses. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Huber SA. Autoimmunity in Coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis: role of estrogen in suppressing autoimmunity. Future Virol 2010; 5:273-286. [PMID: 20963181 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses are small, non-enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA viruses which cause multiple diseases including myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, myositis, orchitis and hepatitis. Although picornaviruses directly kill cells, tissue injury primarily results from autoimmunity to self antigens. Viruses induce autoimmunity by: aborting deletion of self-reactive T cells during T cell ontogeny; reversing anergy of peripheral autoimmune T cells; eliminating T regulatory cells; stimulating self-reactive T cells through antigenic mimicry or cryptic epitopes; and acting as an adjuvant for self molecules released during virus infection. Most autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease) predominate in females, but diseases associated with picornavirus infections predominate in males. T regulatory cells are activated in infected females because of the combined effects of estrogen and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, 208 S Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
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6
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Jonsson N, Gullberg M, Israelsson S, Lindberg AM. A rapid and efficient method for studies of virus interaction at the host cell surface using enteroviruses and real-time PCR. Virol J 2009; 6:217. [PMID: 19968865 PMCID: PMC2797521 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measuring virus attachment to host cells is of great importance when trying to identify novel receptors. The presence of a usable receptor is a major determinant of viral host range and cell tropism. Furthermore, identification of appropriate receptors is central for the understanding of viral pathogenesis and gives possibilities to develop antiviral drugs. Attachment is presently measured using radiolabeled and subsequently gradient purified viruses. Traditional methods are expensive and time-consuming and not all viruses are stable during a purification procedure; hence there is room for improvement. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) has become the standard method to detect and quantify virus infections, including enteroviruses, in clinical samples. For instance, primers directed to the highly conserved 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the enterovirus genome enable detection of a wide spectrum of enteroviruses. Here, we evaluate the capacity of the RT-PCR technology to study enterovirus host cell interactions at the cell surface and compare this novel implementation with an established assay using radiolabeled viruses. Results Both purified and crude viral extracts of CVB5 generated comparable results in attachment studies when analyzed with RT-PCR. In addition, receptor binding studies regarding viruses with coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and/or decay accelerating factor (DAF) affinity, further demonstrated the possibility to use RT-PCR to measure virus attachment to host cells. Furthermore, the RT-PCR technology and crude viral extracts was used to study attachment with low multiplicity of infection (0.05 × 10-4TCID50/cell) and low cell numbers (250), which implies the range of potential implementations of the presented technique. Conclusion We have implemented the well-established RT-PCR technique to measure viral attachment to host cells with high accuracy and reproducibility, at low cost and with less effort than traditional methods. Furthermore, replacing traditional methods with RT-PCR offers the opportunity to use crude virus containing extracts to investigate attachment, which could be considered as a step towards viral attachment studies in a more natural state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jonsson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Abstract
Rafts are domains of the plasma membrane, enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids; they form a platform for signaling proteins and receptors. The lipid rafts are utilized in the replication cycle of numerous viruses. Internalization receptors of many viruses localize to rafts or are recruited there after virus binding. Arrays of signal transduction proteins found in rafts contribute to efficient trafficking and productive infection. Some viruses are dependent on raft domains for the biogenesis of their membranous replication structures. Finally, rafts are often important in virus assembly and budding. Subsequently, raft components in the viral envelope may be vital for the entry to a new host cell. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of rafts in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Upla
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Hyypiä
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological & Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
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8
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d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ. Xenotransplantation: the next generation of engineered animals. Transpl Immunol 2008; 21:111-5. [PMID: 18973810 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F d'Apice
- Immunology Research Centre & Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne St. Vincent's Hospital 41 Victoria Parade Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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O'Brien DP, Romero-Gallo J, Schneider BG, Chaturvedi R, Delgado A, Harris EJ, Krishna U, Ogden SR, Israel DA, Wilson KT, Peek RM. Regulation of the Helicobacter pylori cellular receptor decay-accelerating factor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23922-30. [PMID: 18579524 PMCID: PMC2527108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for peptic ulceration and distal gastric cancer, and adherence of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells is critical for induction of inflammation. One H. pylori constituent that increases disease risk is the cag pathogenicity island, which encodes a secretion system that translocates bacterial effector molecules into host cells. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a cellular receptor for H. pylori and a mediator of the inflammatory response to this pathogen. H. pylori induces DAF expression in human gastric epithelial cells; therefore, we sought to define the mechanism by which H. pylori up-regulates DAF and to extend these findings into a murine model of H. pylori-induced injury. Co-culture of MKN28 gastric epithelial cells with the wild-type H. pylori cag(+) strain J166 induced transcriptional expression of DAF, which was attenuated by disruption of a structural component of the cag secretion system (cagE). H. pylori-induced expression of DAF was dependent upon activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not NF-kappaB. Hypergastrinemic INS-GAS mice infected with wild-type H. pylori demonstrated significantly increased DAF expression in gastric epithelium versus uninfected controls or mice infected with an H. pylori cagE(-) isogenic mutant strain. These results indicate that H. pylori cag(+) strains induce up-regulation of a cognate cellular receptor in vitro and in vivo in a cag-dependent manner, representing the first evidence of regulation of an H. pylori host receptor by the cag pathogenicity island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. O'Brien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Barbara G. Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Alberto Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Elizabeth J. Harris
