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Griffin ME, Hespen CW, Wang Y, Hang HC. Translation of peptidoglycan metabolites into immunotherapeutics. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1095. [PMID: 31798878 PMCID: PMC6883908 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of defined peptidoglycan metabolites that activate host immunity and their specific receptors has revealed fundamental insights into host-microbe recognition and afforded new opportunities for therapeutic development against infection and cancer. In this review, we summarise the discovery of two key peptidoglycan metabolites, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide and their respective receptors, Nod1 and Nod2, and review progress towards translating these findings into therapeutic agents. Notably, synthetic derivatives of peptidoglycan metabolites have already yielded approved drugs for chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and paediatric osteosarcoma; however, the broad effects of peptidoglycan metabolites on host immunity suggest additional translational opportunities for new therapeutics towards other cancers, microbial infections and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yen‐Chih Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial PathogenesisThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Liu L, Qu H, Qin H, Yang Y, Liao Z, Cui J, Gao F, Cai J. NOD2 agonist murabutide alleviates radiation-induced injury through DNA damage response pathway mediated by ATR. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21294-21306. [PMID: 31054162 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Injury-induced by ionizing radiation (IR) severely reduces the quality of life of victims. The development of radiation protectors is regarded as one of the most resultful strategies to alleviate damages caused by IR exposure. In the present study, we investigated the radioprotective effects of the agonist of nucleotide-binding-oligomerization-domain-containing proteins 2 called murabutide (MBD) and clarified the potential mechanisms. Our results showed that the pretreatment with MBD effectively protected cultured cells and mice against IR-induced toxicity and the pretreatment with MBD in vitro and in vitro also inhibited apoptosis caused by IR exposure. The downregulation of γ-H2AX and the upregulation of ATR signaling pathways by MBD treatment indicated that the radioprotective effects of MBD were due to the stimulation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathway to repair DNA double-strand breaks caused by IR exposure. As the radioprotective effects of MBD were diminished by the ATR selective inhibitor rather than the ATM inhibitor, ATR pathway was confirmed to be a more crucial checkpoint pathway in mediating the stimulation of DDR pathway by MBD. Taken together, our data provide a novel and effective protector to relieve the injury induced by IR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongjin Qu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongran Qin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Nuclear Radiation Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zebin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Cai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Bahr GM. Immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection: novel therapeutic approaches targeting innate and adaptive responses. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:529-47. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Goffin V, Demonté D, Vanhulle C, de Walque S, de Launoit Y, Burny A, Collette Y, Van Lint C. Transcription factor binding sites in the pol gene intragenic regulatory region of HIV-1 are important for virus infectivity. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:4285-310. [PMID: 16061936 PMCID: PMC1182164 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified in the pol gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) a new positive transcriptional regulatory element (nt 4481-4982) containing recognition sites for nuclear proteins (sites B, C, D and a GC-box) [C. Van Lint, J. Ghysdael, P. Paras, Jr, A. Burny and E. Verdin (1994) J. Virol. 68, 2632-2648]. In this study, we have further physically characterized each binding site and have shown that the transcription factors Oct-1, Oct-2, PU.1, Sp1 and Sp3 interact in vitro with the pol region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using HIV-infected cell lines demonstrated in the context of chromatin that Sp1, Sp3, Oct-1 and PU.1 are recruited to the HS7 region in vivo. For each site, we have identified mutations abolishing factor binding to their cognate DNA sequences without altering the underlying amino acid sequence of the integrase. By transient transfection assays, we have demonstrated the involvement of the pol binding sites in the transcriptional enhancing activity of the intragenic region. Our functional results with multimerized wild-type and mutated pol binding sites separately (i.e. in the absence of the other sites) have demonstrated that the PU.1, Sp1, Sp3 and Oct-1 transcription factors regulate the transcriptional activity of a heterologous promoter through their respective HS7 binding sites. Finally, we have investigated the physiological role of the HS7 binding sites in HIV-1 replication and have shown that these sites are important for viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvan de Launoit
- Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 1, UMR 8117 CNRSBP 447, 1 Rue Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | - Yves Collette
- INSERM U11927 Boulevard Lei Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +32 2 650 9807; Fax: +32 2 650 9800;
