1
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Chameettachal A, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA. Understanding Retroviral Life Cycle and its Genomic RNA Packaging. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167924. [PMID: 36535429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Retroviridae are important animal and human pathogens. Being obligate parasites, their replication involves a series of steps during which the virus hijacks the cellular machinery. Additionally, many of the steps of retrovirus replication are unique among viruses, including reverse transcription, integration, and specific packaging of their genomic RNA (gRNA) as a dimer. Progress in retrovirology has helped identify several molecular mechanisms involved in each of these steps, but many are still unknown or remain controversial. This review summarizes our present understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in various stages of retrovirus replication. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive analysis of our current understanding of how different retroviruses package their gRNA into the assembling virions. RNA packaging in retroviruses holds a special interest because of the uniqueness of packaging a dimeric genome. Dimerization and packaging are highly regulated and interlinked events, critical for the virus to decide whether its unspliced RNA will be packaged as a "genome" or translated into proteins. Finally, some of the outstanding areas of exploration in the field of RNA packaging are highlighted, such as the role of epitranscriptomics, heterogeneity of transcript start sites, and the necessity of functional polyA sequences. An in-depth knowledge of mechanisms that interplay between viral and cellular factors during virus replication is critical in understanding not only the virus life cycle, but also its pathogenesis, and development of new antiretroviral compounds, vaccines, as well as retroviral-based vectors for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Chameettachal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. https://twitter.com/chameettachal
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences (ZCHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tahir A Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Zayed bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences (ZCHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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2
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Balakrishnan K, Munusami P, Mohareer K, Priyakumar UD, Banerjee A, Luedde T, Mande SC, Münk C, Banerjee S. Staufen‐2 functions as a cofactor for enhanced Rev‐mediated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of
HIV
‐1 genomic
RNA
via the
CRM1
pathway. FEBS J 2022; 289:6731-6751. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Punnagai Munusami
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad India
- Department of Chemistry Arignar Anna Government Arts & Science College Karaikal Puducherry India
| | - Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - U. Deva Priyakumar
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Atoshi Banerjee
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine University of Nevada Las Vegas NV USA
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Shekhar C. Mande
- National Centre for Cell Science Pune India
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi India
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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3
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Hanson HM, Willkomm NA, Yang H, Mansky LM. Human Retrovirus Genomic RNA Packaging. Viruses 2022; 14:1094. [PMID: 35632835 PMCID: PMC9142903 DOI: 10.3390/v14051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two non-covalently linked copies of the retrovirus genome are specifically recruited to the site of virus particle assembly and packaged into released particles. Retroviral RNA packaging requires RNA export of the unspliced genomic RNA from the nucleus, translocation of the genome to virus assembly sites, and specific interaction with Gag, the main viral structural protein. While some aspects of the RNA packaging process are understood, many others remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an update on recent advancements in understanding the mechanism of RNA packaging for retroviruses that cause disease in humans, i.e., HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-1, as well as advances in the understanding of the details of genomic RNA nuclear export, genome translocation to virus assembly sites, and genomic RNA dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Hanson
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Nora A. Willkomm
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- DDS-PhD Dual Degree Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Huixin Yang
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.A.W.); (H.Y.)
- DDS-PhD Dual Degree Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Mishra PK, Kang MG, Lee H, Kim S, Choi S, Sharma N, Park CM, Ko J, Lee C, Seo JK, Rhee HW. A chemical tool for blue light-inducible proximity photo-crosslinking in live cells. Chem Sci 2022; 13:955-966. [PMID: 35211260 PMCID: PMC8790779 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a proximity photo-crosslinking method (Spotlight) with a 4-azido-N-ethyl-1,8-naphthalimide (AzNP) moiety that can be converted to reactive aryl nitrene species using ambient blue light-emitting diode light. Using an AzNP-conjugated HaloTag ligand (VL1), blue light-induced photo-crosslinked products of various HaloTag-conjugated proteins of interest were detected in subcellular spaces in live cells. Chemical or heat stress-induced dynamic changes in the proteome were also detected, and photo-crosslinking in the mouse brain tissue was enabled. Using Spotlight, we further identified the host interactome of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, which is essential for viral genome assembly. Mass analysis of the VL1-crosslinked product of N-HaloTag in HEK293T cells showed that RNA-binding proteins in stress granules were exclusively enriched in the cross-linked samples. These results tell that our method can reveal the interactome of protein of interest within a short distance in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea .,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44191 Korea
| | - Myeong-Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Hakbong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Seungjoon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Korea
| | - Subin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44191 Korea
| | - Nirmali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea .,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44191 Korea
| | - Cheol-Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44191 Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) Daegu 42988 Korea
| | - Changwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea .,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
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5
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Ramos H, Monette A, Niu M, Barrera A, López-Ulloa B, Fuentes Y, Guizar P, Pino K, DesGroseillers L, Mouland A, López-Lastra M. The double-stranded RNA-binding protein, Staufen1, is an IRES-transacting factor regulating HIV-1 cap-independent translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:411-429. [PMID: 34893869 PMCID: PMC8754648 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation initiation of the viral genomic mRNA (vRNA) of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) can be mediated by a cap- or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent mechanism. A previous report shows that Staufen1, a cellular double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein (RBP), binds to the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of the HIV-1 vRNA and promotes its cap-dependent translation. In this study, we now evaluate the role of Staufen1 as an HIV-1 IRES-transacting factor (ITAF). We first confirm that Staufen1 associates with both the HIV-1 vRNA and the Gag protein during HIV-1 replication. We found that in HIV-1-expressing cells, siRNA-mediated depletion of Staufen1 reduces HIV-1 vRNA translation. Using dual-luciferase bicistronic mRNAs, we show that the siRNA-mediated depletion and cDNA-mediated overexpression of Staufen1 acutely regulates HIV-1 IRES activity. Furthermore, we show that Staufen1-vRNA interaction is required for the enhancement of HIV-1 IRES activity. Interestingly, we find that only Staufen1 harboring an intact dsRNA-binding domain 3 (dsRBD3) rescues HIV-1 IRES activity in Staufen1 CRISPR-Cas9 gene edited cells. Finally, we show that the expression of Staufen1-dsRBD3 alone enhances HIV-1 IRES activity. This study provides evidence of a novel role for Staufen1 as an ITAF promoting HIV-1 vRNA IRES activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hade Ramos
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Aldo Barrera
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brenda López-Ulloa
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yazmín Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Guizar
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Karla Pino
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marcelo López-Lastra
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Balakrishnan K, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Mohareer K, Luedde T, Münk C, Banerjee S. Encapsidation of Staufen-2 Enhances Infectivity of HIV-1. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122459. [PMID: 34960728 PMCID: PMC8703407 DOI: 10.3390/v13122459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen, the RNA-binding family of proteins, affects various steps in the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV-1) replication cycle. While our previous study established Staufen-2–HIV-1 Rev interaction and its role in augmenting nucleocytoplasmic export of RRE-containing viral RNA, viral incorporation of Staufen-2 and its effect on viral propagation were unknown. Here, we report that Staufen-2 interacts with HIV-1 Gag and is incorporated into virions and that encapsidated Staufen-2 boosted viral infectivity. Further, Staufen-2 gets co-packaged into virions, possibly by interacting with host factors Staufen-1 or antiviral protein APOBEC3G, which resulted in different outcomes on the infectivity of Staufen-2-encapsidated virions. These observations suggest that encapsidated host factors influence viral population dynamics and infectivity. With the explicit identification of the incorporation of Staufen proteins into HIV-1 and other retroviruses, such as Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), we propose that packaging of RNA binding proteins, such as Staufen, in budding virions of retroviruses is probably a general phenomenon that can drive or impact the viral population dynamics, infectivity, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.A.J.V.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.B.); Tel.: +49-021-1811-0887 (C.M.); +91-40-2313-4573 (S.B.)
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; (K.B.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (S.B.); Tel.: +49-021-1811-0887 (C.M.); +91-40-2313-4573 (S.B.)
