1
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Kirk A, Graham SV. The human papillomavirus late life cycle and links to keratinocyte differentiation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29461. [PMID: 38345171 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of human papillomavirus (HPV) gene expression is tightly linked to differentiation of the keratinocytes the virus infects. HPV late gene expression is confined to the cells in the upper layers of the epithelium where the virus capsid proteins are synthesized. As these proteins are highly immunogenic, and the upper epithelium is an immune-privileged site, this spatial restriction aids immune evasion. Many decades of work have contributed to the current understanding of how this restriction occurs at a molecular level. This review will examine what is known about late gene expression in HPV-infected lesions and will dissect the intricacies of late gene regulation. Future directions for novel antiviral approaches will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirk
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Rosendo-Chalma P, Antonio-Véjar V, Ortiz Tejedor JG, Ortiz Segarra J, Vega Crespo B, Bigoni-Ordóñez GD. The Hallmarks of Cervical Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Human Papillomavirus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:77. [PMID: 38392296 PMCID: PMC10886769 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, specifically, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are identified as necessary factors in the development of cancer of the lower genital tract, with CaCU standing out as the most prevalent tumor. This review summarizes ten mechanisms activated by HR-HPVs during cervical carcinogenesis, which are broadly associated with at least seven of the fourteen distinctive physiological capacities of cancer in the newly established model by Hanahan in 2022. These mechanisms involve infection by human papillomavirus, cellular tropism, genetic predisposition to uterine cervical cancer (CaCU), viral load, viral physical state, regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, loss of function of the E2 protein, deregulated expression of E6/E7 oncogenes, regulation of host cell protein function, and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosendo-Chalma
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB-UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Antonio-Véjar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Jonnathan Gerardo Ortiz Tejedor
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Jose Ortiz Segarra
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
| | - Bernardo Vega Crespo
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
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3
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Zygouras I, Leventakou D, Pouliakis A, Panagiotou S, Tsakogiannis D, Konstantopoulos G, Logotheti E, Samaras M, Kyriakopoulou Z, Beloukas A, Pateras IS, Delides A, Psyrri A, Panayiotides IG, Yiangou M, Kottaridi C. Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA Methylation Patterns and Investigation of Integration Status in Head and Neck Cancer Cases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14593. [PMID: 37834041 PMCID: PMC10572864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a pivotal factor in the progression of cervical cancer. In recent years, an increasing interest has emerged in comprehending the influence of HPV on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Notably, it is well established that HPV-associated HNSCC show cases with distinct molecular and clinical attributes compared to HPV-negative cases. The present study delves into the epigenetic landscape of HPV16, specifically its L1 gene and untranslated region (UTR), through pyrosequencing, while the HPV16 DNA physical status was evaluated using E2/E6 ratio analysis in HPV16-positive HNSCC FFPE biopsies. Our findings reveal substantial methylation across six sites within the HPV16 L1 gene and seven sites in the UTR. Specifically, methylation percentages of two L1 CpG sites (7136, 7145) exhibit significant associations with tumor histological grade (p < 0.01), while proving concurrent methylation across multiple sites. The HPV16 DNA physical status was not correlated with the methylation of viral genome or tumor characteristics. This is the first study that examines epigenetic modifications and the HPV16 DNA physical status in Greek HNSCC patients. Our findings suggest an orchestrated epigenetic modulation among specific sites, impacting viral gene expression and intricate virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zygouras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Danai Leventakou
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (I.S.P.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (I.S.P.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Styliana Panagiotou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
| | | | - Georgios Konstantopoulos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eirini Logotheti
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Menelaos Samaras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (I.S.P.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Zaharoula Kyriakopoulou
- Department of Environment, School of Technology, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis Campus, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece;
- National AIDS Reference Centre of Southern Greece, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Pateras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (I.S.P.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Alexandros Delides
- 2nd Department of Otolaryngology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece;
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis G. Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital “Attikon”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12464 Athens, Greece; (D.L.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (I.S.P.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Minas Yiangou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.Z.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (E.L.); (M.Y.)