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Truong MJ, Delsart V, Bahr GM. Differentially expressed genes in HIV-1-infected macrophages following treatment with the virus-suppressive immunomodulator murabutide. Virus Res 2004; 99:25-33. [PMID: 14687943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic immunomodulator murabutide has been found to suppress human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) replication, in macrophages, through a regulated expression of cellular factors needed at different steps in the virus replication cycle. To identify cellular genes implicated in the murabutide-induced virus inhibition, we have carried out a differential display analysis on HIV-1-infected macrophages that were treated, or not, with murabutide. Sequencing of the differentially regulated cDNA bands and verification of the reproducibility of the murabutide effects, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or by Northern blotting, revealed an up-regulated expression of 21 genes and a down-regulation of seven others. The murabutide-regulated genes encoded proteins implicated in DNA binding, regulation of transcription, oxidative stress, metal binding, and other physiological functions. Six of the genes corresponded to unassigned/expressed sequence tags with yet unknown function. Among the genes which were up-regulated by murabutide and with established effects on inhibiting virus transcription, was the octamer binding factor 1 (Oct-1). We demonstrate the ability of murabutide to induce enhanced Oct-1 protein expression and DNA-binding activity in macrophages. Furthermore, our findings suggest the potential implication of additional transcription factors and metal-binding proteins in mediating the inhibitory effect of murabutide on virus transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie José Truong
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology of Infection and Inflammation, Pasteur Institute in Lille, 1 Rue du Pr Calmette, BP 245, Lille Cedex 59019, France
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Cocude C, Truong MJ, Billaut-Mulot O, Delsart V, Darcissac E, Capron A, Mouton Y, Bahr GM. A novel cellular RNA helicase, RH116, differentially regulates cell growth, programmed cell death and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3215-3225. [PMID: 14645903 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to define novel cellular factors regulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, a differential display analysis has been performed on endogenously infected cells stimulated with the HIV-suppressive immunomodulator Murabutide. In this study, the cloning and identification of a Murabutide-downregulated gene, named RH116, bearing classical motifs that are characteristic of the DExH family of RNA helicases, are reported. The 116 kDa encoded protein shares 99·9 % similarity with MDA-5, an inducible RNA helicase described recently. Ectopic expression of RH116 in HeLa-CD4 cells inhibited cell growth and cell proliferation but had no measurable effect on programmed cell death. RH116 presented steady state cytoplasmic localization and could translocate to the nucleus following HIV-1 infection. Moreover, the endogenous expression of RH116, at both the transcript and protein levels, was found to be considerably upregulated after infection. Overexpression of RH116 in HIV-1-infected HeLa-CD4 cells also resulted in a dramatic increase in the level of secreted viral p24 protein. This enhancement in virus replication did not stem from upregulated proviral DNA levels but correlated with increased unspliced and singly spliced viral mRNA transcripts. These findings implicate RH116 in the regulation of HIV-1 replication and point to an apoptosis-independent role for this novel helicase in inducing cell growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cocude
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - M-J Truong
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - O Billaut-Mulot
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - V Delsart
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - E Darcissac
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - A Capron
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Y Mouton
- INSERM Unité 547, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - G M Bahr
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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Bahr GM, Darcissac ECA, Mouton Y. Discordant effects of interleukin-2 on viral and immune parameters in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:289-96. [PMID: 12699419 PMCID: PMC1808691 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the immunotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has frequently resulted in the restoration of CD4 lymphocyte counts but not of virus-specific responses. We reasoned that the absence of reconstituted functional immune parameters could be related to the inability of IL-2 to correct HIV-induced dysfunctions in antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we used in vitro-differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and mature dendritic cells (MDDCs), acutely infected with primary HIV-1 isolates, to analyse the effects of IL-2 on virus replication, co-receptor expression, and cytokine or chemokine release. Stimulation of MDMs with IL-2 had no measurable effect on HIV-1 replication, on cytokine secretion, or on CD4 and CXCR4 gene expression. Moreover, although a significant down-regulation of CCR5 mRNA expression could be repeatedly detected in MDMs, this IL-2-mediated effect was not of substantial magnitude to affect virus replication. On the other hand, IL-2 stimulation of MDDCs dramatically increased HIV-1 replication and this effect was highly evident on low-replicating, CXCR4-dependent isolates. Nevertheless, the HIV-enhancing activity of IL-2 in MDDCs was not accompanied by any measurable change in cytokine or chemokine release, in virus receptor and co-receptor mRNA accumulation, or in the surface expression of a battery of receptors implicated in virus entry, cell activation or costimulatory function. Taken together, these findings point to a role for IL-2 in inducing virus purging from dendritic cell reservoirs but indicate no relevant potential of the cytokine in restoring defective elements of innate immunity in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Bahr