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7
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Park SW, Yu KL, Bae JH, Kim GN, Kim HI, You JC. Investigation of the effect of Staufen1 overexpression on the HIV-1 virus production. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34353428 PMCID: PMC8633522 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how Staufen1 influences the HIV-1 production. The overexpression of Staufen1 increased virus production without any negative affect on the viral infectivity. This increase was not caused by transcriptional activation; but by influencing post-transcriptional steps. Using multiple Gag protein derivatives, we confirmed that the zinc-finger domains of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) are important for its interaction with Staufen1. We also found that Staufen1 colocalized in stress granules with the mature form of the HIV-1 NC protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-won Park
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
| | - Kyung-Lee Yu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Bae
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
| | - Hae-In Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
| | - Ji Chang You
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 63071, Korea
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8
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Garcia BCB, Horie M, Kojima S, Makino A, Tomonaga K. BUD23-TRMT112 interacts with the L protein of Borna disease virus and mediates the chromosomal tethering of viral ribonucleoproteins. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:492-504. [PMID: 34324219 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Persistent intranuclear infection is an uncommon infection strategy among RNA viruses. However, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, maintains viral infection in the cell nucleus by forming structured aggregates of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), and by tethering these vRNPs onto the host chromosomes. To better understand the nuclear infection strategy of BoDV-1, we determined the host protein interactors of the BoDV-1 large (L) protein. By proximity-dependent biotinylation, we identified several nuclear host proteins interacting with BoDV-1 L, one of which is TRMT112, a partner of several RNA methyltransferases (MTase). TRMT112 binds with BoDV-1 L at the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain, together with BUD23, an 18S rRNA MTase and 40S ribosomal maturation factor. We then discovered that BUD23-TRMT112 mediates the chromosomal tethering of BoDV-1 vRNPs, and that the MTase activity is necessary in the tethering process. These findings provide us a better understanding on how nuclear host proteins assist the chromosomal tethering of BoDV-1, as well as new prospects of host-viral interactions for intranuclear infection strategy of orthobornaviruses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Clarise B Garcia
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Shohei Kojima
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Bonnet-Magnaval F, DesGroseillers L. The Staufen1-dependent cell cycle regulon or how a misregulated RNA-binding protein leads to cancer. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2192-2208. [PMID: 34018319 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of reports have linked the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 (STAU1) to the control of cell decision making. In non-transformed cells, STAU1 balances the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) regulons that regulate differentiation and well-ordered cell division. Misregulation of STAU1 expression and/or functions changes the fragile balance in the expression of pro- and anti-proliferative and apoptotic genes and favours a novel equilibrium that supports cell proliferation and cancer development. The misregulation of STAU1 functions causes multiple coordinated modest effects in the post-transcriptional regulation of many RNA targets that code for cell cycle regulators, leading to dramatic consequences at the cellular level. The new tumorigenic equilibrium in STAU1-mediated gene regulation observed in cancer cells can be further altered by a slight increase in STAU1 expression that favours expression of pro-apoptotic genes and cell death. The STAU1-dependent cell cycle regulon is a good model to study how abnormal expression of an RNA-binding protein promotes cell growth and provides an advantageous selection of malignant cells in the first step of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bonnet-Magnaval
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Édouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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10
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Dicker K, Järvelin AI, Garcia-Moreno M, Castello A. The importance of virion-incorporated cellular RNA-Binding Proteins in viral particle assembly and infectivity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 111:108-118. [PMID: 32921578 PMCID: PMC7482619 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA is a central molecule in RNA virus biology due to its dual function as messenger and genome. However, the small number of proteins encoded by viral genomes is insufficient to enable virus infection. Hence, viruses hijack cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to aid replication and spread. In this review we discuss the 'knowns' and 'unknowns' regarding the contribution of host RBPs to the formation of viral particles and the initial steps of infection in the newly infected cell. Through comparison of the virion proteomes of ten different human RNA viruses, we confirm that a pool of cellular RBPs are typically incorporated into viral particles. We describe here illustrative examples supporting the important functions of these RBPs in viral particle formation and infectivity and we propose that the role of host RBPs in these steps can be broader than previously anticipated. Understanding how cellular RBPs regulate virus infection can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dicker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Manuel Garcia-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alfredo Castello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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11
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Effect of Small Polyanions on In Vitro Assembly of Selected Members of Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaretroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010129. [PMID: 33477490 PMCID: PMC7831069 DOI: 10.3390/v13010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of a hexameric lattice of retroviral immature particles requires the involvement of cell factors such as proteins and small molecules. A small, negatively charged polyanionic molecule, myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), was identified to stimulate the assembly of immature particles of HIV-1 and other lentiviruses. Interestingly, cryo-electron tomography analysis of the immature particles of two lentiviruses, HIV-1 and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), revealed that the IP6 binding site is similar. Based on this amino acid conservation of the IP6 interacting site, it is presumed that the assembly of immature particles of all lentiviruses is stimulated by IP6. Although this specific region for IP6 binding may be unique for lentiviruses, it is plausible that other retroviral species also recruit some small polyanion to facilitate the assembly of their immature particles. To study whether the assembly of retroviruses other than lentiviruses can be stimulated by polyanionic molecules, we measured the effect of various polyanions on the assembly of immature virus-like particles of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), a member of alpharetroviruses, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) representative of betaretroviruses, and murine leukemia virus (MLV), a member of gammaretroviruses. RSV, M-PMV and MLV immature virus-like particles were assembled in vitro from truncated Gag molecules and the effect of selected polyanions, myo-inostol hexaphosphate, myo-inositol, glucose-1,6-bisphosphate, myo-inositol hexasulphate, and mellitic acid, on the particles assembly was quantified. Our results suggest that the assembly of immature particles of RSV and MLV was indeed stimulated by the presence of myo-inostol hexaphosphate and myo-inositol, respectively. In contrast, no effect on the assembly of M-PMV as a betaretrovirus member was observed.
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12
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How HIV-1 Gag Manipulates Its Host Cell Proteins: A Focus on Interactors of the Nucleocapsid Domain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080888. [PMID: 32823718 PMCID: PMC7471995 DOI: 10.3390/v12080888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) polyprotein Gag (Group-specific antigen) plays a central role in controlling the late phase of the viral lifecycle. Considered to be only a scaffolding protein for a long time, the structural protein Gag plays determinate and specific roles in HIV-1 replication. Indeed, via its different domains, Gag orchestrates the specific encapsidation of the genomic RNA, drives the formation of the viral particle by its auto-assembly (multimerization), binds multiple viral proteins, and interacts with a large number of cellular proteins that are needed for its functions from its translation location to the plasma membrane, where newly formed virions are released. Here, we review the interactions between HIV-1 Gag and 66 cellular proteins. Notably, we describe the techniques used to evidence these interactions, the different domains of Gag involved, and the implications of these interactions in the HIV-1 replication cycle. In the final part, we focus on the interactions involving the highly conserved nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag and detail the functions of the NC interactants along the viral lifecycle.