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4
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Rehman UU, Ghafoor D, Ullah A, Ahmad R, Hanif S. Epigenetics regulation during virus-host interaction and their effects on the virus and host cell. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106271. [PMID: 37517745 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics, a field of study focused on cellular gene regulation independent of DNA sequence alterations, encompasses DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA modification. Epigenetics processes play a pivotal role in governing the life cycles of viruses, enabling their transmission, persistence, and maintenance with in host organisms. This review examines the epigenetics regulation of diverse virus including orthomoxyviruses, coronavirus, retroviridae, mononegavirales, and poxviruses among others. The investigation encompasses ten representative viruses from these families. Detailed exploration of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying each virus type, involving miRNA modification, histone modification and DNA methylation, sheds light on the intricate and multifaceted epigenetic interplay between viruses and their hosts. Furthermore, this review investigates the influence of these epigenetic processes on infection cycles, emphasizing the utilization of epigenetics by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to regulate gene expression during chronic or latent infections, control latency, and transition to lytic infection. Finally, the paper explores the novel treatments possibilities stemming from this epigenetic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaid Ur Rehman
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Dawood Ghafoor
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Asad Ullah
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Hanif
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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5
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MacLennan SA, Marra MA. Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119543. [PMID: 37298494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral infections substantially contribute to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. Here, we discuss how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to drive cancer and focus on how virally mediated dysregulation of host and viral epigenomes impacts the hallmarks of cancer. To illustrate the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, we describe how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle and how changes to this process can spur malignancy. We also highlight the clinical impact of virally mediated epigenetic changes on cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe A MacLennan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
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6
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Yu L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. HPV16 and HPV18 Genome Structure, Expression, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094943. [PMID: 35563334 PMCID: PMC9105396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
Upon infection, DNA viruses can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of type I and III interferons to block infection. Therefore, viruses must inhibit these signaling pathways, avoid being detected, or both. Papillomavirus virions are trafficked from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and wait for the onset of mitosis to complete nuclear entry. This unique subcellular trafficking strategy avoids detection by cytoplasmic PRRs, a property that may contribute to the establishment of infection. However, as the capsid uncoats within acidic endosomal compartments, the viral DNA may be exposed to detection by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this study, we characterized two new papillomaviruses from bats and used molecular archeology to demonstrate that their genomes altered their nucleotide compositions to avoid detection by TLR9, providing evidence that TLR9 acts as a PRR during papillomavirus infection. Furthermore, we showed that TLR9, like other components of the innate immune system, is under evolutionary selection in bats, providing the first direct evidence for coevolution between papillomaviruses and their hosts. Finally, we demonstrated that the cancer-associated human papillomaviruses show a reduction in CpG dinucleotides within a TLR9 recognition complex.
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8
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2308. [PMID: 34694662 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, HR-HPV is also associated with cancers in the anus, vagina, vulva, penis and oropharynx. HR-HPVs target and modify the function of different cell biomolecules, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids and transcription factors (TF), such as p53, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), among others. The latter is a master TF that maintains redox homeostasis. Nrf2 also induces the transcription of genes associated with cell detoxification. Since both processes are critical for cell physiology, Nrf2 deregulation is associated with cancer development. Nrf2 is a crucial molecule in HPV-related cancer development but underexplored. Moreover, Nrf2 activation is also associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in these cancers. This review focusses on the importance of Nrf2 during HPV-related cancer development, resistance to therapy and potential therapies associated with Nrf2 as a molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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9
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Medda A, Duca D, Chiocca S. Human Papillomavirus and Cellular Pathways: Hits and Targets. Pathogens 2021; 10:262. [PMID: 33668730 PMCID: PMC7996217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of different kinds of tumors, including cervical cancers, non-melanoma skin cancers, anogenital cancers, and head and neck cancers. Despite the vaccination campaigns implemented over the last decades, we are far from eradicating HPV-driven malignancies. Moreover, the lack of targeted therapies to tackle HPV-related tumors exacerbates this problem. Biomarkers for early detection of the pathology and more tailored therapeutic approaches are needed, and a complete understanding of HPV-driven tumorigenesis is essential to reach this goal. In this review, we overview the molecular pathways implicated in HPV infection and carcinogenesis, emphasizing the potential targets for new therapeutic strategies as well as new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanna Chiocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (D.D.)
