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Kubiś P, Kuźmak J. Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for detection of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6). J Vet Res 2023; 67:509-515. [PMID: 38130460 PMCID: PMC10730543 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily and Macavirus genus. It is common in cattle, but was also detected in American bison (Bison bison) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The aim of the experiment was to develop an ELISA for serological examination of cattle sera for the presence of anti-BoHV6 specific antibodies. Material and Methods Viral DNA from a BoHV6-positive cow was amplified by qPCR and the resulting fragments of the gB and gH genes encoding glycoproteins B and H (gB and gH) were cloned into the pLATE52 vector to express recombinant gB (rgB) and gH (rgH) in Rosetta (DE3) E. coli. The expressed recombinant proteins were used as antigens in the developed ELISA. Results The proteins expressed had the expected molecular weight. A total of 143 sera were examined, and 141 of them were positive, according to the chosen cut-off values of 9% and 10% for the sample-to-positive ratios of the rgB and rgH antigens, respectively. Conclusion The rgB and rgH recombinant antigens of BoHV6 were successfully expressed in E. coli and successfully used in a newly developed ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kubiś
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Headley SA, Dall Agnol AM, Bessegato JA, Frucchi APS, Maturana ÉFL, Rodrigues RV, Xavier AAC, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Association of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 with an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in dairy cattle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5623. [PMID: 37024495 PMCID: PMC10078036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the cause of an outbreak of an acute respiratory disease syndrome followed by episodes of diarrhea in a dairy cattle herd from Southern Brazil. Deep nasal swabs (DNS) from asymptomatic calves, calves with pulmonary discomfort, and diarrheic calves after episodes of respiratory distress were used in molecular assays designed to detect the principal pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Fecal samples were used for the molecular detection of bovine enteric disease agents. Pulmonary tissues from three calves and a cow that died were evaluated by molecular assays to identify 11 agents associated with the development of BRD. The intestinal and pulmonary fragments of one calf and the cow revealed atrophic enteritis and interstitial pneumonia by histopathology, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) identified intralesional antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus, genus Macavirus, within epithelial cells of the lungs and intestines. Molecular assays amplified ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2) from most of the DNS, and the pulmonary and intestinal fragments from the animals that died, confirming that the Macavirus identified by IHC was OvGHV2. Concomitant pulmonary infections of OvGHV2 with bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 and bovine coronavirus were identified. Additionally, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b and Aichivirus B were detected in the fecal samples. These findings demonstrated that OvGHV2, a Macavirus, was the disease agent most frequently (81.2%; 13/16) associated with singular pulmonary infections during this outbreak of BRD, suggesting that this virus may be another potential agent of respiratory disease of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Bessegato
- Consulting Veterinarian, Herd Bovinos - Consultoria Pecuária, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Souza Frucchi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Fernandes Lopes Maturana
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vince Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT - LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi‑User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Headley SA, Dall Agnol AM, Oliveira TES, Bon VR, Scuisato GS, Xavier AAC, Yasumitsu CY, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Possible Association of Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 6 with Pulmonary Disease in a Cow. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030417. [PMID: 36766305 PMCID: PMC9913070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6), previously known as bovine lymphotropic virus, is a member of the Macavirus genus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Other members of the genus Macavirus include viruses that produce malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in mammalian hosts, collectively referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex, and the porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV). However, the current role of BoGHV6 in the development of diseases and/or disease syndromes remains uncertain and controversial. This paper investigated the participation of BoGHV6 in the development of pulmonary disease in a cow with interstitial pneumonia by histopathology and molecular testing. Tissue antigens of common viral agents of respiratory diseases and Mycoplasma bovis were not identified by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, molecular assays designed to amplify common bacterial and viral pathogens of pulmonary disease did not amplify the nucleic acids of these agents. However, a pan-PCR assay amplified the DNA of the herpesvirus polymerase gene, while the specific BoGHV6 nested-PCR assay amplified the partial fragment of the BoGHV6 polymerase gene derived from the pulmonary tissue with interstitial pneumonia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BoGHV6 strain herein identified had 99.8% nucleotide (nt) sequence identity with reference strains of BoGHV6, but only 72.2-73.5% and 67.9-68.6% nt identity with reference strains of MCFV and PLHV, respectively. Consequently, these results suggest that BoGHV6 was associated with the pulmonary disease observed in this cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção, Animal, Universidade Pitágoras-Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas 86700-020, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rodrigues Bon
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Sanches Scuisato
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Bon VR, Xavier AAC, Agnol AMD, Zucoloto NZ, Silva FHP, Figueiredo JRX, Alfieri AF, Okano W, Alfieri AA. Detection of bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 in tissues of aborted fetuses from dairy cows concomitantly infected by Histophilus somni. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105621. [PMID: 35688413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bovo S, Schiavo G, Bolner M, Ballan M, Fontanesi L. Mining livestock genome datasets for an unconventional characterization of animal DNA viromes. Genomics 2022; 114:110312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Cattle in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122337. [PMID: 34960607 PMCID: PMC8709109 DOI: 10.3390/v13122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, comprises ungulate viruses that infect domestic and wild ruminants and swine. They cause asymptomatic latent infections in reservoir hosts and malignant catarrhal fever in susceptible species. Lung, spleen, bronchial lymph node, and tongue were collected from 448 cattle (348 necropsied, 100 slaughtered) in Switzerland, United Kingdom, Finland, Belgium, and Germany to determine their infection with bovine herpesvirus-6 (BoHV-6) and gammaherpesviruses of other ruminants, i.e., ovine herpesvirus-1 and -2, caprine herpesvirus-2, and bison lymphotropic herpesvirus, using quantitative PCR. Only BoHV-6 was detected, with an overall frequency of 32%, ranging between 22% and 42% in the different countries. Infection was detected across all ages, from one day after birth, and was positively correlated with age. There was no evidence of an association with specific disease processes. In positive animals, BoHV-6 was detected in all organs with high frequency, consistently in the lungs or spleen. Viral loads varied substantially. In BoHV-6-positive gravid cows, organs of fetuses tested negative for infection, indicating that the virus is not vertically transmitted. Our results confirm previous data indicating that BoHV-6 is a commensal of domestic cattle not associated with disease processes and confirm that infections with other macaviruses are rare and sporadic.
