1
|
Rex V, Zargari R, Stempel M, Halle S, Brinkmann MM. The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146381. [PMID: 37065193 PMCID: PMC10102517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T cell immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper cells and is also critical for the maintenance of protective T cells during chronic infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent lymphotropic oncovirus that establishes chronic lifelong infections in the vast majority of the adult population. Although acute EBV infection is controlled in an immunocompetent host, chronic EBV infection can lead to severe complications in immunosuppressed patients. Given that EBV is strictly host-specific, its murine homolog murid herpesvirus 4 or MHV68 is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and their host. Despite the fact that EBV and MHV68 have developed strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, innate antiviral effector mechanisms still play a vital role in not only controlling the acute infection but also shaping an efficient long-lasting adaptive immune response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune response mediated by the type I IFN system and NK cells, and the adaptive T cell-mediated response during EBV and MHV68 infection. Investigating the fine-tuned interplay between the innate immune and T cell response will provide valuable insights which may be exploited to design better therapeutic strategies to vanquish chronic herpesviral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rex
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Razieh Zargari
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Halle, ; Melanie M. Brinkmann,
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Halle, ; Melanie M. Brinkmann,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091380. [PMID: 34572593 PMCID: PMC8470332 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment. This review will provide a summary of the interaction between both psychological and cellular stressors resulting in EBV reactivation. It will examine mechanisms by which EBV establishes and maintains latency and will conclude with a brief overview of treatments targeting EBV.
Collapse
|
3
|
Stupp F, Hoffmann TK, Grossi AS, Sommer F, Sieron HL, Lindemann J. [Importance of machine blood count in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis by EBV]. Laryngorhinootologie 2020; 100:120-127. [PMID: 32572860 DOI: 10.1055/a-1190-4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EBV serology is recommended for serological diagnosis of mononucleosis. As results of an automated differential blood count is available more quickly, possible differences between an EBV primary infection and a bacterial tonsillitis were investigated. METHODS A retrospective evaluation of absolute and relative lymphocyte and monocyte counts of n = 140 patients > 16 years from 01/2008 to 01/2019 (mean age 21.4 years, 51 % ♀, 49 % ♂) with suspected EBV infection was performed. The groups of a serologically confirmed or excluded EBV infection were compared. RESULTS An automated differential blood count was available in n = 42 patients with primary EBV infection. Average lymphocyte count was 5.5 ± 2.6 giga/l. Patients with acute bacterial tonsillitis (n = 36) had significantly lower values with 1.6 ± 1.3 giga/l, p < 0.05. Equal results were found in relative lymphocyte counts (47.4 ± 17.9 vs. 12.8 ± 9.1 %, p < 0.05). For monocyte counts, neither absolute (1.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 giga/l, p = 0.617) nor relative (8.8 ± 3.6 vs. 9.8 ± 5.2 %, p = 0.746) monocyte counts showed significant differences. CONCLUSION Increased lymphocyte counts in an automated differential blood count can be a first indication of primary EBV infection. Perhaps up to 30 % morphologically altered lymphocytes are increasingly counted correctly with modern hematology analyzers and no longer counted as monocytes. These results could be used to make decisions about further diagnosis (abdominal ultrasonography, ECG) and antibiotic therapy before results of EBV serology are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Stupp
- Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Lara Sieron
- Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindemann
- Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinik Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lang F, Pei Y, Lamplugh ZL, Robertson ES. Molecular Biology of EBV in Relationship to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:81-103. [PMID: 30523622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus-induced disease is one of the most lethal factors which leads to high mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. EBV, also known as human herpesvirus 4, can transform naive B cells into immortalized cells in vitro through the regulation of cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. EBV infection is associated with several lymphoma and epithelial cancers in humans, which occurs at a much higher rate in immune deficient individuals than in healthy people, demonstrating that the immune system plays a vital role in inhibiting EBV activities. EBV latency infection proteins can mimic suppression cytokines or upregulate PD-1 on B cells to repress the cytotoxic T cells response. Many malignancies, including Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occur at a much higher frequency in EBV positive individuals than in EBV negative people during the development of HIV infection. Importantly, understanding EBV pathogenesis at the molecular level will aid the development of novel therapies for EBV-induced diseases in HIV/AIDS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary L Lamplugh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Torii