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Uma Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Seth R. Ogden
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Dawn A. Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, and
Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279 and
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212
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Berry LJ, Au GG, Barry RD, Shafren DR. Potent oncolytic activity of human enteroviruses against human prostate cancer. Prostate 2008; 68:577-87. [PMID: 18288643 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virotherapy offers a unique treatment modality for prostate cancer, especially stages that are resistant to current therapies, with the additional benefit of preferentially targeting tumor cells amongst an environment of healthy tissue. Herein, the low pathogenic enteroviruses; Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), as well as a bio-selected variant of Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21-DAFv) and Echovirus 1 (EV1) are evaluated as novel oncolytic agents against human prostate cancer. METHODS The surface expression of viral receptors required for enterovirus cell attachment/entry, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and integrin alpha(2)beta(1) on a number of human prostate cancer lines was assessed by flow cytometry. Susceptibility to viral oncolysis was determined via in vitro cell lysis assays performed on cell monolayers cultured in micro titer plates. The in vivo oncolytic efficacy of the enteroviruses was assessed using xenograft models in immune compromised SCID-mice following systemic challenge. RESULTS The majority of prostate cancer lines tested expressed surface ICAM-1 and/or DAF, or alpha(2)beta(1), facilitating significant degrees of oncolysis following in vitro viral challenge. Systemic delivery of each of the three viruses induced reduction of xenograft tumor burdens in vivo, and a therapeutic dose-response was demonstrated for escalating doses of EV1 in the LNCaP animal model. CONCLUSION Enteroviruses CVA21, CVA21-DAFv, and EV1 are potentially potent oncolytic agents against human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Berry
- The Picornavirus Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) are not curative, thus novel targeted therapeutics are being developed. One such targeted therapy is oncolytic virotherapy, wherein viruses specifically infect and kill the malignant plasma cells, leaving normal cells intact. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the mechanisms and results of the oncolytic viruses being used to date and discusses the recent advances in the field of virotherapy for MM. METHODS All papers using viruses to treat MM were identified and screened. Only papers describing replicating, oncolytic viruses were reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Several viruses are currently being developed preclinically and clinically to treat MM, including measles virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, coxsackievirus A21 and vaccinia virus. Other viruses are being used preclinically to purge myeloma cells from autologous bone marrow transplants. Efforts to improve myeloma-specific targeting, avoid the antiviral immune response and evaluate combination therapies for MM are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaalia E Stief
- Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, 67 College Street, Room 4-408, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada
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12
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Systemic targeting of metastatic human breast tumor xenografts by Coxsackievirus A21. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zanone MM, Favaro E, Ferioli E, Huang GC, Klein NJ, Perin PC, Peakman M, Conaldi PG, Camussi G. Human pancreatic islet endothelial cells express coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and are activated by coxsackie B virus infection. FASEB J 2007; 21:3308-17. [PMID: 17494992 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7905com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses, such as the coxsackievirus (CV) group, have been linked to the induction of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Virus tropism and tissue access are modulated by endothelial cells. To examine the susceptibility of microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) derived from pancreatic islets to infection with CV group B (CVB), purified cultured human islet MECs were infected with CVB-4 strain, and the immunological phenotype of the infected cells was analyzed. CVB-4 persistently infected the islet MECs, which expressed the CV receptors human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (HCAR) and decay accelerating factor (DAF) and maintained EC characteristics, without overt cytopathic effects. CVB-4 infection transiently up-regulated expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6, and chemokines IL-8 and lymphotactin, as well as IFN-alpha. Mononuclear cell adhesion to CVB infected monolayers was increased, compared to uninfected monolayers. Moreover, infection up-regulated the viral receptors HCAR and DAF and coreceptor alpha(v)beta3 integrin on islet MECs, while down-regulating expression of HCAR on human aortic endothelial cells, indicating potential tissue-specific influence on the pathological outcome of infection. These results provide evidence that islet MECs are natural targets and reservoirs for persistent CVB infection resulting in acute endothelial cell activation by virus, which may contribute to selective recruitment of subsets of leukocytes during inflammatory immune responses, such as insulitis in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Zanone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy.
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14
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Khan AG, Pichler J, Rosemann A, Blaas D. Human rhinovirus type 54 infection via heparan sulfate is less efficient and strictly dependent on low endosomal pH. J Virol 2007; 81:4625-32. [PMID: 17301156 PMCID: PMC1900163 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02160-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
K-type major-group human rhinoviruses (HRVs) (including HRV54) share a prominent lysine residue in the HI surface loop of VP1 with all minor-group HRVs. Despite the presence of this residue, they cannot use members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family for productive infection. Reexamining all K-type viruses for receptor usage, we noticed that HRV54 is able to replicate in RD cells that lack the major-group receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). By using receptor blocking assays, inhibition of sulfation, enzymatic digestion, and proteoglycan-deficient cell lines, we show here that wild-type HRV54, without any adaptation, uses heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan as an alternate receptor. However, infection via HS is less efficient than infection via ICAM-1. Moreover, HRV54 has an acid lability profile similar to that of the minor-group virus HRV2. In ICAM-1-deficient cells its replication is completely blocked by the H(+)-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1, whereas in ICAM-1-expressing cells it replicates in the presence of the drug. Thus, use of a "noncatalytic" receptor requires the virus to be highly unstable at low pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ghafoor Khan
