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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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2
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Mateo M, Reynard S, Journeaux A, Germain C, Hortion J, Carnec X, Picard C, Baillet N, Borges-Cardoso V, Merabet O, Vallve A, Barron S, Jourjon O, Lacroix O, Duthey A, Dirheimer M, Jouvion G, Moreau PH, Fellmann L, Carbonnelle C, Raoul H, Tangy F, Baize S. A single-shot Lassa vaccine induces long-term immunity and protects cynomolgus monkeys against heterologous strains. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/597/eabf6348. [PMID: 34108251 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A safe and protective Lassa virus vaccine is crucially needed in Western Africa to stem the recurrent outbreaks of Lassa virus infections in Nigeria and the emergence of Lassa virus in previously unaffected countries, such as Benin and Togo. Major challenges in developing a Lassa virus vaccine include the high diversity of circulating strains and their reemergence from 1 year to another. To address each of these challenges, we immunized cynomolgus monkeys with a measles virus vector expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein and nucleoprotein of the prototypic Lassa virus strain Josiah (MeV-NP). To evaluate vaccine efficacy against heterologous strains of Lassa virus, we challenged the monkeys a month later with heterologous strains from lineage II or lineage VII, finding that the vaccine was protective against these strains. A second cohort of monkeys was challenged 1 year later with the homologous Josiah strain, finding that a single dose of MeV-NP was sufficient to protect all vaccinated monkeys. These studies demonstrate that MeV-NP can generate both long-lasting immune responses and responses that are able to protect against diverse strains of Lassa virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mateo
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Journeaux
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Clara Germain
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jimmy Hortion
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Picard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Baillet
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Borges-Cardoso
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Othmann Merabet
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Vallve
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Barron
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ophélie Jourjon
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Orianne Lacroix
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Duthey
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Manon Dirheimer
- INSERM, Délégation Régionale Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Histologie et d'Anatomie Pathologique, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.,Dynamic Research Group, Université Paris Est Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Lyne Fellmann
- SILABE, Université de Strasbourg, Fort Foch, 67207 Niederhausbergen, France
| | | | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 INSERM-Jean Mérieux, INSERM US003, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France. .,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
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3
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Leblanc P, Moise L, Luza C, Chantaralawan K, Lezeau L, Yuan J, Field M, Richer D, Boyle C, Martin WD, Fishman JB, Berg EA, Baker D, Zeigler B, Mais DE, Taylor W, Coleman R, Warren HS, Gelfand JA, De Groot AS, Brauns T, Poznansky MC. VaxCelerate II: rapid development of a self-assembling vaccine for Lassa fever. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3022-38. [PMID: 25483693 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID) can take as much or more than a decade to progress from pathogen isolation/identification to clinical approval. As a result, conventional approaches fail to produce field-ready vaccines before the EID has spread extensively. Lassa is a prototypical emerging infectious disease endemic to West Africa for which no successful vaccine is available. We established the VaxCelerate Consortium to address the need for more rapid vaccine development by creating a platform capable of generating and pre-clinically testing a new vaccine against specific pathogen targets in less than 120 d A self-assembling vaccine is at the core of the approach. It consists of a fusion protein composed of the immunostimulatory Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (MtbHSP70) and the biotin binding protein, avidin. Mixing the resulting protein (MAV) with biotinylated pathogen-specific immunogenic peptides yields a self-assembled vaccine (SAV). To meet the time constraint imposed on this project, we used a distributed R&D model involving experts in the fields of protein engineering and production, bioinformatics, peptide synthesis/design and GMP/GLP manufacturing and testing standards. SAV immunogenicity was first tested using H1N1 influenza specific peptides and the entire VaxCelerate process was then tested in a mock live-fire exercise targeting Lassa fever virus. We demonstrated that the Lassa fever vaccine induced significantly increased class II peptide specific interferon-γ CD4(+) T cell responses in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice compared to peptide or MAV alone controls. We thereby demonstrated that our SAV in combination with a distributed development model may facilitate accelerated regulatory review by using an identical design for each vaccine and by applying safety and efficacy assessment tools that are more relevant to human vaccine responses than current animal models.