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13
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Sha TW, Weber M, Kasumba DM, Noda T, Nakano M, Kato H, Fujita T. Influenza A virus NS1 optimises virus infectivity by enhancing genome packaging in a dsRNA-binding dependent manner. Virol J 2020; 17:107. [PMID: 32677963 PMCID: PMC7367362 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus (IAV) is a key player in inhibiting antiviral response in host cells, thereby facilitating its replication. However, other roles of NS1, which are independent of antagonising host cells’ antiviral response, are less characterised. Methods To investigate these unidentified roles, we used a recombinant virus, which lacks NS1 expression, and observed its phenotypes during the infection of antiviral defective cells (RIG-I KO cells) in the presence or absence of exogeneous NS1. Moreover, we used virus-like particle (VLP) production system to further support our findings. Results Our experiments demonstrated that IAV deficient in NS1 replicates less efficiently than wild-type IAV in RIG-I KO cells and this replication defect was complemented by ectopic expression of NS1. As suggested previously, NS1 is incorporated in the virion and participates in the regulation of viral transcription and translation. Using the VLP production system, in which minigenome transcription or viral protein production was unaffected by NS1, we demonstrated that NS1 facilitates viral genome packaging into VLP, leading to efficient minigenome transfer by VLP. Furthermore, the incorporation of NS1 and the minigenome into VLP were impaired by introducing a point mutation (R38A) in the double stranded RNA-binding domain of NS1. Conclusion These results suggest a novel function of NS1 in improving genome packaging in a dsRNA binding-dependent manner. Taken together, NS1 acts as an essential pro-viral regulator, not only by antagonizing host immunity but also by facilitating viral replication and genome packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wai Sha
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michaela Weber
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dacquin M Kasumba
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Laboratory of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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14
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Leon K, Ott M. An 'Arms Race' between the Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay Pathway and Viral Infections. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:101-107. [PMID: 32553580 PMCID: PMC7295464 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway is an RNA quality control pathway conserved among eukaryotic cells. While historically thought to predominantly recognize transcripts with premature termination codons, it is now known that the NMD pathway plays a variety of roles, from homeostatic events to control of viral pathogens. In this review we highlight the reciprocal interactions between the host NMD pathway and viral pathogens, which have shaped both the host antiviral defense and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Leon
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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15
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Ghram M, Bonnet-Magnaval F, Hotea DI, Doran B, Ly S, DesGroseillers L. Staufen1 is Essential for Cell-Cycle Transitions and Cell Proliferation Via the Control of E2F1 Expression. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3881-3897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Visentin S, Cannone G, Doutch J, Harris G, Gleghorn ML, Clifton L, Smith BO, Spagnolo L. A multipronged approach to understanding the form and function of hStaufen protein. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:265-277. [PMID: 31852734 PMCID: PMC7025507 DOI: 10.1261/rna.072595.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Staufen is a dsRNA-binding protein involved in many aspects of RNA regulation, such as mRNA transport, Staufen-mediated mRNA decay and the regulation of mRNA translation. It is a modular protein characterized by the presence of conserved consensus amino acid sequences that fold into double-stranded RNA binding domains (RBDs) as well as degenerated RBDs that are instead involved in protein-protein interactions. The variety of biological processes in which Staufen participates in the cell suggests that this protein associates with many diverse RNA targets, some of which have been identified experimentally. Staufen binding mediates the recruitment of effectors via protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. The structural determinants of a number of these interactions, as well as the structure of full-length Staufen, remain unknown. Here, we present the first solution structure models for full-length hStaufen155, showing that its domains are arranged as beads-on-a-string connected by flexible linkers. In analogy with other nucleic acid-binding proteins, this could underpin Stau1 functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Visentin
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, United Kingdom
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Cannone
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Gleghorn
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Luke Clifton
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
| | - Brian O Smith
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Spagnolo
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Characterization of influenza H1N1 Gag virus-like particles and extracellular vesicles co-produced in HEK-293SF. Vaccine 2019; 37:7100-7107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Rao S, Hassine S, Monette A, Amorim R, DesGroseillers L, Mouland AJ. HIV-1 requires Staufen1 to dissociate stress granules and to produce infectious viral particles. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:727-736. [PMID: 30902835 PMCID: PMC6521601 DOI: 10.1261/rna.069351.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA (vRNA) has two major fates during viral replication: to serve as the template for the major structural and enzymatic proteins, or to be encapsidated and packaged into assembling virions to serve as the genomic vRNA in budding viruses. The dynamic balance between vRNA translation and encapsidation is mediated by numerous host proteins, including Staufen1. During HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 recruits Staufen1 to assemble a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex promoting vRNA encapsidation and viral assembly. Staufen1 also rescues vRNA translation and gene expression during conditions of cellular stress. In this work, we utilized novel Staufen1-/- gene-edited cells to further characterize the contribution of Staufen1 in HIV-1 replication. We observed a marked deficiency in the ability of HIV-1 to dissociate stress granules (SGs) in Staufen1-deficient cells and remarkably, the vRNA repositioned to SGs. These phenotypes were rescued by Staufen1 expression in trans or in cis, but not by a dsRBD-binding mutant, Staufen1F135A. The mistrafficking of the vRNA in these Staufen1-/- cells was also accompanied by a dramatic decrease in viral production and infectivity. This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms by which HIV-1 uses Staufen1 to ensure optimal vRNA translation and trafficking, supporting an integral role for Staufen1 in the HIV-1 life cycle, positioning it as an attractive target for next-generation antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Sami Hassine
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4A 3J1
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19
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Rao S, Amorim R, Niu M, Breton Y, Tremblay MJ, Mouland AJ. Host mRNA decay proteins influence HIV-1 replication and viral gene expression in primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Retrovirology 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30732620 PMCID: PMC6367771 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells harbour RNA quality control and degradative machineries such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay that target cellular mRNAs for clearance from the cell to avoid aberrant gene expression. The role of the host mRNA decay pathways in macrophages in the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is yet to be elucidated. Macrophages are directly infected by HIV-1, mediate the dissemination of the virus and contribute to the chronic activation of the inflammatory response observed in infected individuals. Therefore, we characterized the effects of four host mRNA decay proteins, i.e., UPF1, UPF2, SMG6 and Staufen1, on viral replication in HIV-1-infected primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RESULTS Steady-state expression levels of these host mRNA decay proteins were significantly downregulated in HIV-1-infected MDMs. Moreover, UPF2 and SMG6 inhibited HIV-1 gene expression in macrophages to a similar level achieved by SAMHD1, by directly influencing viral genomic RNA levels. Staufen1, a host protein also involved in UPF1-dependent mRNA decay and that acts at several HIV-1 replication steps, enhanced HIV-1 gene expression in MDMs. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for roles of host mRNA decay proteins in regulating HIV-1 replication in infected macrophages and can serve as potential targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Lazzaretti D, Bandholz-Cajamarca L, Emmerich C, Schaaf K, Basquin C, Irion U, Bono F. The crystal structure of Staufen1 in complex with a physiological RNA sheds light on substrate selectivity. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800187. [PMID: 30456389 PMCID: PMC6238398 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination of in vitro and in vivo data show that RNA sequence influences Staufen target recognition and that protein–RNA base contacts are required for Staufen function in Drosophila. During mRNA localization, RNA-binding proteins interact with specific structured mRNA localization motifs. Although several such motifs have been identified, we have limited structural information on how these interact with RNA-binding proteins. Staufen proteins bind structured mRNA motifs through dsRNA-binding domains (dsRBD) and are involved in mRNA localization in Drosophila and mammals. We solved the structure of two dsRBDs of human Staufen1 in complex with a physiological dsRNA sequence. We identified interactions between the dsRBDs and the RNA sugar–phosphate backbone and direct contacts of conserved Staufen residues to RNA bases. Mutating residues mediating nonspecific backbone interactions only affected Staufen function in Drosophila when in vitro binding was severely reduced. Conversely, residues involved in base-directed interactions were required in vivo even when they minimally affected in vitro binding. Our work revealed that Staufen can read sequence features in the minor groove of dsRNA and suggests that these influence target selection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Schaaf
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Basquin
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Uwe Irion
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Bono
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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21
