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Cai Q, Sun N, Zhang Y, Wang J, Pan C, Chen Y, Li L, Li X, Liu W, Aliyari SR, Yang H, Cheng G. Interferon-stimulated gene PVRL4 broadly suppresses viral entry by inhibiting viral-cellular membrane fusion. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:23. [PMID: 38368366 PMCID: PMC10873969 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection elicits the type I interferon (IFN-I) response in host cells and subsequently inhibits viral infection through inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that counteract many steps in the virus life cycle. However, most of ISGs have unclear functions and mechanisms in viral infection. Thus, more work is required to elucidate the role and mechanisms of individual ISGs against different types of viruses. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that poliovirus receptor-like protein4 (PVRL4) is an ISG strongly induced by IFN-I stimulation and various viral infections. Overexpression of PVRL4 protein broadly restricts growth of enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), influenza A virus (IAV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whereas deletion of PVRL4 in host cells increases viral infections. Mechanistically, it suppresses viral entry by blocking viral-cellular membrane fusion through inhibiting endosomal acidification. The vivo studies demonstrate that Pvrl4-deficient mice were more susceptible to the infection of VSV and IAV. CONCLUSION Overall, our studies not only identify PVRL4 as an intrinsic broad-spectrum antiviral ISG, but also provide a candidate host-directed target for antiviral therapy against various viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nina Sun
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohu Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lili Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wancheng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Saba R Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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2
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Iseli AN, Pohl MO, Glas I, Gaggioli E, Martínez-Barragán P, David SC, Schaub A, Luo B, Klein LK, Bluvshtein N, Violaki K, Motos G, Hugentobler W, Nenes A, Krieger UK, Peter T, Kohn T, Stertz S. The neuraminidase activity of influenza A virus determines the strain-specific sensitivity to neutralization by respiratory mucus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0127123. [PMID: 37819131 PMCID: PMC10617592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01271-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The respiratory tract of humans is constantly exposed to potentially harmful agents, such as small particles or pathogens, and thus requires protective measures. Respiratory mucus that lines the airway epithelia plays a major role in the prevention of viral infections by limiting the mobility of viruses, allowing subsequent mucociliary clearance. Understanding the interplay between respiratory mucus and viruses can help elucidate host and virus characteristics that enable the initiation of infection. Here, we tested a panel of primary influenza A viruses of avian or human origin for their sensitivity to mucus derived from primary human airway cultures and found that differences between virus strains can be mapped to viral neuraminidase activity. We also show that binding of influenza A viruses to decoy receptors on highly glycosylated mucus components constitutes the major inhibitory function of mucus against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena N. Iseli
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie O. Pohl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Glas
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Gaggioli
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Shannon C. David
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Schaub
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beiping Luo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liviana K. Klein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nir Bluvshtein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Violaki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ghislain Motos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Hugentobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Ulrich K. Krieger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silke Stertz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Ramirez JM, Calderon-Zavala AC, Balaram A, Heldwein EE. In vitro reconstitution of herpes simplex virus 1 fusion identifies low pH as a fusion co-trigger. mBio 2023; 14:e0208723. [PMID: 37874146 PMCID: PMC10746285 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02087-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion mediated by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a complex, multi-protein process that is receptor triggered and can occur both at the cell surface and in endosomes. To deconvolute this complexity, we reconstituted HSV-1 fusion with synthetic lipid vesicles in vitro. Using this simplified, controllable system, we discovered that HSV-1 fusion required not only a cognate host receptor but also low pH. On the target membrane side, efficient fusion required cholesterol, negatively charged lipids found in the endosomal membranes, and an optimal balance of lipid order and disorder. On the virion side, the four HSV-1 entry glycoproteins-gB, gD, gH, and gL-were sufficient for fusion. We propose that low pH is a biologically relevant co-trigger for HSV-1 fusion. The dependence of fusion on low pH and endosomal lipids could explain why HSV-1 enters most cell types by endocytosis. We hypothesize that under neutral pH conditions, other, yet undefined, cellular factors may serve as fusion co-triggers. The in vitro fusion system established here can be employed to systematically investigate HSV-1-mediated membrane fusion.IMPORTANCEHSV-1 causes lifelong, incurable infections and diseases ranging from mucocutaneous lesions to fatal encephalitis. Fusion of viral and host membranes is a critical step in HSV-1 infection of target cells that requires multiple factors on both the viral and host sides. Due to this complexity, many fundamental questions remain unanswered, such as the identity of the viral and host factors that are necessary and sufficient for HSV-1-mediated membrane fusion and the nature of the fusion trigger. Here, we developed a simplified in vitro fusion assay to examine the fusion requirements and identified low pH as a co-trigger for virus-mediated fusion in vitro. We hypothesize that low pH has a critical role in cell entry and, potentially, pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Martin Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ariana C. Calderon-Zavala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ariane Balaram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ekaterina E. Heldwein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Alviar KB, Rotenberg D, Martin KM, Whitfield AE. The physical interactome between Peregrinus maidis proteins and the maize mosaic virus glycoprotein provides insights into the cellular biology of a rhabdovirus in the insect vector. Virology 2022; 577:163-173. [PMID: 36395538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdovirus glycoproteins (G) serve multifunctional roles in virus entry, assembly, and exit from animal cells. We hypothesize that maize mosaic virus (MMV) G is required for invasion, infection, and spread in Peregrinus maidis, the planthopper vector. Using a membrane-based yeast two-hybrid assay, we identified 107 P. maidis proteins that physically interacted with MMV G, of which approximately 53% matched proteins with known functions including endocytosis, vesicle-mediated transport, protein synthesis and turnover, nuclear export, metabolism and host defense. Physical interaction networks among conserved proteins indicated a possible cellular coordination of processes associated with MMV G translation, protein folding and trafficking. Non-annotated proteins contained predicted functional sites, including a diverse array of ligand binding sites. Cyclophilin A and apolipophorin III co-immunoprecipitated with MMV G, and each showed different patterns of localization with G in insect cells. This study describes the first protein interactome for a rhabdovirus spike protein and insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Alviar
- Institute of Weed Science, Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kathleen M Martin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Karonen M. Insights into Polyphenol-Lipid Interactions: Chemical Methods, Molecular Aspects and Their Effects on Membrane Structures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11141809. [PMID: 35890443 PMCID: PMC9317924 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols have many potential applications, for example, in the fields of chemical ecology and human and animal health and nutrition. These biological benefits are related to their bioavailability, bioaccessibility and interactions with other biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, fibers and amino acids. Polyphenol-protein interactions are well-studied, but less is known about their interactions with lipids and cell membranes. However, the affinity of polyphenols for lipid bilayers partially determines their biological activity and is also important from the usability perspective. The polyphenol-lipid interactions can be studied with several chemical tools including, among others, partition coefficient measurements, calorimetric methods, spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulation. Polyphenols can variably interact with and penetrate lipid bilayers depending on the structures and concentrations of the polyphenols, the compositions of the lipids and the ambient conditions and factors. Polyphenol penetrating the lipid bilayer can perturb and cause changes in its structure and biophysical properties. The current studies have used structurally different polyphenols, diverse model lipids and various measuring techniques. This approach provides detailed information on polyphenol-lipid interactions, but there is much variability, and the results may even be contradictory, for example, in relation to the locations and orientations of the polyphenols in the lipid bilayers. Nevertheless, by using well-characterized model polyphenols and lipids systematically and combining the results obtained with several techniques within a study, it is possible to create a good overall picture of these fascinating interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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6
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Virtanen V, Green RJ, Karonen M. Interactions between Hydrolysable Tannins and Lipid Vesicles from Escherichia coli with Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103204. [PMID: 35630681 PMCID: PMC9146631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to study the interactions between hydrolysable tannins (HTs) and lipid vesicles prepared from a phospholipid extract of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A group of 24 structurally different HTs was selected, and structural differences affecting their affinities to interact with lipid vesicles in aqueous buffered media were identified. In general, the interactions between HTs and lipid vesicles were exothermic in nature, and ITC as a technique functioned well in the screening of HTs for their affinity for lipids. Most notably, the galloyl moiety, the structural flexibility of the entire tannin structure, the hydrophobicity of the tannin, and higher molecular weight were observed to be important for the stronger interactions with the lipids. The strongest interactions with lipids were observed for rugosins D and G. It was also observed that some HTs with moderate hydrophobicities, such as geraniin, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid, did not have any detectable interactions with the lipid vesicles, suggesting that a hydrophobic structure alone does not guarantee an affinity for lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Virtanen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Rebecca J Green
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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7
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Evaluation of Host Cell Impurity Effects on the Performance of Sterile Filtration Processes for Therapeutic Viruses. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040359. [PMID: 35448330 PMCID: PMC9030567 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efficient downstream processing represents a significant challenge in the rapidly developing field of therapeutic viruses. While it is known that the terminal sterile filtration step can be a major cause of product loss, there is little known about the effect of host cell impurities (DNA and protein) on filtration performance. In this study, fractions of relatively pure Vero host cell protein and DNA were spiked into a highly pure preparation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Then, the resulting solutions were sterile filtered using two commercially available 0.22 µm rated microfiltration membranes. A combination of transmembrane pressure measurements, virus recovery measurements, and post-filtration microscopy images of the microfiltration membranes was used to evaluate the sterile filtration performance. It was found that increasing the amount of host cell protein from approximately 1 µg/mL (in the un-spiked VSV preparation) to 25 µg/mL resulted in a greater extent of membrane fouling, causing the VSV recovery to decrease from 89% to 65% in experiments conducted with the highly asymmetric Express PLUS PES membrane and to go as low as 48% in experiments conducted with the symmetric Durapore PVDF membrane. Similar effects were not seen when bovine serum albumin, a common model protein used in filtration studies, was spiked into the VSV preparation, which indicates that the sterile filtration performance is critically dependent on the complex composition of the mixture of host cell proteins rather than the presence of any protein. The results presented in this work provide important insights into the role of host cell impurities on the performance of sterile filtration processes for therapeutic viruses.