Y, Kawada JI, Murata T, Yoshiyama H, Kimura H, Ito Y. Epstein-Barr virus infection-induced inflammasome activation in human monocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175053. [PMID: 28369146 PMCID: PMC5378412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic sensors that regulate the activity of caspase-1 and the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or interleukin-18 (IL-18) in response to foreign molecules, including viral pathogens. They are considered to be an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanism by which inflammasome activation occurs during primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection remains unknown. Human B lymphocytes and epithelial cells are major targets of EBV, although it can also infect a variety of other cell types. In this study, we found that EBV could infect primary human monocytes and the monocyte cell line, THP-1, inducing inflammasome activation. We incubated cell-free EBV with THP-1 cells or primary human monocytes, then confirmed EBV infection using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Lytic and latent EBV genes were detected by real-time RT-PCR in EBV-infected monocytes. EBV infection of THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes induced caspase-dependent IL-1β production, while EBV infection of B-cell or T-cell lines did not induce IL-1β production. To identify the sensor molecule responsible for inflammasome activation during EBV infection, we examined the mRNA and the protein levels of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Increased AIM2 levels were observed in EBV-infected THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes, whereas levels of IFI16 and NLRP3 did not show remarkable change. Furthermore, knockdown of AIM2 by small interfering RNA attenuated caspase-1 activation. Taken together, our results suggest that EBV infection of human monocytes induces caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production, and that AIM2, acting as an inflammasome, is involved in this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Torii
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kase S, Adachi H, Osaki M, Murakami M, Sairenji T, Hashimoto K, Teramoto H, Yamamoto S, Makino H, Shimizu E, Watanabe T, Ohsawa T, Hagari Y, Mihara M, Ito H. Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Malignant T/NK-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Hypersensitivity to Mosquito Bites. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 12:265-72. [PMID: 15306941 DOI: 10.1177/106689690401200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report an autopsy case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected malignant lymphoma in a young male who had hypersensitivity to mosquito bites. The autopsy revealed multiple confluent lymphoma lesions in the lungs, and on the right leg irregular-shaped skin ulcers were seen. The left pleural effusion also contained a large number of lymphoma cells. The lymphoma cells were determined as T/NK-cell type cells by immunohistochemistry. EBV DNA was detected most intensively in the lungs and EBV-encoded small RNAs-positive lymphoma cells were also observed in the lungs at a high frequency. EBV latent membrane protein-1 expression and a high Ki-67 labeling indices were noted in the lymphoma cells of the lung lesions. These findings indicate that the development of the malignant lymphoma was associated with the proliferation of EBV-infected lymphoma cells, and the cells that infiltrated the whole the body, especially the lungs, caused the patient's death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kase
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shimakage M. Significant role of macrophages in human cancers associated with Epstein-Barr virus (Review). Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1763-71. [PMID: 25224510 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that was first identified as a human cancer virus. Many human cancers are associated with EBV, and we demonstrated that EBV infects macrophages. Macrophages infected with EBV show a close correlation with many human cancers, and thus more attention must be given to the role of macrophages infiltrating into cancer tissues associated with EBV. In this review, I discuss the role of macrophages in the process of EBV-associated oncogenesis with regard to interleukin-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Shimakage
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Wakayama National Hospital, Wakayama 644-0044, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Upadhyay J, Upadhyay RB, Agrawal P, Jaitley S, Shekhar R. Langerhans cells and their role in oral mucosal diseases. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:505-14. [PMID: 24251267 PMCID: PMC3818822 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.118923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are arguably the most potent antigen-presenting cells and may be the only cells capable of initiating the adaptive immune response. The epithelial residents of dendritic cells are Langerhans cells, which serve as the "sentinels" of the mucosa, altering the immune system not only to pathogen entry but also of tolerance to self antigen and commensal microbes. Oral mucosal Langerhans cells are capable of engaging and internalizing a wide variety of pathogens and have been found responsive to nickel in patients with nickel allergies, oral Candida species, oral lichen planus, lichenoid drug eruptions, graft versus host diseases, periodontal diseases median rhomboid glossitis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hairy leukoplakia of the tongue, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Review focuses on the role of antigen-presenting cells in particular Langerhans cells to better understand the mechanisms underlying immune responses. In this review, comprehensive detail about mucosal diseases has been compiled using the PubMed database and through textbooks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Upadhyay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Ram B Upadhyay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Pankaj Agrawal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Shweta Jaitley