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Ye C, Yu Z, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Ruan Y, Guo Y, Chen M, Luan S, Zhang E, Liu H. STAU1 binds to IBDV genomic double-stranded RNA and promotes viral replication via attenuation of MDA5-dependent β interferon induction. FASEB J 2018; 33:286-300. [PMID: 29979632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800062rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection triggers the induction of type I IFN, which is mediated by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 recognition of the viral genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the mechanism of IBDV overcoming the type I IFN antiviral response remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that IBDV genomic dsRNA selectively binds to the host cellular RNA binding protein Staufen1 (STAU1) in vitro and in vivo. The viral dsRNA binding region was mapped to the N-terminal moiety of STAU1 (residues 1-468). Down-regulation of STAU1 impaired IBDV replication and enhanced IFN-β transcription in response to IBDV infection, while having little effect on the viral attachment to the host cells and cellular entry. Conversely, overexpression of STAU1 but not the IBDV dsRNA-binding deficient STAU1 mutant (469-702) led to a suppression of IBDV dsRNA-induced IFN-β promoter activity. Moreover, we found that the binding of STAU1 to IBDV dsRNA decreased the association of melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 but not VP3 with the IBDV dsRNA in vitro. Finally, we showed that STAU1 and VP3 suppressed IFN-β gene transcription in response to IBDV infection in an additive manner. Collectively, these findings provide a novel insight into the evasive strategies used by IBDV to escape the host IFN antiviral response.-Ye, C., Yu, Z., Xiong, Y., Wang, Y., Ruan, Y., Guo, Y., Chen, M., Luan, S., Zhang, E., Liu, H. STAU1 binds to IBDV genomic double-stranded RNA and promotes viral replication via attenuation of MDA5-dependent β interferon induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Zhaoli Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yina Ruan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Yueping Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Mianmian Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Shilu Luan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Enli Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Hebin Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China; and.,Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Smyth RP, Smith MR, Jousset AC, Despons L, Laumond G, Decoville T, Cattenoz P, Moog C, Jossinet F, Mougel M, Paillart JC, von Kleist M, Marquet R. In cell mutational interference mapping experiment (in cell MIME) identifies the 5' polyadenylation signal as a dual regulator of HIV-1 genomic RNA production and packaging. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:e57. [PMID: 29514260 PMCID: PMC5961354 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA regulatory elements are important for viral replication, making them promising targets for therapeutic intervention. However, regulatory RNA is challenging to detect and characterise using classical structure-function assays. Here, we present in cell Mutational Interference Mapping Experiment (in cell MIME) as a way to define RNA regulatory landscapes at single nucleotide resolution under native conditions. In cell MIME is based on (i) random mutation of an RNA target, (ii) expression of mutated RNA in cells, (iii) physical separation of RNA into functional and non-functional populations, and (iv) high-throughput sequencing to identify mutations affecting function. We used in cell MIME to define RNA elements within the 5' region of the HIV-1 genomic RNA (gRNA) that are important for viral replication in cells. We identified three distinct RNA motifs controlling intracellular gRNA production, and two distinct motifs required for gRNA packaging into virions. Our analysis reveals the 73AAUAAA78 polyadenylation motif within the 5' PolyA domain as a dual regulator of gRNA production and gRNA packaging, and demonstrates that a functional polyadenylation signal is required for viral packaging even though it negatively affects gRNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redmond P Smyth
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maureen R Smith
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Caroline Jousset
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Despons
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Decoville
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Cattenoz
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Jossinet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marylène Mougel
- IRIM CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Max von Kleist
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Marquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, IBMC, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Rao S, Cinti A, Temzi A, Amorim R, You JC, Mouland AJ. HIV-1 NC-induced stress granule assembly and translation arrest are inhibited by the dsRNA binding protein Staufen1. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:219-236. [PMID: 29127210 PMCID: PMC5769749 DOI: 10.1261/rna.064618.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (NC) is an N-terminal protein derived from the HIV-1 Gag precursor polyprotein, pr55Gag NC possesses key functions at several pivotal stages of viral replication. For example, an interaction between NC and the host double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen1 was shown to regulate several steps in the viral replication cycle, such as Gag multimerization and genomic RNA encapsidation. In this work, we observed that the overexpression of NC leads to the induction of stress granule (SG) assembly. NC-mediated SG assembly was unique as it was resistant to the SG blockade imposed by the HIV-1 capsid (CA), as shown in earlier work. NC also reduced host cell mRNA translation, as judged by a puromycylation assay of de novo synthesized proteins, and this was recapitulated in polysome profile analyses. Virus production was also found to be significantly reduced. Finally, Staufen1 expression completely rescued the blockade to NC-mediated SG assembly, global mRNA translation as well as virus production. NC expression also resulted in the phosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR) and eIF2α, and this was inhibited with Staufen1 coexpression. This work sheds light on an unexpected function of NC in host cell translation. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a fine balance of the HIV-1 structural proteins NC and CA act in concert with host proteins such as Staufen1 to modulate the host stress response will aid in the development of new antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Abdelkrim Temzi
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Ji Chang You
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu Banpo-dong 505, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
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24
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Pastuzyn ED, Day CE, Kearns RB, Kyrke-Smith M, Taibi AV, McCormick J, Yoder N, Belnap DM, Erlendsson S, Morado DR, Briggs JAG, Feschotte C, Shepherd JD. The Neuronal Gene Arc Encodes a Repurposed Retrotransposon Gag Protein that Mediates Intercellular RNA Transfer. Cell 2018; 172:275-288.e18. [PMID: 29328916 PMCID: PMC5884693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal gene Arc is essential for long-lasting information storage in the mammalian brain, mediates various forms of synaptic plasticity, and has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, little is known about Arc's molecular function and evolutionary origins. Here, we show that Arc self-assembles into virus-like capsids that encapsulate RNA. Endogenous Arc protein is released from neurons in extracellular vesicles that mediate the transfer of Arc mRNA into new target cells, where it can undergo activity-dependent translation. Purified Arc capsids are endocytosed and are able to transfer Arc mRNA into the cytoplasm of neurons. These results show that Arc exhibits similar molecular properties to retroviral Gag proteins. Evolutionary analysis indicates that Arc is derived from a vertebrate lineage of Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons, which are also ancestors to retroviruses. These findings suggest that Gag retroelements have been repurposed during evolution to mediate intercellular communication in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa D Pastuzyn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cameron E Day
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rachel B Kearns
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Madeleine Kyrke-Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew V Taibi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John McCormick
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nathan Yoder
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David M Belnap
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Simon Erlendsson
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jason D Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biochemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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25
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Cellular RNA Helicases Support Early and Late Events in Retroviral Replication. RETROVIRUS-CELL INTERACTIONS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149973 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811185-7.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses commandeer cell RNA helicases (RHs). Cell RHs are necessary for early and late events in retrovirus replication. The provirus is adopted by the cell-endogenous nuclear and cytoplasmic gene expression types of machinery. Whereas retroviruses engender the supportive activity of cell RHs, other RNA viruses provoke theantiviral role of this superfamily of conserved proteins. In this chapter, we contrast retrovirus reliance on host RNA helicases to support their replication cycle, with the virus-encoded helicaseactivity utilized by RNA viruses in cytoplasmic factories. Ironically, RHs are agonists to retroviruses and antagonists to other RNA viruses.
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26
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Shepherd JD. Arc - An endogenous neuronal retrovirus? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:73-78. [PMID: 28941877 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal gene Arc is essential for long-lasting information storage in the mammalian brain and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. However, little is known about Arc's evolutionary origins. Recent studies suggest that mammalian Arc originated from a vertebrate lineage of Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons, which are also ancestral to retroviruses. In particular, Arc contains homology to the Gag polyprotein that forms the viral capsid and is essential for viral infectivity. This surprising connection raises the intriguing possibility that Arc may share molecular characteristics of retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Utah School of Medicine, 4539 SMBB, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United States.
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27
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The Life-Cycle of the HIV-1 Gag-RNA Complex. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090248. [PMID: 27626439 PMCID: PMC5035962 DOI: 10.3390/v8090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication is a highly regulated process requiring the recruitment of viral and cellular components to the plasma membrane for assembly into infectious particles. This review highlights the recent process of understanding the selection of the genomic RNA (gRNA) by the viral Pr55Gag precursor polyprotein, and the processes leading to its incorporation into viral particles.
