1
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Salgado B, Rivas RB, Pinto D, Sonstegard TS, Carlson DF, Martins K, Bostrom JR, Sinebo Y, Rowland RRR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Genetically modified pigs lacking CD163 PSTII-domain-coding exon 13 are completely resistant to PRRSV infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105793. [PMID: 38184111 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
CD163 expressed on cell surface of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) serves as a cellular entry receptor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The extracellular portion of CD163 contains nine scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) and two proline-serine-threonine (PST) domains. Genomic editing of pigs to remove the entire CD163 or just the SRCR5 domain confers resistance to infection with both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viruses. By performing a mutational analysis of CD163, previous in vitro infection experiments showed resistance to PRRSV infection following deletion of exon 13 which encodes the first 12 amino acids of the 16 amino acid PSTII domain. These findings predicted that removal of exon 13 can be used as a strategy to produce gene-edited pigs fully resistant to PRRSV infection. In this study, to determine whether the deletion of exon 13 is sufficient to confer resistance of pigs to PRRSV infection, we produced pigs possessing a defined CD163 exon 13 deletion (ΔExon13 pigs) and evaluated their susceptibility to viral infection. Wild type (WT) and CD163 modified pigs, placed in the same room, were infected with PRRSV-2. The modified pigs remained PCR and serologically negative for PRRSV throughout the study; whereas the WT pigs supported PRRSV infection and showed PRRSV related pathology. Importantly, our data also suggested that removal of exon 13 did not affect the main physiological function associated with CD163 in vivo. These results demonstrate that a modification of CD163 through a precise deletion of exon 13 provides a strategy for protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Salgado
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Rafael Bautista Rivas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Derek Pinto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Stoian AM, Rowland RR, Brandariz-Nuñez A. Identification of CD163 regions that are required for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection but not for binding to viral envelope glycoproteins. Virology 2022; 574:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Carrington E, Otto TD, Szestak T, Lennartz F, Higgins MK, Newbold CI, Craig AG. In silico guided reconstruction and analysis of ICAM-1-binding var genes from Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3282. [PMID: 29459671 PMCID: PMC5818487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen PfEMP1 expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes is thought to play a major role in the pathology of severe malaria. As the sequence pool of the var genes encoding PfEMP1 expands there are opportunities, despite the high degree of sequence diversity demonstrated by this gene family, to reconstruct full-length var genes from small sequence tags generated from patient isolates. To test whether this is possible we have used a set of recently laboratory adapted ICAM-1-binding parasite isolates to generate sequence tags and, from these, to identify the full-length PfEMP1 being expressed by them. In a subset of the strains available we were able to produce validated, full-length var gene sequences and use these to conduct biophysical analyses of the ICAM-1 binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Carrington
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Malaria Gene Regulation Lab, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Frank Lennartz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Matt K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chris I Newbold
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alister G Craig
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Wang Q, Bozack SN, Yan Y, Boulton ME, Grant MB, Busik JV. Regulation of retinal inflammation by rhythmic expression of MiR-146a in diabetic retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3986-94. [PMID: 24867582 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic inflammation and dysregulation of circadian rhythmicity are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate inflammation and circadian clock machinery. We tested the hypothesis that altered daily rhythm of miR-146a expression in diabetes contributes to retinal inflammation. METHODS Nondiabetic and STZ-induced diabetic rats kept in 12/12 light/dark cycle were killed every 2 hours over a 72-hour period. Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were synchronized with dexamethasone. Expression of miR-146a, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), IL-1β, VEGF and ICAM-1, as well as clock genes was examined by real-time PCR and Western blot. To modulate expression levels of miR-146a, mimics and inhibitors were used. RESULTS Diabetes inhibited amplitude of negative arm (per1) and enhanced amplitude of the positive arm (bmal1) of clock machinery in retina. In addition to clock genes, miR-146a and its target gene IRAK1 also exhibited daily oscillations in antiphase; however, these patterns were lost in diabetic retina. This loss of rhythmic pattern was associated with an increase in ICAM-1, IL-β, and VEGF expression. Human retinal endothelial cells had robust miR-146a expression that followed circadian oscillation pattern; however, HRECs isolated from diabetic donors had reduced miR-146a amplitude but increased amplitude of IRAK1 and ICAM-1. In HRECs, miR-146a mimic or inhibitor caused 1.6- and 1.7-fold decrease or 1.5- and 1.6-fold increase, respectively, in mRNA and protein expression levels of ICAM-1 after 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes-induced dysregulation of daily rhythms of miR-146a and inflammatory pathways under miR-146a control have potential implications for the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Svetlana N Bozack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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5
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Newton P, O'Shea D, Wells E, Moakes K, Dunmore R, Butler RJ, Wilkinson T, Ward A, Casson N, Strain M, Vousden K, Lowe DC, Pattison DV, Carruthers AM, Sleeman MA, Vaughan TJ, Harrison P. Development of a homogeneous high-throughput screening assay for biological inhibitors of human rhinovirus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23207740 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112469047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human rhinovirus (HRV) is thought to result in acute respiratory exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). Consequently, prevention of HRV infection may provide therapeutic benefit to these patients. As all major group HRV serotypes infect cells via an interaction between viral coat proteins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), it is likely that inhibitors of this interaction would prevent or reduce infections. Our objective was to use phage display technology in conjunction with naive human antibody libraries to identify anti-ICAM-1 antibodies capable of functional blockade of HRV infection. Key to success was the development of a robust, functionally relevant high-throughput screen (HTS) compatible with the specific challenges of antibody screening. In this article, we describe the development of a novel homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay based on the inhibition of soluble ICAM-1 binding to live HRV16. We describe the implementation of the method in an antibody screening campaign and demonstrate the biological relevance of the assay by confirming the activity of resultant antibodies in a cell-based in vitro HRV infection assay.
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6
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A critical evaluation of in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug screening and toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:82-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Inoue T, Kobayashi K, Inoguchi T, Sonoda N, Fujii M, Maeda Y, Fujimura Y, Miura D, Hirano KI, Takayanagi R. Reduced expression of adipose triglyceride lipase enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells via protein kinase C-dependent activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32045-53. [PMID: 21828047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) on the initiation of atherosclerosis. ATGL was recently identified as a rate-limiting triglyceride (TG) lipase. Mutations in the human ATGL gene are associated with neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy, a rare genetic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of TG in multiple tissues. The cardiac phenotype, known as triglyceride deposit cardiomyovasculopathy, shows massive TG accumulation in both coronary atherosclerotic lesions and the myocardium. Recent reports show that myocardial triglyceride content is significantly higher in patients with prediabetes or diabetes and that ATGL expression is decreased in the obese insulin-resistant state. Therefore, we investigated the effect of decreased ATGL activity on the development of atherosclerosis using human aortic endothelial cells. We found that ATGL knockdown enhanced monocyte adhesion via increased expression of TNFα-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Next, we determined the pathways (MAPK, PKC, or NFκB) involved in ICAM-1 up-regulation induced by ATGL knockdown. Both phosphorylation of PKC and degradation of IκBα were increased in ATGL knockdown human aortic endothelial cells. In addition, intracellular diacylglycerol levels and free fatty acid uptake via CD36 were significantly increased in these cells. Inhibition of the PKC pathway using calphostin C and GF109203X suppressed TNFα-induced ICAM-1 expression. In conclusion, we showed that ATGL knockdown increased monocyte adhesion to the endothelium through enhanced TNFα-induced ICAM-1 expression via activation of NFκB and PKC. These results suggest that reduced ATGL expression may influence the atherogenic process in neutral lipid storage diseases and in the insulin-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Inoue
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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8