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Rhitu Shekhar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu QF, Ling YW, Fan ZP, Jiang QL, Sun J, Wu XL, Zhao J, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Yu GP, Wu MQ, Feng R. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with EBV-associated central nervous system diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 15:379-92. [PMID: 23692640 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.-F. Liu
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - Y.-W. Ling
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - Z.-P. Fan
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - Q.-L. Jiang
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - J. Sun
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - X.-L. Wu
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - J. Zhao
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - Q. Wei
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - G.-P. Yu
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - M.-Q. Wu
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| | - R. Feng
- Department of Hematology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; Guangdong; China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
LMP1-induced cell death may contribute to the emergency of its oncogenic property. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60743. [PMID: 23637765 PMCID: PMC3634045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is linked to a variety of malignancies including Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. LMP1 exerts its transforming or oncogenic activity mainly through the recruitment of intracellular adapters via LMP1 C-terminal Transformation Effector Sites (TES) 1 and 2. However, LMP1 is also reported to elicit significant cytotoxic effects in some other cell types. This cytotoxic effect is quite intriguing for an oncogenic protein, and it is unclear whether both functional aspects of the protein are related or mutually exclusive. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using different ectopic expression systems in both Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells and human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells, we observe that LMP1 ectopic expression massively induces cell death. Furthermore, we show that LMP1-induced cytotoxicity mainly implies LMP1 C-terminal transformation effector sites and TRADD recruitment. However, stable expression of LMP1 in the same cells, is found to be associated with an increase of cell survival and an acquisition of epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype as evidenced by morphological modifications, increased cell mobility, increased expression of MMP9 and decreased expression of E-cadherin. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the cytotoxic and oncogenic effects of LMP1 are not mutually exclusive but may operate sequentially. We suggest that in a total cell population, cells resistant to LMP1-induced cytotoxicity are those that could take advantage of LMP1 oncogenic activity by integrating LMP1 signaling into the pre-existent signaling network. Our findings thus reconcile the apparent opposite apoptotic and oncogenic effects described for LMP1 and might reflect what actually happens on LMP1-induced cell transformation after EBV infection in patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
Inhibition of latent membrane protein 1 impairs the growth and tumorigenesis of latency II Epstein-Barr virus-transformed T cells. J Virol 2012; 86:3934-43. [PMID: 22258264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05747-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpesvirus. Infection with EBV is associated with several human malignancies in which the virus expresses a set of latent proteins, among which is latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 is able to transform numerous cell types and is considered the main oncogenic protein of EBV. The mechanism of action is based on mimicry of activated members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, through the ability of LMP1 to bind similar adapters and to activate signaling pathways. We previously generated two unique models: a monocytic cell line and a lymphocytic (NC5) cell line immortalized by EBV that expresses the type II latency program. Here we generated LMP1 dominant negative forms (DNs), based on fusion between green fluorescent protein (GFP) and transformation effector site 1 (TES1) or TES2 of LMP1. Then we generated cell lines conditionally expressing these DNs. These DNs inhibit NF-κB and Akt pathways, resulting in the impairment of survival processes and increased apoptosis in these cell lines. This proapoptotic effect is due to reduced interaction of LMP1 with specific adapters and the recruitment of these adapters to DNs, which enable the generation of an apoptotic complex involving TRADD, FADD, and caspase 8. Similar results were obtained with cell lines displaying a latency III program in which LMP1-DNs decrease cell viability. Finally, we prove that synthetic peptides display similar inhibitory effects in EBV-infected cells. DNs derived from LMP1 could be used to develop therapeutic approaches for malignant diseases associated with EBV.