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Liu Z, Yuan J, Yanagawa B, Qiu D, McManus BM, Yang D. Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis: new trends in treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 3:641-50. [PMID: 16107202 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.4.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is a common inflammatory heart disease in children and young adults that may result in chronically dilated cardiomyopathy. Coxsackievirus B3 is the major etiologic agent of this disease. Current treatments for patients with viral myocarditis are almost entirely supportive. In recent years, some promising therapeutic candidates have emerged, including novel treatments and improvements of existing drugs. Among these are molecules that specially target virus entry, such as pleconaril, WIN 54954 and CAR-Fc; nucleic acid-based antiviral agents that inhibit viral translation and/or transcription, such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotide and short interfering RNA; and immunomodulatory agents that augment the host-protective immune responses to effectively clear viruses from target tissues, including interferons and immunoglobulins. In addition, certain new antiviral strategies, still in the early stages, include modulation of signal transduction pathways responsible for viral replication using enzyme inhibitors, which have revealed potential therapeutic targets for viral myocarditis. Finally, the progress in cellular cardiomyoplasty for end-stage therapy, in particular the preliminary clinical trials, is also discussed with respect to its potential future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Huber S, Song WC, Sartini D. Decay-Accelerating Factor (CD55) Promotes CD1d Expression and Vγ4+ T-Cell Activation in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:156-66. [PMID: 16817758 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BALB/c mice infected with the H3 variant of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) develop severe myocarditis which is initiated by up-regulation of CD1d during infection and CD1d-dependent activation of T cells expressing the Vgamma4 T cell receptor. Previous studies have shown that a mutant variant of the H3 virus which shows reduced binding avidity to one of the known CVB3 virus receptors, decay accelerating factor (DAF), fails to up-regulate CD1d or activate Vgamma4+ cells. To determine if DAF has a role in CD1d expression during infection or Vgamma4+ cell activation, BALB/c and BALB/c DAF-/- mice were infected with CVB3. Infected DAF-/- mice show modest increases in CD1d expression compared to infected wild-type BALB/c mice; and although total numbers of Vgamma4+ cells in the spleen are the same as in BALB/c mice, few Vgamma4+ IFNgamma+ cells are detected in infected DAF-/- animals. Vgamma4+ cell depletion protects infected BALB/c mice from myocarditis but does not protect infected DAF-/- animals, indicating that Vgamma4+ cells are not important to disease in these animals. Anti-CD8 depletion of CD8+ T cells protects infected BALB/c mice but aggravates disease in infected DAF-/- animals, indicating that the immunopathogenicity of viral myocarditis differs in the absence of the DAF virus receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont 05446, USA.
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17
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O'Brien DP, Israel DA, Krishna U, Romero-Gallo J, Nedrud J, Medof ME, Lin F, Redline R, Lublin DM, Nowicki BJ, Franco AT, Ogden S, Williams AD, Polk DB, Peek RM. The role of decay-accelerating factor as a receptor for Helicobacter pylori and a mediator of gastric inflammation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13317-13323. [PMID: 16543227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601805200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and distal gastric adenocarcinoma, a process for which adherence of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells is critical. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), a protein that protects epithelial cells from complement-mediated lysis, also functions as a receptor for several microbial pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether H. pylori utilizes DAF as a receptor and the role of DAF within H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. In vitro studies showed that H. pylori adhered avidly to Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human DAF but not to vector controls. In H. pylori, disruption of the virulence factors vacA, cagA, and cagE did not alter adherence, but deletion of DAF complement control protein (CCP) domains 1-4 or the heavily O-glycosylated serine-threonine-rich COOH-terminal domain reduced binding. In cultured gastric epithelial cells, H. pylori induced transcriptional up-regulation of DAF, and genetic deficiency of DAF attenuated the development of inflammation among H. pylori-infected mice. These results indicate that DAF may regulate H. pylori-epithelial cell interactions relevant to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P O'Brien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Dawn A Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Uma Krishna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - John Nedrud
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - M Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Feng Lin
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Raymond Redline
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Douglas M Lublin
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Bogdan J Nowicki
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Biomedical Sciences and Division of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Aime T Franco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Seth Ogden
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Amanda D Williams
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - D Brent Polk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212.
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18
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Xiao C, Bator-Kelly CM, Rieder E, Chipman PR, Craig A, Kuhn RJ, Wimmer E, Rossmann MG. The crystal structure of coxsackievirus A21 and its interaction with ICAM-1. Structure 2005; 13:1019-33. [PMID: 16004874 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CVA21 and polioviruses both belong to the Enterovirus genus in the family of Picornaviridae, whereas rhinoviruses form a distinct picornavirus genus. Nevertheless, CVA21 and the major group of human rhinoviruses recognize intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as their cellular receptor, whereas polioviruses use poliovirus receptor. The crystal structure of CVA21 has been determined to 3.2 A resolution. Its structure has greater similarity to poliovirus structures than to other known picornavirus structures. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to determine an 8.0 A resolution structure of CVA21 complexed with an ICAM-1 variant, ICAM-1(Kilifi). The cryo-EM map was fitted with the crystal structures of ICAM-1 and CVA21. Significant differences in the structure of CVA21 with respect to the poliovirus structures account for the inability of ICAM-1 to bind polioviruses. The interface between CVA21 and ICAM-1 has shape and electrostatic complementarity with many residues being conserved among those CVAs that bind ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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19