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Lechmann J, Ackermann M, Kaiser V, Bachofen C. Viral infections shared between water buffaloes and small ruminants in Switzerland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:894-905. [PMID: 34166139 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211027131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Importation of exotic animals that may harbor infectious agents poses risks for native species with potentially severe impacts on animal health and animal production. Although the Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) population in Europe is steadily increasing, its susceptibility to viral infections and its role for interspecies transmission is largely unknown. To identify viral infections that are shared between exotic water buffaloes and native small ruminants, we collected blood samples from 3 Swiss farms on which water buffaloes were kept either without, or together with, sheep or goats. These samples were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) as well as by selected conventional tests, including PCR, ELISA, and in some cases a virus neutralization test. By NGS, a novel virus of the genus Gemykrogvirus (GyKV; Genomoviridae) was first detected in the buffaloes on one farm, and subsequently confirmed by PCR, and was also detected in the co-housed sheep. In contrast, this virus was not detected in buffaloes on the farms without sheep. Moreover, conventional methods identified a number of viral infections that were not shared between the exotic and the native animals, and provided evidence for potential roles of water buffaloes in the epidemiology of ruminant pestiviruses, especially bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and possibly bovine alphaherpesvirus 2. Our results clearly indicate that water buffaloes are susceptible to interspecies viral transmission and may act as intermediate hosts, or even as reservoirs, for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lechmann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Kaiser
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Current address: MSD Animal Health, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Buggiotti L, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Mining the Unmapped Reads in Bovine RNA-Seq Data Reveals the Prevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus-6 in European Dairy Cows and the Associated Changes in Their Phenotype and Leucocyte Transcriptome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121451. [PMID: 33339352 PMCID: PMC7768445 DOI: 10.3390/v12121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial RNA is detectable in host samples by aligning unmapped reads from RNA sequencing against taxon reference sequences, generating a score proportional to the microbial load. An RNA-Seq data analysis showed that 83.5% of leukocyte samples from six dairy herds in different EU countries contained bovine herpes virus-6 (BoHV-6). Phenotypic data on milk production, metabolic function, and disease collected during their first 50 days in milk (DIM) were compared between cows with low (1–200 and n = 114) or high (201–1175 and n = 24) BoHV-6 scores. There were no differences in milk production parameters, but high score cows had numerically fewer incidences of clinical mastitis (4.2% vs. 12.2%) and uterine disease (54.5% vs. 62.7%). Their metabolic status was worse, based on measurements of IGF-1 and various metabolites in blood and milk. A comparison of the global leukocyte transcriptome between high and low BoHV-6 score cows at around 14 DIM yielded 485 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The top pathway from Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was the immune system process. Down-regulated genes in the high BoHV-6 cows included those encoding proteins involved in viral detection (DDX6 and DDX58), interferon response, and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This suggested that BoHV-6 may largely evade viral detection and that it does not cause clinical disease in dairy cows.
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9
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Parainfluenza Virus 5 Infection in Neurological Disease and Encephalitis of Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020498. [PMID: 31941046 PMCID: PMC7013525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of viral encephalitis in cattle often remains unresolved, posing a potential risk for animal and human health. In metagenomics studies of cattle with bovine non-suppurative encephalitis, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) was identified in three brain samples. Interestingly, in two of these animals, bovine herpesvirus 6 and bovine astrovirus CH13 were additionally found. We investigated the role of PIV5 in bovine non-suppurative encephalitis and further characterized the three cases. With traditional sequencing methods, we completed the three PIV5 genomes, which were compared to one another. However, in comparison to already described PIV5 strains, unique features were revealed, like an 81 nucleotide longer open reading frame encoding the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. With in situ techniques, we demonstrated PIV5 antigen and RNA in one animal and found a broad cell tropism of PIV5 in the brain. Comparative quantitative analyses revealed a high viral load of PIV5 in the in situ positive animal and therefore, we propose that PIV5 was probably the cause of the disease. With this study, we clearly show that PIV5 is capable of naturally infecting different brain cell types in cattle in vivo and therefore it is a probable cause of encephalitis and neurological disease in cattle.
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Neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:137-145. [PMID: 28888628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. The aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in Switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. The survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen cattle. In total, 4% (n=73) of the animals had significant lesions, the most frequent types of which were indicative of viral (n=27) and bacterial (n=31) etiologies. Follow-up diagnostics by immunohistochemistry, PCR protocols and next-generation sequencing identified infection with Listeria monocytogenes (n=6), ovine herpesvirus 2 (n=7), bovine astrovirus CH13 (n=2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (n=6), bovine retrovirus CH15 (n=2), posavirus 1 (n=2), and porcine astroviruses (n=2). A retrospective questionnaire-based investigation indicated that animals' owners observed clinical signs of neurological disease in about one-third of cases with lesions, which was estimated to correspond to approximately 85 cases per year in the adult fallen cattle population in Switzerland. This estimate stands in sharp contrast to the number of cases reported to the authorities and reveals a gap in disease surveillance. Systematic neuropathological examination and follow-up molecular testing of neurologically diseased cattle could significantly enhance the efficiency of disease detection for the purposes of estimating the prevalence of endemic diseases, identifying new or re-emerging pathogens, and providing "early warnings" of disease outbreaks.
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De Oliveira CHS, Barbosa JD, Damasceno KA, Cassali GD, Oliveira CM, Leite RC, Reis JKP. Multicentric lymphoma in buffaloes in the Amazon region, Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:238. [PMID: 27765074 PMCID: PMC5072347 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of lymphoma in buffaloes was first reported in India in the 1960s. The disease is similar to Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (EBL) caused by Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cattle; however, according to our results and those of other studies, the etiology of these lymphomas in buffalo do not appear to be associated with BLV. The objectives of this study are to describe four cases of the disease in buffaloes belonging to the same herd in the Amazon region of Brazil and to perform a clinical-anatomopathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological study of the lymphomas. Results Over a period of ten years, four buffaloes were observed presenting progressive weight loss, swelling of peripheral lymph nodes, and nodules in the subcutaneous tissue. Upon necropsy, whitish-colored tumor masses were observed in the form of nodules in the subcutaneous tissue, along with miliary nodules on the serosal surfaces of abdominal and thoracic organs and tumors in lymph nodes and other organs. Neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation was observed through histopathology. An immunohistochemical study revealed that the neoplasias were formed by proliferation of predominantly B lymphocytes. The presence of BLV genome was not detected in the lymphomas when using the real-time PCR technique, nor was it detected through immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies against two viral proteins. Bovine herpesvirus 6 was not detected in the tumors. However, Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was detected in samples of lymphoma and in the lymph nodes and kidneys of one of the animals. Conclusions The occurrence of lymphoma in buffaloes is reported for the first time in Brazil and is characterized by B-cell multicentric lymphoma. The etiology of the disease does not appear to be associated with BLV; however, the detection of BIV in samples of lymphoma from one sick animal deserves further study, considering the oncogenic potential of this virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0845-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cairo H S De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - José D Barbosa
- Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Karine A Damasceno
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mc Oliveira
- Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rômulo C Leite
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jenner K P Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Kleiboeker SB, Turnquist SE, Johnson PJ, Kreeger JM. Detection and Nucleotide Sequencing of a DNA-Packaging Protein Gene of Equine Gammaherpesviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:67-74. [PMID: 14974850 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, novel putative viral pathogens designated that asinine herpesvirus 4 (AsHV4) and asinine herpesvirus 5 (AsHV5) were associated with fatal interstitial pneumonia in donkeys ( Equus asinus). Nucleotide sequence analysis of a portion of the DNA polymerase gene identified these putative pathogens as herpesviruses and possibly as members of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Although similar to equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2) and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV5), sequence diversity was observed among the detected viruses. In this study, novel sequence is reported for a DNA-packaging protein gene of EHV5 plus AsHV4, AsHV5, and a newly described putative pathogen herein designated asinine herpesvirus 6 (AsHV6). Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences suggested that the equine gammaherpesviruses may form a separate clade within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Based on the sequence of EHV2 and the novel sequences reported in this study, a PCR assay was developed to detect equine gammaherpesviruses. Products of the predicted size were produced after amplification of DNA from EHV2, EHV5, AsHV4, AsHV5, and AsHV6. This nonnested assay was shown to consistently amplify approximately 10 genomic copies of EHV2. Amplification products were not produced from DNA template of other alpha- and gammaherpesviruses. Because the role of gammaherpesviruses has not been well defined in equine disease, it is envisioned that a single, sensitive PCR assay to detect these potential pathogens will facilitate further assessment of their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kleiboeker
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Exploring the virome of cattle with non-suppurative encephalitis of unknown etiology by metagenomics. Virology 2016; 493:22-30. [PMID: 26994586 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-suppurative encephalitis is one of the most frequent pathological diagnosis in cattle with neurological disease, but there is a gap in the knowledge on disease-associated pathogens. In order to identify viruses that are associated with non-suppurative encephalitis in cattle, we used a viral metagenomics approach on a sample set of 16 neurologically-diseased cows. We detected six virus candidates: parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5), bovine astrovirus CH13/NeuroS1 (BoAstV-CH13/NeuroS1), bovine polyomavirus 2 (BPyV-2 SF), ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), bovine herpesvirus 6 (BHV-6) and a novel bovine betaretrovirus termed BoRV-CH15. In a case-control study using PCR, BoAstV-CH13 (p=0.046), BoPV-2 SF (p=0.005) and BoHV-6 (p=4.3E-05) were statistically associated with the disease. These data expand our knowledge on encephalitis-associated pathogens in cattle and point to the value of NGS in resolving complex infection scenarios in a clinical disease setting.