Collapse
|
12
|
Graham JP, Arcipowski KM, Bishop GA. Differential B-lymphocyte regulation by CD40 and its viral mimic, latent membrane protein 1. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:226-48. [PMID: 20727039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 plays a vital role in humoral immunity, via its potent and multifaceted function as an activating receptor of various immune cells, most notably B lymphocytes. The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transforming protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) serves as a functional mimic of CD40 signals to B cells but lacks key regulatory controls that restrain CD40 signaling. This allows LMP1 to activate B cells in an abnormal manner that can contribute to the pathogenesis of human B-cell lymphoma and autoimmune disease. This review focuses upon a comparative analysis of CD40 versus LMP1 functions and mechanisms of action in B lymphocytes, discussing how this comparison can provide valuable information on both how CD40 signaling is normally regulated and how LMP1 disrupts the normal CD40 pathways, which can provide information of value to therapeutic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Graham
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu YF, Liu WL, Dong JQ, Liu WS, Feng QS, Chen LZ, Zeng YX, Zeng MS, Jia WH. Sequencing of DC-SIGN promoter indicates an association between promoter variation and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in cantonese. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:161. [PMID: 21067616 PMCID: PMC2989958 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) is an important pathogen recognition receptor of the innate immune system. DC-SIGN promoter variants play important role in the susceptibility to various infectious diseases. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy that is common in southern China and whether DC-SIGN promoter variants have effects on susceptibility to NPC is still unknown. The aim of this study is to ascertain the potential involvement of DC-SIGN promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NPC susceptibility. Methods We conducted a case control study based on Cantonese population including 444 NPC patients and 464 controls matched on age and sex. The 1041 bp of DC-SIGN promoter region was directly sequenced for all samples. Sequence alignment and SNP search were inspected using DNAStar analysis programs and haplotype frequencies were estimated in Haploview V 4.0. The associations between the SNPs and the risk of NPC were analyzed using chi-square test and non-conditional logistic regression analysis with SPSS 13.0 software. Results A total of six variants were observed in the DC-SIGN promoter region and DC-SIGN -139 GG and -939 AA were significantly associated with NPC risk with adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of 2.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-3.59; P = 0.006) and 2.52 (1.29-4.93; P = 0.007) respectively and subjects carrying the risk allele DC-SIGN -871 G had 1.47-fold (95% CI = 1.14-1.90) increased risks of developing NPC (P = 0.003). Haplotype analysis revealed that h1 'AAAG' was significantly associated with protection against NPC (OR = 0.69; P = 0.0002) and the association was still significant when using 1000 permutation test runs (P = 0.001). Conclusions Our study indicated that DC-SIGN promoter variants appear to be involved in the susceptibility to NPC and the detailed mechanism of this effect need further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Detection of EBV genomes in plasmablasts/plasma cells and non-B cells in the blood of most patients with EBV lymphoproliferative disorders by using Immuno-FISH. Blood 2010; 116:4546-59. [PMID: 20699441 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-285452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in B cells in the blood of healthy people; few studies have looked for EBV in other cell types in blood from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. We use a new technique combining immunofluorescent cell-surface staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization to quantify both EBV copy number per cell and cell types in blood from patients with high EBV DNA loads. In addition to CD20(+) B cells, EBV was present in plasmablast/plasma cells in the blood of 50% of patients, in monocytes or T cells in a small proportion of patients, and in "non-B, non-T, non-monocytes" in 69% of patients. The mean EBV copy number in B cells was significantly higher than in plasmablast/plasma cells. There was no correlation between EBV load and virus copy number per cell. Although we detected CD21, the EBV B-cell receptor, on EBV-infected B cells, we could not detect it on virus-infected T cells. These findings expand the range of cell types infected in the blood. Determining the number of EBV genomes per cell and the type of cells infected in patients with high EBV loads may provide additional prognostic information for the development of EBV lymphoproliferative diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ndour PA, Ouk TS, Brocqueville G, Mougel A, Vanhecke E, Feuillard J, Coll J, Adriaenssens E. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-induced phenotypes by short intracellular versions of latent membrane protein-1. Cell Signal 2009; 22:303-13. [PMID: 19796681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent multi-functional cytokine with a homeostatic role in host defence. In case of deregulation, TNF is implicated in numerous pathologies. The latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) is expressed by Epstein-Barr virus during viral latency and displaying properties of a constitutively activated member of the TNF receptor family. Both TNFR1 and LMP1 share a similar set of proximal adapters and signalling pathways although they display different biological responses. We previously demonstrated that the intracellular part of LMP1, LMP1-CT, a dominant-negative form of LMP1, inhibits LMP1 signalling. Here, we developed shorter versions derived from C-terminal part of LMP1 to investigate their roles on LMP1 and TNF signalling. We constructed several mutants of LMP1 containing a part of cytoplasmic signalling region fused to the green fluorescent protein. These mutants selectively impair signalling by LMP1 and TNF but not by IL-1beta which uses other adapters. Dominant-negative effect was due to binding and sequestration of LMP1 adapters RIP, TRAF2 and TRADD as assessed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal analysis. Expression of these mutants impairs the recruitment of these adapters by TNFR1 and TNF-associated phenotypes. These mutants did not display cytostatic properties but were able to modulate TNF-induced phenotypes, apoptosis or cell survival, depending on the cell context. Interestingly, these mutants are able to inhibit a pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells. These data demonstrate that LMP1 derived molecules can be used to design compounds with potential therapeutic roles in diseases due to TNF overactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Papa Alioune Ndour
- CNRS UMR, Institut de Biologie de Lille, IFR, Université Lille-Nord de France, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Induction of therapeutic antibodies by vaccination against external loops of tumor-associated viral latent membrane protein. J Virol 2009; 83:11734-45. [PMID: 19726497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00578-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some human herpesviruses (HHV) are etiological contributors to a wide range of malignant diseases. These HHV express latent membrane proteins (LMPs), which are type III membrane proteins consistently exposed at the cell surface in these malignancies. These LMPs have relatively large cytoplasmic domains but only short extracellular loops connecting transmembrane segments that are accessible at the surface of infected cells, but they do not elicit antibodies in the course of natural infection and tumorigenesis. We report here that conformational peptides mimicking two adjacent loops of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP1 (2LS peptides) induce high-affinity antibodies with remarkable antitumor activities in mice. In active immunization experiments, LMP1-targeting 2LS vaccine conferred tumor protection in BALB/c mice. Moreover, this tumor protection is dependent upon a humoral anti-2LS immune response as demonstrated in DO11.10 (TCR-OVA) mice challenged with LMP1-expressing tumor and in SCID mice xenografted with human EBV-positive lymphoma cells. These data provide a proof of concept for 2LS immunization against short external loops of viral LMPs. This approach might possibly be extended to other infectious agents expressing type III membrane proteins.
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Mozaini M, Bodelon G, Karstegl CE, Jin B, Al-Ahdal M, Farrell PJ. Epstein-Barr virus BART gene expression. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:307-316. [PMID: 19141439 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introns from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BART RNAs produce up to 20 micro RNAs (miRNAs) but the spliced exons of the BART RNAs have also been investigated as possible mRNAs, with the potential to express the RPMS1 and A73 proteins. Recombinant RPMS1 and A73 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and used to make new monoclonal antibodies that reacted specifically with artificially expressed RPMS1 and A73. These antibodies did not detect endogenous expression of A73 and RPMS1 proteins in a panel of EBV-infected cell lines representing the different known types of EBV infection. BART RNA could not be detected on Northern blots of cytoplasmic poly(A)(+) RNA from the C666.1 NPC cell line and BART RNA was found to be mainly in the nucleus of C666.1 cells, arguing against an mRNA role for BART RNAs. In contrast, some early lytic cycle EBV mRNAs were found to be expressed in C666.1 cells. Artificially expressed A73 protein was known to be able to bind to the cellular RACK1 protein and has now also been shown to be able to regulate calcium flux, presumably via RACK1. Overall, the results support the conclusion that the miRNAs are functionally important products of BART transcription in the cell lines studied because the A73 and RPMS1 proteins could not be detected in natural EBV infections. However, the possibility remains that A73 and RPMS1 might be expressed in some situations because of the clear potential relevance of their biochemical functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Mozaini
- Molecular Virology Department, BMR King Faisal Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354 MBC-03, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Gustavo Bodelon
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Mohammed Al-Ahdal
- Molecular Virology Department, BMR King Faisal Hospital and Research Center, PO Box 3354 MBC-03, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul J Farrell