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Key Words
- 6MDP, 6-muramyl dipeptide
- CGE, Capillary Gel Electrophoresis
- CLO97, TLR7 ligand
- CTL, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
- CpG1826, Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated dinucleotide sequences (Toll-like receptor 9 agonist)
- DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- EIDs, Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Flu vaccine
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- GMP, Good Manufacturing Practice
- GP1, Glycoprotein-1
- GP2, Glycoprotein-2
- HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigen
- HRP, Horseradish Peroxidase
- LV, Lassa Fever Virus
- Lassa fever virus
- MAV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 – Avidin
- MtbHSP70, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70
- NHP, Non-human Primates
- OVA, Ovalbumin
- PAGE, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
- PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell
- PEG, Polyethyleneglycol
- RVKR, Furin Cleavage Site (Arginine, Valine, Lysine, Arginine)
- SAV, Self-assembled vaccine
- SAVL; Self-assembled vaccine formulated for Lassa Fever Virus
- VaxCelerate
- arenavirus
- emerging infectious diseases
- mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70
- peptide design
- self-assembled vaccine
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Leblanc
- a Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center; Massachusetts General Hospital ; Charlestown , MA USA
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4
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Ölschläger S, Flatz L. Vaccination strategies against highly pathogenic arenaviruses: the next steps toward clinical trials. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003212. [PMID: 23592977 PMCID: PMC3623805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most valuable weapons against infectious diseases and has led to a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity. However, for most viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses, no prophylactic vaccine is available. This is particularly problematic as these diseases are notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat. Lassa fever is globally the most important of the fevers caused by arenaviruses, potentially affecting millions of people living in endemic areas, particularly in Nigeria. Annually, an estimated 300,000 humans are infected and several thousands succumb to the disease. The successful development of the vaccine "Candid#1" against Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, proved that an effective arenavirus vaccine can be developed. Although several promising studies toward the development of a Lassa fever vaccine have been published, no vaccine candidate has been tested in human volunteers or patients. This review summarizes the immunology and other aspects of existing experimental arenavirus vaccine studies, discusses the reasons for the lack of a vaccine, and proposes a plan for overcoming the final hurdles toward clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ölschläger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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5
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Abstract
Lassa fever is a hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa and caused by Lassa virus, an Old World arenavirus. It may be fatal, but most patients recover from acute disease and some experience asymptomatic infection. The immune mechanisms associated with these different outcomes have not yet been fully elucidated, but considerable progress has recently been made, through the use of in vitro human models and nonhuman primates, the only relevant animal model that mimics the pathophysiology and immune responses induced in patients. We discuss here the roles of the various components of the innate and adaptive immune systems in Lassa virus infection and in the control of viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Russier
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
| | - Delphine Pannetier
- Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux-Inserm, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon, France;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +33-4-3728-2440; Fax: +33-4-3728-2441
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6
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Botten J, Alexander J, Pasquetto V, Sidney J, Barrowman P, Ting J, Peters B, Southwood S, Stewart B, Rodriguez-Carreno MP, Mothe B, Whitton JL, Sette A, Buchmeier MJ. Identification of protective Lassa virus epitopes that are restricted by HLA-A2. J Virol 2006; 80:8351-61. [PMID: 16912286 PMCID: PMC1563871 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from Lassa virus (LASV) infection usually precedes the appearance of neutralizing antibodies, indicating that cellular immunity plays a primary role in viral clearance. To date, the role of LASV-specific CD8(+) T cells has not been evaluated in humans. To facilitate such studies, we utilized a predictive algorithm to identify candidate HLA-A2 supertype epitopes from the LASV nucleoprotein and glycoprotein precursor (GPC) genes. We identified three peptides (GPC(42-50), GLVGLVTFL; GPC(60-68), SLYKGVYEL; and GPC(441-449), YLISIFLHL) that displayed high-affinity binding (< or =98 nM) to HLA-A*0201, induced CD8(+) T-cell responses of high functional avidity in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice, and were naturally processed from native LASV GPC in human HLA-A*0201-positive target cells. HLA-A*0201 mice immunized with either GPC(42-50) or GPC(60-68) were protected against challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed LASV GPC. The epitopes identified in this study represent potential diagnostic reagents and candidates for inclusion in epitope-based vaccine constructs. Our approach is applicable to any pathogen with existing sequence data, does not require manipulation of the actual pathogen or access to immune human donors, and should therefore be generally applicable to category A through C agents and other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Botten