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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Amiel C, De La Tribonnière X, Vidal V, Darcissac E, Mouton Y, Bahr GM. Clinical tolerance and immunologic effects after single or repeated administrations of the synthetic immunomodulator murabutide in HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30:294-305. [PMID: 12131566 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200207010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Correction of the virus-induced deficits in innate immunity of HIV-infected subjects could well contribute to enhanced immune recovery and efficacious control of viral replication. The safe synthetic immunomodulator Murabutide (ISTAC Biotechnology, Lille, France) has been found to regulate the function of antigen-presenting cells and to selectively activate CD4 lymphocytes leading to dramatic suppression of HIV replication, in vitro. Therefore, as a first step toward the evaluation of the immunotherapeutic potential of Murabutide in HIV disease, we have conducted two phase 1/2 clinical trials to address the safety and the immunologic effects of Murabutide administration into HIV-infected subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy. The first study revealed that single administration of 5, 7, or 9 mg of Murabutide, to 6 patients per dose, was well tolerated. This was accompanied by a selective induction of cytokines and chemokines detectable in the serum, and the levels appeared to plateau at the 7-mg dose. The second study then evaluated the safety and biological effects of repeated administrations of 7 mg Murabutide, on 5 consecutive days, in 12 HIV-1-infected patients. A good clinical tolerance was noted throughout the study. Moreover, changes in several immune parameters, including downregulation of coreceptor expression on lymphocytes and improved lymphoproliferative responses, were detected during or/and up to 3 weeks after Murabutide administration. These encouraging results warrant further evaluation of longer periods or cycles of immunotherapy with Murabutide in HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Amiel
- Infectious Disease Department of Tourcoing Hospital, Northern AIDS Reference Center, Lille, France
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Goasduff T, Darcissac ECA, Vidal V, Capron A, Bahr GM. The transcriptional response of human macrophages to murabutide reflects a spectrum of biological effects for the synthetic immunomodulator. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:474-82. [PMID: 12067302 PMCID: PMC1906249 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2002] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic immunomodulator murabutide (MB) presents multiple biological activities with minimal toxicity in animals and in man. Although MB is known to target cells of the reticuloendothelial system and to regulate cytokine synthesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying several of its biological effects are still largely unknown. In an effort to define cellular factors implicated in the immunomodulatory and HIV-suppressive activities of MB, we have undertaken profiling the regulated expression of genes in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) following a 6-h stimulation with this synthetic glycopeptide. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis was performed on RNA samples of differentiated MDM from four separate donors, using probe sets corresponding to 1081 genes. We have identified, in a reproducible fashion, the enhanced expression of 40 genes and the inhibition of 16 others in MB-treated MDM. These regulated genes belonged to different families of immune mediators or their receptors, transcription factors and kinases, matrix proteins and their inhibitors, ion channels and transporters, and proteins involved in cell metabolic pathways. Additional verification of the regulated expression of selected genes was carried out using Northern blots or the quantification of released proteins in MDM cultures. The profile of MB-regulated genes in MDM provides a molecular basis for some of its previously reported biological activities, and reveals new set of genes targeted by the immunomodulator suggesting potential application in novel therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Goasduff
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire de l'Infection et de l'Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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Billaut-Mulot O, Cocude C, Kolesnitchenko V, Truong MJ, Chan EK, Hachula E, de la Tribonnière X, Capron A, Bahr GM. SS-56, a novel cellular target of autoantibody responses in Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Billaut-Mulot O, Cocude C, Kolesnitchenko V, Truong MJ, Chan EK, Hachula E, de la Tribonnière X, Capron A, Bahr GM. SS-56, a novel cellular target of autoantibody responses in Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:861-9. [PMID: 11560955 PMCID: PMC200937 DOI: 10.1172/jci13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain autoimmune disorders, including Sjögren syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), are characterized by autoantibodies against the Ro/SSA and La/SSB cellular antigens. Although the implication of these autoantibodies in disease pathogenesis is still unclear, it is believed that the aberrant responses against autoantigens may extend to other proteins that are not yet well defined. In an attempt to analyze the regulated gene expression in lymphocytes by an HIV-suppressive immunomodulator, we have identified and cloned a novel gene encoding a 56-kDa protein, named SS-56, which is structurally related to the 52-kDa Ro/SSA antigen. The new protein showed primarily perinuclear cytoplasmic localization, and recombinant SS-56 was found to react in ELISA with sera from most patients with SS or SLE. Western blot analysis confirmed the autoantigenic nature of native SS-56 in extracts from HeLa cells. Interestingly, the incidence of antibodies to SS-56 was associated with visceral complications in SLE, and roughly half of the 17 SS or SLE patients with no detectable antibodies to SSA and SSB antigens presented measurable antibodies against recombinant SS-56. Thus, SS-56 represents a new member of the SS family of autoantigens and could become an additional and important diagnostic marker for SS and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Billaut-Mulot
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology of Infection and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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