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Bovine herpesvirus 6 in buffaloes (Bubalus bulalis) from the Amazon region, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:465-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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de Boer MW, Zheng T, Buddle BM, McDougall S. Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 4 antibodies and bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus in New Zealand dairy cows. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:351-5. [PMID: 24967608 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.933683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To detect the presence of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) type 4 in New Zealand dairy cows with clinical metritis. METHODS Serum samples taken from 92 dairy cows with clinical metritis, each from a different farm, were tested for the presence of antibodies against BoHV-4 using a commercially available, indirect ELISA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 10 BoHV-4 seropositive cows, and PBMC were examined by a pan-herpesvirus nested PCR to detect herpesvirus. PCR products were sequenced directly and a proportion of the PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify the virus present. RESULTS Antibodies to BoHV-4 were detected in 23/92 (25%) serum samples. The pan-herpesvirus PCR was positive in 8/10 PBMC samples. Cloning and sequencing identified that all of the eight PCR-positive PBMC contained bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (BLHV); no BoHV-4 DNA was detected. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the finding of the presence of apparent antibodies to BoHV-4, and BLHV DNA in New Zealand dairy cows affected by metritis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bovine herpesvirus type 4 and BLHV are reported to have the potential to cause reproduction failure in cows. This is the first report of apparent BoHV-4 antibodies, and BLHV in New Zealand. The importance and epidemiology of these viruses in cattle in New Zealand requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W de Boer
- a Anexa Animal Health , Cognosco , PO Box 21, Morrinsville , 3300 , New Zealand
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16
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Jia J, Delhon G, Tulman ER, Diel DG, Osorio FA, Wen X, Kutish GF, Rock DL. Novel gammaherpesvirus functions encoded by bovine herpesvirus 6 (bovine lymphotropic virus). J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1790-1798. [PMID: 24836671 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Macavirus of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae includes viruses that infect lymphoid cells of domestic and wild ruminants and swine, causing asymptomatic latent infections in reservoir hosts. Here, we describe the genome of bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV-6), a macavirus ubiquitous in healthy cattle populations. The BoHV-6 genome exhibited architecture conserved in macaviruses, including a repetitive H-DNA region and unique 141 kbp L-DNA region predicted to encode 77 genes. BoHV-6 encoded, in variable genomic regions, a novel complement of genes relative to other characterized macaviruses, probably contributing to distinctive aspects of BoHV-6 infection biology and host range. Most notably, BoHV-6 encoded the first herpesviral protein (Bov2.b2) similar to cellular ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme that catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of polyamines. Bov2.b2 conceivably mediates a novel mechanism by which BoHV-6 promotes cell-cycle-dependent viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jia
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray/Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - G Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - E R Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - D G Diel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - F A Osorio
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - X Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray/Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - G F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - D L Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Experimental induction of pulmonary fibrosis in horses with the gammaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus 5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77754. [PMID: 24147074 PMCID: PMC3795644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHV) are implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in humans and murine models of lung fibrosis, however there is little direct experimental evidence that such viruses induce lung fibrosis in the natural host. The equine γHV EHV 5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), a progressive fibrosing lung disease in its natural host, the horse. Experimental reproduction of EMPF has not been attempted to date. We hypothesized that inoculation of EHV 5 isolated from cases of EMPF into the lungs of clinically normal horses would induce lung fibrosis similar to EMPF. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured in the horses before and after inoculation with EHV 5. PCR and virus isolation was used to detect EHV 5 in antemortem blood and BAL samples, and in tissues collected postmortem. Nodular pulmonary fibrosis and induction of myofibroblasts occurred in EHV 5 inoculated horses. Mean lung collagen in EHV 5 inoculated horses (80 µg/mg) was significantly increased compared to control horses (26 µg/mg) (p < 0.5), as was interstitial collagen (32.6% ± 1.2% vs 23% ± 1.4%) (mean ± SEM; p < 0.001). Virus was difficult to detect in infected horses throughout the experiment, although EHV 5 antigen was detected in the lung by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the γHV EHV 5 can induce lung fibrosis in the horse, and hypothesize that induction of fibrosis occurs while the virus is latent within the lung. This is the first example of a γHV inducing lung fibrosis in the natural host.