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Reguera J, Ordoño D, Santiago C, Enjuanes L, Casasnovas JM. Antigenic modules in the N-terminal S1 region of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike protein. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1117-1126. [PMID: 21228126 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal S1 region of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) glycoprotein contains four antigenic sites (C, B, D and A, from the N- to the C-terminal end) and is engaged in host-cell receptor recognition. The most N-terminal portion of the S1 region, which comprises antigenic sites C and B, is needed for the enteric tropism of TGEV, whereas the major antigenic site A at the C-terminal moiety is required for both respiratory and enteric cell tropism, and is engaged in recognition of the aminopeptidase N (APN) receptor. This study determined the kinetics for binding of a soluble S1 protein to the APN protein. Moreover, the S1 region of the TGEV S protein was dissected, with the aim of identifying discrete modules displaying unique antigenic sites and receptor-binding functions. Following protease treatments and mammalian cell expression methods, four modules or domains (D1-D4) were defined at the S1 region. Papain treatment identified an N-terminal domain (D1) resistant to proteolysis, whereas receptor binding defined a soluble and functional APN receptor-binding domain (D3). This domain was recognized by neutralizing antibodies belonging to the antigenic site A and therefore could be used as an immunogen for the prevention of viral infection. The organization of the four modules in the S1 region of the TGEV S glycoprotein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Reguera
- Department of Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desiderio Ordoño
- Department of Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Santiago
- Department of Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Mwanziva C, Mpina M, Balthazary S, Mkali H, Mbugi E, Mosha F, Chilongola J. Child hospitalization due to severe malaria is associated with the ICAM-1Kilifi allele but not adherence patterns of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells to ICAM-1. Acta Trop 2010; 116:45-50. [PMID: 20510872 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining whether the predisposition of a mutation at position 179 of the ICAM-1 gene to child hospitalization due to malaria was mediated by changes in adherence properties of IRBCs to ICAM-1. ICAM-1 genotypes were determined by nested polymerase chain reaction of isolated DNA from filter blood spots followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Plasmodium falciparum adherence assays were done on immobilized purified ICAM-1. Our data indicate that the homozygosity for the ICAM-1(Kilifi) mutation occurs at a frequency of 22.3% in Magugu-Babati, Northern Tanzania. Our results show that there are no differences in IRBC binding profiles across genotypes. We show in this study that homozygosity for the ICAM-1(Kilifi) is associated with child hospitalization (X(2)=14.47, p<0.001). We have further shown that hospitalization was not associated with cytoadherence (X(2)=0.17, p=0.68). We conclude that the ICAM-1(Kilifi) allele occurs at a high frequency in Tanzania and that associations of this allele with higher child hospitalization frequencies is independent of cytoadherence patterns of IRBC isolated from ICAM-1 genotypes, implying that any associations reported to exist between the ICAM-1(Kilifi) mutation and severe malaria are unlikely to be mediated through altered IRBC cytoadherence properties.
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10
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Ordoño D, Enjuanes L, Casasnovas JM. Methods for preparation of low abundance glycoproteins from mammalian cell supernatants. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:151-6. [PMID: 16822540 PMCID: PMC7112421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins secreted to mammalian cell supernatants are usually in a low concentration and purity, due to the limitation of the expression systems or the presence of a large amount of contaminant proteins from the cell medium. So, initial protein recovery from cell supernatants requires of a highly specific chromatography step. We compared several purification methods based on affinity chromatography for purification of proteins from cell culture supernatants: metal chelate affinity, strep-tag and immunopurification with a monoclonal antibody. Soluble receptor glycoproteins were engineered with the corresponding peptide tag at their C-terminal end. The proteins were expressed in 293T cells and secreted to the cell supernatant, as monitored by sandwich ELISA. Supernatants were run through the different chromatography columns and several purification-related parameters determined. While all column-retained proteins were easily eluted, the chelating and immunopurification chromatography gave the highest yield and the latest method provided a sample with the highest purity. So, in spite of its cost, immunopurification chromatography gave optimal results for purification of a low abundance protein from a cell supernatant. Finally, we applied a protein expression system together with immunopurification chromatography for preparation of a glycoprotein for crystallization.
