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Kwak G, Lee D, Suk JS. Advanced approaches to overcome biological barriers in respiratory and systemic routes of administration for enhanced nucleic acid delivery to the lung. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1531-1552. [PMID: 37946533 PMCID: PMC10872418 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2282535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous delivery strategies, primarily novel nucleic acid delivery carriers, have been developed and explored to enable therapeutically relevant lung gene therapy. However, its clinical translation is yet to be achieved despite over 30 years of efforts, which is attributed to the inability to overcome a series of biological barriers that hamper efficient nucleic acid transfer to target cells in the lung. AREAS COVERED This review is initiated with the fundamentals of nucleic acid therapy and a brief overview of previous and ongoing efforts on clinical translation of lung gene therapy. We then walk through the nature of biological barriers encountered by nucleic acid carriers administered via respiratory and/or systemic routes. Finally, we introduce advanced strategies developed to overcome those barriers to achieve therapeutically relevant nucleic acid delivery efficiency in the lung. EXPERT OPINION We are now stepping close to the clinical translation of lung gene therapy, thanks to the discovery of novel delivery strategies that overcome biological barriers via comprehensive preclinical studies. However, preclinical findings should be cautiously interpreted and validated to ultimately realize meaningful therapeutic outcomes with newly developed delivery strategies in humans. In particular, individual strategies should be selected, tailored, and implemented in a manner directly relevant to specific therapeutic applications and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijung Kwak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daiheon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery (UM-MIND), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Application of Pseudotyped Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:45-60. [PMID: 36920691 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic emerging and reemerging viruses have serious public health and socioeconomic implications. Although conventional live virus research methods can more reliably investigate disease pathogenicity and evaluate antiviral products, they usually depend on high-level biosafety laboratories and skilled researchers; these requirements hinder in vitro assessments of efficacy, as well as efforts to test vaccines and antibody drugs. In contrast, pseudotyped viruses (i.e., single-round infectious viruses that mimic the membrane structures of various live viruses) are widely used in studies of highly pathogenic viruses because they can be handled in biosafety level 2 facilities. This chapter provides a concise overview of various aspects of pseudotyped virus technologies, including (1) exploration of the mechanisms of viral infection; (2) evaluation of the efficacies of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies based on pseudovirion-based neutralization assay; (3) assessment of antiviral agents (i.e., antibody-based drugs and inhibitors); (4) establishment of animal models of pseudotyped virus infection in vivo; (5) investigation of the evolution, infectivity, and antigenicity of viral variants and viral glycosylation; and (6) prediction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity.
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3
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McLachlan G, Alton EWFW, Boyd AC, Clarke NK, Davies JC, Gill DR, Griesenbach U, Hickmott JW, Hyde SC, Miah KM, Molina CJ. Progress in Respiratory Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:893-912. [PMID: 36074947 PMCID: PMC7615302 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prospect of gene therapy for inherited and acquired respiratory disease has energized the research community since the 1980s, with cystic fibrosis, as a monogenic disorder, driving early efforts to develop effective strategies. The fact that there are still no approved gene therapy products for the lung, despite many early phase clinical trials, illustrates the scale of the challenge: In the 1990s, first-generation non-viral and viral vector systems demonstrated proof-of-concept but low efficacy. Since then, there has been steady progress toward improved vectors with the capacity to overcome at least some of the formidable barriers presented by the lung. In addition, the inclusion of features such as codon optimization and promoters providing long-term expression have improved the expression characteristics of therapeutic transgenes. Early approaches were based on gene addition, where a new DNA copy of a gene is introduced to complement a genetic mutation: however, the advent of RNA-based products that can directly express a therapeutic protein or manipulate gene expression, together with the expanding range of tools for gene editing, has stimulated the development of alternative approaches. This review discusses the range of vector systems being evaluated for lung delivery; the variety of cargoes they deliver, including DNA, antisense oligonucleotides, messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and peptide nucleic acids; and exemplifies progress in selected respiratory disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry McLachlan
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric W F W Alton
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Boyd
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nora K Clarke
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Davies
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah R Gill
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Medicine Group, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (NDCLS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Griesenbach
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jack W Hickmott
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Medicine Group, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (NDCLS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran M Miah
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Medicine Group, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (NDCLS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Juarez Molina
- UK Respiratory Gene Therapy Consortium, London, United Kingdom
- Gene Therapy Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Ebola virus requires phosphatidylserine scrambling activity for efficient budding and optimal infectivity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0116521. [PMID: 34319156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01165-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) attaches to target cells using two categories of cell surface receptors, C-type lectins and phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors. PS receptors typically bind to apoptotic cell membrane PS and orchestrate the uptake and clearance of apoptotic debris. Many enveloped viruses also contain exposed PS and can therefore exploit these receptors for cell entry. Viral infection can induce PS externalization in host cells, resulting in increased outer PS levels on budding virions. Scramblase enzymes carry out cellular PS externalization, thus, we targeted these proteins in order to manipulate viral envelope PS levels. We investigated two scramblases previously identified to be involved in EBOV PS levels, transmembrane protein 16F and Xk-related protein 8 (XKR8), as possible mediators of cellular and viral envelope surface PS levels during the replication of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus containing its native glycoprotein (rVSV/G) or the EBOV glycoprotein (rVSV/EBOV-GP). We found that rVSV/G and rVSV/EBOV-GP virions produced in XKR8 knockout cells contain decreased levels of PS on their surfaces, and the PS-deficient rVSV/EBOV-GP virions are 70% less efficient at infecting cells through PS receptors. We also observed reduced rVSV and EBOV virus-like particle (VLP) budding in ΔXKR8 cells. Deleting XKR8 in HAP1 cells reduced rVSV/G and rVSV/EBOV-GP budding by 60% and 65% respectively, and reduced Ebola VLP budding more than 60%. We further demonstrated that caspase cleavage of XKR8 is required to promote budding. This suggests that XKR8, in addition to mediating virion PS levels, may also be critical for enveloped virus budding at the plasma membrane. Importance Within the last decade, countries in western and central Africa have experienced the most widespread and deadly Ebola outbreaks since the virus was identified in 1976. While outbreaks are primarily attributed to zoonotic transfer events, new evidence is emerging that outbreaks may be caused by a combination of spillover events and viral latency or persistence in survivors. The possibility that Ebola can remain dormant then re-emerge in survivors highlights the critical need to prevent the virus from entering and establishing infection in human cells. Thus far, host-cell scramblases TMEM16F and XKR8 have been implicated in Ebola envelope surface phosphatidylserine (PS) and cell entry using PS receptors. We assessed the contributions of these proteins using CRISPR knockout cells and two EBOV models: rVSV/EBOV-GP and EBOV VLPs. We observed that XKR8 is required for optimal EBOV envelope PS levels and infectivity, and particle budding across all viral models.