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18
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Kubiś P, Materniak M, Kuźmak J. Comparison of nested PCR and qPCR for the detection and quantitation of BoHV6 DNA. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:94-101. [PMID: 23954301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nested PCR and qPCR (quantitative PCR) tests based on glycoprotein B (gB) gene were designed for detecting Bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6) in bovine whole blood samples and wild ruminant blood clots (deer and roe-deer). This virus, commonly known as BLHV (bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and Macavirus genus. DNA isolated from 92 dairy cow blood samples and 69 wild ruminant clots were examined for the presence of BoHV6 using nested PCR and qPCR tests. Viral DNA was detected by using nested PCR in 59 out of 92 bovine blood samples (64.1%), and by qPCR in 68 out of 92 bovine blood samples (73.9%), but none out of 69 DNA samples isolated from wild ruminant blood clots, was positive in both assays. The specificity of nested PCR and qPCR was confirmed by using BoHV1, BoHV4, BoHV6, BFV, BIV, and BLV DNA. The sensitivity of nested PCR and qPCR was determined using a serially 10-fold diluted vector pCR2.1HgB (2 × 10(0)-2 × 10(6)copies/reaction). In this testing, qPCR was more sensitive than the nested PCR, detecting two copies of BoHV6 whilst the limit of detection for nested PCR was 20 copies. In all qPCR assays, the coefficients of determination (R(2)) ranged between 0.990 and 0.999, and the calculated amplification efficiencies (Eff%) within the range of 89.7-106.9. The intra- and inter-assay CV (coefficient of variation) values did not exceed 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kubiś
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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19
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Welchman DDB, Verkuijl AM, Pepper WJ, Ibata G, King SA, Davidson HM, Mawhinney IC, Banks M. Association of gammaherpesviruses and bacteria with clinical metritis in a dairy herd. Vet Rec 2012; 170:207. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. de B. Welchman
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - A. M. Verkuijl
- Cliffe Veterinary Group; 21, Cliffe High Street Lewes BN7 2AH UK
| | - W. J. Pepper
- Cliffe Veterinary Group; 21, Cliffe High Street Lewes BN7 2AH UK
| | - G. Ibata
- AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. A. King
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - H. M. Davidson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Winchester; Itchen Abbas Winchester SO21 1BX UK
| | - I. C. Mawhinney
- AHVLA - Bury St Edmunds; Rougham Hill Bury St Edmunds IP33 2RX UK
| | - M. Banks
- AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
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20
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Gagnon CA, Allam O, Drolet R, Tremblay D. Quebec: Detection of bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA in tissues of a bovine aborted fetus. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2010; 51:1021-1022. [PMID: 21119872 PMCID: PMC2920160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Gagnon
- Service de diagnostic, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Shlapobersky M, Sinyakov MS, Katzenellenbogen M, Sarid R, Don J, Avtalion RR. Viral encephalitis of tilapia larvae: Primary characterization of a novel herpes-like virus. Virology 2010; 399:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Donofrio G, Sartori C, Franceschi V, Capocefalo A, Cavirani S, Taddei S, Flammini CF. Double immunization strategy with a BoHV-4-vectorialized secreted chimeric peptide BVDV-E2/BoHV-1-gD. Vaccine 2008; 26:6031-42. [PMID: 18812200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A bovine herpesvirus 4 was isolated from the milk cell fraction of a healthy cow and his full genome cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome. So cloned viral genome was used as a vector platform to deliver in vitro and in vivo an optimized secreted chimeric peptide obtained by the fusion of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus glycoprotein E2 ectodomain with the bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D ectodomain. Recombinant virus infected cells robustly expressed and secreted the chimeric peptide into the culture medium and inoculated animals with the recombinant virus successfully responded toward antigens, gE2 and gD. Thus, this work has implications for the development of safe and effective polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Donofrio
- Università di Parma, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Sezione di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, via del Taglio 10, Parma, Italy.
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23
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Banks M, Ibata G, Murphy AM, Frossard JP, Crawshaw TR, Twomey DF. Bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus and non-responsive post-partum metritis in dairy herds in the UK. Vet J 2008; 176:248-50. [PMID: 17408995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (BLHV) was detected for the first time in the UK in December 2005 in a dairy herd suffering from chronic, non-responsive post-partum metritis (NPPM). A small-scale investigation was undertaken in order to determine whether this was an isolated case. Samples of vaginal exudates or vaginal swabs were collected from cows in 13 UK dairy herds with a history of post-partum metritis that had not responded to standard treatment regimes for this condition. Cows in 9/13 herds and 1/13 herds were positive for BLHV and bovine herpesvirus-4, respectively, by pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction. No consistent pattern of infectious agents or nutritional/metabolic factors commonly associated with post-partum metritis was observed at the times of sampling. The detection of BLHV in association with NPPM indicates that further work is warranted to determine the impact this virus has on cattle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Banks
- Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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24
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Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, Lim A, Wise A, Bolin DC, Caswell J, Jackson C, Robinson NE, Derksen F, Scott MA, Uhal BD, Li X, Youssef SA, Bolin SR. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:849-62. [PMID: 18039898 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease are poorly understood in horses; the causes of such conditions are rarely identified. Equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) is a gamma-herpesvirus of horses that has not been associated with disease in horses. Pathologic and virologic findings from 24 horses with progressive nodular fibrotic lung disease associated with EHV-5 infection are described and compared with 23 age-matched control animals. Gross lesions consisted of multiple nodules of fibrosis throughout the lungs. Histologically, there was marked interstitial fibrosis, often with preservation of an "alveolar-like" architecture, lined by cuboidal epithelial cells. The airways contained primarily neutrophils and macrophages. Rare macrophages contained large eosinophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies; similar inclusion bodies were also found cytologically. The inclusions were identified as herpesviral-like particles by transmission electron microscopy in a single horse. In situ hybridization was used to detect EHV-5 nucleic acids within occasional macrophage nuclei. With polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the herpesviral DNA polymerase gene was detected in 19/24 (79.2%) of affected horses and 2/23 (8.7%) of the control horses. Virus genera-specific PCR was used to detect EHV-5 in all of the affected horses and none of the control horses. EHV-2 was detected in 8/24 (33.3%) of affected horses and 1/9 (11.1%) of the control horses. This disease has not been reported before, and the authors propose that based upon the characteristic gross and histologic findings, the disease be known as equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Further, we propose that this newly described disease develops in association with infection by the equine gamma-herpesvirus, EHV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Moore T, Brennan P, Becker N, de Sanjosé S, Maynadié M, Foretova L, Cocco P, Staines A, Nieters A, Font R, Mannetje A', Benhaim-Luzon V, Boffetta P. Occupational exposure to meat and risk of lymphoma: A multicenter case-control study from Europe. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2761-6. [PMID: 17691115 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested an increased risk of lymphoma among workers exposed to meat, without conclusive evidence. We conducted a multicenter case-control study during 1998-2004 in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain, including 2,007 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 339 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma and 2,462 controls. We collected detailed information on occupational history and assessed exposure to meat in general and several types of meat via expert assessment of the questionnaires. The odds ratio (OR) of non-Hodgkin lymphoma for ever occupational exposure to meat was 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.46), that for exposure to beef meat was 1.22 (95% CI 0.90-1.67), and that for exposure to chicken meat was 1.19 (95% CI 0.91-1.55). The ORs were higher among workers with longer duration of exposure. An increased risk among workers exposed to beef meat was mainly apparent for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR 1.49, 95%CI 0.96-2.33), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.78-2.34) and multiple myeloma (OR 1.40, 95%CI 0.67-2.94). The latter 2 types were also associated with exposure to chicken meat (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01-2.37, and OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.14-3.69). Follicular lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma, as well as Hodgkin lymphoma did not show any increase in risk. Occupational exposure to meat does not appear to represent an important risk factor of lymphoma, although an increased risk of specific types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cannot be excluded.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Case-Control Studies