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11
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Jiménez D, Roda-Navarro P, Springer TA, Casasnovas JM. Contribution of N-Linked Glycans to the Conformation and Function of Intercellular Adhesion Molecules (ICAMs). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:5854-61. [PMID: 15545280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structures of the glycosylated N-terminal two domains of ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 provided a framework for understanding the role of glycosylation in the structure and function of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs). The most conserved glycans were less flexible in the structures, interacting with protein residues and contributing to receptor folding and expression. The first N-linked glycan in ICAM-2 contacts an exposed tryptophan residue, defining a conserved glycan-W motif critical for the conformation of the integrin binding domain. The absence of this motif in human ICAM-1 exposes regions used in receptor dimerization and rhinovirus recognition. Experiments with soluble molecules having the N-terminal two domains of human ICAMs identified glycans of the high mannose type N-linked to the second domain of the dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing nonintegrin lectin-ligands ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. About 40% of those receptor molecules bear endoglycosidase H sensitive glycans responsible of the lectin binding activity. High mannose glycans were absent in ICAM-1, which did not bind to the lectin, but they appeared in ICAM-1 mutants with additional N-linked glycosylation and lectin binding activity. N-Linked glycosylation regulate both conformation and immune related functions of ICAM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autonoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Duque H, LaRocco M, Golde WT, Baxt B. Interactions of foot-and-mouth disease virus with soluble bovine alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 integrins. J Virol 2004; 78:9773-81. [PMID: 15331710 PMCID: PMC514961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.9773-9781.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At least four members of the integrin family of receptors, alphaVbeta1, alphaVbeta3, alphaVbeta6, and alphaVbeta8, have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro. Our investigators have recently shown that the efficiency of receptor usage appears to be related to the viral serotype and may be influenced by structural differences on the viral surface (H. Duque and B. Baxt, J. Virol. 77:2500-2511, 2003). To further examine these differences, we generated soluble alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 integrins. cDNA plasmids encoding the individual complete integrin alphaV, beta3, and beta6 subunits were used to amplify sequences encoding the subunits' signal peptide and ectodomain, resulting in subunits lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. COS-1 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding the soluble alphaV subunit and either the soluble beta3 or beta6 subunit and labeled with [35S]methionine-cysteine. Complete subunit heterodimeric integrins were secreted into the medium, as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation with specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. For the examination of the integrins' biological activities, stable cell lines producing the soluble integrins were generated in HEK 293A cells. In the presence of divalent cations, soluble alphaVbeta6 bound to representatives of type A or O viruses, immobilized on plastic dishes, and significantly inhibited viral replication, as determined by plaque reduction assays. In contrast, soluble alphaVbeta3 was unable to bind to immobilized virus of either serotype; however, virus bound to the immobilized integrin, suggesting that FMDV binding to alphaVbeta3 is a low-affinity interaction. In addition, soluble alphaVbeta3 did not neutralize virus infectivity. Incubation of soluble alphaVbeta6 with labeled type A12 or O1 resulted in a significant inhibition of virus adsorption to BHK cells, while soluble alphaVbeta3 caused a low (20 to 30%), but consistent, inhibition of virus adsorption. Virus incubated with soluble alphaVbeta6 had a lower sedimentation rate than native virus on sucrose density gradients, but the particles retained all of their structural proteins and still contained bound integrin and, therefore, were not exhibiting characteristics of a picornavirus A particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Duque
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
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13
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Vijgen L, Van Essche M, Van Ranst M. Absence of the Kilifi mutation in the rhinovirus-binding domain of ICAM-1 in a Caucasian population. GENETIC TESTING 2004; 7:159-61. [PMID: 12885341 DOI: 10.1089/109065703322146885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV), responsible for approximately 60% of the common colds, are divided into two groups, according to their receptor specificity. The major group of HRVs gains access to human cells by binding to the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), whereas HRVs of the minor group use members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family for cell entry. Previous studies confirmed that the HRV-binding region of ICAM-1 is located in the amino-terminal immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain 1, which is encoded by