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Das M, Hart-Van Tassell A, Urvil PT, Lea S, Pettigrew D, Anderson KL, Samet A, Kur J, Matthews S, Nowicki S, Popov V, Goluszko P, Nowicki BJ. Hydrophilic domain II of Escherichia coli Dr fimbriae facilitates cell invasion. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6119-26. [PMID: 16113333 PMCID: PMC1231115 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.6119-6126.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic and diarrheal Escherichia coli strains expressing adhesins of the Dr family bind to decay-accelerating factor, invade epithelial cells, preferentially infect children and pregnant women, and may be associated with chronic or recurrent infections. Thus far, no fimbrial domain(s) that facilitates cell invasion has been identified. We used alanine scanning mutagenesis to replace selected amino acids in hydrophilic domain II of the structural fimbrial subunit DraE and evaluated recombinant mutant DraE for attachment, invasion, and intracellular compartmentalization. The mutation of amino acids V28, T31, G33, Q34, T36, and P40 of DraE reduced or abolished HeLa cell invasion but did not affect attachment. Electron micrographs showed a stepwise entry and fusion of vacuoles containing Escherichia coli mutants T36A and Q34A or corresponding beads with lysosomes, whereas vacuoles with wild-type Dr adhesin showed no fusion. Mutants T31A and Q34A, which were deficient in invasion, appeared to display a reduced capacity for clustering decay-accelerating factor. Our findings suggest that hydrophilic domain II may be involved in cell entry. These data are consistent with the interpretation that in HeLa cells the binding and invasion phenotypes of Dr fimbriae may be separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Das
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
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20
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Abstract
Over the last few years, dramatic increases in our knowledge about diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) pathogenesis have taken place. The typical class of DAEC includes E. coli strains harboring AfaE-I, AfaE-II, AfaE-III, AfaE-V, Dr, Dr-II, F1845, and NFA-I adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC); these strains (i) have an identical genetic organization and (ii) allow binding to human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (Afa/Dr(DAF) subclass) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (Afa/Dr(CEA) subclass). The atypical class of DAEC includes two subclasses of strains; the atypical subclass 1 includes E. coli strains that express AfaE-VII, AfaE-VIII, AAF-I, AAF-II, and AAF-III adhesins, which (i) have an identical genetic organization and (ii) do not bind to human DAF, and the atypical subclass 2 includes E. coli strains that harbor Afa/Dr adhesins or others adhesins promoting diffuse adhesion, together with pathogenicity islands such as the LEE pathogenicity island (DA-EPEC). In this review, the focus is on Afa/Dr DAEC strains that have been found to be associated with urinary tract infections and with enteric infection. The review aims to provide a broad overview and update of the virulence aspects of these intriguing pathogens. Epidemiological studies, diagnostic techniques, characteristic molecular features of Afa/Dr operons, and the respective role of Afa/Dr adhesins and invasins in pathogenesis are described. Following the recognition of membrane-bound receptors, including type IV collagen, DAF, CEACAM1, CEA, and CEACAM6, by Afa/Dr adhesins, activation of signal transduction pathways leads to structural and functional injuries at brush border and junctional domains and to proinflammatory responses in polarized intestinal cells. In addition, uropathogenic Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following recognition of beta(1) integrin as a receptor, enter epithelial cells by a zipper-like, raft- and microtubule-dependent mechanism. Finally, the presence of other, unknown virulence factors and the way that an Afa/Dr DAEC strain emerges from the human intestinal microbiota as a "silent pathogen" are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain L Servin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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21
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Milstone AM, Petrella J, Sanchez MD, Mahmud M, Whitbeck JC, Bergelson JM. Interaction with coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, but not with decay-accelerating factor (DAF), induces A-particle formation in a DAF-binding coxsackievirus B3 isolate. J Virol 2005; 79:655-60. [PMID: 15596863 PMCID: PMC538729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.655-660.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many coxsackie B viruses interact with decay accelerating factor (DAF), attachment to DAF by itself is not sufficient to initiate infection. We examined the early events in infection that follow virus interaction with DAF, and with the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). Interaction with soluble CAR in a cell-free system, or with CAR on the surfaces of transfected cells, induced the formation of A particles; interaction with soluble or cell surface DAF did not. The results suggest that CAR, but not DAF, is capable of initiating the conformational changes in the viral capsid that lead to release of viral nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Milstone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Newcombe NG, Beagley LG, Christiansen D, Loveland BE, Johansson ES, Beagley KW, Barry RD, Shafren DR. Novel role for decay-accelerating factor in coxsackievirus A21-mediated cell infectivity. J Virol 2004; 78:12677-82. [PMID: 15507656 PMCID: PMC525106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12677-12682.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is involved in the cell membrane attachment of many human enteroviruses. Presently, further specific active roles of DAF in mediating productive cell infection and in the pathogenesis of natural enterovirus infection are poorly understood. In an attempt to more fully understand the role of DAF in lytic cell infection we examined the specific interactions of the prototype strain of coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) with surface-expressed DAF. Investigations into discrete DAF-CVA21 interactions focused on viral binding; viral particle elution with respect to the parameters of time, temperature, and pH; and subsequent cell infection. Radiolabeled-virus binding assays revealed that peak elution of CVA21 from DAF occurred within 15 min of initial attachment and that the DAF-eluted virus increased in a linear fashion with respect to temperature and pH. CVA21 eluted from endogenous surface-expressed DAF was highly infectious, in contrast to CVA21 eluted from intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), which retained little to no infectivity. Using an adenovirus transduction system, we demonstrate that CVA21 can remain infectious for up to 24 h after DAF binding and is capable of initiating a multicycle lytic infection upon delayed ICAM-1 surface expression. Taken together, the data suggest that a major role of DAF in cell infection by the prototype strain of CVA21 is to provide membrane concentration of infectious virions, effectively increasing viral interactions with endogenous or induced ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Newcombe
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
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23