- Chickens
- Europe/epidemiology
- Female
- Hodgkin Disease/epidemiology
- Hodgkin Disease/etiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/etiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/etiology
- Male
- Meat
- Meat-Packing Industry
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Myeloma/epidemiology
- Multiple Myeloma/etiology
- Occupational Diseases/epidemiology
- Occupational Diseases/etiology
- Occupational Exposure/adverse effects
- Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data
- Odds Ratio
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Moore
- Department of Lifestyle, Environment and Cancer, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Li H, Gailbreath K, Flach EJ, Taus NS, Cooley J, Keller J, Russell GC, Knowles DP, Haig DM, Oaks JL, Traul DL, Crawford TB. A novel subgroup of rhadinoviruses in ruminants. J Gen Virol 2006; 86:3021-3026. [PMID: 16227223 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of investigating the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) subgroup of rhadinoviruses, seven novel rhadinoviruses were identified in a variety of ruminants, including domestic sheep, bighorn sheep, bison, black-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk and addax. Based on the DNA polymerase gene sequences, these newly recognized viruses clustered into a second distinct subgroup in ruminants with three members identified previously in cattle, goats and oryx. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the currently known ruminant rhadinoviruses appear to comprise three distinct genetic lineages: (i) the MCF subgroup, defined by sequence identity and the presence of the 15A antigenic epitope; (ii) a second distinct subgroup, devoid of the 15A epitope, which contains the previously reported bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus and related viruses; and (iii) a third distinct subgroup represented by Bovine herpesvirus 4. Comparison of phylogenetic trees between the rhadinoviruses and their corresponding hosts further supports the gammaherpesvirus and host co-evolution theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Katherine Gailbreath
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Edmund J Flach
- Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK
| | - Naomi S Taus
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- North Carolina Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Rollins Laboratory, Raleigh, NC 27699, USA
| | - Janice Keller
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - George C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - David M Haig
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - J Lindsay Oaks
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Donald L Traul
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Timothy B Crawford
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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28
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Nicolas MM, Stalis IH, Clippinger TL, Busch M, Nordhausen R, Maalouf G, Schrenzel MD. Systemic disease in Vaal rhebok (Pelea capreolus) caused by mycoplasmas in the mycoides cluster. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1330-40. [PMID: 15750104 PMCID: PMC1081266 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1330-1340.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2002, an outbreak of mycoplasma infection in Vaal rhebok (Pelea capreolus) originating from South Africa occurred 15 weeks after their arrival in San Diego, Calif. Three rhebok developed inappetence, weight loss, lethargy, signs related to pulmonary or arthral dysfunction, and sepsis. All three rhebok died or were euthanized. Primary postmortem findings were erosive tracheitis, pleuropneumonia, regional cellulitis, and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Mycoplasmas were detected in numerous tissues by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and PCR. The three deceased rhebok were coinfected with ovine herpesvirus-2, and two animals additionally had a novel gammaherpesvirus. However, no lesions indicative of herpesvirus were seen microscopically in any animal. The rheboks' mycoplasmas were characterized at the level of the 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, and the fructose biphosphate aldolase gene. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was carried out to address the possibility of infection with multiple strains. Two of the deceased rhebok were infected with a single strain of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, and the third animal had a single, unique strain most closely related to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony. A PCR survey of DNA samples from 46 other ruminant species demonstrated the presence of several species of mycoplasmas in the mycoides cluster, including a strain of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum identical to that found in two of the rhebok. These findings demonstrate the pervasiveness of mycoplasmas in the mycoides cluster in small ruminants and the potential for interspecies transmission and disease when different animal taxa come in contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Nicolas
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Conservation Research, Zoological Society of San Diego, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd., Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
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29
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Rose TM. CODEHOP-mediated PCR - a powerful technique for the identification and characterization of viral genomes. Virol J 2005; 2:20. [PMID: 15769292 PMCID: PMC1079958 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consensus-Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primer (CODEHOP) PCR primers derived from amino acid sequence motifs which are highly conserved between members of a protein family have proven to be highly effective in the identification and characterization of distantly related family members. Here, the use of the CODEHOP strategy to identify novel viruses and obtain sequence information for phylogenetic characterization, gene structure determination and genome analysis is reviewed. While this review describes techniques for the identification of members of the herpesvirus family of DNA viruses, the same methodology and approach is applicable to other virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Rose
- Department of Pathobiology, Box 357238, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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McGeoch DJ, Gatherer D, Dolan A. On phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:307-316. [PMID: 15659749 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae were investigated for three species in the genus Lymphocryptovirus (or γ1 group) and nine in the genus Rhadinovirus (or γ2 group). Alignments of amino acid sequences from up to 28 genes were used to derive trees by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov chain methods. Two problem areas were identified involving an unresolvable multifurcation for a clade within the γ2 group, and a high divergence for Murid herpesvirus 4 (MHV4). A robust final tree was obtained, which was valid for genes from across the virus genomes and was rooted by reference to previous analyses of the whole family Herpesviridae. This tree comprised four major lineages: the γ1 group of primate viruses; a clade of artiodactyl γ2 viruses; a clade of perissodactyl γ2 viruses; and a clade of γ2 viruses with a multifurcation at its base and containing Old World and New World primate viruses, Bovine herpesvirus 4 and MHV4. Developing previous work it was proposed, on the basis of similarities between the gammaherpesvirus tree and the tree of corresponding mammalian hosts, that the first three of these major viral lineages arose in a coevolutionary manner with host lineages, while the fourth had its origin in an ancient interspecies transfer. Transfer of dates from mammalian palaeontology then allowed estimation of dates for nodes in the gammaherpesvirus tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J McGeoch
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Derek Gatherer
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Aidan Dolan
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
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31
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Jackson A. The Effect of Paralogous Lineages on the Application of Reconciliation Analysis by Cophylogeny Mapping. Syst Biol 2005; 54:127-45. [PMID: 15805015 DOI: 10.1080/10635150590905911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralogy defines similarity caused by duplication rather than common descent and is well known in the case of paralogous gene copies within a single genome. The term is here extended to paralogous lineages of associates within a single host. The phylogenies of four genera within the Herpesviridae were reconciled with host phylogenies using cophylogenetic mapping. The observed correspondence for each pair of phylogenies was evaluated through randomization of the viral phylogeny and demonstrated to be greater than expected by chance. A simulation study was then carried out to assess the influence of paralogous lineages on the efficacy of reconciliation analysis. Combining viral taxa from different genera that infected common hosts introduced incongruence into the cophylogenies and reduced both the minimum and maximum observed number of codivergence events relative to the initial analysis of orthologous clades. However, at an average sample size this did not alter the fundamental significance of observed correspondence. With smaller sample sizes, the number of orthologous taxa selected at random from the pool of taxa was reduced. False-negative results then increased in proportion from 0.02 to 0.33. These results demonstrated that reconciliation analysis is robust under conditions of paralogy at "normal" sample sizes but is adversely affected by a combination of paralogy and low sample size. Consideration of phylogenies for Papillomavirus, Atadenovirus, and Mastadenovirus suggest that paralogous lineages may be a widespread phenomenon among DNA viruses and that duplication irrespective of host speciation is an important cause of viral diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jackson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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32