exon 2 of the ICAM-1 gene. An A --> T transversion in codon 29 of ICAM-1 exon 2 causes a lysine to methionine substitution (K29M), and was found at a high frequency (33.2%) in Kilifi (Kenya), as well as in other African populations. In this study we examined whether polymorphisms in exon 2 of ICAM-1 could be detected in a Caucasian population, assuming that these could be of importance in HRV binding. DNA from 100 healthy, unrelated, Belgian volunteers was obtained through a noninvasive swish-and-spit method. Using a primer set in the adjacent intron sequences, the full-length ICAM-1 exon 2 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. No polymorphisms could be demonstrated in exon 2 of the ICAM-1 gene among all 100 tested individuals. The rhinovirus-binding Ig domain 1 of ICAM-1 seems to be a highly conserved region in the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vijgen
- Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Stewart PL, Dermody TS, Nemerow GR. Structural basis of nonenveloped virus cell entry. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2004; 64:455-91. [PMID: 13677056 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(03)01013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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15
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Nurani G, Lindqvist B, Casasnovas JM. Receptor priming of major group human rhinoviruses for uncoating and entry at mild low-pH environments. J Virol 2003; 77:11985-91. [PMID: 14581535 PMCID: PMC254263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.11985-11991.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor priming of low-pH-triggered virus entry has been described for an enveloped virus (15). Here we show with major group human rhinoviruses (HRV) and its intercellular adhesion molecule-1 receptor that nonenveloped viruses follow this novel cell entry principle. In vitro the receptor primed HRV for efficient uncoating at mild low pH (5.5 to 6.0). Agents preventing endosomal acidification reduced or blocked rhinovirus cell infection, while nocodazole had no effect on infection of any serotype tested. The entry inhibitory effect of lysosomotropic agents was overcome by exposing cell-internalized HRV to mild low pH (5.5 to 6.0). We therefore conclude that receptor priming of major group HRV must occur in vivo as well. Cooperation of a cellular receptor and low pH in virus uncoating will polarize the exit of the genome to the receptor-bound, membrane-proximal region of the virus particle during acidification of endosomes. This process must be required for efficient penetration of the cellular membrane by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Nurani
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Center for Biotechnology, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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16
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Stanley P, McDowall A, Bates PA, Brashaw J, Hogg N. The second domain of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) maintains the structural integrity of the leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) ligand-binding site in the first domain. Biochem J 2000; 351:79-86. [PMID: 10998349 PMCID: PMC1221337 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3510079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first domain of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) binds to the leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) I domain, which contains the principal ligand-binding site of this leucocyte integrin. Whether the function of the second domain is also to directly bind LFA-1 has been unclear. Our data show that mutation in the hydrophilic EF loop of ICAM-1 domain 2 resulted in impaired binding of the isolated I domain when compared with wild-type ICAM-1. LFA-1 on T-cells also binds with reduced affinity to this ICAM-1 mutant. A hybrid construct containing the first domain of vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 joined to domains 2-5 of ICAM-1 was unable to bind to the I domain, showing that there is no direct interaction between the second domain of ICAM-1 and the I domain. This construct was also not bound by LFA-1 expressed in T-cells. Function-blocking monoclonal antibodies that map to domain 2 of ICAM-1, implicating this domain in ligand binding, were found to act indirectly. In summary our data suggest that the second domain of ICAM-1 has a role in maintaining the structure of the LFA-1 ligand-binding site in the first domain of ICAM-1 but does not appear to have a direct role in ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stanley
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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McDermott BM, Rux AH, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Racaniello VR. Two distinct binding affinities of poliovirus for its cellular receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23089-96. [PMID: 10770940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the kinetics and equilibrium of poliovirus binding to the poliovirus receptor, we used surface plasmon resonance to examine the interaction of a soluble form of the receptor with poliovirus. Soluble receptor purified from mammalian cells is able to bind poliovirus, neutralize viral infectivity, and induce structural changes in the virus particle. Binding studies revealed that there are two binding sites for the receptor on the poliovirus type 1 capsid, with affinity constants at 20 degrees C of K(D)(1) = 0.67 microm and K(D)(2) = 0.11 microm. The relative abundance of the two binding sites varies with temperature. At 20 degrees C, the K(D)(2) site constitutes approximately 46% of the total binding sites on the sensor chip, and its relative abundance decreased with decreasing temperature such that at 5 degrees C, the relative abundance of the K(D)(2) site is only 12% of the total binding sites. Absolute levels of the K(D)(1) site remained relatively constant at all temperatures tested. The two binding sites may correspond to docking sites for domain 1 of the receptor on the viral capsid, as predicted by a model of the poliovirus-receptor complex. Alternatively, the binding sites may be a consequence of structural breathing, or could result from receptor-induced conformational changes in the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M McDermott