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5
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Vu A, McCray PB. New Directions in Pulmonary Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:921-939. [PMID: 32814451 PMCID: PMC7495918 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung has long been a target for gene therapy, yet efficient delivery and phenotypic disease correction has remained challenging. Although there have been significant advancements in gene therapies of other organs, including the development of several ex vivo therapies, in vivo therapeutics of the lung have been slower to transition to the clinic. Within the past few years, the field has witnessed an explosion in the development of new gene addition and gene editing strategies for the treatment of monogenic disorders. In this review, we will summarize current developments in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and surfactant protein deficiencies. We will explore the different gene addition and gene editing strategies under investigation and review the challenges of delivery to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Vu
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Center for Gene Therapy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Center for Gene Therapy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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6
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Tang Y, Yan Z, Engelhardt JF. Viral Vectors, Animal Models, and Cellular Targets for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:524-537. [PMID: 32138545 PMCID: PMC7232698 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than two decades since clinical trials tested the first use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, gene therapy for this disorder has undergone a tremendous resurgence. Fueling this enthusiasm has been an enhanced understanding of rAAV transduction biology and cellular processes that limit transduction of airway epithelia, the development of new rAAV serotypes and other vector systems with high-level tropism for airway epithelial cells, an improved understanding of CF lung pathogenesis and the cellular targets for gene therapy, and the development of new animal models that reproduce the human CF disease phenotype. These advances have created a preclinical path for both assessing the efficacy of gene therapies in the CF lung and interrogating the target cell types in the lung required for complementation of the CF disease state. Lessons learned from early gene therapy attempts with rAAV in the CF lung have guided thinking for the testing of next-generation vector systems. Although unknown questions still remain regarding the cellular targets in the lung that are required or sufficient to complement CF lung disease, the field is now well positioned to tackle these challenges. This review will highlight the role that next-generation CF animal models are playing in the preclinical development of gene therapies for CF lung disease and the knowledge gaps in disease pathophysiology that these models are attempting to fill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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7
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Benskey MJ, Sandoval IM, Miller K, Sellnow RL, Gezer A, Kuhn NC, Vashon R, Manfredsson FP. Basic Concepts in Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1937:3-26. [PMID: 30706387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9065-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Today any researcher with the desire can easily purchase a viral vector. However, despite the availability of viral vectors themselves, the requisite knowledge that is absolutely essential to conducting a gene therapy experiment remains somewhat obscure and esoteric. To utilize viral vectors to their full potential, a large number of decisions must be made, in some instances prior to even obtaining the vector itself. For example, critical decisions include selection of the proper virus, selection of the proper expression cassette, whether to produce or purchase a viral vector, proper viral handling and storage, the most appropriate delivery method, selecting the proper controls, how to ensure your virus is expressing properly, and many other complex decisions that are essential to performing a successful gene therapy experiment. The need to make so many important decisions can be overwhelming and potentially prohibitive, especially to the novice gene therapist. In order to aid in this challenging process, here we provide an overview of basic gene therapy modalities and a decision tree that can be used to make oneself aware of the options available to the beginning gene therapist. This information can be used as a road map to help navigate the complex and perhaps confusing process of designing a successful gene therapy experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn Miller
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rhyomi L Sellnow
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Aysegul Gezer
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Roslyn Vashon
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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8
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Zhang XP, Zhang WT, Qiu Y, Ju MJ, Tu GW, Luo Z. Understanding Gene Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:93-99. [PMID: 31267871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190702154817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and its complications remain lifethreatening conditions for critically ill patients. The present therapeutic strategies such as prone positioning ventilation strategies, nitric oxide inhalation, restrictive intravenous fluid management, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) do not contribute much to improving the mortality of ARDS. The advanced understanding of the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome suggests that gene-based therapy may be an innovative method for this disease. Many scientists have made beneficial attempts to regulate the immune response genes of ARDS, maintain the normal functions of alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells, and inhibit the fibrosis and proliferation of ARDS. Limitations to effective pulmonary gene therapy still exist, including the security of viral vectors and the pulmonary defense mechanisms against inhaled particles. Here, we summarize and review the mechanism of gene therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, No. 179 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min-Jie Ju
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guo-Wei Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 668 Jinghu Road, Huli District, Xiamen 361015, China
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9
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Cooney AL, McCray PB, Sinn PL. Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110538. [PMID: 30405068 PMCID: PMC6266271 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that encodes a cAMP-regulated anion channel. Although CF is a multi-organ system disease, most people with CF die of progressive lung disease that begins early in childhood and is characterized by chronic bacterial infection and inflammation. Nearly 90% of people with CF have at least one copy of the ΔF508 mutation, but there are hundreds of CFTR mutations that result in a range of disease severities. A CFTR gene replacement approach would be efficacious regardless of the disease-causing mutation. After the discovery of the CFTR gene in 1989, the in vitro proof-of-concept for gene therapy for CF was quickly established in 1990. In 1993, the first of many gene therapy clinical trials attempted to rescue the CF defect in airway epithelia. Despite the initial enthusiasm, there is still no FDA-approved gene therapy for CF. Here we discuss the history of CF gene therapy, from the discovery of the CFTR gene to current state-of-the-art gene delivery vector designs. While implementation of CF gene therapy has proven more challenging than initially envisioned; thanks to continued innovation, it may yet become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Cooney
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Patrick L Sinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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10
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Cooney AL, Abou Alaiwa MH, Shah VS, Bouzek DC, Stroik MR, Powers LS, Gansemer ND, Meyerholz DK, Welsh MJ, Stoltz DA, Sinn PL, McCray PB. Lentiviral-mediated phenotypic correction of cystic fibrosis pigs. JCI Insight 2018; 1:88730. [PMID: 27656681 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), resulting in defective anion transport. Regardless of the disease-causing mutation, gene therapy is a strategy to restore anion transport to airway epithelia. Indeed, viral vector-delivered CFTR can complement the anion channel defect. In this proof-of-principle study, functional in vivo CFTR channel activity was restored in the airways of CF pigs using a feline immunodeficiency virus-based (FIV-based) lentiviral vector pseudotyped with the GP64 envelope. Three newborn CF pigs received aerosolized FIV-CFTR to the nose and lung. Two weeks after viral vector delivery, epithelial tissues were analyzed for functional correction. In freshly excised tracheal and bronchus tissues and cultured ethmoid sinus cells, we observed a significant increase in transepithelial cAMP-stimulated current, evidence of functional CFTR. In addition, we observed increases in tracheal airway surface liquid pH and bacterial killing in CFTR vector-treated animals. Together, these data provide the first evidence to our knowledge that lentiviral delivery of CFTR can partially correct the anion channel defect in a large-animal CF model and validate a translational strategy to treat or prevent CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Cooney
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Departments of Microbiology
| | - Mahmoud H Abou Alaiwa
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - Viral S Shah
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine.,Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Drake C Bouzek
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - Mallory R Stroik
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - Linda S Powers
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - Nick D Gansemer
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Pathology
| | - Michael J Welsh
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute.,Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - David A Stoltz
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Internal Medicine
| | - Patrick L Sinn
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute.,Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine.,Departments of Microbiology.,Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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11
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Retrovirus-Based Surrogate Systems for BSL-2 High-Throughput Screening of Antivirals Targeting BSL-3/4 Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1604:393-403. [PMID: 28986850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever in humans are Risk Group 3 or 4 pathogens and, therefore, can only be handled in biosafety level 3 or 4 (BSL-3/4) containment laboratories. The restricted number of such laboratories, the substantial financial requirements to maintain them, and safety concerns for the laboratory workers pose formidable challenges for rapid medical countermeasure discovery and evaluation. BSL-2 surrogate systems are a less challenging, cheap, and fast alternative to the use of live high-consequence viruses for dissecting and targeting individual steps of viral lifecycles with a diminished threat to the laboratory worker. Typical surrogate systems are virion-like particles (VLPs), transcriptionally active ("infectious") VLPs, minigenome systems, recombinant heterotypic viruses encoding proteins of target viruses, and vesiculoviral or retroviral pseudotype systems. Here, we outline the use of retroviral pseudotypes for identification of antivirals against BSL-4 pathogens.