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Pagamjav O, Sakata T, Ibrahim ESM, Sugimoto C, Takai S, Paweska JT, Yamaguchi T, Yasuda J, Fukushi H. Detection of Novel Gammaherpesviruses in Wild Animals of South Africa. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:1185-8. [PMID: 16327234 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviral DNA was detected in 24/261 DNA samples that were extracted from whole blood of 13 wild animal species in South Africa. Herpesviral DNA was shown in 22 impalas (Aepyceros melampus) and 2 springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis). All of DNA sequences detected in impalas were identical, whereas two DNA sequences detected in springboks were different each other. These three sequences showed 44 to 72% homology to the corresponding gene of the Gammaherpesvirinae, indicating that these three viruses should be unrecognized novel gammaherpesviruses. The putative novel herpesviruses were tentatively designated as Aepyceros melampus (impala) herpesvirus 1 (ImHV-1), Antidorcas marsupialis (springbok) herpesviruses 1 (SpHV-1) and 2 (SpHV-2). ImHV-1 seems to be a relatively independent virus. SpHV-1 belongs to a group of ruminant lymphotropic herpesviruses and SpHV-2 is closer to a malignant catarrhal fever virus group. Potential threat of these herpesviruses to domestic animals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochir Pagamjav
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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33
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Kim O, Li H, Crawford TB. Demonstration of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virions in sheep nasal secretions. Virus Res 2004; 98:117-22. [PMID: 14659558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent for sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, which has never been propagated in vitro. Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated significantly high levels of OvHV-2 DNA in sheep nasal secretions, suggesting a likely avenue of transmission. In the present study, real-time PCR was used to identify sheep experiencing an episode of intense OvHV-2 DNA shedding in their nasal secretions. A nuclease-resistance assay was used to examine the secretions for the presence of intact cell-free enveloped OvHV-2 virions. The results revealed that all nasal secretion samples from five selected individuals experiencing intensive shedding events contained cell-free OvHV-2 virions. Virions could not be identified in secretion samples from 11 OvHV-2 infected sheep that were not experiencing a shedding event. This is the first unequivocal demonstration of cell-free OvHV-2 virions. These results suggest that OvHV-2 lytic infection occurs in the epithelium of certain tissues in the upper respiratory tract of the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okjin Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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34
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Hudnall SD, Chen T, Tyring SK. Species identification of all eight human herpesviruses with a single nested PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2004; 116:19-26. [PMID: 14715303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are eight currently known human herpesviruses, all of which are capable of latent persistence and reactivation following primary infection. Herpesvirus induced disease is common, widespread, and associated with significant morbidity, particularly in the immunocompromised human host. Current methods of herpesvirus detection include viral culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A robust PCR method based upon amplification of the highly conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene that is capable of detection of all eight human herpesviruses, including EBV and HHV-6 subtypes, from clinical material is described. Species identification of PCR products is accomplished by either of two methods, chemiluminescent dot blot hybridization and heteroduplex mobility shift assay, both of which allow for simultaneous detection of multiple herpesviruses. This method should prove useful for rapid and accurate species identification of all eight human herpesviruses from clinical material.
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MESH Headings
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Herpesviridae/classification
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesviridae/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 3, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Heteroduplex Analysis/methods
- Humans
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- S David Hudnall
- Department of Pathology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0741, USA.
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35
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Chmielewicz B, Goltz M, Franz T, Bauer C, Brema S, Ellerbrok H, Beckmann S, Rziha HJ, Lahrmann KH, Romero C, Ehlers B. A novel porcine gammaherpesvirus. Virology 2003; 308:317-29. [PMID: 12706081 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel porcine gammaherpesvirus was detected in the blood of domestic pigs by PCR. With degenerate-primer PCR and subsequent long-distance PCR approaches a 60-kbp genome stretch was amplified. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of the gammaherpesvirus ORFs 03 to 46 as well as a putative chemokine receptor and a v-bcl-2 gene. The 60-kbp sequence was compared with the corresponding sequence of the porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (PLHV-1) published recently and the sequence of PLHV-2, which was amplified from porcine tonsil. Considerable sequence differences (amino acid identities: 49-89%) were found between the novel virus and PLHV-1 as well as PLHV-2, which were very closely related to each other (amino acid identities: 85-98%). The novel virus had essentially the same genome organization as PLHV-1 and -2 and was therefore designated PLHV-3. Like PLHV-1 and -2, PLHV-3 was frequently found in the blood and in lymphoid organs of domestic and feral pigs from different geographic locations. In the blood, the PLHVs were detected predominantly in B-cells. Indication for latent as well as productive PLHV-3 infection was found in the porcine B-cell line L23. It can be concluded that the PLHVs are widespread and are likely to cause a persistent B-lymphotropic infection. Since PLHV-1 has been implicated in the development of porcine posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease, all porcine lymphotropic gammaherpesviruses are of concern when pigs are used as donors in xenotransplantation.
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36
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Hermouet S, Sutton CA, Rose TM, Greenblatt RJ, Corre I, Garand R, Neves AM, Bataille R, Casey JW. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of human herpesviruses in chronic and acute B cell lymphocytic leukemia and in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2003; 17:185-95. [PMID: 12529677 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify viral loads of human herpesviruses (HHVs) at diagnosis in 61 samples of malignant B cells: 21 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), 29 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and 11 multiple myeloma (MM); control samples were blasts from 16 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 24 blood or bone marrow samples from healthy donors. The majority of samples from healthy donors and patients (B-ALL, B-CLL or AML, but not MM) was positive for EBV and contained <100 ebv copies/100 ng dna. ebv loads were occasionally high (>500 copies/100 ng DNA) in B-ALL (2/16) and in B-CLL (2/21) samples. The fractions of samples positive for HHV-8 and HHV-6A, less than 10% for MM patients, were high for adults with B-ALL (18.8% HHV-8+, 43.8% HHV-6A+) or B-CLL (28.6% HHV-8+, 52.4% HHV-6A+). B-ALL, B-CLL and MM samples were rarely positive for HHV-6B and HHV-7. Lastly, 75% of B-ALL samples were positive for CMV, and CMV loads were significantly higher in B-ALL samples than in MM, B-CLL or AML samples. We also used PCR with consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers (CODEHOP) to look for novel HHVs in B cell samples: no sequence indicative of a new HHV was detected. Altogether, the data indicate that the presence of multiple HHVs, including EBV and CMV at high loads, is not rare in B-ALL and B-CLL cell samples. Future prospective studies should determine whether patients with high EBV/CMV loads at diagnosis in tumor samples face a higher risk of delayed hematological recovery, virus-related complications or relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/isolation & purification
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Myeloma/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/statistics & numerical data
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hermouet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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37
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Crawford TB, Li H, Rosenburg SR, Norhausen RW, Garner MM. Mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two sika deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:843-7, 801. [PMID: 12322924 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two sika deer from a zoo in Florida were examined because of chronic hair loss and skin lesions. No common causes of alopecia were identified in either deer. One deer was treated with prednisone, but the condition worsened when the dosage was decreased. Both deer were euthanatized after several months because of continued disease. The predominant histologic lesion in skin specimens was granulomatous mural folliculitis. Serologic testing and sequencing of fragments produced with a consensus polymerase chain reaction assay indicated that both deer were infected with caprine herpesvirus-2, a newly recognized member of the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses. Disease in these deer was substantially different from that typically seen following infection with ovine herpesvirus-2, the sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus. Findings in these deer establish the pathogenicity of caprine herpesvirus-2 in sika deer and illustrate the ability of this group of complex herpesviruses to cause a wide variety of clinical abnormalities in diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Crawford