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8
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Scramblases as Regulators of Proteolytic ADAM Function. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020185. [PMID: 35207106 PMCID: PMC8880048 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic ectodomain release is a key mechanism for regulating the function of many cell surface proteins. The sheddases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are the best-characterized members of the family of transmembrane disintegrin-like metalloproteinase. Constitutive proteolytic activities are low but can be abruptly upregulated via inside-out signaling triggered by diverse activating events. Emerging evidence indicates that the plasma membrane itself must be assigned a dominant role in upregulation of sheddase function. Data are discussed that tentatively identify phospholipid scramblases as central players during these events. We propose that scramblase-dependent externalization of the negatively charged phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) plays an important role in the final activation step of ADAM10 and ADAM17. In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge on the interplay of cell membrane changes, PS exposure, and proteolytic activity of transmembrane proteases as well as the potential consequences in the context of immune response, infection, and cancer. The novel concept that scramblases regulate the action of ADAM-proteases may be extendable to other functional proteins that act at the cell surface.
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9
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Havranek KE, Reyes Ballista JM, Hines KM, Brindley MA. Untargeted Lipidomics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells and Viral Particles. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010003. [PMID: 35062207 PMCID: PMC8778780 DOI: 10.3390/v14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral lifecycle is critically dependent upon host lipids. Enveloped viral entry requires fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Once an infection has occurred, viruses may rely on host lipids for replication and egress. Upon exit, enveloped viruses derive their lipid bilayer from host membranes during the budding process. Furthermore, host lipid metabolism and signaling are often hijacked to facilitate viral replication. We employed an untargeted HILIC-IM-MS lipidomics approach and identified host lipid species that were significantly altered during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Many glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species were modified, and ontological enrichment analysis suggested that the alterations to the lipid profile change host membrane properties. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which can contribute to membrane curvature and serve as a signaling molecule, was depleted during infection, while several ceramide sphingolipids were augmented during infection. Ceramide and sphingomyelin lipids were also enriched in viral particles, indicating that sphingolipid metabolism is important during VSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Havranek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Judith Mary Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Kelly Marie Hines
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
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Bally M, Block S, Höök F, Larson G, Parveen N, Rydell GE. Physicochemical tools for studying virus interactions with targeted cell membranes in a molecular and spatiotemporally resolved context. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7157-7178. [PMID: 34490501 PMCID: PMC8421089 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this critical review is to provide an overview of how emerging bioanalytical techniques are expanding our understanding of the complex physicochemical nature of virus interactions with host cell surfaces. Herein, selected model viruses representing both non-enveloped (simian virus 40 and human norovirus) and enveloped (influenza A virus, human herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1) viruses are highlighted. The technologies covered utilize a wide range of cell membrane mimics, from supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) containing a single purified host membrane component to SLBs derived from the plasma membrane of a target cell, which can be compared with live-cell experiments to better understand the role of individual interaction pairs in virus attachment and entry. These platforms are used to quantify binding strengths, residence times, diffusion characteristics, and binding kinetics down to the single virus particle and single receptor, and even to provide assessments of multivalent interactions. The technologies covered herein are surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with equilibrium fluctuation analysis (EFA) and single particle tracking (SPT), and finally confocal microscopy using multi-labeling techniques to visualize entry of individual virus particles in live cells. Considering the growing scientific and societal needs for untangling, and interfering with, the complex mechanisms of virus binding and entry, we hope that this review will stimulate the community to implement these emerging tools and strategies in conjunction with more traditional methods. The gained knowledge will not only contribute to a better understanding of the virus biology, but may also facilitate the design of effective inhibitors to block virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Block
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Nagma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Gustaf E Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Flagging fusion: Phosphatidylserine signaling in cell-cell fusion. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100411. [PMID: 33581114 PMCID: PMC8005811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formations of myofibers, osteoclasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and fertilized zygotes share a common step, cell–cell fusion. Recent years have brought about considerable progress in identifying some of the proteins involved in these and other cell-fusion processes. However, even for the best-characterized cell fusions, we still do not know the mechanisms that regulate the timing of cell-fusion events. Are they fully controlled by the expression of fusogenic proteins or do they also depend on some triggering signal that activates these proteins? The latter scenario would be analogous to the mechanisms that control the timing of exocytosis initiated by Ca2+ influx and virus-cell fusion initiated by low pH- or receptor interaction. Diverse cell fusions are accompanied by the nonapoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusing cells. Here we review data on the dependence of membrane remodeling in cell fusion on phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine-recognizing proteins and discuss the hypothesis that cell surface phosphatidylserine serves as a conserved “fuse me” signal regulating the time and place of cell-fusion processes.