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Bergthaler A, Gerber NU, Merkler D, Horvath E, de la Torre JC, Pinschewer DD. Envelope exchange for the generation of live-attenuated arenavirus vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e51. [PMID: 16751848 PMCID: PMC1472708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa fever virus cause significant mortality in endemic areas and represent potential bioterrorist weapons. The occurrence of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers is largely confined to Third World countries with a limited medical infrastructure, and therefore live-attenuated vaccines have long been sought as a method of choice for prevention. Yet their rational design and engineering have been thwarted by technical limitations. In addition, viral genes had not been identified that are needed to cause disease but can be deleted or substituted to generate live-attenuated vaccine strains. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the prototype arenavirus, induces cell-mediated immunity against Lassa fever virus, but its safety for humans is unclear and untested. Using this virus model, we have developed the necessary methodology to efficiently modify arenavirus genomes and have exploited these techniques to identify an arenaviral Achilles' heel suitable for targeting in vaccine design. Reverse genetic exchange of the viral glycoprotein for foreign glycoproteins created attenuated vaccine strains that remained viable although unable to cause disease in infected mice. This phenotype remained stable even after extensive propagation in immunodeficient hosts. Nevertheless, the engineered viruses induced T cell-mediated immunity protecting against overwhelming systemic infection and severe liver disease upon wild-type virus challenge. Protection was established within 3 to 7 d after immunization and lasted for approximately 300 d. The identification of an arenaviral Achilles' heel demonstrates that the reverse genetic engineering of live-attenuated arenavirus vaccines is feasible. Moreover, our findings offer lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or other arenaviruses expressing foreign glycoproteins as promising live-attenuated arenavirus vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bergthaler
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas U Gerber
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edit Horvath
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- The Scripps Research Institute, Molecular Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND) IMM-6, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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8
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Bredenbeek PJ, Molenkamp R, Spaan WJ, Deubel V, Marianneau P, Salvato MS, Moshkoff D, Zapata J, Tikhonov I, Patterson J, Carrion R, Ticer A, Brasky K, Lukashevich IS. A recombinant Yellow Fever 17D vaccine expressing Lassa virus glycoproteins. Virology 2006; 345:299-304. [PMID: 16412488 PMCID: PMC1388090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Yellow Fever Vaccine 17D (YFV17D) has been used as a vector for the Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor (LASV-GPC) resulting in construction of YFV17D/LASV-GPC recombinant virus. The virus was replication-competent and processed the LASV-GPC in cell cultures. The recombinant replicated poorly in guinea pigs but still elicited specific antibodies against LASV and YFV17D antigens. A single subcutaneous injection of the recombinant vaccine protected strain 13 guinea pigs against fatal Lassa Fever. This study demonstrates the potential to develop an YFV17D-based bivalent vaccine against two viruses that are endemic in the same area of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Bredenbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willy J.M. Spaan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Deubel
- Unité de Biologie des Infectious Virales Emergentes, Centre de Recherche Mériuex-Pasteur á Lyon, Laboratoire P4-Jean Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Phillippe Marianneau
- Unité de Biologie des Infectious Virales Emergentes, Centre de Recherche Mériuex-Pasteur á Lyon, Laboratoire P4-Jean Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Maria S. Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dmitry Moshkoff
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Juan Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ilia Tikhonov
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Anysha Ticer
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Kathleen Brasky
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Rodriguez-Carreno MP, Nelson MS, Botten J, Smith-Nixon K, Buchmeier MJ, Whitton JL. Evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding Lassa virus nucleoprotein. Virology 2005; 335:87-98. [PMID: 15823608 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses in the Arenavirus genus of the family Arenaviridae cause severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic fever. One such virus, Lassa virus (LV), is a frequent cause of disease in Africa, and survivors often are left with substantial neurological impairment. The feasibility of protective immunization against LV infection, and the associated disease, has been demonstrated in animal models, using recombinant vaccinia viruses to deliver Lassa proteins. Circumstantial evidence implicates cellular immunity in this Lassa-induced protection, but this has not been confirmed. Here, we describe DNA vaccines that encode LV proteins. A single inoculation of a plasmid encoding full-length Lassa nucleoprotein (LNP) can induce CD8(+) T cell responses in mice and can protect against challenge with two arenaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Pichinde virus (PV). A DNA minigene vaccine encoding a 9 amino acid sequence from LNP also induces CD8(+) T cells and protects against arenavirus challenge, thus confirming prior speculation that protective cellular immunity is induced by LV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Rodriguez-Carreno