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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38
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Klieforth R, Maalouf G, Stalis I, Terio K, Janssen D, Schrenzel M. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in Barbary red deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3381-90. [PMID: 12202582 PMCID: PMC130662 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3381-3390.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight Barbary red deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) developed clinical signs suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) over a 28-day period. These animals were housed outdoors with four other species of ruminants. Affected red deer had lethargy, ocular signs, and nasal discharge and were euthanatized within 48 h. Lesions included ulcers of the muzzle, lips, and oral cavity associated with infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Serologically, six of seven red deer tested during the outbreak were positive by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to a shared MCF virus antigen. PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed for a conserved protein of alcelaphine herpesviruses 1 (AlHV-1) and 2 (AlHV-2) and for conserved regions of a herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene was positive for tissues from all eight clinically affected animals and negative for eight out of eight red deer without clinical signs of MCF. DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons from the diseased red deer indicated that they were infected with a novel herpesvirus closely related to AlHV-2; immunohistochemistry using polyclonal anti-AlHV-2 serum and in situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of virus within salivary glands adjacent to oral lesions of affected animals. A survey of other ruminants near the outbreak subsequently showed that normal Jackson's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni) that were cohoused with the diseased red deer were infected with the same virus and were shedding the virus in nasal excretions. These findings suggest that a herpesvirus closely related to AlHV-2 caused the MCF-like disease epizootic in Barbary red deer and that the virus may have originated from Jackson's hartebeest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klieforth
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California 92112-0551, USA
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39
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Kleiboeker SB, Schommer SK, Johnson PJ, Ehlers B, Turnquist SE, Boucher M, Kreeger JM. Association of two newly recognized herpesviruses with interstitial pneumonia in donkeys (Equus asinus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:273-80. [PMID: 12152805 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a period of 6 years, antemortem and postmortem examinations were performed on a number of donkeys suffering from respiratory disease. For many cases, initial diagnostic efforts failed to identify an etiology consistent with the pathologic findings. However, retrospective examination of these cases using consensus primer polymerase chain reaction, designed to recognize herpesviruses from all 3 subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, amplified a fragment of the highly conserved herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene from a number of these animals. Two novel herpesviruses, herein designated asinine herpesvirus 4 (AHV4) and asinine herpesvirus 5 (AHV5), were consistently detected in lung tissue from donkeys in which the histopathology was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and marked syncytial cell formation but not in lung tissue from donkeys with evidence of bacterial or verminous pneumonia. Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis places these new viruses within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily and indicates that they are most closely related to the recently identified zebra herpesvirus and wildass herpesvirus as well as equine herpesviruses 2 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kleiboeker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia 65211, USA
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40
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Kleiboeker SB, Miller MA, Schommer SK, Ramos-Vara JA, Boucher M, Turnquist SE. Detection and multigenic characterization of a herpesvirus associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Missouri. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1311-8. [PMID: 11923350 PMCID: PMC140372 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.4.1311-1318.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2001] [Revised: 12/30/2001] [Accepted: 01/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1998 and 2001, tissues from four captive white-tailed deer were observed to have histologic lesions of systemic lymphocytic vasculitis. These lesions suggested malignant catarrhal fever, although epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue were included in the differential diagnosis. Initial diagnostic efforts, including virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus, failed to identify an etiologic agent. However, consensus primer PCR targeted to the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene detected viral genomic DNA in each of these four cases. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified product demonstrated that the detected virus was identical over the compared region to the recently described malignant catarrhal fever virus of white-tailed deer (H. Li, N. Dyer, J. Keller, and T. B. Crawford, J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:1313-1318, 2000). Additional nucleotide sequencing of both the DNA polymerase gene and DNA packaging gene followed by phylogenetic analysis solidified this newly recognized herpesvirus as a member of the Gammaherpesvirinae and suggests that this virus, along with ovine herpesvirus 2, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 and caprine herpesvirus 2, may be part of a separate clade within this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kleiboeker
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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41
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Dunowska M, Letchworth GJ, Collins JK, DeMartini JC. Ovine herpesvirus-2 glycoprotein B sequences from tissues of ruminant malignant catarrhal fever cases and healthy sheep are highly conserved. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2785-2790. [PMID: 11602790 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2) infection has been associated with malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in susceptible ruminants. In order to further investigate whether OHV-2 is an aetiological agent for sheep-associated (SA) MCF in cattle and bison, the entire sequences of OHV-2 glycoprotein B (gB) from different sources of viral DNA were compared. Target DNA was derived from tissues of bovine and bison cases of SA-MCF, from a lymphoblastoid cell line established from another bovine case of SA-MCF, and from a healthy sheep. The divergence between deduced amino acid sequences of OHV-2 gB ranged from 0.5 to 1.2%. The high degree of similarity between gB sequences from a healthy sheep and clinical cases of SA-MCF in cattle and bison suggests that OHV-2 is an ovine virus that is occasionally transmitted to other ruminant species, in which it can cause severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dunowska
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA1
| | - Geoffrey J Letchworth
- USDA, ARS, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Laramie, WY 82071-3965, USA2
| | - James K Collins
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0090, USA3
| | - James C DeMartini
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA1
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42
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Li H, McGuire TC, Müller-Doblies UU, Crawford TB. A simpler, more sensitive competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever viruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13:361-4. [PMID: 11478614 DOI: 10.1177/104063870101300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An earlier competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) was developed for detection of specific antibody against malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viruses (MCFV) in ruminants. In this study, the indirect CI-ELISA was improved by conjugating the monoclonal antibody 15-A directly with horseradish peroxidase and by developing a method of producing precoated, dried antigen plates. This new test is referred to as a direct CI-ELISA. The reformatted test yielded a significantly improved sensitivity, and the time required was reduced to about one-sixth of the previous time. Of 37 MCF cases in cattle that were confirmed by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, 37 (100%) were positive by the new test, whereas the indirect CI-ELISA detected only 23 (62%). The direct CI-ELISA detected antibody to MCFV in 100% of 48 sheep that had been defined as infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) by PCR, whereas the indirect CI-ELISA detected only 41 (85%). Comparison of antibody titers measured by the 2 assays for sera collected from OvHV-2-infected sheep and from cattle, bison, and deer with clinical sheep-associated MCF revealed that the direct CI-ELISA offered a 4-fold increase in analytical sensitivity over the indirect format. The number of seropositive animals detected by the direct CI-ELISA among apparently normal cattle and bison was 2-3 times greater than the number detected by the indirect CI-ELISA, indicating that a significant percentage of normal cattle and bison are subclincally infected with MCFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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43