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Xing L, Tjarnlund K, Lindqvist B, Kaplan GG, Feigelstock D, Cheng RH, Casasnovas JM. Distinct cellular receptor interactions in poliovirus and rhinoviruses. EMBO J 2000; 19:1207-16. [PMID: 10716921 PMCID: PMC305662 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.6.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor binding to human poliovirus type 1 (PV1/M) and the major group of human rhinoviruses (HRV) was studied comparatively to uncover the evolution of receptor recognition in picornaviruses. Surface plas- mon resonance showed receptor binding to PV1/M with faster association and dissociation rates than to HRV3 and HRV16, two serotypes that have similar binding kinetics. The faster rate for receptor association to PV1/M suggested a relatively more accessible binding site. Thermodynamics for receptor binding to the viruses and assays for receptor-mediated virus uncoating showed a more disruptive receptor interaction with PV1/M than with HRV3 or HRV16. Cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction of receptor-PV1/M complexes revealed receptor binding to the 'wall' of surface protrusions surrounding the 'canyon', a depressive surface in the capsid where the rhinovirus receptor binds. These data reveal more exposed receptor-binding sites in poliovirus than rhinoviruses, which are less protected from immune surveillance but more suited for receptor-mediated virus uncoating and entry at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xing
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences at NOVUM, Center for Biotechnology, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
The utilization of optical biosensors to study molecular interactions continues to expand. In 1998, 384 articles relating to the use of commercial biosensors were published in 130 different journals. While significant strides in new applications and methodology were made, a majority of the biosensor literature is of rather poor quality. Basic information about experimental conditions is often not presented and many publications fail to display the experimental data, bringing into question the credibility of the results. This review provides suggestions on how to collect, analyze and report biosensor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Myszka
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Krummenacher C, Rux AH, Whitbeck JC, Ponce-de-Leon M, Lou H, Baribaud I, Hou W, Zou C, Geraghty RJ, Spear PG, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. The first immunoglobulin-like domain of HveC is sufficient to bind herpes simplex virus gD with full affinity, while the third domain is involved in oligomerization of HveC. J Virol 1999; 73:8127-37. [PMID: 10482562 PMCID: PMC112829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.8127-8137.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human herpesvirus entry mediator C (HveC/PRR1) is a member of the immunoglobulin family used as a cellular receptor by the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus (HSV), pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus type 1. We previously demonstrated direct binding of the purified HveC ectodomain to purified HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD). Here, using a baculovirus expression system, we constructed and purified truncated forms of the receptor containing one [HveC(143t)], two [HveC(245t)], or all three immunoglobulin-like domains [HveC(346t)] of the extracellular region. All three constructs were equally able to compete with HveC(346t) for gD binding. The variable domain bound to virions and blocked HSV infection as well as HveC(346t). Thus, all of the binding to the receptor occurs within the first immunoglobulin-like domain, or V-domain, of HveC. These data confirm and extend those of Cocchi et al. (F. Cocchi, M. Lopez, L. Menotti, M. Aoubala, P. Dubreuil, and G. Campadelli-Fiume, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15700, 1998). Using biosensor analysis, we measured the affinity of binding of gD from HSV strains KOS and rid1 to two forms of HveC. Soluble gDs from the KOS strain of HSV-1 had the same affinity for HveC(346t) and HveC(143t). The mutant gD(rid1t) had an increased affinity for HveC(346t) and HveC(143t) due to a faster rate of complex formation. Interestingly, we found that HveC(346t) was a tetramer in solution, whereas HveC(143t) and HveC(245t) formed dimers, suggesting a role for the third immunoglobulin-like domain of HveC in oligomerization. In addition, the stoichiometry between gD and HveC appeared to be influenced by the level of HveC oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krummenacher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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