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ariza ME, Glaser R, Kaumaya PTP, Jones C, Williams MV. The EBV-encoded dUTPase activates NF-kappa B through the TLR2 and MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:851-9. [PMID: 19124728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a key role as the primary host defense against invading pathogens including viruses. We have previously shown that treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages with EBV-encoded dUTPase induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-kappaB. However, the receptor responsible for EBV-encoded dUTPase-mediated biological effects is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that the purified EBV-encoded dUTPase activates NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner through TLR2 and requires the recruitment of the adaptor molecule MyD88 but not CD14. Furthermore, activation of NF-kappaB was abrogated by anti-TLR2, anti-EBV-encoded dUTPase blocking Abs and the overexpression of a dominant negative construct of MyD88 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing TLR2. In addition, treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages with the anti-EBV-encoded dUTPase Ab 7D6 or the anti-TLR2 Ab blocked the production of IL-6 by the EBV-encoded dUTPase. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that a nonstructural protein encoded by EBV is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and that it has immunomodulatory functions. Although additional studies are necessary to define the signaling pathways activated by the EBV-encoded dUTPase and to determine its role in modulating immune responses to EBV infection, our results suggest that the dUTPase could be a potential target for the development of novel therapeutic agents against infections caused by EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
A replication-defective gammaherpesvirus efficiently establishes long-term latency in macrophages but not in B cells in vivo. J Virol 2008; 82:8500-8. [PMID: 18562537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00186-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68 or MHV68) is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), providing a useful system for in vivo studies of the virus-host relationship. To begin to address fundamental questions about the mechanisms of the establishment of gammaherpesvirus latency, we previously generated a replication-defective gammaHV68 lacking the expression of the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by orf6. In work presented here, we demonstrate that this mutant virus established a long-term infection in vivo that was molecularly identical to wild-type virus latency. Thus, despite the absence of an acute phase of lytic replication, the mutant virus established a chronic infection in which the viral genome (i) was maintained as an episome and (ii) expressed latency-associated, but not lytic replication-associated, genes. Macrophages purified from mice infected with the replication-defective virus harbored viral genome at a frequency that was nearly identical to that of wild-type gammaHV68; however, the frequency of B cells harboring viral genome was greatly reduced in the absence of lytic replication. Thus, this replication-defective gammaherpesvirus efficiently established in vivo infection in macrophages that was molecularly indistinguishable from wild-type virus latency. These data point to a critical role for lytic replication or reactivation in the establishment or maintenance of latent infection in B cells.
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiao J, Palefsky JM, Herrera R, Berline J, Tugizov SM. The Epstein-Barr virus BMRF-2 protein facilitates virus attachment to oral epithelial cells. Virology 2007; 370:430-42. [PMID: 17945327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that BMRF-2, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein, binds to beta1 family integrins and is important for EBV infection of polarized oral epithelial cells. To further study the functions of BMRF-2, we constructed a recombinant EBV that lacks BMRF-2 expression by homologous recombination in B95-8 cells. We found that lack of BMRF-2 resulted in about 50% reduction of EBV attachment to oral epithelial cells, but not to B lymphocytes, suggesting that BMRF-2 is critical for EBV infection in oral epithelial cells, but not in B lymphocytes. In polarized oral epithelial cells, infection rate of the recombinant EBV virus was about 4- to 8-fold lower than the wild-type B95-8 virus. Cell adhesion assays using the BMRF-2 RGD peptide and its RGE and AAA mutants showed that the RGD motif is critical for BMRF-2 binding to integrins. These data are consistent with our previous observation that interactions between EBV BMRF-2 and integrins are critical for infection of oral epithelial cells with EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0654, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tugizov S, Herrera R, Veluppillai P, Greenspan J, Greenspan D, Palefsky JM. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected monocytes facilitate dissemination of EBV within the oral mucosal epithelium. J Virol 2007; 81:5484-96. [PMID: 17376918 PMCID: PMC1900306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes hairy leukoplakia (HL), a benign lesion of oral epithelium that occurs primarily in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated immunodeficiency. However, the mechanisms of EBV infection of oral epithelium are poorly understood. Analysis of HL tissues shows a small number of EBV-positive intraepithelial macrophages and dendritic/Langerhans cells. To investigate a role for these cells in spreading EBV to epithelial cells, we used tongue and buccal explants infected ex vivo with EBV. We showed that EBV first infects submucosal CD14(+) monocytes, which then migrate into the epithelium and spread virus to oral epithelial cells, initiating productive viral infection within the terminally differentiated spinosum and granulosum layers. Incubation of EBV-infected monocytes and oral explants with antibodies to CCR2 receptor and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 prevented entry of monocytes into the epithelium and inhibited EBV infection of keratinocytes. B lymphocytes played little part in the spread of EBV to keratinocytes in our explant model. However, cocultivation of EBV-infected B lymphocytes with uninfected monocytes in vitro showed that EBV may spread from B lymphocytes to monocytes. Circulating EBV-positive monocytes were detected in most HIV-infected individuals, consistent with a model in which EBV may be spread from B lymphocytes to monocytes, which then enter the epithelium and initiate productive viral infection of keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143-0512, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bajaj