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12
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Gale P. How virus size and attachment parameters affect the temperature sensitivity of virus binding to host cells: Predictions of a thermodynamic model for arboviruses and HIV. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 15:100104. [PMID: 32292808 PMCID: PMC7110232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Virus binding to host cells involves specific interactions between viral (glyco)proteins (GP) and host cell surface receptors (Cr) (protein or sialic acid (SA)). The magnitude of the enthalpy of association changes with temperature according to the change in heat capacity (ΔCp) on GP/Cr binding, being little affected for avian influenza virus (AIV) haemagglutinin (HA) binding to SA (ΔCp = 0 kJ/mol/K) but greatly affected for HIV gp120 binding to CD4 receptor (ΔCp = -5.0 kJ/mol/K). A thermodynamic model developed here predicts that values of ΔCp from 0 to ~-2.0 kJ/mol/K have relatively little impact on the temperature sensitivity of the number of mosquito midgut cells with bound arbovirus, while intermediate values of ΔCp of ~-3.0 kJ/mol/K give a peak binding at a temperature of ~20 °C as observed experimentally for Western equine encephalitis virus. More negative values of ΔCp greatly decrease arbovirus binding at temperatures below ~20 °C. Thus to promote transmission at low temperatures, arboviruses may benefit from ΔCp ~ 0 kJ/mol/K as for HA/SA and it is interesting that bluetongue virus binds to SA in midge midguts. Large negative values of ΔCp as for HIV gp120:CD4 diminish binding at 37 °C. Of greater importance, however, is the decrease in entropy of the whole virus (ΔSa_immob) on its immobilisation on the host cell surface. ΔSa_immob presents a repulsive force which the enthalpy-driven GP/Cr interactions weakened at higher temperatures struggle to overcome. ΔSa_immob is more negative (less favourable) for larger diameter viruses which therefore show diminished binding at higher temperatures than smaller viruses. It is proposed that small size phenotype through a less negative ΔSa_immob is selected for viruses infecting warmer hosts thus explaining the observation that virion volume decreases with increasing host temperature from 0 °C to 40 °C in the case of dsDNA viruses. Compared to arboviruses which also infect warm-blooded vertebrates, HIV is large at 134 nm diameter and thus would have a large negative ΔSa_immob which would diminish its binding at human body temperature. It is proposed that prior non-specific binding of HIV through attachment factors takes much of the entropy loss for ΔSa_immob so enhancing subsequent specific gp120:CD4 binding at 37 °C. This is consistent with the observation that HIV attachment factors are not essential but augment infection. Antiviral therapies should focus on increasing virion size, for example through binding of zinc oxide nanoparticles to herpes simplex virus, hence making ΔSa_immob more negative, and thus reducing binding affinity at 37 °C.
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Key Words
- AIV, avian influenza virus
- Antivirals
- BBF, brush border fragments from midgut
- BTV, bluetongue virus
- C.VT, number of host cells with bound virus at temperature T
- CD4, host cell receptor for HIV
- Cp, heat capacity at constant pressure
- Cr, host cell receptor
- Ctotal, number of host cells which can bind virus in a given volume of host fluid (midgut or blood)
- DENV, Dengue virus
- EA, activation energy
- EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus
- EM, electron microscopy
- Entropy
- Env, HIV gp120 trimer envelope protein which binds to a single CD4 molecule
- FcT, fraction of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus at temperature T
- GP, viral (glyco)protein on virus surface that binds to Cr
- HA, haemagglutinin
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HSV-2, herpes simplex virus type 2
- Heat capacity
- Ka_virus_T, association constant for binding of virus to host cells at temperature T
- Kd_receptor_T, dissociation constant for GP from Cr at temperature T
- Kd_virus, dissociation constant for virus from host cell
- M, molar (moles dm-3)
- R, ideal gas constant
- SA, sialic acid
- SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus
- Temperature
- Vfree, virus not bound to cells
- Virus size
- Vtotal, virus challenge dose in volume of host fluid
- WEEV, Western equine encephalitis virus
- WNV, West Nile virus
- ZnOT, zinc oxide tetrapod
- n, number of GP/Cr contacts made on virus binding to cell
- pcompleteT, probability given a virion has bound to the surface of a midgut cell that that midgut cell becomes infected and that its progeny viruses go on to infect the salivary gland so completing the arthropod infection process within the life time of the arthropod at temperature T
- ptransmissionT, probability of successful infection of the arthropod salivary glands after oral exposure at temperature T
- ΔCp, change in heat capacity
- ΔGa_virus_T, change in Gibbs free energy on association of virus and host cell at temperature T
- ΔHa_receptor_T, change in enthalpy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor at a temperature T
- ΔHa_virus_T, change in enthalpy for binding of virus to host cell at temperature T
- ΔSa_immob, change in entropy on immobilization of whole virus to cell surface
- ΔSa_non_specific, change in entropy on immobilization of virus to cell surface through non-specific binding
- ΔSa_receptor_T, change in entropy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor
- ΔSa_specific, change in entropy on immobilization of virus to cell surface through specific GP/Cr-driven binding
- ΔSa_virus_T, change in entropy for binding of virus to host cell at temperature T
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gale
- Independent Scientist, 15 Weare Close, Portland, Dorset, DT5 1JP, United Kingdom
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13
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Munis AM, Bentley EM, Takeuchi Y. A tool with many applications: vesicular stomatitis virus in research and medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1187-1201. [PMID: 32602788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1787981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Udayakumar TS, Betancourt DM, Ahmad A, Tao W, Totiger TM, Patel M, Marples B, Barber G, Pollack A. Radiation Attenuates Prostate Tumor Antiviral Responses to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Containing IFNβ, Resulting in Pronounced Antitumor Systemic Immune Responses. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1232-1243. [PMID: 32366674 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing IFNβ induces apoptosis in multiple tumor models while maintaining an excellent safety profile. VSV-IFNβ is oncoselective due to permissive replication in cells with an altered IFN pathway. The human VSV-IFNβ (hIFNβ) vector is currently used in clinical trials as a standalone therapy; however, we hypothesized that oncolytic virotherapy might be more effective when used in combination with radiotherapy (RT). We investigated the synergistic effects of RT and VSV-hIFNβ in the subcutaneous PC3 and orthotopic LNCaP prostate xenograft models and a syngeneic RM9 prostate tumor model. VSV-IFNβ combined with RT amplified tumor killing for PC3 and LNCaP xenografts, and RM9 tumors. This was attributed to the induction of proapoptotic genes leading to increased VSV-IFNβ infection and replication, VSV expression, and oncolysis. In the RM9 tumors, combination therapy resulted in a robust antitumor immune response. Treated RM9 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated an increase in CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell numbers, 100% resistance to tumor rechallenge, and reduced resistance to reimplantation challenge with CD8+ knockdown. RT enhanced the activity of VSV-mediated oncolysis via attenuation of the innate antiviral response, resulting in increased VSV replication and the generation of an adaptive immune response earmarked by an increase in CD8+ lymphocyte numbers and antitumor activity. Local tumor irradiation combined with VSV-IFNβ affects tumor cell death through direct and systemic activity in conjunction with pronounced antitumor immunity. IMPLICATIONS: Radiotherapy enhances VSV-mediated oncolysis and anti-tumor immunity, indicating that the ombination has promise for very high risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupandiyur S Udayakumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Dillon M Betancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Anis Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tulasigeri M Totiger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Mausam Patel
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Health, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Glen Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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16
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Oeyen M, Noppen S, Vanhulle E, Claes S, Myrvold BO, Vermeire K, Schols D. A unique class of lignin derivatives displays broad anti-HIV activity by interacting with the viral envelope. Virus Res 2019; 274:197760. [PMID: 31618614 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Gordts et al. (2015), we have shown that lignosulfonic acid, a commercially available lignin derivative, possesses broad antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV) by preventing viral entry into susceptible target cells. Because of the interesting safety profile as potential microbicide, we now determined the antiviral activity of a series of lignosulfonates in order to understand better which molecular features can contribute to their antiviral activity. Here, 24 structurally different lignosulfonates were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit HIV and HSV transmission and replication in various cellular assays. These derivatives differ in origin (hardwood or softwood), counter-ion used during sulphite processing (Na+, Ca2+, or NH4+), sulphur content, carboxylic acid percentage, and molecular weight fraction, which allowed to determine structure-activity relationships. We demonstrate that the broad antiviral activity of lignosulfonates is mainly dependent on their molecular weight and that their mechanism of action is based on interactions with the viral envelope glycoproteins. This makes the lignosulfonates a potential low-cost microbicide that protects women from sexual HIV and HSV transmission and thus prevents life-long infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Oeyen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Claes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernt O Myrvold