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12
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Sinn PL, Hwang BY, Li N, Ortiz JLS, Shirazi E, Parekh KR, Cooney AL, Schaffer DV, McCray PB. Novel GP64 envelope variants for improved delivery to human airway epithelial cells. Gene Ther 2017; 24:674-679. [PMID: 28880020 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the baculovirus envelope protein GP64 transduce primary cultures of human airway epithelia (HAE) at their apical surface. Our goal in this study was to harness a directed evolution approach to develop a novel envelope glycoprotein with increased transduction properties for HAE. Using error-prone PCR, a library of GP64 mutants was generated and used to prepare a diverse pool of lentiviral virions pseudotyped with GP64 variants. The library was serially passaged on HAE and three GP64 mutations were recovered. Single-, double- and the triple-combination mutant envelope glycoproteins were compared with wild-type GP64 for their ability to transduce HAE. Our results suggest that lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with evolved GP64 transduced HAE with greater efficiency than wild-type GP64. This effect was not observed in primary cultures of porcine airway epithelial cells, suggesting that the directed evolution protocol was species specific. In summary, our studies indicate that serial passage of a GP64 mutant library yielded specific variants with improved HAE cell tropism, yielding tools with the potential to improve the success of gene therapy for airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Sinn
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute and the Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B-Y Hwang
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N Li
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute and the Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J L S Ortiz
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E Shirazi
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - K R Parekh
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A L Cooney
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute and the Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D V Schaffer
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P B McCray
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute and the Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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13
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Sondhi D, Stiles KM, De BP, Crystal RG. Genetic Modification of the Lung Directed Toward Treatment of Human Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:3-84. [PMID: 27927014 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases of the lung intractable to other treatments. Lung gene therapy has been the subject of numerous preclinical animal experiments and human clinical trials, for targets including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, complex disorders such as asthma, allergy, and lung cancer, infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Pseudomonas, as well as pulmonary arterial hypertension, transplant rejection, and lung injury. A variety of viral and non-viral vectors have been employed to overcome the many physical barriers to gene transfer imposed by lung anatomy and natural defenses. Beyond the treatment of lung diseases, the lung has the potential to be used as a metabolic factory for generating proteins for delivery to the circulation for treatment of systemic diseases. Although much has been learned through a myriad of experiments about the development of genetic modification of the lung, more work is still needed to improve the delivery vehicles and to overcome challenges such as entry barriers, persistent expression, specific cell targeting, and circumventing host anti-vector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Bishnu P De
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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14
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Yu DS, Weng TH, Wu XX, Wang FXC, Lu XY, Wu HB, Wu NP, Li LJ, Yao HP. The lifecycle of the Ebola virus in host cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55750-55759. [PMID: 28903457 PMCID: PMC5589696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola haemorrhagic fever causes deadly disease in humans and non-human primates resulting from infection with the Ebola virus (EBOV) genus of the family Filoviridae. However, the mechanisms of EBOV lifecycle in host cells, including viral entry, membrane fusion, RNP formation, GP-tetherin interaction, and VP40-inner leaflet association remain poorly understood. This review describes the biological functions of EBOV proteins and their roles in the lifecycle, summarizes the factors related to EBOV proteins or RNA expression throughout the different phases, and reviews advances with regards to the molecular events and mechanisms of the EBOV lifecycle. Furthermore, the review outlines the aspects remain unclear that urgently need to be solved in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frederick X C Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiang-Yun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Zhang L, Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Nie J, Wang Y. A bioluminescent imaging mouse model for Marburg virus based on a pseudovirus system. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1811-1817. [PMID: 28481728 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1325050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Handling of MARV is restricted to high-containment biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) facilities, which greatly impedes research into this virus. In this study, a high titer of MARV pseudovirus was generated through optimization of the HIV backbone vectors, the ratio of backbone vector to MARV glycoprotein expression vector, and the transfection reagents. An in vitro neutralization assay and an in vivo bioluminescent imaging mouse model for MARV were developed based on the pseudovirus. Protective serum against MARV was successfully induced in guinea pigs, which showed high neutralization activity in vitro and could also protect Balb/c mice from MARV pseudovirus infection in vivo. This system could be a convenient tool to enable the evaluation of vaccines and therapeutic drugs against MARV in non-BSL-4 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Qianqian Li
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Liu
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Weijin Huang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Youchun Wang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Virus Vaccines , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
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16
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Abstract
Pseudotyping lentivirus-based vectors is a strategy used to study conferred vector tropism and mechanisms of envelope glycoprotein function. Lentiviruses and filoviruses both assemble at the plasma membrane and have homotrimeric structural envelope glycoproteins that mediate both receptor binding and fusion. Such similarities help foster efficient pseudotyping. Importantly, filovirus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors allows investigators to study virus entry at substantially less restrictive levels of biosafety containment than that required for wild-type filovirus work (biosafety level-2 vs. biosafety level-4, respectively). Standard lentiviral vector production involves transient transfection of viral component expression plasmids into producer cells, supernatant collection, and centrifuge concentration. Because the envelope glycoprotein expression plasmid is provided in trans, wild type or variant filoviral glycoproteins from marburgvirus or ebolavirus species may be used for pseudotyping and compared side-by-side. In this chapter we discuss the manufacture of pseudotyped lentiviral vector with an emphasis on small-scale laboratory grade production.
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17
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Characterization of Human and Murine T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin Domain 4 (TIM-4) IgV Domain Residues Critical for Ebola Virus Entry. J Virol 2016; 90:6097-6111. [PMID: 27122575 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00100-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) receptors that are responsible for the clearance of dying cells have recently been found to mediate enveloped virus entry. Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the Filoviridae family of viruses, utilizes PtdSer receptors for entry into target cells. The PtdSer receptors human and murine T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) domain proteins TIM-1 and TIM-4 mediate filovirus entry by binding to PtdSer on the virion surface via a conserved PtdSer binding pocket within the amino-terminal IgV domain. While the residues within the TIM-1 IgV domain that are important for EBOV entry are characterized, the molecular details of virion-TIM-4 interactions have yet to be investigated. As sequences and structural alignments of the TIM proteins suggest distinct differences in the TIM-1 and TIM-4 IgV domain structures, we sought to characterize TIM-4 IgV domain residues required for EBOV entry. Using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirions bearing EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV GP/VSVΔG), we evaluated virus binding and entry into cells expressing TIM-4 molecules mutated within the IgV domain, allowing us to identify residues important for entry. Similar to TIM-1, residues in the PtdSer binding pocket of murine and human TIM-4 (mTIM-4 and hTIM-4) were found to be important for EBOV entry. However, additional TIM-4-specific residues were also found to impact EBOV entry, with a total of 8 mTIM-4 and 14 hTIM-4 IgV domain residues being critical for virion binding and internalization. Together, these findings provide a greater understanding of the interaction of TIM-4 with EBOV virions. IMPORTANCE With more than 28,000 cases and over 11,000 deaths during the largest and most recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak, there has been increased emphasis on the development of therapeutics against filoviruses. Many therapies under investigation target EBOV cell entry. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) domain proteins are cell surface factors important for the entry of many enveloped viruses, including EBOV. TIM family member TIM-4 is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are early cellular targets during EBOV infection. Here, we performed a mutagenesis screening of the IgV domain of murine and human TIM-4 to identify residues that are critical for EBOV entry. Surprisingly, we identified more human than murine TIM-4 IgV domain residues that are required for EBOV entry. Defining the TIM IgV residues needed for EBOV entry clarifies the virus-receptor interactions and paves the way for the development of novel therapeutics targeting virus binding to this cell surface receptor.
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18
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Rhein BA, Powers LS, Rogers K, Anantpadma M, Singh BK, Sakurai Y, Bair T, Miller-Hunt C, Sinn P, Davey RA, Monick MM, Maury W. Interferon-γ Inhibits Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005263. [PMID: 26562011 PMCID: PMC4643030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus outbreaks, such as the 2014 Makona epidemic in West Africa, are episodic and deadly. Filovirus antivirals are currently not clinically available. Our findings suggest interferon gamma, an FDA-approved drug, may serve as a novel and effective prophylactic or treatment option. Using mouse-adapted Ebola virus, we found that murine interferon gamma administered 24 hours before or after infection robustly protects lethally-challenged mice and reduces morbidity and serum viral titers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that interferon gamma profoundly inhibits Ebola virus infection of macrophages, an early cellular target of infection. As early as six hours following in vitro infection, Ebola virus RNA levels in interferon gamma-treated macrophages were lower than in infected, untreated cells. Addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, to interferon gamma-treated macrophages did not further reduce viral RNA levels, suggesting that interferon gamma blocks life cycle events that require protein synthesis such as virus replication. Microarray studies with interferon gamma-treated human macrophages identified more than 160 interferon-stimulated genes. Ectopic expression of a select group of these genes inhibited Ebola virus infection. These studies provide new potential avenues for antiviral targeting as these genes that have not previously appreciated to inhibit negative strand RNA viruses and specifically Ebola virus infection. As treatment of interferon gamma robustly protects mice from lethal Ebola virus infection, we propose that interferon gamma should be further evaluated for its efficacy as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategy against filoviruses. Use of this FDA-approved drug could rapidly be deployed during future outbreaks. Filovirus outbreaks occur sporadically, but with increasing frequency. With no current approved filovirus therapeutics, the 2014 Makona Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia emphasizes the need for effective treatments against this highly pathogenic family of viruses. The use of this FDA-approved drug to inhibit Ebola virus infection would allow rapid implementation of a novel antiviral therapy for future crises. Interferon gamma elicits an antiviral state in antigen-presenting cells and stimulates cellular immune responses. We demonstrate that interferon gamma profoundly inhibits Ebola virus infection of macrophages, which are early cellular targets of Ebola virus. We also identify novel interferon gamma-stimulated genes in human macrophage populations that have not been previously appreciated to inhibit filoviruses or other negative strand RNA viruses. Finally and most importantly, we show that interferon gamma given 24 hours prior to or after virus infection protects mice from lethal Ebola virus challenge, suggesting that this drug may serve as an effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategy against this deadly virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Rhein