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Johansson ES, Xing L, Cheng RH, Shafren DR. Enhanced cellular receptor usage by a bioselected variant of coxsackievirus a21. J Virol 2004; 78:12603-12. [PMID: 15507647 PMCID: PMC525059 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12603-12612.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) functions as cell attachment receptor for a wide range of human enteroviruses. The Kuykendall prototype strain of coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) attaches to DAF but requires interactions with intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) to infect cells. We show here that a bioselected variant of CVA21 (CVA21-DAFv) generated by multiple passages in DAF-expressing, ICAM-1-negative rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells acquired the capacity to induce rapid and complete lysis of ICAM-1-deficient cells while retaining the capacity to bind ICAM-1. CVA21-DAFv binding to DAF on RD cells mediated lytic infection and was inhibited by either antibody blockade with a specific anti-DAF SCR1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) or soluble human DAF. Despite being bioselected in RD cells, CVA21-DAFv was able to lytically infect an additional ICAM-1-negative cancer cell line via DAF interactions alone. The finding that radiolabeled CVA21-DAFv virions are less readily eluted from surface-expressed DAF than are parental CVA21 virions during a competitive epitope challenge by an anti-DAF SCR1 MAb suggests that interactions between CVA21-DAFv and DAF are of higher affinity than those of the parental strain. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the capsid-coding region of the CVA21-DAFv revealed the presence of two amino acid substitutions in capsid protein VP3 (R96H and E101A), possibly conferring the enhanced DAF-binding phenotype of CVA21-DAFv. These residues are predicted to be embedded at the interface of VP1, VP2, and VP3 and are postulated to enhance the affinity of DAF interaction occurring outside the capsid canyon. Taken together, the data clearly demonstrate an enhanced DAF-using phenotype and expanded receptor utilization of CVA21-DAFv compared to the parental strain, further highlighting that capsid interactions with DAF alone facilitate rapid multicycle lytic cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susanne Johansson
- Picornaviral Research Unit, Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences, Bldg., 2300 Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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24
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Sartini D, Moussawi M, Sallam R, Bernstein I, Huber S. Correlation between serum estradiol in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and decay acceleration factor (DAF) expression on red blood cells and coxsackiervirus B-3 induced hemagglutination in young cycling women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 51:180-7. [PMID: 14983872 DOI: 10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay accelerating factor (DAF) is a widely distributed glycoprotein which aids in the inactivation of complement. DAF is also a cellular receptor for certain group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) and is responsible for the viral hemagglutinating activity for human red blood cells (RBC). Healthy, young female volunteers donated blood on days 11 and 22 of the ovarian cycle. Samples were categorized into luteal and follicular phases based on serum progesterone level (P4 either < 2.0 ng/mL, follicular; P4 > or = 2.0 ng/mL, luteal) and analyzed by flow cytomtery for DAF expression on RBC and CD21 + B lymphocytes. Cycling females showed significant variation in CVB-induced hemagglutination and % RBC or CD19 + cells which were DAF +. There was a strong correlation between serum estradiol levels and % RBC expressing DAF (P < 0.01) in the follicular, but not in the luteal ovarian phase. Infection of white blood cells with green-fluorescent protein CVB (GFP-CVB) showed a correlation between infectivity of CD19+ cells and DAF expression. This indicates that women may show differential susceptibility to CVB infection in the luteal and follicular phases of the ovarian cycle.
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25
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Hudault S, Spiller OB, Morgan BP, Servin AL. Human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins that use human CD55 (decay-accelerating factor) as a receptor does not bind the rodent and pig analogues of CD55. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4859-63. [PMID: 15271948 PMCID: PMC470588 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.8.4859-4863.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) bacteria that are responsible for recurrent urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections recognized as a receptor the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) at the brush border of cultured human intestinal cells. Results show that Afa/Dr DAEC C1845 bacteria were poorly associated with the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of infected mice. We conducted experiments with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with mouse (GPI or transmembrane forms), pig, or human CD55 or mouse Crry cDNAs or transfected with empty vector pDR2EF1 alpha. Recombinant E. coli AAEC185 bacteria expressing Dr or F1845 adhesins bound strongly to CHO cells expressing human CD55 but not to the CHO cells expressing mouse (transmembrane and GPI anchored), rat, or pig CD55 or mouse Crry. Positive clustering of CD55 around Dr-positive bacteria was observed in human CD55-expressing CHO cells but not around the rarely adhering Dr-positive bacteria randomly distributed at the cell surface of CHO cells expressing mouse, rat, or pig CD55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Hudault
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 ChAtenay-Malabry, France
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26
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Johansson ES, Ekström JO, Shafren DR, Frisk G, Hyypiä T, Edman K, Lindberg AM. Cell culture propagation and biochemical analysis of the Ljungan virus prototype strain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317:1023-9. [PMID: 15094371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) is proposed as a potentially important rodent harbored viral human pathogen. Little is known about the biophysical nature of the virus and despite being molecularly characterized, progress in epidemiological and basic biological studies of LV has been hampered by the lack of a robust and reliable cell culture propagation system. Here we report the first description of an efficient lytic multi-cycle cell culture propagation of the LV prototype strain (87-012). Biophysical analysis of gradient purified LV virions generated by this system identified mature infectious virions to possess a sedimentation coefficient of 160S and in agreement with previous molecular prediction, polyprotein analysis suggests that the native virion is composed of only three major structural proteins. The nucleotide composition of the complete genome of the LV cell culture adapted virus was determined and compared to that of the parental prototype LV. Numerous mutations were observed scattered throughout the viral genome and particularly in VP1. The development of this cell culture system for LV should open new avenues in the study of LV biology, structure, pathogenesis, and prevalence of natural infection in the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susanne Johansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, S-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Blue