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28
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Ferrer M, Clerté C, Chamontin C, Basyuk E, Lainé S, Hottin J, Bertrand E, Margeat E, Mougel M. Imaging HIV-1 RNA dimerization in cells by multicolor super-resolution and fluctuation microscopies. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7922-34. [PMID: 27280976 PMCID: PMC5027490 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimerization is a unique and vital characteristic of retroviral genomes. It is commonly accepted that genomic RNA (gRNA) must be dimeric at the plasma membrane of the infected cells to be packaged during virus assembly. However, where, when and how HIV-1 gRNA find each other and dimerize in the cell are long-standing questions that cannot be answered using conventional approaches. Here, we combine two state-of-the-art, multicolor RNA labeling strategies with two single-molecule microscopy technologies to address these questions. We used 3D-super-resolution structured illumination microscopy to analyze and quantify the spatial gRNA association throughout the cell and monitored the dynamics of RNA-RNA complexes in living-cells by cross-correlation fluctuation analysis. These sensitive and complementary approaches, combined with trans-complementation experiments, reveal for the first time the presence of interacting gRNA in the cytosol, a challenging observation due to the low frequency of these events and their dilution among the bulk of other RNAs, and allow the determination of the subcellular orchestration of the HIV-1 dimerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Ferrer
- Centre d'études d'agents pathogènes et biotechnologies pour la santé, CPBS-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Clerté
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Chamontin
- Centre d'études d'agents pathogènes et biotechnologies pour la santé, CPBS-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Lainé
- Centre d'études d'agents pathogènes et biotechnologies pour la santé, CPBS-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérome Hottin
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Margeat
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marylène Mougel
- Centre d'études d'agents pathogènes et biotechnologies pour la santé, CPBS-CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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29
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Hohn O, Mostafa S, Norley S, Bannert N. Development of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of the p27-CA protein of HERV-K(HML-2). J Virol Methods 2016; 234:186-92. [PMID: 27142113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection or quantification of retroviruses is often achieved using an antigen-capture ELISA (AC-ELISA) that targets the Gag capsid (CA) protein. We report here the development of an AC-ELISA specific for the p27-CA protein of HERV-K(HML-2). A monoclonal p27-specific antibody is used for capture and a polyclonal anti-p27-CA immune serum generated in rabbits serves for detection. The assay was shown to be specific for HERV-K(HML-2), showing no evidence of cross reactivity with the human retroviruses HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1 or with XMRV (as a model non-human gammaretrovirus). Using purified recombinant antigen, the limit of detection was shown to be 130pg/ml. The AC-ELISA can be used to quantify HERV-K(HML-2) expression in teratocarcinoma cell lines and to normalize HERV particles generated by transfecting HEK 293T cells with full-length molecular clones. This novel AC-ELISA also proved useful in studies of virus regulation, for example in demonstrating that HERV-K(HML-2) expression is dramatically enhanced by overexpression of Staufen-1, a binding partner of the HERV-K(HML-2) Rec protein. This specific and sensitive HERV-K(HML-2) AC-ELISA will be a useful tool for investigating many aspects of endogenous retroviruses, from basic research to the role they may play in human diseases or as a surrogate marker for particular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hohn
- Robert Koch Institute, Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeed Mostafa
- Robert Koch Institute, Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Norley
- Robert Koch Institute, Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert Koch Institute, Division for HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Dixit U, Pandey AK, Mishra P, Sengupta A, Pandey VN. Staufen1 promotes HCV replication by inhibiting protein kinase R and transporting viral RNA to the site of translation and replication in the cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5271-87. [PMID: 27106056 PMCID: PMC4914112 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to chronic hepatitis C (CHC), which often progresses to liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms that establish CHC and cause its subsequent development into LC and HCC are poorly understood. We have identified a cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA binding protein, Stau1, which is crucial for HCV replication. In this study, Stau1 specifically interacted with the variable-stem-loop region in the 3′ NTR and domain IIId of the HCV-IRES in the 5′ NTR, and promoted HCV replication and translation. Stau1 coimmunoprecipitates HCV NS5B and a cell factor, protein kinase R (PKR), which is critical for interferon-induced cellular antiviral and antiproliferative responses. Like Stau1, PKR displayed binding specificity to domain IIId of HCV-IRES. Stau1 binds to PKR and strongly inhibits PKR-autophosphorylation. We demonstrated that the transport of HCV RNA on the polysomes is Stau1-dependent, being mainly localized in the monosome fractions when Stau1 is downregulated and exclusively localized in the polysomes when Stau1 is overexpressed. Our findings suggest that HCV may appropriate Stau1 to its advantage to prevent PKR-mediated inhibition of eIF2α, which is required for the synthesis of HCV proteins for translocation of viral RNA genome to the polysomes for efficient translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Updesh Dixit
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Priya Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Amitabha Sengupta
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Virendra N Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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31
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Stake M, Singh D, Singh G, Marcela Hernandez J, Kaddis Maldonado R, Parent LJ, Boris-Lawrie K. HIV-1 and two avian retroviral 5' untranslated regions bind orthologous human and chicken RNA binding proteins. Virology 2015; 486:307-20. [PMID: 26584240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential host cofactors in retrovirus replication bind cis-acting sequences in the 5'untranslated region (UTR). Although host RBPs are crucial to all aspects of virus biology, elucidating their roles in replication remains a challenge to the field. Here RNA affinity-coupled-proteomics generated a comprehensive, unbiased inventory of human and avian RNA binding proteins (RBPs) co-isolating with 5'UTRs of HIV-1, spleen necrosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus. Applying stringent biochemical and statistical criteria, we identified 185 RBP; 122 were previously implicated in retrovirus biology and 63 are new to the 5'UTR proteome. RNA electrophoretic mobility assays investigated paralogs present in the common ancestor of vertebrates and one hnRNP was identified as a central node to the biological process-anchored networks of HIV-1, SNV, and RSV 5' UTR-proteomes. This comprehensive view of the host constituents of retroviral RNPs is broadly applicable to investigation of viral replication and antiviral response in both human and avian cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stake
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Deepali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India.
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 205 VSB, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
| | - J Marcela Hernandez
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, Center for RNA Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Rebecca Kaddis Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Leslie J Parent
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Department Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 205 VSB, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
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32
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Ajamian L, Abel K, Rao S, Vyboh K, García-de-Gracia F, Soto-Rifo R, Kulozik AE, Gehring NH, Mouland AJ. HIV-1 Recruits UPF1 but Excludes UPF2 to Promote Nucleocytoplasmic Export of the Genomic RNA. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2808-39. [PMID: 26492277 PMCID: PMC4693258 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspliced, genomic HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) is a component of several ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) during the viral replication cycle. In earlier work, we demonstrated that the host upframeshift protein 1 (UPF1), a key factor in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), colocalized and associated to the viral structural protein Gag during viral egress. In this work, we demonstrate a new function for UPF1 in the regulation of vRNA nuclear export. OPEN ACCESS Biomolecules 2015, 5 2809 We establish that the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of UPF1 is required for this function and demonstrate that UPF1 exists in two essential viral RNPs during the late phase of HIV-1 replication: the first, in a nuclear export RNP that contains Rev, CRM1, DDX3 and the nucleoporin p62, and the second, which excludes these nuclear export markers but contains Gag in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, we observed that both UPF2 and the long isoform of UPF3a, UPF3aL, but not the shorter isoforms UPF3aS and UPF3b, are excluded from the UPF1-Rev-CRM1-DDX3 complex as they are negative regulators of vRNA nuclear export. In silico protein-protein docking analyses suggest that Rev binds UPF1 in a region that overlaps the UPF2 binding site, thus explaining the exclusion of this negative regulatory factor by HIV-1 that is necessary for vRNA trafficking. This work uncovers a novel and unique regulatory circuit involving several UPF proteins that ultimately regulate vRNA nuclear export and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ajamian
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Karen Abel
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Kishanda Vyboh
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Francisco García-de-Gracia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 8389100, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 8389100, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Molecular Medicine, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Niels H Gehring
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany.