- Borregaard LignoTech, P.O. Box 162, N-1709 Sarpsborg, Norway
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Gale P. Towards a thermodynamic mechanistic model for the effect of temperature on arthropod vector competence for transmission of arboviruses. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 12:27-43. [PMID: 32289057 PMCID: PMC7104215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), bluetongue virus (BTV), dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infect their arthropod vectors over a range of average temperatures depending on the ambient temperature. How the transmission efficiency of an arbovirus (i.e. vector competence) varies with temperature influences not only the short term risk of arbovirus outbreaks in humans and livestock but also the long term impact of climate change on the geographical range of the virus. The strength of the interaction between viral surface (glyco)protein (GP) and the host cell receptor (Cr) on binding of virus to host cell is defined by the thermodynamic dissociation constant Kd_receptor which is assumed to equal 10-3 M (at 37 °C) for binding of a sialic acid (SA) on the arthropod midgut epithelial cell surface to a SA-binding site on the surface of BTV, for example. Here virus binding affinity is modelled with increasing number of GP/Cr contacts at temperatures from 10 °C to 35 °C taking into account the change in entropy on immobilization of the whole virus on binding (ΔSa_immob). Based on published data, three thermodynamic GP/Cr binding scenarios, namely enthalpy-driven, entropy-assisted and entropy-driven, are shown to affect the temperature sensitivity of virus binding in different ways. Thus for enthalpy-driven GP/Cr binding, viruses bind host cells much more strongly at 10 °C than 35 °C. A mechanistic model is developed for the number of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus and by building in a kinetic component for the rate of arbovirus replication and subsequent spread to the arthropod salivary glands, a model for the effect of temperature on vector competence is developed. The model separates the opposing effects of temperature on midgut cell binding affinity from the kinetic component of virogenesis. It successfully accommodates both increases in vector competence with temperature as for DENV and WNV in mosquitoes and decreases as for the CHIKV 2010-1909 strain in various populations of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Enhanced cell binding at lower temperatures through enthalpy-driven GP/Cr binding compensates for the lower replication rate to some degree such that some transmission can still occur at lower temperatures. In contrast, the strength of entropy-driven GP/Cr binding diminishes at low temperatures although there is no minimum temperature threshold for transmission efficiency. The magnitude of ΔSa_immob is an important data gap. It is concluded that thermodynamic and kinetic data obtained at the molecular level will prove important in modelling vector competence with temperature.
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Key Words
- AIV, avian influenza virus
- Arbovirus
- BBF, brush border fragments from midgut
- C.VT, number of arthropod midgut cells with bound arbovirus at temperature T
- CHIKV, chikungunya virus
- Cfree, number of midgut epithelial cells which can bind virus with no virus bound
- Cr, host cell receptor
- Ctotal_midgut, number of midgut epithelial cells which can bind virus
- DENV, dengue fever virus
- EA, activation energy
- EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus
- EIP, extrinsic incubation period
- Enthalpy
- Entropy
- Fc, fraction of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus at temperature T
- GP, viral (glyco)protein on virus surface that binds to Cr
- HA, haemagglutinin
- HRV3, human rhinovirus serotype 3
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IDR, intrinsically disordered region of a protein
- Ka, binding affinity for virus to host cells at temperature T
- Kd_receptor, dissociation constant for GP from Cr
- Kd_virus, dissociation constant for virus from host cell
- M, molar (moles dm−3)
- NA, neuraminidase
- R, ideal gas constant
- RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase
- SA, sialic acid
- Temperature
- VEEV, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
- VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
- Vector competence
- Vfree, virus not bound to cells
- Vtotal, virus challenge dose to midgut
- WEEV, Western equine encephalitis virus
- WNV, West Nile virus
- k, rate of reaction
- n, number of GP/Cr contacts made on virus binding to cell
- pcompleteT, probability, given a virion has bound to the surface of a midgut cell, that that midgut cell becomes infected and that its progeny viruses go on to infect the salivary gland so completing the arthropod infection process within the life time of the arthropod at temperature T
- pfu, plaque-forming unit
- ptransmissionT, probability of successful infection of the arthropod salivary glands given oral exposure at temperature T
- ΔGa_receptor, change in Gibbs free energy on association of GP and Cr receptor
- ΔHa_receptor, change in enthalpy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor
- ΔHa_virus, change in enthalpy for binding of virus to host cell
- ΔSa_immob, change in entropy on immobilization of virus to cell surface
- ΔSa_receptor, change in entropy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor
- ΔSa_virus, change in entropy for binding of virus to host cell
- ΔSconf, change in conformation entropy within GP or Cr
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gale
- 15 Weare Close, Portland, Dorset DT5 1JP, United Kingdom
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18
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Chen F, Raveendran R, Cao C, Chapman R, Stenzel MH. Correlation between polymer architecture and polyion complex micelle stability with proteins in spheroid cancer models as seen by light-sheet microscopy. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyion complex (PIC) micelles are frequently used as a means to deliver biologics such as proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Radhika Raveendran
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cheng Cao
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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19
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Scheffler K, Claus C, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Reibetanz U. Reversible Fusion Proteins as a Tool to Enhance Uptake of Virus-Functionalized LbL Microcarriers. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3212-3223. [PMID: 29966082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the efficient treatment of an increasing number of diseases the development of new therapeutics as well as novel drug delivery systems is essential. Such drug delivery systems (DDS) must not only consider biodegradability and protective packaging but must also target and control the release of active substances, which is one of the most important points in DDS application. We highlight the improvement of these key aspects, the increased interaction rate of Layer-by-Layer (LbL) designed microcarriers as a promising DDS after functionalization with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We make use of the unique conformational reversibility of the fusion protein of VSV as a surface functionalization of LbL microcarriers. This reversibility allows for VSV to be used both as a tool for assembly onto the DDS and as an initiator for an efficient cellular uptake. We could show that the evolutionary optimized viral fusion machinery can be successfully combined with a biophysical DDS for optimization of its cellular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Scheffler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany.,Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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20
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Gale P. Using thermodynamic parameters to calibrate a mechanistic dose-response for infection of a host by a virus. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 8:1-13. [PMID: 32289059 PMCID: PMC7103988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the risk of infection from emerging viruses or of existing viruses jumping the species barrier into novel hosts is limited by the lack of dose response data. The initial stages of the infection of a host by a virus involve a series of specific contact interactions between molecules in the host and on the virus surface. The strength of the interaction is quantified in the literature by the dissociation constant (Kd) which is determined experimentally and is specific for a given virus molecule/host molecule combination. Here, two stages of the initial infection process of host intestinal cells are modelled, namely escape of the virus in the oral challenge dose from the innate host defenses (e.g. mucin proteins in mucus) and the subsequent binding of any surviving virus to receptor molecules on the surface of the host epithelial cells. The strength of virus binding to host cells and to mucins may be quantified by the association constants, Ka and Kmucin, respectively. Here, a mechanistic dose-response model for the probability of infection of a host by a given virus dose is constructed using Ka and Kmucin which may be derived from published Kd values taking into account the number of specific molecular interactions. It is shown that the effectiveness of the mucus barrier is determined not only by the amount of mucin but also by the magnitude of Kmucin. At very high Kmucin values, slight excesses of mucin over virus are sufficient to remove all the virus according to the model. At lower Kmucin values, high numbers of virus may escape even with large excesses of mucin. The output from the mechanistic model is the probability (p1) of infection by a single virion which is the parameter used in conventional dose-response models to predict the risk of infection of the host from the ingested dose. It is shown here how differences in Ka (due to molecular differences in an emerging virus strain or new host) affect p1, and how these differences in Ka may be quantified in terms of two thermodynamic parameters, namely enthalpy and entropy. This provides the theoretical link between sequencing data and risk of infection. Lack of data on entropy is a limitation at present and may also affect our interpretation of Kd in terms of infectivity. It is concluded that thermodynamic approaches have a major contribution to make in developing dose-response models for emerging viruses.