- Division of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Newcombe NG, Johansson ES, Au G, Lindberg AM, Barry RD, Shafren DR. Enterovirus capsid interactions with decay-accelerating factor mediate lytic cell infection. J Virol 2004; 78:1431-9. [PMID: 14722298 PMCID: PMC321397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.3.1431-1439.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular receptor usage of numerous human enteroviruses can differ significantly between low-cell-culture-passaged clinical isolates and highly laboratory-passaged prototype strains. The prototype strain of coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) displays a dual-receptor specificity as determined with a receptor complex consisting of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). In this study, the cellular receptor interactions of low-cell-passage CVA21 clinical isolates with respect to their interactions with cell surface-expressed DAF and ICAM-1 were compared to those of the CVA21 prototype (Kuykendall) strain. Dual-receptor usage of DAF and ICAM-1 by CVA21 clinical isolates was confirmed by cell transfection and radiolabeled binding assays. The cellular attachment of clinical and prototype CVA21 strains to cells that coexpressed DAF and ICAM-1 was not additive compared to the viral binding to cells expressing one or other receptor. In fact, the binding data suggest there is an inhibition of CVA21 cellular attachment in environments where high-level coexpression of both DAF and ICAM-1 occurs. Antibody cross-linking of DAF rendered cells susceptible to lytic infection by the CVA21 clinical isolates. In a novel finding, three clinical isolates could, to various degrees, infect and lyse DAF-expressing cells in the absence of DAF-antibody cross-linking and ICAM-1 expression. Sequence analysis of the P1 region of clinical and prototype virus genomes identified a number of coding changes that may contribute to the observed enhanced DAF usage phenotype of the clinical CVA21 isolates. None of the amino acid changes was located in the previously postulated ICAM-1 footprint, a receptor-binding environment that was conserved on the capsid surface of all CVA21 clinical isolates. Taken together, the data suggest that community-circulating strains of CVA21 can infect target cells expressing either ICAM-1 or DAF alone and that such interactions extend tissue tropism and impact directly on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Newcombe
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
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29
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Shafren DR, Au GG, Nguyen T, Newcombe NG, Haley ES, Beagley L, Johansson ES, Hersey P, Barry RD. Systemic Therapy of Malignant Human Melanoma Tumors by a Common Cold-Producing Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A21. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:53-60. [PMID: 14734451 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase worldwide; however, treatment of metastatic melanoma remains unsatisfactory, and there is an urgent need for development of effective targeted therapeutics. A potential biological target on the surface of malignant melanoma cells is the up-regulated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), relative to surrounding benign tissue. Coxsackievirus A21 (a common cold virus) targets and destroys susceptible cells via specific viral capsid interactions with surface-expressed virus receptors comprising ICAM-1 and DAF. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The oncolytic capacity of a genetically unmodified wild-type common cold-producing human enterovirus (Coxsackievirus A21, CAV21) was assessed against in vitro cultures and in vivo xenografts of malignant human melanoma cells. RESULTS In vitro studies established that human melanoma cells endogenously express elevated levels of ICAM-1/DAF and were highly susceptible to rapid viral oncolysis by CAV21 infection, whereas ICAM-1/DAF-expressing peripheral blood lymphocytes were refractile to infection. In vivo studies revealed that the tumor burden of nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing multiple s.c. melanoma xenografts was rapidly reduced by oncolysis mediated by a single administration of CAV21. The antitumor activity of CAV21 was characterized by highly efficient systemic spread of progeny CAV21, with oncolysis of tumors also occurring at sites distant to the primary site of viral administration. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings presented herein demonstrate an important proof of principle using administration of replication-competent CAV21 as a potential biological oncolytic agent in the control of human metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Shafren
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Newcombe NG, Andersson P, Johansson ES, Au GG, Lindberg AM, Barry RD, Shafren DR. Cellular receptor interactions of C-cluster human group A coxsackieviruses. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3041-3050. [PMID: 14573809 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular receptor complex of coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), a C-cluster human enterovirus, is formed by the subtle interaction of individual cellular receptors, decay accelerating factor (DAF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In this receptor complex, DAF functions in the membrane sequestration of the virus, while the role of ICAM-1 is as the functional cellular internalization receptor. However, despite the elucidation of the CVA21-cell receptor interactions, there have been few definite investigations into cellular receptor usage of other coxsackie A viruses (CVAs) belonging to the C-cluster. In the present study, radiolabelled virus-binding assays demonstrated that CVA13, -15, -18 and -20, a subset of the human enterovirus C-cluster, bind directly to surface-expressed ICAM-1, but not to surface-expressed DAF. Furthermore, lytic infection of ICAM-1-expressing rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells by this C-cluster subset of viruses was inhibited by specific ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody blockade, except for that of CVA20. Despite possessing ICAM-1-binding capabilities, CVA20 employed an as yet unidentified internalization receptor for cell entry and subsequent productive lytic infection of ICAM-1-negative RD cells. In a further example of C-cluster cellular receptor heterogeneity, CVA13 exhibited significant binding to the surface of CHO cells expressing neither DAF nor ICAM-1. Despite a common receptor usage of ICAM-1 by this subset of C-cluster CVAs, the amino acid residues postulated to represent the ICAM-1-receptor footprint were not conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Newcombe
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Per Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-382 91 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - E Susanne Johansson
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Gough G Au
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-382 91 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Richard D Barry
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Darren R Shafren
- The Picornaviral Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
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Zanone MM, Favaro E, Conaldi PG, Greening J, Bottelli A, Perin PC, Klein NJ, Peakman M, Camussi G. Persistent infection of human microvascular endothelial cells by coxsackie B viruses induces increased expression of adhesion molecules. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:438-46. [PMID: 12817028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that enteroviruses, such as the Coxsackievirus (CV) group, are linked to autoimmune diseases. Virus tropism and tissue access are modulated by vascular endothelial cells (ECs), mainly at the level of the microvasculature. Data on the permissiveness of ECs to CV are, however, scanty and derived from studies on large vessel ECs. To examine the susceptibility of microvascular ECs to infection of group B CV (CVB), human dermal microvascular ECs (HMEC-1) were infected with three CVB strains, and the immunological phenotype of the infected cells was analyzed. All CVB persistently infected the EC cultures without producing overt cytopathic effects. Infected ECs retained endothelial characteristics. Release of infectious particles in cell supernatants persisted for up to 3 mo of culture. Infection up-regulated expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, with the highest values detected during the first 30 days of infection (p < 0.05 vs uninfected HMEC-1). CVB infection increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, which may account for the enhanced expression of adhesion molecules. Parallel infection of macrovascular HUVEC had less evident effects on induction of ICAM-1 and did not significantly increase expression of VCAM-1. Moreover, mononuclear cell adhesion to CVB-infected HMEC-1 monolayers was increased, compared with uninfected monolayers. These results provide evidence that small vessel ECs can harbor a persistent viral infection, resulting in quantitative modification of adhesion molecule expression, which may contribute to the selective recruitment of subsets of leukocytes during inflammatory immune responses. Furthermore, our data confirm that the behavior against a viral challenge of ECs in large vessels and microvessels may differ.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus B, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Microcirculation/immunology