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research-Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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33
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Orecchini E, Federico M, Doria M, Arenaccio C, Giuliani E, Ciafrè SA, Michienzi A. The ADAR1 editing enzyme is encapsidated into HIV-1 virions. Virology 2015; 485:475-80. [PMID: 26363218 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) was previously reported to affect HIV-1 replication. We report data showing that ADAR1 interacts with the HIV-1 p55 Gag protein, the major structural protein of the immature virus capsid. Furthermore, we found that the endogenous ADAR1 is incorporated into virions purified from the supernatant of primary HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Additional experiments demonstrated that the expression of the p55 Gag protein is sufficient for ADAR1 incorporation into virus-like particles (VLPs). Overall, our data originally support the evidence that ADAR1 can be part of the cell protein array uploaded in HIV-1 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Orecchini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children׳s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children׳s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Anna Ciafrè
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Michienzi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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34
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Mori M, Kovalenko L, Lyonnais S, Antaki D, Torbett BE, Botta M, Mirambeau G, Mély Y. Nucleocapsid Protein: A Desirable Target for Future Therapies Against HIV-1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:53-92. [PMID: 25749978 PMCID: PMC7122173 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available anti-HIV-1 therapeutics is highly beneficial to infected patients. However, clinical failures occur as a result of the ability of HIV-1 to rapidly mutate. One approach to overcome drug resistance is to target HIV-1 proteins that are highly conserved among phylogenetically distant viral strains and currently not targeted by available therapies. In this respect, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, a zinc finger protein, is particularly attractive, as it is highly conserved and plays a central role in virus replication, mainly by interacting with nucleic acids. The compelling rationale for considering NC as a viable drug target is illustrated by the fact that point mutants of this protein lead to noninfectious viruses and by the inability to select viruses resistant to a first generation of anti-NC drugs. In our review, we discuss the most relevant properties and functions of NC, as well as recent developments of small molecules targeting NC. Zinc ejectors show strong antiviral activity, but are endowed with a low therapeutic index due to their lack of specificity, which has resulted in toxicity. Currently, they are mainly being investigated for use as topical microbicides. Greater specificity may be achieved by using non-covalent NC inhibitors (NCIs) targeting the hydrophobic platform at the top of the zinc fingers or key nucleic acid partners of NC. Within the last few years, innovative methodologies have been developed to identify NCIs. Though the antiviral activity of the identified NCIs needs still to be improved, these compounds strongly support the druggability of NC and pave the way for future structure-based design and optimization of efficient NCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Li M. Proteomics in the investigation of HIV-1 interactions with host proteins. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:221-34. [PMID: 25523935 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Productive HIV-1 infection depends on host machinery, including a broad array of cellular proteins. Proteomics has played a significant role in the discovery of HIV-1 host proteins. In this review, after a brief survey of the HIV-1 host proteins that were discovered by proteomic analyses, I focus on analyzing the interactions between the virion and host proteins, as well as the technologies and strategies used in those proteomic studies. With the help of proteomics, the identification and characterization of HIV-1 host proteins can be translated into novel antiretroviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 employs the cellular dynein light chain 1 protein for reverse transcription through interaction with its integrase protein. J Virol 2015; 89:3497-511. [PMID: 25568209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we examined the requirement for host dynein adapter proteins such as dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1), dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 (DYNLT1), and p150(Glued) in early steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. We found that the knockdown (KD) of DYNLL1, but not DYNLT1 or p150(Glued), resulted in significantly lower levels of HIV-1 reverse transcription in cells. Following an attempt to determine how DYNLL1 could impact HIV-1 reverse transcription, we detected the DYNLL1 interaction with HIV-1 integrase (IN) but not with capsid (CA), matrix (MA), or reverse transcriptase (RT) protein. Furthermore, by mutational analysis of putative DYNLL1 interaction motifs in IN, we identified the motifs (52)GQVD and (250)VIQD in IN as essential for DYNLL1 interaction. The DYNLL1 interaction-defective IN mutant HIV-1 (HIV-1IN(Q53A/Q252A)) exhibited impaired reverse transcription. Through further investigations, we have also detected relatively smaller amounts of particulate CA in DYNLL1-KD cells or in infections with HIV-1IN(Q53A/Q252A) mutant virus. Overall, our study demonstrates the novel interaction between HIV-1 IN and cellular DYNLL1 proteins and suggests the requirement of this virus-cell interaction for proper uncoating and efficient reverse transcription of HIV-1. IMPORTANCE Host cellular DYNLL1, DYNLT1, and p150(Glued) proteins have been implicated in the replication of several viruses. However, their roles in HIV-1 replication have not been investigated. For the first time, we demonstrated that during viral infection, HIV-1 IN interacts with DYNLL1, and their interaction was found to have a role in proper uncoating and efficient reverse transcription of HIV-1. Thus, interaction of IN and DYNLL1 may be a potential target for future anti-HIV therapy. Moreover, while our study has evaluated the involvement of IN in HIV-1 uncoating and reverse transcription, it also predicts a possible mechanism by which IN contributes to these early viral replication steps.
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How HIV-1 Gag assembles in cells: Putting together pieces of the puzzle. Virus Res 2014; 193:89-107. [PMID: 25066606 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the late stage of the viral life cycle, HIV-1 Gag assembles into a spherical immature capsid, and undergoes budding, release, and maturation. Here we review events involved in immature capsid assembly from the perspective of five different approaches used to study this process: mutational analysis, structural studies, assembly of purified recombinant Gag, assembly of newly translated Gag in a cell-free system, and studies in cells using biochemical and imaging techniques. We summarize key findings obtained using each approach, point out where there is consensus, and highlight unanswered questions. Particular emphasis is placed on reconciling data suggesting that Gag assembles by two different paths, depending on the assembly environment. Specifically, in assembly systems that lack cellular proteins, high concentrations of Gag can spontaneously assemble using purified nucleic acid as a scaffold. However, in the more complex intracellular environment, barriers that limit self-assembly are present in the form of cellular proteins, organelles, host defenses, and the absence of free nucleic acid. To overcome these barriers and promote efficient immature capsid formation in an unfavorable environment, Gag appears to utilize an energy-dependent, host-catalyzed, pathway of assembly intermediates in cells. Overall, we show how data obtained using a variety of techniques has led to our current understanding of HIV assembly.
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Sutandy FXR, Hsiao FSH, Chen CS. High throughput platform to explore RNA-protein interactomes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:11-9. [PMID: 25025276 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.922916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA interaction is an emerging topic in molecular biology. Many reports showed that such interactions contribute to many cellular processes as well as disease development. Several standard in vitro and in vivo methods were developed to fulfill the needs of this RBP-RNA interaction study to explore their biological functions. However, these methods have their limitations in terms of throughput. In this review, we emphasize two important high throughput methods to studying RBP-RNA interactions, affinity purification and protein microarray. These methods have recently become robust techniques regarding their efficiency in systematically analyzing RBP-RNA interactions. Here, we provide technique overviews, strategies and applications of these methods during biological research. Although these technologies are just beginning to be explored, they will be most important methods in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Reymond Sutandy
- a Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan
| | - Felix Shih-Hsiang Hsiao
- a Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- a Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , Jhongli , Taiwan
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Proteome analysis of the HIV-1 Gag interactome. Virology 2014; 460-461:194-206. [PMID: 25010285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus Gag drives assembly of virions in infected cells and interacts with host factors which facilitate or restrict viral replication. Although several Gag-binding proteins have been characterized, understanding of virus-host interactions remains incomplete. In a series of six affinity purification screens, we have identified protein candidates for interaction with HIV-1 Gag. Proteins previously found in virions or identified in siRNA screens for host factors influencing HIV-1 replication were recovered. Helicases, translation factors, cytoskeletal and motor proteins, factors involved in RNA degradation and RNA interference were enriched in the interaction data. Cellular networks of cytoskeleton, SR proteins and tRNA synthetases were identified. Most prominently, components of cytoplasmic RNA transport granules were co-purified with Gag. This study provides a survey of known Gag-host interactions and identifies novel Gag binding candidates. These factors are associated with distinct molecular functions and cellular pathways relevant in host-pathogen interactions.