BG, Murakami M, Robertson ES. Molecular biology of EBV in relationship to AIDS-associated oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 133:141-62. [PMID: 17672040 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46816-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus of the Lymphocryptovirus genus, which infects greater than 90% of the world's population. Infection is nonsymptomatic in healthy individuals, but has been associated with a number of lymphoproliferative disorders when accompanied by immunosuppression. Like all herpesviruses, EBV has both latent and lytic replication programs, which allows it to evade immune clearance and persist for the lifetime of the host. Latent infection is characterized by replication of the viral genome as an integral part of the host cell chromosomes, and the absence of production of infectious virus. A further layer of complexity is added in that EBV can establish three distinct latency programs, in each of which a specific set of viral antigens is expressed. In most malignant disorders associated with EBV, the virus replicates using one of these three latency programs. In the most aggressive latency program, only 11 of the hitherto 85 identified open reading frames in the EBV genome are expressed. The other two latency programs express even smaller subsets of this repertoire of latent genes. The onset of the AIDS pandemic and the corresponding increase in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency resulted in a sharp increase in EBV-mediated AIDS-associated malignancies. This has sparked a renewed interest in EBV biology and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat G Bajaj
- Department of Microbiology, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Goormachtigh G, Ouk TS, Mougel A, Tranchand-Bunel D, Masy E, Le Clorennec C, Feuillard J, Bornkamm GW, Auriault C, Manet E, Fafeur V, Adriaenssens E, Coll J. Autoactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus oncogenic protein LMP1 during type II latency through opposite roles of the NF-kappaB and JNK signaling pathways. J Virol 2006; 80:7382-93. [PMID: 16840319 PMCID: PMC1563735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02052-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human malignancies where it expresses limited subsets of latent proteins. Of the latent proteins, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a potent transforming protein that constitutively induces multiple cell signaling pathways and contributes to EBV-associated oncogenesis. Regulation of LMP1 expression has been extensively described during the type III latency of EBV. Nevertheless, in the majority of EBV-associated tumors, the virus is commonly found to display a type II latency program in which it is still unknown which viral or cellular protein is really involved in maintaining LMP1 expression. Here, we demonstrate that LMP1 activates its own promoter pLMP1 through the JNK signaling pathway emerging from the TES2 domain. Our results also reveal that this activation is tightly controlled by LMP1, since pLMP1 is inhibited by LMP1-activated NF-kappaB signaling pathway. By using our physiological models of EBV-infected cells displaying type II latency as well as lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing a type III latency, we also demonstrate that this balanced autoregulation of LMP1 is shared by both latency programs. Finally, we show that this autoactivation is the most important mechanism to maintain LMP1 expression during the type II latency program of EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Goormachtigh
- CNRS UMR 8527, Institut de Biologie de Lille (IBL), 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu B, Jiang YJ, Choy PC. 17-Beta estradiol enhances prostaglandin E2 production in human U937-derived macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 262:101-10. [PMID: 15532714 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000038222.08915.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are potent eicosanoid lipid mediators that have been implicated in numerous homeostatic functions and inflammation. Estrogens have been shown to regulate the expression of genes in lipid metabolism in many cellular systems. In this study, the activation of macrophages and the modulation of PG release by estrogens were examined. The effects of 17-alpha and 17-beta estradiols, phytoestrogen Genistein and several selective estrogen receptor modulators on the release of PGE2 were investigated in human U937-derived macrophages. 17-Beta estradiol caused an enhancement of PGE2 production in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of macrophages with 17-beta estradiol elicited an increased arachidonic acid (AA) release and an up-regulation of both cyclooxygenesis-1 and cyclooxygenesis-2 enzymes at both the transcript and protein levels. In addition, immunostaining of nuclear estrogen receptor alpha and the observation of ICI182 780 blockade of PGE2 production indicated that 17-beta estradiol-induced PGE2 release was mainly through nuclear estrogen receptor alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hudnall SD, Ge Y, Wei L, Yang NP, Wang HQ, Chen T. Distribution and phenotype of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in human pharyngeal tonsils. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:519-27. [PMID: 15696119 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is often found in human tonsils, it remains to be precisely determined in what cells and microenvironment the virus is present. Although generally regarded as a B lymphotropic virus, EBV is associated with non-B-cell tumors, for example, NK/T-cell lymphoma, carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma. To provide a basis for understanding the origin and biology of EBV-infected non-B cells, the immunophenotype of all EBV-infected cells in reactive human tonsils was determined by subjecting tonsil sections to dual/triple EBER in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CCR3), B cells (CD20), plasma cells (CD138), natural killer (NK) cells (PEN5), and epithelial cells (cytokeratin), as well as frozen section immunostaining with antibodies to EBV latent proteins EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, and EBV early protein BZLF1. Most tonsils contained nearly equal numbers of EBNA1- and LMP1-positive cells (latency program) while only a few contained EBNA2-positive cells (growth program). More than 1000 EBER-positive cells from six tonsils were detected in the interfollicular zone (59%), tonsillar crypts (26%), and follicles (15%). Most (82%) EBER-positive cells are CD20-positive B cells, 7% are CD3-positive T cells, and 11% are cells of indeterminate lineage, often with plasmacytoid morphology. However, no EBER-positive plasma cells were identified. Rare EBER-positive NK cells and EBER/BZLF1-positive epithelial cells were identified. The direct demonstration of EBV within rare T cells, NK cells, and epithelial cells in reactive human tonsils provide a basis for further understanding of the origin of EBV-associated tumors of non-B-cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S David Hudnall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0741, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Li L, Donati D, Bejarano MT, Morgan A, Masucci MG, Hutt-Fletcher L, Levitsky V. Capacity of Epstein-Barr virus to infect monocytes and inhibit their development into dendritic cells is affected by the cell type supporting virus replication. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2767-2778. [PMID: 15448337 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Strong evidence implicates T lymphocytes in the control of EBV replication and tumorigenesis, but cellular components of the innate immune system are poorly characterized in terms of their function in the development of EBV-specific immunity or interaction with the virus. This study demonstrates that EBV virions produced in epithelial cells surpass their B cell-derived counterparts in the capacity to enter monocytes and inhibit their development into dendritic cells (DCs). Different ratios of the gp42 and gH glycoproteins in the envelope of virions that were derived from major histocompatibility complex class II-positive or -negative cells accounted primarily for the differences in EBV tropism. EBV is shown to enter both monocytes and DCs, although the cells are susceptible to virus-induced apoptosis only if infected at early stages of DC differentiation. The purified gH/gL heterodimer binds efficiently to monocytes and DCs, but not to B cells, suggesting that high expression levels of a putative binding partner for gH contribute to virus entry. This entry takes place despite very low or undetectable expression of CD21, the canonical EBV receptor. These results indicate that the site of virus replication, either in B cells or epithelial cells, alters EBV tropism for monocytes and DCs. This results in a change in the virus's immunomodulating capacity and may have important implications for the regulation of virus-host interactions during primary and chronic EBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - LiQi Li
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daria Donati
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Huddinnge Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Teresa Bejarano
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Huddinnge Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lindsey Hutt-Fletcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Adriaenssens E, Mougel A, Goormachtigh G, Loing E, Fafeur V, Auriault C, Coll J. A novel dominant-negative mutant form of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) selectively and differentially impairs LMP1 and TNF signaling pathways. Oncogene 2004; 23:2681-93. [PMID: 14767477 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) is an integral membrane molecule expressed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) during viral latency and displays properties of a constitutively activated member of the TNF receptor family. LMP1 is required for B-cell or monocyte immortalization induced by EBV and is sufficient to transform rodent fibroblasts. Transforming potential of LMP1 is mediated by its cytoplasmic C-terminal domain, which activates various cellular signaling pathways including NFkappaB and JNK. In this report, we constructed mutants of LMP1 with preserved membrane spanning domain but mutated in the C-terminal domain and a second truncated C-terminal LMP1 fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein. This latter mutant, termed LMP1-CT, impairs signaling by ectopic LMP1 as well as endogenous EBV-expressed wild-type (wt) LMP1. In contrast to dominant-negative mutants of LMP1 with preserved membrane spanning domains, LMP1-CT was unable to bind wt LMP1 to form an inactive complex. Its dominant-negative effects were due to binding and sequestration of LMP1 adapters TRAF2 and TRADD as assessed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal analysis. The effect was selective since LMP1-CT did not inhibit IL-1beta-induced signaling, whereas it impaired TNF-triggered NFkappaB and JNK signals without affecting TNF-induced apoptosis. In addition and in contrast to LMP1 constructs with membrane localization, LMP-CT did not display cytostatic properties in noninfected cells. Importantly, LMP1-CT inhibited survival induced by LMP1 in an EBV-transformed T-cell line expressing the type II viral latency commonly found in the majority of EBV-associated human tumors. These data demonstrate that LMP1-CT is a new tool to explore the differences between LMP1 and TNF signaling and may facilitate the design of molecules with potential therapeutic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Adriaenssens
- CNRS UMR 8527, Institut de Biologie de Lille, BP 447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|