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Microcirculation/pathology
- Microcirculation/virology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/virology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Zanone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Experimental Medicine (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Stuart AD, Eustace HE, McKee TA, Brown TDK. A novel cell entry pathway for a DAF-using human enterovirus is dependent on lipid rafts. J Virol 2002; 76:9307-22. [PMID: 12186914 PMCID: PMC136471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9307-9322.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored complement regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is used by a number of enteroviruses as a receptor during infection. DAF and other GPI-anchored proteins can be found in cholesterol-rich ordered domains within the plasma membrane that are known as "lipid rafts." We have shown, by using drugs to specifically inhibit various endocytosis routes, that infection by a DAF-using strain of echovirus 11 (EV11) is dependent upon cholesterol and an intact cytoskeleton, whereas a non-DAF-using mutant derived from it was unaffected by these drugs. Using RNA transfection and virus-binding assays, we have shown that this requirement for cholesterol, the actin cytoskeleton, and the microtubule network occurs postbinding of the virus but prior to uncoating of the RNA, indicating a role during virus entry. Confocal microscopy of virus infection supported the role of cholesterol and the cytoskeleton during entry. In addition, [(35)S]methionine-labeled DAF-using EV11, but not the non-DAF-using EV11, could be copurified with lipid raft components during infection after Triton X-100 extraction. These data indicate that DAF usage by EV11 enables the virus to associate with lipid rafts and enter cells through this novel route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Stuart
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QP Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Selinka HC, Wolde A, Pasch A, Klingel K, Schnorr JJ, Küpper JH, Lindberg AM, Kandolf R. Comparative analysis of two coxsackievirus B3 strains: putative influence of virus-receptor interactions on pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2002; 67:224-33. [PMID: 11992583 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strain-specific differences in the interaction of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) with the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and the decay-accelerating factor (DAF) co-receptor proteins were investigated using a non-haemagglutinating (CVB3) and a haemagglutinating (CVB3-HA) strain of CVB3. A panel of receptor-transfected hamster CHO cells, expressing either CAR (CHOCAR cells), DAF (CHODAF cells), or both receptor proteins (CHODC cells) were used to study the interplay of CAR and DAF receptor molecules with regard to binding and infection with CVB3 and CVB3-HA. Despite clear differences in their binding phenotypes, both virus strains were found to primarily depend on the CAR receptor protein for initialization of productive infections. Cytopathic effects induced by CVB3-HA were influenced by co-expression of DAF receptor proteins. The cardiotropic potential of both virus strains was investigated in A.BY/SnJ mice. Despite comparable virus replication of both CVB3 strains in individual myocytes, the number of infected heart muscle cells was significantly lower in CVB3-HA infected mice. Infections of pancreata correlated with myocardial infections. Together these data suggest that even small differences in virus-receptor interactions, influencing virus binding and virus spread, may have an impact on the pathogenesis of CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Selinka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Hourcade D, Liszewski MK, Krych-Goldberg M, Atkinson JP. Functional domains, structural variations and pathogen interactions of MCP, DAF and CR1. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 49:103-16. [PMID: 10904110 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(00)80296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA) are a fascinating group of proteins that play important roles in innate and acquired immunity. In this review, we examine structure-function aspects of three membrane-bound RCA proteins and discuss the unique impact of their genetic organization on their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hourcade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Guignot J, Peiffer I, Bernet-Camard MF, Lublin DM, Carnoy C, Moseley SL, Servin AL. Recruitment of CD55 and CD66e brush border-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins by members of the Afa/Dr diffusely adhering family of Escherichia coli that infect the human polarized intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3554-63. [PMID: 10816511 PMCID: PMC97642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3554-3563.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1999] [Accepted: 02/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Afa/Dr family of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (Afa/Dr DAEC) includes bacteria expressing afimbrial adhesins (AFA), Dr hemagglutinin, and fimbrial F1845 adhesin. We show that infection of human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells by the Afa/Dr DAEC strains C1845 and IH11128 is followed by clustering of CD55 around adhering bacteria. Mapping of CD55 epitopes involved in CD55 clustering by Afa/Dr DAEC was conducted using CD55 deletion mutants expressed by stable transfection in CHO cells. Deletion in the short consensus repeat 1 (SCR1) domain abolished Afa/Dr DAEC-induced CD55 clustering. In contrast, deletion in the SCR4 domain does not modify Afa/Dr DAEC-induced CD55 clustering. We show that the brush border-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein CD66e (carcinoembryonic antigen) is recruited by the Afa/Dr DAEC strains C1845 and IH11128. This conclusion is based on the observations that (i) infection of Caco-2/TC7 cells by Afa/Dr DAEC strains is followed by clustering of CD66e around adhering bacteria and (ii) Afa/Dr DAEC strains bound efficiently to stably transfected HeLa cells expressing CD66e, accompanied by CD66e clustering around adhering bacteria. Inhibition assay using monoclonal antibodies directed against CD55 SCR domains, and polyclonal anti-CD55 and anti-CD66e antibodies demonstrate that CD55 and CD66e function as a receptors for the C1845 and IH11128 bacteria. Moreover, using structural draE gene mutants, we found that a mutant in which cysteine replaced aspartic acid at position 54 displayed conserved binding capacity but failed to induce CD55 and CD66e clustering. Taken together, these data give new insights into the mechanisms by which Afa/Dr DAEC induces adhesin-dependent cross talk in the human polarized intestinal epithelial cells by mobilizing brush border-associated GPI-anchored proteins known to function as transducing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guignot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 510, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris XI, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schneider-Schaulies