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Linda S. Powers
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kai Rogers
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bair
- Iowa Institute for Human Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Catherine Miller-Hunt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sinn
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Monick
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Dahlmann F, Biedenkopf N, Babler A, Jahnen-Dechent W, Karsten CB, Gnirß K, Schneider H, Wrensch F, O'Callaghan CA, Bertram S, Herrler G, Becker S, Pöhlmann S, Hofmann-Winkler H. Analysis of Ebola Virus Entry Into Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S247-57. [PMID: 25877552 PMCID: PMC4564540 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses constitute a public health threat, particularly in Central and Western Africa. Host cell factors required for spread of ebolaviruses may serve as targets for antiviral intervention. Lectins, TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, Mer), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) proteins, integrins, and Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) have been reported to promote entry of ebolaviruses into certain cellular systems. However, the factors used by ebolaviruses to invade macrophages, major viral targets, are poorly defined. Here, we show that mannose-specific lectins, TIM-1 and Axl augment entry into certain cell lines but do not contribute to Ebola virus (EBOV)-glycoprotein (GP)-driven transduction of macrophages. In contrast, expression of Mer, integrin αV, and NPC1 was required for efficient GP-mediated transduction and EBOV infection of macrophages. These results define cellular factors hijacked by EBOV for entry into macrophages and, considering that Mer and integrin αV promote phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, support the concept that EBOV relies on apoptotic mimicry to invade target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Babler
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University
| | | | - Christina B Karsten
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen Institutes for Cellular Chemistry
| | - Kerstin Gnirß
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen
| | | | | | | | | | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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20
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Osterholm MT, Moore KA, Kelley NS, Brosseau LM, Wong G, Murphy FA, Peters CJ, LeDuc JW, Russell PK, Van Herp M, Kapetshi J, Muyembe JJT, Ilunga BK, Strong JE, Grolla A, Wolz A, Kargbo B, Kargbo DK, Sanders DA, Kobinger GP. Transmission of Ebola viruses: what we know and what we do not know. mBio 2015; 6:e00137. [PMID: 25698835 PMCID: PMC4358015 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00137-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that "superspreading events" may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013-2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Osterholm
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristine A Moore
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas S Kelley
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M Brosseau
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gary Wong
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Frederick A Murphy
- The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Clarence J Peters
- The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - James W LeDuc
- The Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Michel Van Herp
- Medical Department Unit, Médecins sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Kapetshi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - James E Strong
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Allen Grolla
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anja Wolz
- Medical Department Unit, Médecins sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - David K Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - David Avram Sanders
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
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21
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Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:624-41. [PMID: 26344749 PMCID: PMC4494222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising tools for gene therapy and vaccines. Viral vector-based vaccines can enhance immunogenicity without an adjuvant and induce a robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to eliminate virus-infected cells. During the last several decades, many types of viruses have been developed as vaccine vectors. Each has unique features and parental virus-related risks. In addition, genetically altered vectors have been developed to improve efficacy and safety, reduce administration dose, and enable large-scale manufacturing. To date, both successful and unsuccessful results have been reported in clinical trials. These trials provide important information on factors such as toxicity, administration dose tolerated, and optimized vaccination strategy. This review highlights major viral vectors that are the best candidates for clinical use.
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22
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Gehring G, Rohrmann K, Atenchong N, Mittler E, Becker S, Dahlmann F, Pöhlmann S, Vondran FWR, David S, Manns MP, Ciesek S, von Hahn T. The clinically approved drugs amiodarone, dronedarone and verapamil inhibit filovirus cell entry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2123-31. [PMID: 24710028 PMCID: PMC7110251 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Filoviruses such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus cause a severe haemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans for which there is no specific treatment. Since filoviruses use a complex route of cell entry that depends on numerous cellular factors, we hypothesized that there may be drugs already approved for human use for other indications that interfere with signal transduction or other cellular processes required for their entry and hence have anti-filoviral properties. Methods We used authentic filoviruses and lentiviral particles pseudotyped with filoviral glycoproteins to identify and characterize such compounds. Results We discovered that amiodarone, a multi-ion channel inhibitor and adrenoceptor antagonist, is a potent inhibitor of filovirus cell entry at concentrations that are routinely reached in human serum during anti-arrhythmic therapy. A similar effect was observed with the amiodarone-related agent dronedarone and the L-type calcium channel blocker verapamil. Inhibition by amiodarone was concentration dependent and similarly affected pseudoviruses as well as authentic filoviruses. Inhibition of filovirus entry was observed with most but not all cell types tested and was accentuated by the pre-treatment of cells, indicating a host cell-directed mechanism of action. The New World arenavirus Guanarito was also inhibited by amiodarone while the Old World arenavirus Lassa and members of the Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus) and Bunyaviridae (Hantaan) families were largely resistant. Conclusions The ion channel blockers amiodarone, dronedarone and verapamil inhibit filoviral cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Gehring
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Rohrmann
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nkacheh Atenchong
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Mittler
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Gregory DA, Olinger GY, Lucas TM, Johnson MC. Diverse viral glycoproteins as well as CD4 co-package into the same human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) particles. Retrovirology 2014; 11:28. [PMID: 24708808 PMCID: PMC3985584 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retroviruses can acquire not only their own glycoproteins as they bud from the cellular membrane, but also some cellular and foreign viral glycoproteins. Many of these non-native glycoproteins are actively recruited to budding virions, particularly other viral glycoproteins. This observation suggests that there may be a conserved mechanism underlying the recruitment of glycoproteins into viruses. If a conserved mechanism is used, diverse glycoproteins should localize to a single budding retroviral particle. On the other hand, if viral glycoproteins have divergent mechanisms for recruitment, the different glycoproteins could segregate into different particles. Results To determine if co-packaging occurs among different glycoproteins, we designed an assay that combines virion antibody capture and a determination of infectivity based on a luciferase reporter. Virions were bound to a plate with an antibody against one glycoprotein, and then the infectivity was measured with cells that allow entry only with a second glycoprotein. We tested pairings of glycoproteins from HIV, murine leukemia virus (MLV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and Ebola virus. The results showed that glycoproteins that were actively recruited into virions were co-packaged efficiently with each other. We also tested cellular proteins and found CD4 also had a similar correlation between active recruitment and efficient co-packaging, but other cellular proteins did not. Conclusion Glycoproteins that are actively incorporated into HIV-1 virions are efficiently co-packaged into the same virus particles, suggesting that the same general mechanism for recruitment may act in many viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc C Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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24
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Abstract
UNLABELLED T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and other TIM family members were recently identified as phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-mediated virus entry-enhancing receptors (PVEERs). These proteins enhance entry of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other viruses by binding PtdSer on the viral envelope, concentrating virus on the cell surface, and promoting subsequent internalization. The PtdSer-binding activity of the immunoglobulin-like variable (IgV) domain is essential for both virus binding and internalization by TIM-1. However, TIM-3, whose IgV domain also binds PtdSer, does not effectively enhance virus entry, indicating that other domains of TIM proteins are functionally important. Here, we investigate the domains supporting enhancement of enveloped virus entry, thereby defining the features necessary for a functional PVEER. Using a variety of chimeras and deletion mutants, we found that in addition to a functional PtdSer-binding domain PVEERs require a stalk domain of sufficient length, containing sequences that promote an extended structure. Neither the cytoplasmic nor the transmembrane domain of TIM-1 is essential for enhancing virus entry, provided the protein is still plasma membrane bound. Based on these defined characteristics, we generated a mimic lacking TIM sequences and composed of annexin V, the mucin-like domain of α-dystroglycan, and a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor that functioned as a PVEER to enhance transduction of virions displaying Ebola, Chikungunya, Ross River, or Sindbis virus glycoproteins. This identification of the key features necessary for PtdSer-mediated enhancement of virus entry provides a basis for more effective recognition of unknown PVEERs. IMPORTANCE T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and other TIM family members are recently identified phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-mediated virus entry-enhancing receptors (PVEERs). These proteins enhance virus entry by binding the phospholipid, PtdSer, present on the viral membrane. While it is known that the PtdSer binding is essential for the PVEER function of TIM-1, TIM-3 shares this binding activity but does not enhance virus entry. No comprehensive studies have been done to characterize the other domains of TIM-1. In this study, using a variety of chimeric proteins and deletion mutants, we define the features necessary for a functional PVEER. With these features in mind, we generated a TIM-1 mimic using functionally similar domains from other proteins. This mimic, like TIM-1, effectively enhanced transduction. These studies provide insight into the key features necessary for PVEERs and will allow for more effective identification of unknown PVEERs.