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Key Words
- Asp, aspartate
- CRD, carbohydrate-recognition domain
- Cr, host cell receptor
- Dose-response
- EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus
- Enthalpy
- Entropy
- G, Gibbs free energy
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GP, glycoprotein
- H, enthalpy
- HA, haemagglutinin
- HBGA, histoblood group antigen
- HeV, Hendra virus
- Ka, Kmucin, association constants
- Kd, dissociation constant for two molecules bound to each other
- L, Avogadro number
- M, molar (moles dm−3)
- MBP, mannose binding protein
- MERS-CoV, MERS coronavirus
- MRA, microbiological risk assessment
- Mucin
- NPC1, Niemann-Pick C1 protein
- NiV, Nipah virus
- NoV, norovirus
- PL, phospholipid
- PRR, pathogen recognition receptor
- Phe, phenylalanine
- R, ideal gas constant
- S, entropy
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T, temperature
- TIM-1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 1
- VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
- Virus
- k, on/off rate constant
- n, number of GP/Cr molecular contacts per virus/host cell binding
- pfu, plaque-forming unit
- ΔGa, change in Gibbs free energy on association of virus and cell
- ΔHa, change in enthalpy on association of virus and cell
- ΔSa, change in entropy on association of virus and cell
- ΔΔHa, change in ΔHa
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21
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Donskyi I, Drüke M, Silberreis K, Lauster D, Ludwig K, Kühne C, Unger W, Böttcher C, Herrmann A, Dernedde J, Adeli M, Haag R. Interactions of Fullerene-Polyglycerol Sulfates at Viral and Cellular Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800189. [PMID: 29575636 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of interactions of nanomaterials at biointerfaces is a crucial issue to develop new antimicrobial vectors. In this work, a series of water-soluble fullerene-polyglycerol sulfates (FPS) with different fullerene/polymer weight ratios and varying numbers of polyglycerol sulfate branches are synthesized, characterized, and their interactions with two distinct surfaces displaying proteins involved in target cell recognition are investigated. The combination of polyanionic branches with a solvent exposed variable hydrophobic core in FPS proves to be superior to analogs possessing only one of these features in preventing interaction of vesicular stomatitis virus coat glycoprotein (VSV-G) with baby hamster kidney cells serving as a model of host cell. Interference with L-selectin-ligand binding is dominated by the negative charge, which is studied by two assays: a competitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based inhibition assay and the leukocyte cell (NALM-6) rolling on ligands under flow conditions. Due to possible intrinsic hydrophobic and electrostatic effects of synthesized compounds, pico- to nanomolar half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ) are achieved. With their highly antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, together with good biocompatibility, FPS are promising candidates for the future development towards biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Drüke
- Department of Biology & IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Silberreis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, CVK, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Department of Biology & IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kühne
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, CVK, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Unger
- Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, BAM - Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology & IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, CVK, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, 44316-68151, Khorram Abad, Iran
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Fusogenic properties of the Ectodomain of HCV E2 envelope protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:728-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Schubert R, Trenholm S, Balint K, Kosche G, Cowan CS, Mohr MA, Munz M, Martinez-Martin D, Fläschner G, Newton R, Krol J, Scherf BG, Yonehara K, Wertz A, Ponti A, Ghanem A, Hillier D, Conzelmann KK, Müller DJ, Roska B. Virus stamping for targeted single-cell infection in vitro and in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 36:81-88. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Zaitseva E, Zaitsev E, Melikov K, Arakelyan A, Marin M, Villasmil R, Margolis LB, Melikyan GB, Chernomordik LV. Fusion Stage of HIV-1 Entry Depends on Virus-Induced Cell Surface Exposure of Phosphatidylserine. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 22:99-110.e7. [PMID: 28704658 PMCID: PMC5558241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry into host cells starts with interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) and cellular CD4 receptors and coreceptors. Previous work has suggested that efficient HIV entry also depends on intracellular signaling, but this remains controversial. Here we report that formation of the pre-fusion Env-CD4-coreceptor complexes triggers non-apoptotic cell surface exposure of the membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS). HIV-1-induced PS redistribution depends on Ca2+ signaling triggered by Env-coreceptor interactions and involves the lipid scramblase TMEM16F. Externalized PS strongly promotes Env-mediated membrane fusion and HIV-1 infection. Blocking externalized PS or suppressing TMEM16F inhibited Env-mediated fusion. Exogenously added PS promoted fusion, with fusion dependence on PS being especially strong for cells with low surface density of coreceptors. These findings suggest that cell-surface PS acts as an important cofactor that promotes the fusogenic restructuring of pre-fusion complexes and likely focuses the infection on cells conducive to PS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zaitseva
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene Zaitsev
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kamran Melikov
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafael Villasmil
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leonid B Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Kyrkanides S, Kambylafkas P, Miller JH, Tallents RH. Non-primate Lentiviral Vector Administration in the TMJ. J Dent Res 2016; 83:65-70. [PMID: 14691116 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a novel treatment method for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of lentiviral vectors on the temporomandibular joint. Consequently, we injected into the articular joint space a defective feline immunodeficiency virus capable of infecting dividing as well as terminally differentiated cells with the reporter gene lacZ, the expression of which was studied by means of PCR, X-gal histochemistry, and β-galactosidase immunocytochemistry. Our results showed successful transduction of hard and soft tissues of the temporomandibular joint. Interestingly, a subset of primary sensory neurons of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion also stained positive for the reporter gene, presumably following uptake of the lentiviral vector by peripheral nerve fibers and retrograde transport to the nucleus. These findings suggest that lentiviral vectors can potentially serve as a platform for the transfer of anti-nociceptive genes for the management of temporomandibular joint pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyrkanides
- Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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26
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A novel chimeric influenza virosome containing Vesicular stomatitis G protein as a more efficient gene delivery system. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1321-9. [PMID: 27169781 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To enhance the efficiency of influenza virosome-mediated gene delivery by engineering this virosome. RESULTS A novel chimeric influenza virosome was constructed containing the glycoprotein of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), along with its own hemagglutinin protein. To optimize the transfection efficiency of both chimeric and influenza cationic virosomes, HEK cells were transfected with plasmid DNA and virosomes and the transfection efficiency was assessed by FACS analysis. The chimeric virosome was significantly more efficient in mediating transfection for all amounts of DNA and virosomes compared to the influenza virosome. CONCLUSIONS Chimeric influenza virosome, including VSV-G, is superior to the conventional influenza virosome for gene delivery.