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Verbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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38
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Liu P, Aitken K, Kong YY, Opavsky MA, Martino T, Dawood F, Wen WH, Kozieradzki I, Bachmaier K, Straus D, Mak TW, Penninger JM. The tyrosine kinase p56lck is essential in coxsackievirus B3-mediated heart disease. Nat Med 2000; 6:429-34. [PMID: 10742150 DOI: 10.1038/74689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infections are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of many heart diseases. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has been linked to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, a common cause of progressive heart disease, heart failure and sudden death. We show here that the sarcoma (Src) family kinase Lck (p56lck) is required for efficient CVB3 replication in T-cell lines and for viral replication and persistence in vivo. Whereas infection of wild-type mice with human pathogenic CVB3 caused acute and very severe myocarditis, meningitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis and dilated cardiomyopathy, mice lacking the p56lck gene were completely protected from CVB3-induced acute pathogenicity and chronic heart disease. These data identify a previously unknown function of Src family kinases and indicate that p56lck is the essential host factor that controls the replication and pathogenicity of CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Liu
- Heart and Stroke/Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Shafren DR, Dorahy DJ, Thorne RF, Barry RD. Cytoplasmic interactions between decay-accelerating factor and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are not required for coxsackievirus A21 cell infection. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:889-94. [PMID: 10725413 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A21 (CAV-21) employs a cell receptor complex of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) for cell infectivity. In this study, the nature of potential extra- and/or intracellular interactions between DAF and ICAM-1 involved in picornaviral cell entry was investigated. Firstly, it was shown that intracellular interplay between DAF and ICAM-1 is not required for CAV-21 infection, as CAV-21 lytic infection mediated via the DAF/ICAM-1 receptor complex is not inhibited by replacement of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of ICAM-1 with those from an unrelated cell surface molecule, CD36. By immunoprecipitation, chemical cross-linking and picornaviral binding assays, the existence of a close spatial association between DAF and ICAM-1 on the surface of ICAM-1-transfected RD cells was confirmed. Furthermore, it was shown that potential extracellular DAF/ICAM-1 interactions are likely to occur in an area on or proximal to DAF SCR3 and may influence the route of CAV-21 cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shafren
- Picornaviral Research Unit, Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Level 3, Royal Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Selvarangan R, Goluszko P, Popov V, Singhal J, Pham T, Lublin DM, Nowicki S, Nowicki B. Role of decay-accelerating factor domains and anchorage in internalization of Dr-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1391-9. [PMID: 10678952 PMCID: PMC97293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1391-1399.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr-fimbriated Escherichia coli capable of invading epithelial cells recognizes human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as its cellular receptor. The role of extracellular domains and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of DAF in the process of internalization of Dr(+) E. coli was characterized in a cell-cell interaction model. Binding of Dr(+) E. coli to the short consensus repeat 3 domain of DAF expressed by Chinese hamster ovary cells was critical for internalization to occur. Deletion of short consensus repeat 3 domain or replacement of Ser(165) by Leu in this domain, or the use of a monoclonal antibody to this region abolished internalization. Replacing the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of DAF with the transmembrane anchor of membrane cofactor protein or HLA-B44 resulted in abolition or reduction of internalization respectively. Cells expressing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored DAF but not the transmembrane-anchored DAF internalized Dr(+) E. coli through a glycolipid pathway, since the former cells were more sensitive to inhibition by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, a sterol-chelating agent. Electron microscopic studies revealed that the intracellular vacuoles containing the internalized Dr(+) E. coli were morphologically distinct between the anchor variants of DAF. The cells expressing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored DAF contained a single bacterium in tight-fitting vacuoles, while the cells expressing transmembrane-anchored DAF contained multiple (two or three) bacteria in spacious phagosomes. This finding suggests that distinct postendocytic events operate in the cells expressing anchor variants of DAF. We provide direct evidence for the DAF-mediated internalization of Dr(+) E. coli and demonstrate the significance of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, which determines the ability and efficiency of the internalization event.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvarangan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1062, USA
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Shafren DR, Gardner J, Mann VH, Antalis TM, Suhrbier A. Picornavirus receptor down-regulation by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. J Virol 1999; 73:7193-8. [PMID: 10438806 PMCID: PMC104243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7193-7198.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interference with virus-cell surface receptor interactions represents a viable antiviral strategy. Here we demonstrate that cytoplasmic expression of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2), affords a high level of protection from lytic infection by multiple human picornaviruses. The antiviral action of PAI-2 was mediated primarily through transcriptional down-regulation of the following virus receptors: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, a cellular receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses), decay-accelerating factor (a cellular receptor for echoviruses and coxsackieviruses), and to a lesser extent the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor protein (a cellular receptor for group B coxsackieviruses and group C adenoviruses). Expression of related cell surface receptors, including membrane cofactor protein and the poliovirus receptor, remained unaffected. These findings suggest that PAI-2 and/or related serpins may form the basis of novel antiviral strategies against picornavirus infections and also therapeutic interventions against ICAM-1-mediated respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shafren
- Picornaviral Research Unit, Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia.
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