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Feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins antagonize tetherin through a distinctive mechanism that requires virion incorporation. J Virol 2014; 88:3255-72. [PMID: 24390322 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03814-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BST2/tetherin inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from cells. Primate lentiviruses have evolved specific antagonists (Vpu, Nef, and Env). Here we characterized tetherin proteins of species representing both branches of the order Carnivora. Comparison of tiger and cat (Feliformia) to dog and ferret (Caniformia) genes demonstrated that the tiger and cat share a start codon mutation that truncated most of the tetherin cytoplasmic tail early in the Feliformia lineage (19 of 27 amino acids, including the dual tyrosine motif). Alpha interferon (IFN-α) induced tetherin and blocked feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in lymphoid and nonlymphoid feline cells. Budding of bald FIV and HIV particles was blocked by carnivore tetherins. However, infectious FIV particles were resistant, and spreading FIV replication was uninhibited. Antagonism mapped to the envelope glycoprotein (Env), which rescued FIV from carnivore tetherin restriction when expressed in trans but, in contrast to known antagonists, did not rescue noncognate particles. Also unlike the primate lentiviral antagonists, but similar to the Ebola virus glycoprotein, FIV Env did not reduce intracellular or cell surface tetherin levels. Furthermore, FIV-enveloped FIV particles actually required tetherin for optimal release from cells. The results show that FIV Envs mediate a distinctive tetherin evasion. Well adapted to a phylogenetically ancient tetherin tail truncation in the Felidae, it requires functional virion incorporation of Env, and it shields the budding particle without downregulating plasma membrane tetherin. Moreover, FIV has evolved dependence on this protein: particles containing FIV Env need tetherin for optimal release from the cell, while Env(-) particles do not. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 antagonizes the restriction factor tetherin with the accessory protein Vpu, while HIV-2 and the filovirus Ebola use their envelope (Env) glycoproteins for this purpose. It turns out that the FIV tetherin antagonist is also its Env protein, but the mechanism is distinctive. Unlike other tetherin antagonists, FIV Env cannot act in trans to rescue vpu-deficient HIV-1. It must be incorporated specifically into FIV virions to be active. Also unlike other retroviral antagonists, but similar to Ebola virus Env, it does not act by downregulating or degrading tetherin. FIV Env might exclude tetherin locally or direct assembly to tetherin-negative membrane domains. Other distinctive features are apparent, including evidence that this virus evolved an equilibrium in which tetherin is both restriction factor and cofactor, as FIV requires tetherin for optimal particle release.
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Abstract
A number of advances in recent years have significantly furthered our understanding of filovirus attachment and cellular tropism. For example, several cell-surface molecules have been identified as attachment factors with the potential to facilitate the in vivo targeting of particular cell types such as macrophages and hepatic cells. Furthermore, our knowledge of internalization and subsequent events during filovirus entry has also been widened, adding new variations to the paradigms for viral entry established for HIV and influenza. In particular, host cell factors such as endosomal proteases and the intracellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 are now known to play a vital role in activating the membrane fusion potential of filovirus glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pöhlmann
- grid.10423.340000000095299877Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ,grid.418215.b0000000085027018German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Graham Simmons
- grid.266102.10000000122976811Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
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Abstract
The cell surface receptor T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) dramatically enhances filovirus infection of epithelial cells. Here, we showed that key phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) binding residues of the TIM-1 IgV domain are critical for Ebola virus (EBOV) entry through direct interaction with PtdSer on the viral envelope. PtdSer liposomes but not phosphatidylcholine liposomes competed with TIM-1 for EBOV pseudovirion binding and transduction. Further, annexin V (AnxV) substituted for the TIM-1 IgV domain, supporting a PtdSer-dependent mechanism. Our findings suggest that TIM-1-dependent uptake of EBOV occurs by apoptotic mimicry. Additionally, TIM-1 enhanced infection of a wide range of enveloped viruses, including alphaviruses and a baculovirus. As further evidence of the critical role of enveloped-virion-associated PtdSer in TIM-1-mediated uptake, TIM-1 enhanced internalization of pseudovirions and virus-like proteins (VLPs) lacking a glycoprotein, providing evidence that TIM-1 and PtdSer-binding receptors can mediate virus uptake independent of a glycoprotein. These results provide evidence for a broad role of TIM-1 as a PtdSer-binding receptor that mediates enveloped-virus uptake. Utilization of PtdSer-binding receptors may explain the wide tropism of many of these viruses and provide new avenues for controlling their virulence.
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Jemielity S, Wang JJ, Chan YK, Ahmed AA, Li W, Monahan S, Bu X, Farzan M, Freeman GJ, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH, Choe H. TIM-family proteins promote infection of multiple enveloped viruses through virion-associated phosphatidylserine. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003232. [PMID: 23555248 PMCID: PMC3610696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-domain containing proteins (TIM1, 3, and 4) specifically bind phosphatidylserine (PS). TIM1 has been proposed to serve as a cellular receptor for hepatitis A virus and Ebola virus and as an entry factor for dengue virus. Here we show that TIM1 promotes infection of retroviruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) pseudotyped with a range of viral entry proteins, in particular those from the filovirus, flavivirus, New World arenavirus and alphavirus families. TIM1 also robustly enhanced the infection of replication-competent viruses from the same families, including dengue, Tacaribe, Sindbis and Ross River viruses. All interactions between TIM1 and pseudoviruses or VLPs were PS-mediated, as demonstrated with liposome blocking and TIM1 mutagenesis experiments. In addition, other PS-binding proteins, such as Axl and TIM4, promoted infection similarly to TIM1. Finally, the blocking of PS receptors on macrophages inhibited the entry of Ebola VLPs, suggesting that PS receptors can contribute to infection in physiologically relevant cells. Notably, infection mediated by the entry proteins of Lassa fever virus, influenza A virus and SARS coronavirus was largely unaffected by TIM1 expression. Taken together our data show that TIM1 and related PS-binding proteins promote infection of diverse families of enveloped viruses, and may therefore be useful targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. To infect cells, enveloped viruses typically utilize cellular receptors, which mediate specific, high-affinity interactions with the viral entry protein and prime the entry protein for subsequent steps in the viral entry process. Viral entry is also enhanced by attachment factors. Although less specific than receptors, attachment factors can alter the course of infection and thus severity of viral disease by increasing the infection efficiency of specific target cells. Here we observed that TIM proteins, a group of proteins that promote phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, can dramatically enhance the entry of a number of viruses, including Ebola, West Nile and dengue viruses, whereas they have little effect on the entry of other viruses. The inability of a virus to use TIM proteins may be due to the presence of an abundant, high-affinity receptor (Lassa fever virus), or because the TIM proteins direct virions to a non-productive internalization pathway (SARS coronavirus, influenza A virus). Mechanistically, TIM proteins appear to interact with enveloped viruses and apoptotic cells similarly by binding phosphatidylserine residues exposed on the viral and cellular membranes. Collectively our studies show that TIM proteins are attachment factors that can substantially improve the infection efficiency of a number of pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jemielity
- Division of Respiratory Diseases Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinyize J. Wang
- Division of Respiratory Diseases Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- New England Primate Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Asim A. Ahmed
- Division of Respiratory Diseases Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheena Monahan
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xia Bu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- New England Primate Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dale T. Umetsu
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie H. DeKruyff
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Division of Respiratory Diseases Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wilson AA, Kwok LW, Porter EL, Payne JG, McElroy GS, Ohle SJ, Greenhill SR, Blahna MT, Yamamoto K, Jean JC, Mizgerd JP, Kotton DN. Lentiviral delivery of RNAi for in vivo lineage-specific modulation of gene expression in mouse lung macrophages. Mol Ther 2013; 21:825-33. [PMID: 23403494 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although RNA interference (RNAi) has become a ubiquitous laboratory tool since its discovery 12 years ago, in vivo delivery to selected cell types remains a major technical challenge. Here, we report the use of lentiviral vectors for long-term in vivo delivery of RNAi selectively to resident alveolar macrophages (AMs), key immune effector cells in the lung. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this approach by RNAi-based downregulation of p65 (RelA), a component of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and a key participant in lung disease pathogenesis. In vivo RNAi delivery results in decreased induction of NF-κB and downstream neutrophilic chemokines in transduced AMs as well as attenuated lung neutrophilia following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Through concurrent delivery of a novel lentiviral reporter vector (lenti-NF-κB-luc-GFP) we track in vivo expression of NF-κB target genes in real time, a critical step towards extending RNAi-based therapy to longstanding lung diseases. Application of this system reveals that resident AMs persist in the airspaces of mice following the resolution of LPS-induced inflammation, thus allowing these localized cells to be used as effective vehicles for prolonged RNAi delivery in disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Wilson
- Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Oakland M, Maury W, McCray PB, Sinn PL. Intrapulmonary Versus Nasal Transduction of Murine Airways With GP64-pseudotyped Viral Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e69. [PMID: 23360952 PMCID: PMC3564419 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral vector-mediated transgene expression in the airways requires delivery to cells with progenitor capacity and avoidance of immune responses. Previously, we observed that GP64-pseudotyped feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-mediated gene transfer was more efficient in the nasal airways than the large airways of the murine lung. We hypothesized that in vivo gene transfer was limited by immunological and physiological barriers in the murine intrapulmonary airways. Here, we systematically investigate multiple potential barriers to lentiviral gene transfer in the airways of mice. We show that GP64-FIV vector transduced primary cultures of well-differentiated murine nasal epithelia with greater efficiency than primary cultures of murine tracheal epithelia. We further demonstrate that neutrophils, type I interferon (IFN) responses, as well as T and B lymphocytes are not the major factors limiting the transduction of murine conducting airways. In addition, we observed better transduction of GP64-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the nasal epithelia compared with the intrapulmonary airways in mice. VSVG glycoprotein pseudotyped VSV transduced intrapulmonary epithelia with similar efficiency as nasal epithelia. Our results suggest that the differential transduction efficiency of nasal versus intrapulmonary airways by FIV vector is not a result of immunological barriers or surface area, but rather differential expression of cellular factors specific for FIV vector transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Oakland
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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31
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Sinn PL, Cooney AL, Oakland M, Dylla DE, Wallen TJ, Pezzulo AA, Chang EH, McCray PB. Lentiviral vector gene transfer to porcine airways. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012. [PMID: 23187455 PMCID: PMC3511674 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated lentiviral vector development and transduction efficiencies in well-differentiated primary cultures of pig airway epithelia (PAE) and wild-type pigs in vivo. We noted gene transfer efficiencies similar to that observed for human airway epithelia (HAE). Interestingly, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-based vectors transduced immortalized pig cells as well as pig primary cells more efficiently than HIV-1–based vectors. PAE express TRIM5α, a well-characterized species-specific lentiviral restriction factor. We contrasted the restrictive properties of porcine TRIM5α against FIV- and HIV-based vectors using gain and loss of function approaches. We observed no effect on HIV-1 or FIV conferred transgene expression in response to porcine TRIM5α overexpression or knockdown. To evaluate the ability of GP64-FIV to transduce porcine airways in vivo, we delivered vector expressing mCherry to the tracheal lobe of the lung and the ethmoid sinus of 4-week-old pigs. One week later, epithelial cells expressing mCherry were readily detected. Our findings indicate that pseudotyped FIV vectors confer similar tropisms in porcine epithelia as observed in human HAE and provide further support for the selection of GP64 as an appropriate envelope pseudotype for future preclinical gene therapy studies in the porcine model of cystic fibrosis (CF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Sinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis and Other Genetic Diseases, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Abstract
In 1967, the first reported filovirus hemorrhagic fever outbreak took place in Germany and the former Yugoslavia. The causative agent that was identified during this outbreak, Marburg virus, is one of the most deadly human pathogens. This article provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge about Marburg virus disease ranging from ecology to pathogenesis and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Brauburger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
More than two decades have passed since genetically modified HIV was used for gene delivery. Through continuous improvements these early marker gene-carrying HIVs have evolved into safer and more effective lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors offer several attractive properties as gene-delivery vehicles, including: (i) sustained gene delivery through stable vector integration into host genome; (ii) the capability of infecting both dividing and non-dividing cells; (iii) broad tissue tropisms, including important gene- and cell-therapy-target cell types; (iv) no expression of viral proteins after vector transduction; (v) the ability to deliver complex genetic elements, such as polycistronic or intron-containing sequences; (vi) potentially safer integration site profile; and (vii) a relatively easy system for vector manipulation and production. Accordingly, lentivector technologies now have widespread use in basic biology and translational studies for stable transgene overexpression, persistent gene silencing, immunization, in vivo imaging, generating transgenic animals, induction of pluripotent cells, stem cell modification and lineage tracking, or site-directed gene editing. Moreover, in the present high-throughput '-omics' era, the commercial availability of premade lentiviral vectors, which are engineered to express or silence genome-wide genes, accelerates the rapid expansion of this vector technology. In the present review, we assess the advances in lentiviral vector technology, including basic lentivirology, vector designs for improved efficiency and biosafety, protocols for vector production and infection, targeted gene delivery, advanced lentiviral applications and issues associated with the vector system.
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Abstract
Marburg and Ebola viruses cause a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans with high fatality rates. Early target cells of filoviruses are monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection spreads to the liver, spleen and later other organs by blood and lymph flow. A hallmark of filovirus infection is the depletion of non-infected lymphocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed bystander lymphocyte apoptosis are poorly understood. Also, there is limited knowledge about the fate of infected cells in filovirus disease. In this review we will explore what is known about the intracellular events leading to virus amplification and cell damage in filovirus infection. Furthermore, we will discuss how cellular dysfunction and cell death may correlate with disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Pr. Lavrent’eva, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
| | - Ronald B. Corley
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-638-0336; Fax: +1-617-638-4286
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Takada A. Filovirus tropism: cellular molecules for viral entry. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:34. [PMID: 22363323 PMCID: PMC3277274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and non-human primates, filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Recently, other animals such as pigs and some species of fruit bats have also been shown to be susceptible to these viruses. While having a preference for some cell types such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, filoviruses are known to be pantropic in infection of primates. The envelope glycoprotein (GP) is responsible for both receptor binding and fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell membrane. It has been demonstrated that filovirus GP interacts with multiple molecules for entry into host cells, whereas none of the cellular molecules so far identified as a receptor/co-receptor fully explains filovirus tissue tropism and host range. Available data suggest that the mucin-like region (MLR) on GP plays an important role in attachment to the preferred target cells, whose infection is likely involved in filovirus pathogenesis, whereas the MLR is not essential for the fundamental function of the GP in viral entry into cells in vitro. Further studies elucidating the mechanisms of cellular entry of filoviruses may shed light on the development of strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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Cao H, Molday RS, Hu J. Gene therapy: light is finally in the tunnel. Protein Cell 2012; 2:973-89. [PMID: 22231356 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
After two decades of ups and downs, gene therapy has recently achieved a milestone in treating patients with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA). LCA is a group of inherited blinding diseases with retinal degeneration and severe vision loss in early infancy. Mutations in several genes, including RPE65, cause the disease. Using adeno-associated virus as a vector, three independent teams of investigators have recently shown that RPE65 can be delivered to retinal pigment epithelial cells of LCA patients by subretinal injections resulting in clinical benefits without side effects. However, considering the whole field of gene therapy, there are still major obstacles to clinical applications for other diseases. These obstacles include innate and immune barriers to vector delivery, toxicity of vectors and the lack of sustained therapeutic gene expression. Therefore, new strategies are needed to overcome these hurdles for achieving safe and effective gene therapy. In this article, we shall review the major advancements over the past two decades and, using lung gene therapy as an example, discuss the current obstacles and possible solutions to provide a roadmap for future gene therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibi Cao
- Programme in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G, 1X8, Canada
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Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-based lentiviral vectors are useful for introducing integrated transgenes into nondividing human cells. This article describes the production and use of advanced generation FIV vectors. Key properties are discussed in comparison to other lentiviral vectors. Additional topics include the practical implications of species-specific retroviral restriction factors and the production of nonintegrating FIV vectors.