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Chmielewicz B, Goltz M, Ehlers B. Detection and multigenic characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus in goats. Virus Res 2001; 75:87-94. [PMID: 11311431 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the existence of a caprine gammaherpesvirus was obtained by analysis of peripheral blood leucocytes of goats with PCR assays that target the herpesvirus genes encoding the glycoprotein B (gB), the DNA polymerase (DPOL) and the terminase (TERM) with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. A contiguous 3.6 kbp sequence extending from the gB to the DPOL gene was then determined with specific primers. All sequences (gB, DPOL and TERM) showed a close relationship with the corresponding genes of the Gammaherpesvirinae. Alignment of amino acid sequences revealed a particularly high percentage of identity with the ovine herpesvirus type 2 (>83%), followed by the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (>76%) and the bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (>61%). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed these relationships. The putative novel goat herpesvirus from which these sequences originate was tentatively designated caprine herpesvirus 2. This virus is the first gammaherpesvirus recognized in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chmielewicz
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Genomic sequences available for members of the gamma-Herpesvirinae allow analysis of many aspects of the group's evolution. This paper examines four topics: (i) the phylogeny of the group; (ii) the histories of gamma-herpesvirus-specific genes; (iii) genomic variation of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8); and (iv) the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 (EBV-1 and EBV-2). A phylogenetic tree based on eight conserved genes has been constructed for eight gamma-herpesviruses and extended to 14 species with smaller gene sets. This gave a generally robust assignment of evolutionary relationships, with the exception of murine herpesvirus 4 (MHV-4), which could not be placed unambiguously on the tree and which has evidently experienced an unusually high rate of genomic change. The gamma-herpesviruses possess a variable complement of genes with cellular homologues. In the clearest cases these virus genes were shown to have originated from host genome lineages in the distant past. HHV-8 possesses at its left genomic terminus a highly diverse gene (K1) and at its right terminus a gene (K15) having two diverged alleles. It was proposed that the high diversity of K1 results from a positive selection on K1 and a hitchhiking effect that reduces diversity elsewhere in the genome. EBV-1 and EBV-2 differ in their alleles of the EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B and EBNA-3C genes. It was suggested that EBV-1 and EBV-2 may recombine in mixed infections so that their sequences outside these genes remain homogeneous. Models for genesis of the types, by recombination between diverged parents or by local divergence from a single lineage, both present difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McGeoch
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Animal viruses, some of which are probably unable to replicate in human cells, could be transmitted to people where they may be linked to tumours currently not attributed to viruses. Several human virus types have oncogenic potential in animals. A potential risk for acquiring such infections by handling and preparation of animal products was analysed against the background of available epidemiological reports. Human tumours should be systematically assessed for proliferation-inducing viruses in non-permissive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H zur Hausen
- Deutsches Krebsforschungzentrum, Heidelberg, Germany.
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46
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Rovnak J, Casey JW, Quackenbush SL. Intracellular targeting of walleye dermal sarcoma virus Orf A (rv-cyclin). Virology 2001; 280:31-40. [PMID: 11162816 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) induces tumors and allows or possibly directs tumor regression. WDSV encodes a putative cyclin homologue, Orf A, and six variant Orf A transcripts have been identified. Northern analysis indicated that a 3.3-kb transcript, encoding full-length Orf A, is the predominant transcript in developing, but not regressing, tumors. Three Orf A proteins, one full-length and two amino-truncated forms, were expressed in mammalian and piscine cells, and their intracellular locations were determined. The full-length form was nuclear and concentrated in interchromatin granule clusters, defined by colocalization with SC-35. The amino-truncated forms were cytoplasmic. Fusion of amino-terminal portions of Orf A to a heterologous protein demonstrated that residues 1-112 were necessary for nuclear localization. Mutation of aa K80 and/or E110 disrupted nuclear localization, suggesting a mechanism similar to that of cellular A- and D-type cyclins for its nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rovnak
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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47
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Coulter LJ, Wright H, Reid HW. Molecular genomic characterization of the viruses of malignant catarrhal fever. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:2-19. [PMID: 11428184 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Coulter
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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48
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Li H, Keller J, Knowles DP, Crawford TB. Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:227-232. [PMID: 11125175 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel gammaherpesvirus in goats that is herein tentatively designated as caprine herpesvirus-2 was identified based on the sequence of a fragment from the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the virus sequence isolated from goats was 67% identical to the homologous sequence from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, 71% identical to ovine herpesvirus-2 and 73% identical to a recently recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. Combined serological and PCR-survey data demonstrated that this virus is endemic in goats and its transmission pattern may be similar to that of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Janice Keller
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
| | - Timothy B Crawford
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, USDA-ARS1 and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology2, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
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49
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Collins JK, Bruns C, Vermedahl TL, Schiebel AL, Jessen MT, Schultheiss PC, Anderson GM, Dinsmore RP, Callan RJ, DeMartini JC. Malignant catarrhal fever: polymerase chain reaction survey for ovine herpesvirus 2 and other persistent herpesvirus and retrovirus infections of dairy cattle and bison. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:406-11. [PMID: 11021426 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for sequences of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV2), this virus was shown to be significantly associated with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) in terminal cases of disease in 34 cattle and 53 bison. Ovine herpesvirus 2 was not detected in cattle (38) and bison (10) that succumbed to other diseases. Other persistent herpesviruses, retroviruses, and pestivirus, some of which have been previously isolated from cases of SA-MCF, were not associated with the disease. These included bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus (BLHV), bovine syncytial virus (BSV, also known as bovine spumavirus), bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). A PCR survey for OHV2 in DNA from individual cow's peripheral blood lymphocytes in 4 dairies showed that the 1 dairy that was in close contact to sheep had a prevalence of OHV2 of 21.3%, whereas the 3 other dairies had no OHV2. Prevalence of the other herpesviruses and retroviruses in the dairy cows was variable, ranging from 2% to 51% for BHV4, 52% to 78.7% for BLHV, and 10% to 34% for BSV. Bovine lymphotrophic herpesvirus and BSV were also found in a few (1-4 of 21 tested) cases of terminal SA-MCF, but BIV and BVDV were not found in either the dairy cows sampled, or in the cases of SA-MCE No significant correlation was found between the presence of any 2 viruses (OHV2, BHV4, BLHV, BSV) in the dairy cows or terminal cases of SA-MCE
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Collins
- Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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50
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Donofrio G, Cavirani S, Flammini CF, Scatozza F. Molecular typing of a BHV-4 (bovine herpesvirus 4) field isolate. Vet Res Commun 2000; 24:411-22. [PMID: 11014610 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006478317972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new BHV-4 (bovine herpesvirus 4) isolated from a case of bovine interdigital dermatitis was characterized by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. To determine whether the new isolate (PR/1) belonged to BHV-4, DNA from infected cells was specifically amplified by PCR. We used a set of primers spanning a large 2.571 kb conserved region of the BHV-4 genome, including the 3' end of ORF1 (homologous to the EBV BVRF1 gene), ORF2 (homologous to the EBV BXRF1 gene), ORF3 (TK gene) and ORF4 (gH gene) 5' end, respectively. The identity of the amplified product was confirmed by HindIII restriction enzyme digestion and Southern hybridization. No product was observed from the DNA of other bovine herpesviruses tested. The restriction patterns of the PR/ 1 genome compared to DN 599, MOVAR 33/63 and LVR BHV-4 reference strains showed two kinds of differences, either related or not related to the prDNA (polyrepetitive DNA). Taken together, these data show that PR/ 1 is a new BHV-4. We would consider that the present report provides a scheme of work for diagnosis and typing of BHV-4 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Donofrio
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive Profilassi e Polizia Veterinaria, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Parma, Italy.
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