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-9, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Boudinot P, Bernard D, Boubekeur S, Thoulouze MI, Bremont M, Benmansour A. The glycoprotein of a fish rhabdovirus profiles the virus-specific T-cell repertoire in rainbow trout. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3099-3108. [PMID: 15448373 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses to viruses are still poorly investigated in lower vertebrates. In rainbow trout, a specific clonal expansion of T cells in response to infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was recently identified. Expanded T-cell clones expressed a unique 8 aa Vβ4-Jβ1 junction (SSGDSYSE) in different individuals, reminiscent of a typical public response. To get further insight into the nature of this response the modifications of the T-cell repertoire following immunization with plasmid expressing the VHSV external glycoprotein (G), which is the only protein involved in protective immunity, was analysed. After G-based DNA immunization, CDR3-length spectratypes were skewed for several Vβ-Jβ combinations, including Vβ4-Jβ1. In Vβ4-Jβ1, biases consisted of 6 and 8 aa junctions that were detected from day 52, and were still present 3 months after DNA immunization. Sequence analysis of the Vβ4-Jβ1 junctions showed that the 8 aa junction (SSGDSYSE) was clearly expanded, indicating that viral G protein was probably the target of the anti-VHSV public response. Additional 6 and 8 aa Vβ4-Jβ1 junctions were also expanded in G-DNA-vaccinated fish, showing that significant clonotypic diversity was selected in response to the plasmid-delivered G protein. This higher clonotypic diversity may be related to the demonstrated higher efficiency of G-based DNA vaccines over whole virus immunization. The use of infectious hematopietic necrosis virus (IHNV) recombinant viruses, expressing the VHSV G protein, further substantiated the VHSV G-protein specificity of the 8 aa Vβ4-Jβ1 response and designated the 6 aa Vβ4-Jβ1 response as potentially directed to a T-cell epitope common to VHSV and IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - David Bernard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - Samira Boubekeur
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Thoulouze
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - Michel Bremont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
| | - Abdenour Benmansour
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
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11
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Brehm MA, Selin LK, Welsh RM. CD8 T cell responses to viral infections in sequence. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:411-21. [PMID: 15056212 PMCID: PMC7162374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of virus-specific T cell responses has been shaped by model systems with mice, where naive animals are infected with a single viral pathogen. Paradigms derived from such models, however, may not always be applicable to a natural setting, where a host is exposed to numerous pathogens over its lifetime. Accumulating data in animal models and with some human diseases indicate that a host's prior history of infections can impact the specificity of future CD8 T cell responses, even to unrelated viruses. This can have both beneficial and detrimental consequences for the host, including altered clearance of virus, distinct forms of immunopathology, and substantial changes in the pool of memory T cells. Here we will describe the characteristics of CD8 T cells and the dynamics of their response to heterologous viral infections in sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Abstract
Viruses are important pathogens in tropical areas; most of them, especially the tropical hemorrhagic fevers, produce mucocutaneous manifestations. More than any other kind of pathogen, viruses have the possibility for being widespread, since they have a greater probability of mutation than do bacteria, can cross species barriers easily, and infect both human beings and animals in habitats with a great biodiversity. Tropical habitats also have been subject to major ecologic changes in the last few decades, exposing humans to direct contact with these viruses and allowing hemorrhagic fevers due to new emergent viruses such as flaviviruses, filoviruses, arenaviruses, and hantaviruses to become major threats to public health. The collapse of eradication programs in many countries, as well as population increases and ecologic modifications, have led to the spread of dengue and yellow fever to large portions of the world owing to the dissemination of vectors, especially mosquitoes, with broad ecologic ranges. Viruses previously restricted to some geographic areas, such as Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, and monkeypox are now affecting new countries and populations. Other viruses such as herpes B infection often affect travelers and animal handlers in most parts of the world. Dermatologic lesions occur in all these diseases and can facilitate a rapid diagnosis, leading to control of the virus and helping prevent possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lupi
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Brehm MA, Pinto AK, Daniels KA, Schneck JP, Welsh RM, Selin LK. T cell immunodominance and maintenance of memory regulated by unexpectedly cross-reactive pathogens. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:627-34. [PMID: 12055626 DOI: 10.1038/ni806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We show here that T cell cross-reactivity between heterologous viruses influences the immunodominance of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells by two mechanisms. First, T cells specific for cross-reactive epitopes dominate acute responses to viral infections; second, within the memory pool, T cells specific for cross-reactive epitopes are maintained while those specific for non-cross-reactive epitopes are selectively lost. These findings suggest an immunological paradigm in which viral infections shape the available T cell repertoire, causing alterations in the hierarchies of both the primary and memory CD8(+) T cell responses elicited by subsequent viral infections. Thus, immunodominance is a function of the host's previous exposure to unrelated pathogens, and this may have an impact on protective immunity and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- Department of Pathology and Progranm in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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