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Escors D, Kochan G, Stephenson H, Breckpot K. Cell and Tissue Gene Targeting with Lentiviral Vectors. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7122860 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0402-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the main advantages of using lentivectors is their capacity to transduce a wide range of cell types, independently from the cell cycle stage. However, transgene expression in certain cell types is sometimes not desirable, either because of toxicity, cell transformation, or induction of transgene-specific immune responses. In other cases, specific targeting of only cancerous cells within a tumor is sought after for the delivery of suicide genes. Consequently, great effort has been invested in developing strategies to control transgene delivery/expression in a cell/tissue-specific manner. These strategies can broadly be divided in three; particle pseudotyping (surface targeting), which entails modification of the envelope glycoprotein (ENV); transcriptional targeting, which utilizes cell-specific promoters and/or inducible promoters; and posttranscriptional targeting, recently applied in lentivectors by introducing sequence targets for cell-specific microRNAs. In this chapter we describe each of these strategies providing some illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Escors
- University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oxford Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building. Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Holly Stephenson
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH UK
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Using Lentiviral Vectors as Delivery Vehicles for Gene Therapy. CONTROLLED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-533-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Devaney J, Contreras M, Laffey JG. Clinical review: gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:224. [PMID: 21699743 PMCID: PMC3218971 DOI: 10.1186/cc10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) confer substantial morbidity and mortality, and have no specific therapy. The accessibility of the distal lung epithelium via the airway route, and the relatively transient nature of ALI/ARDS, suggest that the disease may be amenable to gene-based therapies. Ongoing advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS have revealed multiple therapeutic targets for gene-based approaches. Strategies to enhance or restore lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function, to strengthen lung defense mechanisms against injury, to speed clearance of infection and to enhance the repair process following ALI/ARDS have all demonstrated promise in preclinical models. Despite three decades of gene therapy research, however, the clinical potential for gene-based approaches to lung diseases including ALI/ARDS remains to be realized. Multiple barriers to effective pulmonary gene therapy exist, including the pulmonary architecture, pulmonary defense mechanisms against inhaled particles, the immunogenicity of viral vectors and the poor transfection efficiency of nonviral delivery methods. Deficits remain in our knowledge regarding the optimal molecular targets for gene-based approaches. Encouragingly, recent progress in overcoming these barriers offers hope for the successful translation of gene-based approaches for ALI/ARDS to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Devaney
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Orbsen Building, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
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Zhong Z, Wan Y, Han J, Shi S, Zhang Z, Sun X. Improvement of adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer to airway epithelia by folate-modified anionic liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1083-93. [PMID: 21698075 PMCID: PMC3118681 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s19745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the development of both viral and nonviral gene delivery vectors for airway disease treatment, poor gene transfer efficiency to the airway epithelium is a major obstacle in clinical application. To take advantage of the unique features of viral and nonviral vectors, we have developed complexes of adenovirus vector and anionic liposomes (AL-Ad5) by the calcium-induced phase change method. In the current study, based on the fact that there are overexpressed folate receptors on the surface of airway epithelia, we further modified the AL-Ad5 complexes with folate (F-AL-Ad5) to improve the transduction ability of Ad5 in airway epithelia. The transduction efficiencies of the obtained F-AL-Ad5 and AL-Ad5 complexes were assessed in primary-cultured airway epithelia in vitro. Our results indicated that compared with naked adenovirus vector, both AL-Ad5 and F-AL-Ad5 could significantly enhance the gene transduction efficiency of adenovirus vector in primary-cultured airway epithelial cells. Moreover, the enhancement mediated by F-AL-Ad5 was more dramatic than that by AL-Ad5. These results suggested that F-AL-Ad5 may be a useful strategy to deliver therapeutic genes to the airway epithelia and is promising in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Kobinger GP, Leung A, Neufeld J, Richardson JS, Falzarano D, Smith G, Tierney K, Patel A, Weingartl HM. Replication, pathogenicity, shedding, and transmission of Zaire ebolavirus in pigs. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:200-8. [PMID: 21571728 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (See the editorial commentary by Bausch, on pages 179-81.) BACKGROUND Reston ebolavirus was recently detected in pigs in the Philippines. Specific antibodies were found in pig farmers, indicating exposure to the virus. This important observation raises the possibility that pigs may be susceptible to Ebola virus infection, including from other species, such as Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), and can transmit to other susceptible hosts. METHODS This study investigated whether ZEBOV, a species commonly reemerging in central Africa, can replicate and induce disease in pigs and can be transmitted to naive animals. Domesticated Landrace pigs were challenged through mucosal exposure with a total of 1 ×10(6) plaque-forming units of ZEBOV and monitored for virus replication, shedding, and pathogenesis. Using similar conditions, virus transmission from infected to naive animals was evaluated in a second set of pigs. RESULTS Following mucosal exposure, pigs replicated ZEBOV to high titers (reaching 10(7) median tissue culture infective doses/mL), mainly in the respiratory tract, and developed severe lung pathology. Shedding from the oronasal mucosa was detected for up to 14 days after infection, and transmission was confirmed in all naive pigs cohabiting with inoculated animals. CONCLUSIONS These results shed light on the susceptibility of pigs to ZEBOV infection and identify an unexpected site of virus amplification and shedding linked to transmission of infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada.
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Brindley MA, Hunt CL, Kondratowicz AS, Bowman J, Sinn PL, McCray PB, Quinn K, Weller ML, Chiorini JA, Maury W. Tyrosine kinase receptor Axl enhances entry of Zaire ebolavirus without direct interactions with the viral glycoprotein. Virology 2011; 415:83-94. [PMID: 21529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a bioinformatics-based screen for cellular genes that enhance Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) transduction, AXL mRNA expression strongly correlated with ZEBOV infection. A series of cell lines and primary cells were identified that require Axl for optimal ZEBOV entry. Using one of these cell lines, we identified ZEBOV entry events that are Axl-dependent. Interactions between ZEBOV-GP and the Axl ectodomain were not detected in immunoprecipitations and reduction of surface-expressed Axl by RNAi did not alter ZEBOV-GP binding, providing evidence that Axl does not serve as a receptor for the virus. However, RNAi knock down of Axl reduced ZEBOV pseudovirion internalization and α-Axl antisera inhibited pseudovirion fusion with cellular membranes. Consistent with the importance of Axl for ZEBOV transduction, Axl transiently co-localized on the surface of cells with ZEBOV virus particles and was internalized during virion transduction. In total, these findings indicate that endosomal uptake of filoviruses is facilitated by Axl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a receptor for Zaire Ebolavirus and Lake Victoria Marburgvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8426-31. [PMID: 21536871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins (GP) of enveloped viruses facilitate entry into the host cell by interacting with specific cellular receptors. Despite extensive study, a cellular receptor for the deadly filoviruses Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus has yet to be identified and characterized. Here, we show that T-cell Ig and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) binds to the receptor binding domain of the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein, and ectopic TIM-1 expression in poorly permissive cells enhances EBOV infection by 10- to 30-fold. Conversely, reduction of cell-surface expression of TIM-1 by RNAi decreased infection of highly permissive Vero cells. TIM-1 expression within the human body is broader than previously appreciated, with expression on mucosal epithelia from the trachea, cornea, and conjunctiva--tissues believed to be important during in vivo transmission of filoviruses. Recognition that TIM-1 serves as a receptor for filoviruses on these mucosal epithelial surfaces provides a mechanistic understanding of routes of entry into the human body via inhalation of aerosol particles or hand-to-eye contact. ARD5, a monoclonal antibody against the IgV domain of TIM-1, blocked EBOV binding and infection, suggesting that antibodies or small molecules directed against this cellular receptor may provide effective filovirus antivirals.