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27
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Mohammadzadeh Y, Gholami S, Rasouli N, Sarrafzadeh S, Seyed Tabib NS, Samiee Aref MH, Abdoli A, Biglari P, Fotouhi F, Farahmand B, Tavassoti Kheiri M, Jamali A. Introduction of cationic virosome derived from vesicular stomatitis virus as a novel gene delivery system for sf9 cells. J Liposome Res 2016; 27:83-89. [PMID: 26981843 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2016.1144205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insect-derived cell lines are used extensively to produce recombinant proteins because they are capable of performing a range of post-translational modifications. Due to their significance in biotechnological applications, various methods have been developed to transfect them. In this study, we introduce a virosome constructed from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a new delivery system for sf9 cells. We labeled these VSV virosomes by fluorescent probe Rhodamine B chloride (R18). By fluorescence microscope observation and conducting a fusion assay, we confirmed the uptake of VSV virosomes via endocytosis by sf9 cells and their fusion with the endosomal membrane. Moreover, we incubated cationic VSV virosomes with a GFP-expressing bacmid and transfected sf9 cells, after 24 h some cells expressed GFP indicating the ability of VSV virosomes to deliver heterologous DNA to these cells. This is the first report of a virosome-based delivery system introduced for an insect cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Gholami
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
| | - Narges Rasouli
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
| | | | | | | | - Asghar Abdoli
- b Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Jamali
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
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28
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Adak S, Datta S, Bhattacharya S, Banerjee R. Role of spacer length in interaction between novel gemini imidazolium surfactants and Rhizopus oryzae lipase. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:560-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Imidazolium based ionic liquid type surfactant improves activity and thermal stability of lipase of Rhizopus oryzae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Ahmed M, Henson DA, Sanderson MC, Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Lila MA. The protective effects of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced susceptibility to virus infection. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1829-36. [PMID: 25088029 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged and intensive exercise induces transient immunosuppression and is associated with an increased risk and severity of infections. The goal of this study was to characterize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of the bioactive metabolites of a blueberry-green tea-polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC) in the serum of supplemented subjects during a 3-day intensified training period. Long-distance runners, randomly divided into two groups, ingested 40 g/day PSPC or placebo (soy protein and colorings) for 17 days, with a 3-day running period inserted at day 14. Blood serum samples were collected pre-14 days and post-14 days supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running. The post-exercise serum from both groups significantly promoted the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture by 20-70%, but returned to normal levels following recovery. Furthermore, the serum from subjects ingesting PSPC did not display antibacterial properties at any time point. In contrast, there was a significant difference in the ability of serum from PSPC-supplemented versus placebo-supplemented athletes to protect cells in culture from killing by vesicular stomatitis virus following strenuous exercise. In addition, the serum of subjects who ingested PSPC significantly delayed an exercise-induced increase in virus replication. These results indicate that polyphenol complexes containing blueberry and green tea have the potential to protect athletes from virus infections following rigorous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, 28608, USA
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31
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Immobilized lentivirus vector on chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronate acid-silk fibroin hybrid scaffold for tissue-engineered ligament-bone junction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:816979. [PMID: 25019087 PMCID: PMC4075190 DOI: 10.1155/2014/816979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a fibrocartilage layer between graft and bone remains the leading cause of graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The objective of this study was to develop a gene-modified silk cable-reinforced chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronate acid-silk fibroin (CHS) hybrid scaffold for reconstructing the fibrocartilage layer. The scaffold was fabricated by lyophilizing the CHS mixture with braided silk cables. The scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed that microporous CHS sponges were formed around silk cables. Each end of scaffold was modified with lentiviral-mediated transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) gene. The cells on scaffold were transfected by bonded lentivirus. In vitro culture demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on scaffolds proliferated vigorously and produced abundant collagen. The transcription levels of cartilage-specific genes also increased with culture time. After 2 weeks, the MSCs were distributed uniformly throughout scaffold. Deposited collagen was also found to increase. The chondral differentiation of MSCs was verified by expressions of collagen II and TGF-β3 genes in mRNA and protein level. Histology also confirmed the production of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The results demonstrated that gene-modified silk cable-reinforced CHS scaffold was capable of supporting cell proliferation and differentiation to reconstruct the cartilage layer of interface.
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32
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Tello D, Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Ortega S, Lombana L, Yélamos B, Gómez-Gutiérrez J, Peterson DL, Gavilanes F. Fusogenic properties of the ectodomains of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins. FEBS J 2014; 281:2558-69. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tello
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Sara Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Laura Lombana
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Belén Yélamos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Julián Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Darrell L. Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical College of Virginia; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Francisco Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
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33
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Modulation of human α-synuclein aggregation by a combined effect of calcium and dopamine. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:115-28. [PMID: 24269918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the deposition of aggregated α-syn and its familial mutants into Lewy bodies leading to death of dopaminergic neurons. α-syn is involved in Ca(II) and dopamine (DA) signaling and their adequate balance inside neuronal cytoplasm is essential for maintaining healthy dopaminergic neurons. We have probed the binding energetics of Ca(II) and DA to human α-syn and its familial mutants A30P, A53T and E46K using isothermal titration calorimetry and have investigated the conformational and aggregation aspects using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. While binding of Ca(II) to α-syn and its familial mutants was observed to be endothermic in nature, interaction of DA with α-syn was not detectable. Ca(II) enhanced fibrillation of α-syn and its familial mutants while DA promoted the formation of oligomers. However, Ca(II) and DA together critically favored the formation of protofibrils that are more cytotoxic than the mature fibrils. Using fluorescently labeled cysteine mutant A90C, we have shown that different aggregating species of α-syn formed in the presence of Ca(II) and DA are internalized into the human neuroblastoma cells with different rates and are responsible for the differential cytotoxicity depending on their nature. The findings put together suggest that an interplay between the concentrations of Ca(II), DA and α-syn can critically regulate the formation of various aggregating species responsible for the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Modulating this balance leading to either complete suppression of α-syn aggregation or promoting the formation of mature fibrils could be used as a strategy for the development of drugs to cure Parkinson's disease.
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34
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Viral and non-viral gene delivery and its role in pluripotent stem cell engineering. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 5:e105-48. [PMID: 24125542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Braum O, Klages M, Fickenscher H. The cationic cytokine IL-26 differentially modulates virus infection in culture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70281. [PMID: 23875025 PMCID: PMC3707906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-26 (IL-26) belongs to the IL-10 cytokine family, is produced by activated T cells, and targets epithelial target cells for signal transduction. Here, we describe the IL-26 effects on the infection of culture cells with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing green fluorescent protein. After pre-incubation with recombinant IL-26 and at low multiplicity of infection, VSV showed strongly enhanced infection and replication rates as measured for infectivity, for transcript levels, and for protein expression. Control proteins did not affect VSV infection. The IL-26 effect was independent of the IL-26 receptor and neutralized by anti-IL-26 serum. Pre-incubation of VSV was much more efficient than pre-incubation of the target cells to enhance virus infection. IL-26 increased virus adsorption to target cells as shown by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. In contrast, the infection of IL-26-treated human fibroblasts with HCMV was inhibited and the infection by HSV-1 was not altered by IL-26. Thus, IL-26 differentially modulates the infection by different enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braum
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Klages
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Marriott I, Grdzelishvili VZ. Understanding and altering cell tropism of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virus Res 2013; 176:16-32. [PMID: 23796410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototypic nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. VSV's broad cell tropism makes it a popular model virus for many basic research applications. In addition, a lack of preexisting human immunity against VSV, inherent oncotropism and other features make VSV a widely used platform for vaccine and oncolytic vectors. However, VSV's neurotropism that can result in viral encephalitis in experimental animals needs to be addressed for the use of the virus as a safe vector. Therefore, it is very important to understand the determinants of VSV tropism and develop strategies to alter it. VSV glycoprotein (G) and matrix (M) protein play major roles in its cell tropism. VSV G protein is responsible for VSV broad cell tropism and is often used for pseudotyping other viruses. VSV M affects cell tropism via evasion of antiviral responses, and M mutants can be used to limit cell tropism to cell types defective in interferon signaling. In addition, other VSV proteins and host proteins may function as determinants of VSV cell tropism. Various approaches have been successfully used to alter VSV tropism to benefit basic research and clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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37