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de Lucas S, Oliveros JC, Chagoyen M, Ortín J. Functional signature for the recognition of specific target mRNAs by human Staufen1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4516-26. [PMID: 24470147 PMCID: PMC3985646 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are associated to proteins in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. The double-stranded RNA-binding (DRB) proteins play important roles in mRNA synthesis, modification, activity and decay. Staufen is a DRB protein involved in the localized translation of specific mRNAs during Drosophila early development. The human Staufen1 (hStau1) forms RNA granules that contain translation regulation proteins as well as cytoskeleton and motor proteins to allow the movement of the granule on microtubules, but the mechanisms of hStau1-RNA recognition are still unclear. Here we used a combination of affinity chromatography, RNAse-protection, deep-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to identify mRNAs differentially associated to hStau1 or a mutant protein unable to bind RNA and, in this way, defined a collection of mRNAs specifically associated to wt hStau1. A common sequence signature consisting of two opposite-polarity Alu motifs was present in the hStau1-associated mRNAs and was shown to be sufficient for binding to hStau1 and hStau1-dependent stimulation of protein expression. Our results unravel how hStau1 identifies a wide spectrum of cellular target mRNAs to control their localization, expression and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Lucas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), C/Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ISCIII), Mallorca, Spain, Servicio de Genómica Computacional, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), C/Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and Bioinformática de Sistemas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), C/Darwin 3, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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The roles of APOBEC3G complexes in the incorporation of APOBEC3G into HIV-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74892. [PMID: 24098356 PMCID: PMC3788789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incorporation of human APOBEC3G (hA3G) into HIV is required for exerting its antiviral activity, therefore the mechanism underlying hA3G virion encapsidation has been investigated extensively. hA3G was shown to form low-molecular-mass (LMM) and high-molecular-mass (HMM) complexes. The function of different forms of hA3G in its viral incorporation remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the subcellular distribution and lipid raft association of hA3G using subcellular fractionation, membrane floatation assay and pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments respectively, and studied the correlation between the ability of hA3G to form the different complex and its viral incorporation. Our work herein provides evidence that the majority of newly-synthesized hA3G interacts with membrane lipid raft domains to form Lipid raft-associated hA3G (RA hA3G), which serve as the precursor of mature HMM hA3G complex, while a minority of newly-synthesized hA3G remains in the cytoplasm as a soluble LMM form. The distribution of hA3G among the soluble LMM form, the RA LMM form and the mature forms of HMM is regulated by a mechanism involving the N-terminal part of the linker region and the C-terminus of hA3G. Mutagenesis studies reveal a direct correlation between the ability of hA3G to form the RA LMM complex and its viral incorporation. Conclusions/Significance Together these data suggest that the Lipid raft-associated LMM A3G complex functions as the cellular source of viral hA3G.
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Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus genome packaging signal is located at the 5' end of the genome and promotes viral RNA incorporation into virions in a replication-independent process. J Virol 2013; 87:11579-90. [PMID: 23966403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01836-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preferential RNA packaging in coronaviruses involves the recognition of viral genomic RNA, a crucial process for viral particle morphogenesis mediated by RNA-specific sequences, known as packaging signals. An essential packaging signal component of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) has been further delimited to the first 598 nucleotides (nt) from the 5' end of its RNA genome, by using recombinant viruses transcribing subgenomic mRNA that included potential packaging signals. The integrity of the entire sequence domain was necessary because deletion of any of the five structural motifs defined within this region abrogated specific packaging of this viral RNA. One of these RNA motifs was the stem-loop SL5, a highly conserved motif in coronaviruses located at nucleotide positions 106 to 136. Partial deletion or point mutations within this motif also abrogated packaging. Using TGEV-derived defective minigenomes replicated in trans by a helper virus, we have shown that TGEV RNA packaging is a replication-independent process. Furthermore, the last 494 nt of the genomic 3' end were not essential for packaging, although this region increased packaging efficiency. TGEV RNA sequences identified as necessary for viral genome packaging were not sufficient to direct packaging of a heterologous sequence derived from the green fluorescent protein gene. These results indicated that TGEV genome packaging is a complex process involving many factors in addition to the identified RNA packaging signal. The identification of well-defined RNA motifs within the TGEV RNA genome that are essential for packaging will be useful for designing packaging-deficient biosafe coronavirus-derived vectors and providing new targets for antiviral therapies.
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Staufen-1 interacts with the human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2) rec and gag proteins and increases virion production. J Virol 2013; 87:11019-30. [PMID: 23926355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03031-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2) Rec protein is an RNA transport factor that enhances nuclear export of intron-containing retroviral transcripts. Using the yeast two-hybrid approach, we have newly identified human Staufen-1 as a Rec-interacting protein. The interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments, and the relevant site in Staufen-1 has been mapped to double-stranded RNA binding domain 4 (RBD4). Staufen-1 is in several aspects functionally related to retroviral RNA transport proteins. It binds mRNAs and targets its ribonuclear cargo to polysomes for efficient translation. We observed an accumulation of Staufen-1 in the nucleus of Rec-expressing cells and colocalization in the nucleoli as well as in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of Staufen-1 resulted in a 5-fold enhancement in nuclear export and/or translation of unspliced HERV-K(HML-2) viral RNAs in the presence of Rec and its Rec-responsive element (RcRE) binding site together with a clear increase in virus production. Staufen-1 was previously shown to interact with the Gag protein of HIV-1, promoting Gag oligomerization and RNA encapsidation. We demonstrate here that Staufen-1 also binds to the Gag protein of HERV-K(HML-2). Under stress conditions, Rec colocalizes with Staufen-1 in stress granules in cells that express viral RNA but not in mRNA-decay-related processing bodies. Our results suggest a new role for Staufen-1 as a cellular Rec and HERV-K(HML-2) Gag cofactor.
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Serquiña AKP, Das SR, Popova E, Ojelabi OA, Roy CK, Göttlinger HG. UPF1 is crucial for the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 progeny virions. J Virol 2013; 87:8853-61. [PMID: 23785196 PMCID: PMC3754033 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00925-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The SF1 helicase MOV10 is an antiviral factor that is incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. We now report that HIV-1 virions also incorporate UPF1, which belongs to the same SF1 helicase subfamily as MOV10 and functions in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. Unlike ectopic MOV10, the overexpression of UPF1 does not impair the infectivity of HIV-1 progeny virions. However, UPF1 becomes a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 progeny virion infectivity when residues required for its helicase activity are mutated. In contrast, equivalent mutations abolish the antiviral activity of MOV10. Importantly, cells depleted of endogenous UPF1, but not of another NMD core component, produce HIV-1 virions of substantially lower specific infectivity. The defect is at the level of reverse transcription, the same stage of the HIV-1 life cycle inhibited by ectopic MOV10. Thus, whereas ectopic MOV10 restricts HIV-1 replication, the related UPF1 helicase functions as a cofactor at an early postentry step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman R. Das
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, Program in Molecular Medicine
| | - Elena Popova
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, Program in Molecular Medicine