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Dylla DE, Xie L, Michele DE, Kunz S, McCray PB. Altering α-dystroglycan receptor affinity of LCMV pseudotyped lentivirus yields unique cell and tissue tropism. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2011; 9:8. [PMID: 21477292 PMCID: PMC3080791 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The envelope glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can efficiently pseudotype lentiviral vectors. Some strains of LCMV exploit high affinity interactions with α-dystroglycan (α-DG) to bind to cell surfaces and subsequently fuse in low pH endosomes. LCMV strains with low α-DG affinity utilize an unknown receptor and display unique tissue tropisms. We pseudotyped non-primate feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vectors using LCMV derived glycoproteins with high or low affinity to α-DG and evaluated their properties in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We pseudotyped FIV with the LCMV WE54 strain envelope glycoprotein and also engineered a point mutation in the WE54 envelope glycoprotein (L260F) to diminish α-DG affinity and direct binding to alternate receptors. We hypothesized that this change would alter in vivo tissue tropism and enhance gene transfer to neonatal animals. RESULTS In mice, hepatic α- and β-DG expression was greatest at the late gestational and neonatal time points. When displayed on the surface of the FIV lentivirus the WE54 L260F mutant glycoprotein bound weakly to immobilized α-DG. Additionally, LCMV WE54 pseudotyped FIV vector transduction was neutralized by pre-incubation with soluble α-DG, while the mutant glycoprotein pseudotyped vector was not. In vivo gene transfer in adult mice with either envelope yielded low transduction efficiencies in hepatocytes following intravenous delivery. In marked contrast, neonatal gene transfer with the LCMV envelopes, and notably with the FIV-L260F vector, conferred abundant liver and lower level cardiomyocyte transduction as detected by luciferase assays, bioluminescent imaging, and β-galactosidase staining. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a developmentally regulated receptor for LCMV is expressed abundantly in neonatal mice. LCMV pseudotyped vectors may have applications for neonatal gene transfer. ABBREVIATIONS Armstrong 53b (Arm53b); baculovirus Autographa californica GP64 (GP64); charge-coupled device (CCD); dystroglycan (DG); feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV); glycoprotein precursor (GP-C); firefly luciferase (Luc); lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); nuclear targeted β-galactosidase (ntLacZ); optical density (OD); PBS/0.1% (w/v) Tween-20 (PBST); relative light units (RLU); Rous sarcoma virus (RSV); transducing units per milliliter (TU/ml); vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G); wheat germ agglutinin (WGA); 50% reduction in binding (C50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Dylla
- Genetics Ph,D, Program, Program in Gene Therapy, 240 EMRB, The University of Iowa Roy J, and Lucille A, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
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Abstract
Since their first clinical trial 20 years ago, retroviral (gretroviral and lentiviral) vectors have now been used in more than 350 gene-therapy studies. Retroviral vectors are particularly suited for gene-correction of cells due to long-term and stable expression of the transferred transgene(s), and also because little effort is required for their cloning and production. Several monogenic inherited diseases, mostly immunodeficiencies, can now be successfully treated. The occurrence of insertional mutagenesis in some studies allowed extensive analysis of integration profiles of retroviral vectors, as well as the design of lentiviral vectors with increased safety properties. These new-generation vectors will enable us to continue the successful story of gene therapy, and treat more patients and even more complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Maier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses penetrate their cell targets following the merging of their membrane with that of the cell. This fusion process is catalyzed by one or several viral glycoproteins incorporated on the membrane of the virus. These envelope glycoproteins (EnvGP) evolved in order to combine two features. First, they acquired a domain to bind to a specific cellular protein, named "receptor." Second, they developed, with the help of cellular proteins, a function of finely controlled fusion to optimize the replication and preserve the integrity of the cell, specific to the genus of the virus. Following the activation of the EnvGP either by binding to their receptors and/or sometimes the acid pH of the endosomes, many changes of conformation permit ultimately the action of a specific hydrophobic domain, the fusion peptide, which destabilizes the cell membrane and leads to the opening of the lipidic membrane. The comprehension of these mechanisms is essential to develop medicines of the therapeutic class of entry inhibitor like enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this chapter, we will summarize the different envelope glycoprotein structures that viruses develop to achieve membrane fusion and the entry of the virus. We will describe the different entry pathways and cellular proteins that viruses have subverted to allow infection of the cell and the receptors that are used. Finally, we will illustrate more precisely the recent discoveries that have been made within the field of the entry process, with a focus on the use of pseudoparticles. These pseudoparticles are suitable for high-throughput screenings that help in the development of natural or artificial inhibitors as new therapeutics of the class of entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Loic Cosset
- Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France,INSERM, U758, Lyon, France,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, IFR128, Lyon, France,INSERM, U758, Lyon, France,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Orlando C, Castellani S, Mykhaylyk O, Copreni E, Zelphati O, Plank C, Conese M. Magnetically guided lentiviral-mediated transduction of airway epithelial cells. J Gene Med 2010; 12:747-54. [PMID: 20821745 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentiviral (LV) vectors are able to only slowly and inefficiently transduce nondividing cells such as those of the airway epithelium. To address this issue, we have exploited the magnetofection technique in in vitro models of airway epithelium. METHODS Magnetofectins were formed by noncovalent interaction between LV particles and polycation-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Efficiency of LV-mediated transduction (as evaluated through green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression by cytofluorimetric analysis) was measured in bronchial epithelial cells in the presence or absence of a magnetic field. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; cell monolayer integrity by measurement of transepithelial resistance (TER) and evaluation of correct zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) localization at tight junctions (TJs) by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. RESULTS In nonpolarized cells, magnetofectins enhanced LV-mediated transduction at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50 up to 3.9-fold upon a 24-h incubation, to levels that approached those achieved at MOI of 200 for LV alone, in the presence or absence of the magnetic field. Magnetofection significantly increased the percentage of transduced cells up to 186-fold already after 15 min of incubation. In polarized cells, magnetofection increased GFP+ cells up to 24-fold compared to LV alone. Magnetofection did not enhance LDH release and slightly altered TER but not ZO-1 localization at the TJs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that magnetofection can facilitate in vitro LV-mediated transduction of airway epithelial cells, in the absence of overt cytotoxicity and maintaining epithelial integrity, by lowering the necessary vector dose and reducing the incubation time required to achieve efficient transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Orlando
- Institute for Experimental Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis, HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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The Tyro3 receptor kinase Axl enhances macropinocytosis of Zaire ebolavirus. J Virol 2010; 85:334-47. [PMID: 21047970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01278-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axl, a plasma membrane-associated Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family member, is necessary for optimal Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) glycoprotein (GP)-dependent entry into some permissive cells but not others. To date, the role of Axl in virion entry is unknown. The focus of this study was to characterize entry pathways that are used for ZEBOV uptake in cells that require Axl for optimal transduction and to define the role of Axl in this process. Through the use of biochemical inhibitors, interfering RNA (RNAi), and dominant negative constructs, we demonstrate that ZEBOV-GP-dependent entry into these cells occurs through multiple uptake pathways, including both clathrin-dependent and caveola/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Other dynamin-dependent and -independent pathways such as macropinocytosis that mediate high-molecular-weight dextran uptake also stimulated ZEBOV-GP entry into these cells, and inhibitors that are known to block macropinocytosis inhibited both dextran uptake and ZEBOV infection. These findings provided strong evidence for the importance of this pathway in filovirus entry. Reduction of Axl expression by RNAi treatment resulted in decreased ZEBOV entry via macropinocytosis but had no effect on the clathrin-dependent or caveola/lipid raft-mediated endocytic mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that Axl enhances macropinocytosis, thereby increasing productive ZEBOV entry.
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Nanbo A, Imai M, Watanabe S, Noda T, Takahashi K, Neumann G, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. Ebolavirus is internalized into host cells via macropinocytosis in a viral glycoprotein-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001121. [PMID: 20886108 PMCID: PMC2944813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with mortality rates of up to 90% in humans and nonhuman primates. Previous studies suggest roles for clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis in EBOV entry; however, ebolavirus virions are long, filamentous particles that are larger than the plasma membrane invaginations that characterize clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The mechanism of EBOV entry remains, therefore, poorly understood. To better understand Ebolavirus entry, we carried out internalization studies with fluorescently labeled, biologically contained Ebolavirus and Ebolavirus-like particles (Ebola VLPs), both of which resemble authentic Ebolavirus in their morphology. We examined the mechanism of Ebolavirus internalization by real-time analysis of these fluorescently labeled Ebolavirus particles and found that their internalization was independent of clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis, but that they co-localized with sorting nexin (SNX) 5, a marker of macropinocytosis-specific endosomes (macropinosomes). Moreover, the internalization of Ebolavirus virions accelerated the uptake of a macropinocytosis-specific cargo, was associated with plasma membrane ruffling, and was dependent on cellular GTPases and kinases involved in macropinocytosis. A pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus possessing the Ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) also co-localized with SNX5 and its internalization and infectivity were affected by macropinocytosis inhibitors. Taken together, our data suggest that Ebolavirus is internalized into cells by stimulating macropinocytosis in a GP-dependent manner. These findings provide new insights into the lifecycle of Ebolavirus and may aid in the development of therapeutics for Ebolavirus infection. Ebolavirus (EBOV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans and nonhuman primates. Previous studies suggest roles for clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis in EBOV entry; however, questions remain regarding the mechanism of EBOV entry. Here, we demonstrate that internalization of EBOV particles is independent of clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Specifically, we show that internalized EBOV particles co-localize with macropinocytosis-specific endosomes (macropinosomes) and that their entry is negatively affected by treatment with macropinocytosis inhibitors. Moreover, the internalization of Ebola virions accelerated the uptake of a macropinocytosis-specific cargo, was associated with plasma membrane ruffling, and was dependent on cellular GTPases and kinases involved in macropinocytosis. We further demonstrate that a pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus possessing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) also co-localizes with macropinosomes and its internalization is similarly affected by macropinocytosis inhibitors. Our results indicate that EBOV uptake into cells involves the macropinocytic pathway and is GP-dependent. These findings provide new insights into the lifecycle of EBOV and may aid in the development of therapeutics for EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nanbo
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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