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Matos PM, Marin M, Ahn B, Lam W, Santos NC, Melikyan GB. Anionic lipids are required for vesicular stomatitis virus G protein-mediated single particle fusion with supported lipid bilayers. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12416-25. [PMID: 23493401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral glycoproteins mediate fusion between viral and cellular membranes upon binding to cognate receptors and/or experiencing low pH. Although activation of viral glycoproteins is thought to be necessary and sufficient for fusion, accumulating evidence suggests that additional cellular factors, including lipids, can modulate the fusion process. Understanding the role of lipids in virus entry via endocytosis is impeded by poor accessibility and the highly diverse nature of endosomes. Here we imaged fusion of single retroviral particles pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein with dextran-supported lipid bilayers. Incorporation of diffusible fluorescent labels into the viral membrane and the viral interior enabled detection of the lipid mixing (hemifusion) and content transfer (full fusion) steps of VSV G-mediated fusion at low pH. Although single virus fusion with supported bilayers made of zwitterionic lipids could not be detected, inclusion of anionic lipids, phosphatidylserine, and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), greatly enhanced the efficiency of hemifusion and permitted full fusion. Importantly, lipid mixing always preceded the opening of a fusion pore, demonstrating that VSV G-mediated fusion proceeds through a long-lived hemifusion intermediate. Kinetic analysis of lipid and content transfer showed that the lags between lipid and content mixing defining the lifetime of a hemifusion intermediate were significantly shorter for BMP-containing compared with PS-containing bilayers. The strong fusion-enhancing effect of BMP, a late endosome-resident lipid, is consistent with the model that VSV initiates fusion in early endosomes but releases its core into the cytosol after reaching late endosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Matos
- Emory Children's Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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38
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Li S, Tong J, Rahman MM, Shepherd TG, McFadden G. Oncolytic virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2012; 1:1-21. [PMID: 25977900 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s31626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, more than 20 viruses with selective tropism for tumor cells have been developed as oncolytic viruses (OVs) for treatments of a variety of malignancies. Of these viruses, eleven have been tested in human ovarian cancer models in preclinical studies. So far, nine phase I or II clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using four different types of OVs in patients with recurrent ovarian cancers. In this article, we summarize the different OVs that are being assessed as therapeutics for ovarian cancer. We also present an overview of recent advances in identification of key genetic or immune-response pathways involved in tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer, which provides a better understanding of the tumor specificities and oncolytic properties of OVs. In addition, we discuss how next-generation OVs could be genetically modified or integrated into multimodality regimens to improve clinical outcomes based on recent advances in ovarian cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoudong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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39
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Cureton DK, Burdeinick-Kerr R, Whelan SPJ. Genetic inactivation of COPI coatomer separately inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus entry and gene expression. J Virol 2012; 86:655-66. [PMID: 22072764 PMCID: PMC3255828 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05810-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses coopt cellular membrane transport to invade cells, establish intracellular sites of replication, and release progeny virions. Recent genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens revealed that genetically divergent viruses require biosynthetic membrane transport by the COPI coatomer complex for efficient replication. Here we found that disrupting COPI function by RNAi inhibited an early stage of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication. To dissect which replication stage(s) was affected by coatomer inactivation, we used visual and biochemical assays to independently measure the efficiency of viral entry and gene expression in hamster (ldlF) cells depleted of the temperature-sensitive ε-COP subunit. We show that ε-COP depletion for 12 h caused a primary block to virus internalization and a secondary defect in viral gene expression. Using brefeldin A (BFA), a chemical inhibitor of COPI function, we demonstrate that short-term (1-h) BFA treatments inhibit VSV gene expression, while only long-term (12-h) treatments block virus entry. We conclude that prolonged coatomer inactivation perturbs cellular endocytic transport and thereby indirectly impairs VSV entry. Our results offer an explanation of why COPI coatomer is frequently identified in screens for cellular factors that support cell invasion by microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cureton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Lorizate M, Kräusslich HG. Role of lipids in virus replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a004820. [PMID: 21628428 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses intricately interact with and modulate cellular membranes at several stages of their replication, but much less is known about the role of viral lipids compared to proteins and nucleic acids. All animal viruses have to cross membranes for cell entry and exit, which occurs by membrane fusion (in enveloped viruses), by transient local disruption of membrane integrity, or by cell lysis. Furthermore, many viruses interact with cellular membrane compartments during their replication and often induce cytoplasmic membrane structures, in which genome replication and assembly occurs. Recent studies revealed details of membrane interaction, membrane bending, fission, and fusion for a number of viruses and unraveled the lipid composition of raft-dependent and -independent viruses. Alterations of membrane lipid composition can block viral release and entry, and certain lipids act as fusion inhibitors, suggesting a potential as antiviral drugs. Here, we review viral interactions with cellular membranes important for virus entry, cytoplasmic genome replication, and virus egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maier Lorizate
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96 is essential for infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6970-5. [PMID: 20351288 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908536107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) enables viral entry into hosts as distant as insects and vertebrates. Because of its ability to support infection of most, if not all, human cell types VSV-G is used in viral vectors for gene therapy. However, neither the receptor nor any specific host factor for VSV-G has been identified. Here we demonstrate that infection with VSV and innate immunity via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) require a shared component, the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96. Cells without gp96 or with catalytically inactive gp96 do not bind VSV-G. The ubiquitous expression of gp96 is therefore essential for the remarkably broad tropism of VSV-G. Cells deficient in gp96 also lack functional TLRs, which suggests that pathogen-driven pressure for TLR-mediated immunity maintains the broad host range of VSV-G by positively selecting for the ubiquitous expression of gp96.
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Shin S, Tuinstra HM, Salvay DM, Shea LD. Phosphatidylserine immobilization of lentivirus for localized gene transfer. Biomaterials 2010; 31:4353-9. [PMID: 20206382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Localized and efficient gene transfer can be promoted by exploiting the interaction between the vector and biomaterial. Regulation of the vector-material interaction was investigated by capitalizing on the binding between lentivirus and phosphatidylserine (PS), a component of the plasma membrane. PS was incorporated into microspheres composed of the copolymers of lactide and glycolide (PLG) using an emulsion process. Increasing the weight ratio of PS to PLG led to a greater incorporation of PS. Lentivirus, but not adenovirus, associated with PS-PLG microspheres, and binding was specific to PS relative to PLG alone or PLG modified with phosphatidylcholine. Immobilized lentivirus produced large numbers of transduced cells, and increased transgene expression relative to virus alone. Microspheres were subsequently formed into porous tissue engineering scaffolds, with retention of lentivirus binding. Lentivirus immobilization resulted in long-term and localized expression within a subcutaneously implanted scaffold. Microspheres were also formed into multiple channel bridges for implantation into the spinal cord. Lentivirus delivery from the bridge produced maximal expression at the implant and a gradient of expression rostrally and caudally. This specific binding of lentiviral vectors to biomaterial scaffolds may provide a versatile tool for numerous applications in regenerative medicine or within model systems that investigate tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
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Santos S, Silva J, Balani V, Seixas F, Fernandez M. Conserved baculoviral ORFs 10 and 14 from Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:457-70. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Faul EJ, Lyles DS, Schnell MJ. Interferon response and viral evasion by members of the family rhabdoviridae. Viruses 2009; 1:832-51. [PMID: 21994572 PMCID: PMC3185512 DOI: 10.3390/v1030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many animal viruses, those of the Rhabdoviridae family, are able to antagonize the type I interferon response and cause disease in mammalian hosts. Though these negative-stranded RNA viruses are very simple and code for as few as five proteins, they have been seen to completely abrogate the type I interferon response early in infection. In this review, we will discuss the viral organization and type I interferon evasion of rhabdoviruses, focusing on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Despite their structural similarities, VSV and RABV have completely different mechanisms by which they avert the host immune response. VSV relies on the matrix protein to interfere with host gene transcription and nuclear export of anti-viral mRNAs. Alternatively, RABV uses its phosphoprotein to interfere with IRF-3 phosphorylation and STAT1 signaling. Understanding the virus-cell interactions and viral proteins necessary to evade the immune response is important in developing effective vaccines and therapeutics for this viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Faul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
| | - Douglas S. Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
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Attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus encephalitis through microRNA targeting. J Virol 2009; 84:1550-62. [PMID: 19906911 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01788-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been regarded as a promising recombinant vaccine platform and oncolytic agent but has not yet been tested in humans because it causes encephalomyelitis in rodents and primates. Recent studies have shown that specific tropisms of several viruses could be eliminated by engineering microRNA target sequences into their genomes, thereby inhibiting spread in tissues expressing cognate microRNAs. We therefore sought to determine whether microRNA targets could be engineered into VSV to ameliorate its neuropathogenicity. Using a panel of recombinant VSVs incorporating microRNA target sequences corresponding to neuron-specific or control microRNAs (in forward and reverse orientations), we tested viral replication kinetics in cell lines treated with microRNA mimics, neurotoxicity after direct intracerebral inoculation in mice, and antitumor efficacy. Compared to picornaviruses and adenoviruses, the engineered VSVs were relatively resistant to microRNA-mediated inhibition, but neurotoxicity could nevertheless be ameliorated significantly using this approach, without compromise to antitumor efficacy. Neurotoxicity was most profoundly reduced in a virus carrying four tandem copies of a neuronal mir125 target sequence inserted in the 3'-untranslated region of the viral polymerase (L) gene.