| | - Ogooluwa A. Ojelabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian K. Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Upadhyay A, Dixit U, Manvar D, Chaturvedi N, Pandey VN. Affinity capture and identification of host cell factors associated with hepatitis C virus (+) strand subgenomic RNA. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1539-52. [PMID: 23429521 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leading to chronic hepatitis is a major factor in the causation of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. This process may involve the interplay of various host cell factors, as well as the interaction of these factors with viral RNA and proteins. We report a novel strategy using a sequence-specific biotinylated peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-neamine conjugate targeted to HCV RNA for the in situ capture of subgenomic HCV (+) RNA, along with cellular and viral factors associated with it in MH14 host cells. Using this affinity capture system in conjunction with LC/MS/MS, we have identified 83 cellular factors and three viral proteins (NS5B, NS5A, and NS3-4a protease-helicase) associated with the viral genome. The capture was highly specific. These proteins were not scored with cured MH14 cells devoid of HCV replicons because of the absence of the target sequence in cells for the PNA-neamine probe and also because, unlike oligomeric DNA, cellular proteins have no affinity for PNA. The identified cellular factors belong to different functional groups, including signaling, oncogenic, chaperonin, transcriptional regulators, and RNA helicases as well as DEAD box proteins, ribosomal proteins, translational regulators/factors, and metabolic enzymes, that represent a diverse set of cellular factors associated with the HCV RNA genome. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of a diverse class of selected proteins in an HCV replicon cell line either enhanced or inhibited HCV replication/translation, suggesting that these cellular factors have regulatory roles in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for the Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Wu H, Mitra M, McCauley MJ, Thomas JA, Rouzina I, Musier-Forsyth K, Williams MC, Gorelick RJ. Aromatic residue mutations reveal direct correlation between HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein's nucleic acid chaperone activity and retroviral replication. Virus Res 2013; 171:263-77. [PMID: 22814429 PMCID: PMC3745225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid (NC) protein plays an essential role in several stages of HIV-1 replication. One important function of HIV-1 NC is to act as a nucleic acid chaperone, in which the protein facilitates nucleic acid rearrangements important for reverse transcription and recombination. NC contains only 55 amino acids, with 15 basic residues and two zinc fingers, each having a single aromatic residue (Phe16 and Trp37). Despite its simple structure, HIV-1 NC appears to have optimal chaperone activity, including the ability to strongly aggregate nucleic acids, destabilize nucleic acid secondary structure, and facilitate rapid nucleic acid annealing. Here we combine single molecule DNA stretching experiments with ensemble solution studies of protein-nucleic acid binding affinity, oligonucleotide annealing, and nucleic acid aggregation to measure the characteristics of wild-type (WT) and aromatic residue mutants of HIV-1 NC that are important for nucleic acid chaperone activity. These in vitro results are compared to in vivo HIV-1 replication for viruses containing the same mutations. This work allows us to directly relate HIV-1 NC structure with its function as a nucleic acid chaperone in vitro and in vivo. We show that replacement of either aromatic residue with another aromatic residue results in a protein that strongly resembles WT NC. In contrast, single amino acid substitutions of either Phe16Ala or Trp37Ala significantly slow down NC's DNA interaction kinetics, while retaining some helix-destabilization capability. A double Phe16Ala/Trp37Ala substitution further reduces the latter activity. Surprisingly, the ensemble nucleic acid binding, annealing, and aggregation properties are not significantly altered for any mutant except the double aromatic substitution with Ala. Thus, elimination of a single aromatic residue from either zinc finger strongly reduces NC's chaperone activity as determined by single molecule DNA stretching experiments without significantly altering its ensemble-averaged biochemical properties. Importantly, the substitution of aromatic residues with Ala progressively decreases NC's nucleic acid chaperone activity while also progressively inhibiting viral replication. Taken together, these data support the critical role of HIV-1 NC's aromatic residues, and establish a direct and statistically significant correlation between nucleic acid chaperone activity and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mithun Mitra
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Micah J. McCauley
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James A. Thomas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ioulia Rouzina
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- The Ohio State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retrovirus Research, Center for RNA Biology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark C. Williams
- Northeastern University, Department of Physics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Meng B, Lever AM. Wrapping up the bad news: HIV assembly and release. Retrovirology 2013; 10:5. [PMID: 23305486 PMCID: PMC3558412 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The late Nobel Laureate Sir Peter Medawar once memorably described viruses as ‘bad news wrapped in protein’. Virus assembly in HIV is a remarkably well coordinated process in which the virus achieves extracellular budding using primarily intracellular budding machinery and also the unusual phenomenon of export from the cell of an RNA. Recruitment of the ESCRT system by HIV is one of the best documented examples of the comprehensive way in which a virus hijacks a normal cellular process. This review is a summary of our current understanding of the budding process of HIV, from genomic RNA capture through budding and on to viral maturation, but centering on the proteins of the ESCRT pathway and highlighting some recent advances in our understanding of the cellular components involved and the complex interplay between the Gag protein and the genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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48
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Sutton J, Dotson D, Dong X. Molecular Events in Late Stages of HIV-1 Replication. JSM MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 1:1004. [PMID: 25505794 PMCID: PMC4258834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, USA
| | - Dominique Dotson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, USA
| | - Xinhong Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, USA
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Ghoujal B, Milev MP, Ajamian L, Abel K, Mouland AJ. ESCRT-II's involvement in HIV-1 genomic RNA trafficking and assembly. Biol Cell 2012; 104:706-21. [PMID: 22978549 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Several host proteins play crucial roles in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) exemplifies a large, multi-component host machinery that is required by HIV-1 for viral budding. ESCRT promotes the inward budding of vesicles from the membranes of late endosomes to generate multi-vesicular bodies. However, HIV-1 co-opts the ESCRT to enable outwards budding of virus particles from the plasma membrane, a phenomenon that is topologically similar to multi-vesicular body biogenesis. A role for ESCRTII in mRNA trafficking has been established in Drosophila in which the ESCRT-II components, Vps22 and Vps36, promote the localisation of the bicoid mRNA in the fertilised egg. This is achieved via specific interactions with the Staufen protein. In this work, we investigated a possible implication of ESCRT-II in the HIV-1 replication cycle. RESULTS Co-immunoprecipitation analyses and live cell tri-molecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that interactions between EAP30 and Gag and another between EAP30 and Staufen1 occur in mammalian cells. We then depleted EAP30 (the orthologue for Vps22) by siRNA to target ESCRT-II in HIV-1 expressing cells. This treatment disrupted ESCRT-II function and leads to the degradation of the two other ESCRT-II complex proteins, EAP45 and EAP20, as well as the associated Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein. The depletion of EAP30 led to dramatically reduced viral structural protein Gag and virus production levels, without any effect on viral RNA levels. On the contrary, the overexpression of EAP30 led to a several-fold increase in virus production. Unexpec-tedly, siRNA-mediated depletion of EAP30 led to a block to HIV-1 genomic RNA trafficking and resulted in the accumulation of genomic RNA in the nucleus and juxtanuclear domains. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first evidence that the Staufen1-ESCRT-II interaction is evolutionarily conserved from lower to higher eukaryotes and reveal a novel role for EAP30 in the control of HIV-1 RNA trafficking and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Ghoujal
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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Milev MP, Ravichandran M, Khan MF, Schriemer DC, Mouland AJ. Characterization of staufen1 ribonucleoproteins by mass spectrometry and biochemical analyses reveal the presence of diverse host proteins associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:367. [PMID: 23125841 PMCID: PMC3486646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) unspliced, 9 kb genomic RNA (vRNA) is exported from the nucleus for the synthesis of viral structural proteins and enzymes (Gag and Gag/Pol) and is then transported to sites of virus assembly where it is packaged into progeny virions. vRNA co-exists in the cytoplasm in the context of the HIV-1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) that is currently defined by the presence of Gag and several host proteins including the double-stranded RNA-binding protein, Staufen1. In this study we isolated Staufen1 RNP complexes derived from HIV-1-expressing cells using tandem affinity purification and have identified multiple host protein components by mass spectrometry. Four viral proteins, including Gag, Gag/Pol, Env and Nef as well as >200 host proteins were identified in these RNPs. Moreover, HIV-1 induces both qualitative and quantitative differences in host protein content in these RNPs. 22% of Staufen1-associated factors are virion-associated suggesting that the RNP could be a vehicle to achieve this. In addition, we provide evidence on how HIV-1 modulates the composition of cytoplasmic Staufen1 RNPs. Biochemical fractionation by density gradient analyses revealed new facets on the assembly of Staufen1 RNPs. The assembly of dense Staufen1 RNPs that contain Gag and several host proteins were found to be entirely RNA-dependent but their assembly appeared to be independent of Gag expression. Gag-containing complexes fractionated into a lighter and another, more dense pool. Lastly, Staufen1 depletion studies demonstrated that the previously characterized Staufen1 HIV-1-dependent RNPs are most likely aggregates of smaller RNPs that accumulate at juxtanuclear domains. The molecular characterization of Staufen1 HIV-1 RNPs will offer important information on virus-host cell interactions and on the elucidation of the function of these RNPs for the transport of Gag and the fate of the unspliced vRNA in HIV-1-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav P Milev
- HIV-1 Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital Montréal, QC, Canada ; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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