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Henry SD, van der Wegen P, Metselaar HJ, Scholte BJ, Tilanus HW, van der Laan LJW. Hydroxyethyl starch-based preservation solutions enhance gene therapy vector delivery under hypothermic conditions. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:1708-17. [PMID: 19025921 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Isolated liver perfusion offers a unique prospect for safe, effective targeting of gene therapies that can be directed against allograft rejection or recurrent diseases such as reinfection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). We aimed to examine the effect of organ preservation solutions on vector-based gene therapy delivery under hypothermic conditions. University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK), EloHaes, sodium-poly(ethylene glycol)-UW solution [Institut Georges Lopez 1 solution (IGL-1)], and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) culture medium (control) were tested at 2 degrees C or 37 degrees C for lentiviral vector transduction efficiencies to the hepatoma cell line Huh-7 and primary human or mouse hepatocytes. Lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA were used to target HCV replication. With a potent short hairpin RNA vector, transductions were directly correlated to the therapeutic effect, with low transduction yielding low knockdown and vice versa. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression was observed with vector incubation times as short as 10 minutes. The highest transductions were seen, after 2-hour 37 degrees C incubation, in UW (62% +/- 6 SEM); they were significantly higher than those in HTK (21% +/- 7 SEM). Neither adenosine nor glutathione, present in UW, provided any increase in transduction when supplemented to HTK, although the addition of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) significantly improved transductions. To rule out size exclusion as a mechanism of HES, IGL-1 was tested but did not result in better transductions than HTK or DMEM. When supplemented to UW, anionic compounds reduced transduction, and this indicated a charge interaction mechanism of HES. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that effective vector delivery can be achieved under conditions of hypothermic liver perfusion. UW provides superior transduction to hepatocytes over nonstarch solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot D Henry
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University, Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Host cell factors and functions involved in vesicular stomatitis virus entry. J Virol 2008; 83:440-53. [PMID: 18971266 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an animal virus that based on electron microscopy and its dependence on acidic cellular compartments for infection is thought to enter its host cells in a clathrin-dependent manner. The exact cellular mechanism, however, is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the entry kinetics of VSV and elucidated viral requirements for host cell factors during infection in HeLa cells. We found that endocytosis of VSV was a fast process with a half time of 2.5 to 3 min and that acid activation occurred within 1 to 2 min after internalization in early endosomes. The majority of viral particles were endocytosed in a clathrin-based, dynamin-2-dependent manner. Although associated with some of the surface-bound viruses, the classical adaptor protein complex AP-2 was not required for infection. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that the virus either entered preformed clathrin-coated pits or induced de novo formation of pits. Dynamin-2 was recruited to plasma membrane-confined virus particles. Thus, VSV can induce productive internalization by exploiting a specific combination of the clathrin-associated proteins and cellular functions.
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Joshi SB, Kamerzell TJ, McNown C, Middaugh CR. The Interaction of Heparin/polyanions with Bovine, Porcine, and Human Growth Hormone**Sangeeta B. Joshi and Tim J. Kamerzell contributed equally to this work. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:1368-85. [PMID: 17705152 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of polyanions with proteins is of potential pharmaceutical and cellular significance. A partial thermodynamic description of the interaction of four representative polyanions with human, bovine, and porcine growth hormone is described. A heparin bead-binding assay confirms all growth hormones bind to heparin but to varying extents. Moderate-binding constants and high ratios of bound protein to the more extended polyanions, heparin, and dextran sulfate were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. The binding constants and ratio of protein bound to ligand were significantly smaller for the low molecular weight polyanions phytic acid and sucrose octasulfate (SOS). The effect of polyanion binding on the bovine, porcine, and human growth hormone's (hGH) structural and colloidal stability was also explored. Heparin and dextran sulfate inhibit porcine somatotropin (pST) and bovine somatotropin (bST) aggregation to the greatest extent, as compared to phytic acid and SOS, while decreasing secondary and tertiary structural stability as measured by the temperature dependence of their circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence. Somewhat surprisingly, the polyanions do not appear to affect the structure or stability of hGH. The potential biological significance of growth hormone polyanion interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Sarzedas CG, Lima CS, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Valente AP, Da Poian AT, Almeida FCL. A minor beta-structured conformation is the active state of a fusion peptide of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. J Pept Sci 2007; 14:429-35. [PMID: 17985397 DOI: 10.1002/psc.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Entry of enveloped animal viruses into their host cells always depends on a step of membrane fusion triggered by conformational changes in viral envelope glycoproteins. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection is mediated by virus spike glycoprotein G, which induces membrane fusion at the acidic environment of the endosomal compartment. In a previous work, we identified a specific sequence in the VSV G protein, comprising the residues 145-164, directly involved in membrane interaction and fusion. In the present work we studied the interaction of pep[145-164] with membranes using NMR to solve the structure of the peptide in two membrane-mimetic systems: SDS micelles and liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (PC:PS vesicles). The presence of medium-range NOEs showed that the peptide has a tendency to form N- and C-terminal helical segments in the presence of SDS micelles. Analysis of the chemical shift index indicated helix-coil equilibrium for the C-terminal helix under all conditions studied. At pH 7.0, the N-terminal helix also displayed a helix-coil equilibrium when pep[145-164] was free in solution or in the presence of PC:PS. Remarkably, at the fusogenic pH, the region of the N-terminal helix in the presence of SDS or PC:PS presented a third conformational species that was in equilibrium with the helix and random coil. The N-terminal helix content decreases pH and the minor beta-structured conformation becomes more prevalent at the fusogenic pH. These data point to a beta-conformation as the fusogenic active structure-which is in agreement with the X-ray structure, which shows a beta-hairpin for the region corresponding to pep[145-164].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Sarzedas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Stauffer F, De Miranda J, Schechter MC, Queiroz FA, Santos NO, Alves AMB, Da Poian AT. New chemical method of viral inactivation for vaccine development based on membrane fusion inhibition. Vaccine 2007; 25:7885-92. [PMID: 17949864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an essential step in the entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells. This process is triggered by conformational changes in viral surface glycoproteins. We have demonstrated previously that modification of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) abolished the conformational changes on VSV glycoprotein and the fusion reaction induced by the virus. Moreover, we observed that viral treatment with DEPC inactivates the virus, preserving the conformational integrity of its surface proteins. In the present work, we evaluated the potential use of DEPC as a viral inactivating chemical agent for the development of useful vaccines. Pathogenicity and viral replication in Balb/c mice were abolished by viral treatment with 0.5mM DEPC. In addition, antibodies elicited in mice after intraperitoneal immunization with DEPC-inactivated VSV mixed with adjuvants were able to recognize and neutralize the native virus and efficiently protected animals against the challenge with lethal doses of VSV. These results together suggest that viral inactivation with DEPC seems to be a suitable method for the development of safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Stauffer
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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