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10
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Abboodi F, Buckhaults P, Altomare D, Liu C, Hosseinipour M, Banister CE, Creek KE, Pirisi L. HPV-inactive cell populations arise from HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes after p53 knockout. Virology 2020; 554:9-16. [PMID: 33321328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HPV-inactive head and neck and cervical cancers contain HPV DNA but do not express HPV E6/E7. HPV-positive primary head and neck tumors usually express E6/E7, however they may produce HPV-inactive metastases. These observations led to our hypothesis that HPV-inactive cancers begin as HPV-active lesions, losing dependence on E6/E7 expression during progression. Because HPV-inactive cervical cancers often have mutated p53, we investigated whether p53 loss may play a role in the genesis of HPV-inactive cancers. p53 knockout (p53-KO) by CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in a 5-fold reduction of E7 mRNA in differentiation-resistant HPV16 immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/DR). E7 expression was restored by 5-Aza-2 deoxycytidine in p53 KO lines, suggesting a role of DNA methylation in this process. In-situ hybridization showed that p53 KO lines consist of mixed populations of E6/E7-positive and negative cells. Hence, loss of p53 predisposes HPV16 transformed cells to losing dependence on the continuous expression of HPV oncogenes for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Abboodi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Mosul Medical College, University of Mosul, Iraq.
| | - Phillip Buckhaults
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Changlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Hosseinipour
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn E Banister
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA.
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11
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Kajitani N, Schwartz S. Role of Viral Ribonucleoproteins in Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Gene Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:E1110. [PMID: 33007936 PMCID: PMC7600041 DOI: 10.3390/v12101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) depend on the cellular RNA-processing machineries including alternative RNA splicing and polyadenylation to coordinate HPV gene expression. HPV RNA processing is controlled by cis-regulatory RNA elements and trans-regulatory factors since the HPV splice sites are suboptimal. The definition of HPV exons and introns may differ between individual HPV mRNA species and is complicated by the fact that many HPV protein-coding sequences overlap. The formation of HPV ribonucleoproteins consisting of HPV pre-mRNAs and multiple cellular RNA-binding proteins may result in the different outcomes of HPV gene expression, which contributes to the HPV life cycle progression and HPV-associated cancer development. In this review, we summarize the regulation of HPV16 gene expression at the level of RNA processing with focus on the interactions between HPV16 pre-mRNAs and cellular RNA-binding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kajitani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
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12
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Aguayo F, Muñoz JP, Perez-Dominguez F, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Oliva C, Calaf GM, Blanco R, Nuñez-Acurio D. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Tobacco Smoke Interactions in Epithelial Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2201. [PMID: 32781676 PMCID: PMC7465661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical, anogenital, and some head and neck cancers (HNC) are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, even though additional cofactors are necessary. Epidemiological studies have established that tobacco smoke (TS) is a cofactor for cervical carcinogenesis because women who smoke are more susceptible to cervical cancer when compared to non-smokers. Even though such a relationship has not been established in HPV-related HNC, a group of HPV positive patients with this malignancy are smokers. TS is a complex mixture of more than 4500 chemical compounds and approximately 60 of them show oncogenic properties such as benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) and nitrosamines, among others. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for carcinogenesis through experimental settings in collaboration with HR-HPV. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the suggested molecular mechanisms involved in cooperation with both HR-HPV and TS for epithelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we propose interaction models in which TS collaborates with HR-HPV to promote epithelial cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. More studies are warranted to clarify interactions between oncogenic viruses and chemical or physical environmental factors for epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguayo
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
| | - Francisco Perez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Carolina Oliva
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rances Blanco
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Daniela Nuñez-Acurio
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
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13
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Epigenetic Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060483. [PMID: 32570816 PMCID: PMC7350343 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with certain types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), termed high risk, presents a public health burden due to their association with multiple human cancers, including cervical cancer and an increasing number of head and neck cancers. Despite the development of prophylactic vaccines, the incidence of HPV-associated cancers remains high. In addition, no vaccine has yet been licensed for therapeutic use against pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Although persistent HPV infection is the major risk factor for cancer development, additional genetic and epigenetic alterations are required for progression to the malignant phenotype. Unlike genetic mutations, the reversibility of epigenetic modifications makes epigenetic regulators ideal therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. This review article will highlight the recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic modifications associated with HPV infections, with a particular focus on the role of these epigenetic changes during different stages of the HPV life cycle that are closely associated with activation of DNA damage response pathways.
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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Subversion of Host Innate Immunity by Human Papillomavirus Oncoproteins. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040292. [PMID: 32316236 PMCID: PMC7238203 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of human papillomavirus (HPV)-transformed cells depends on the ability of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, especially those from high-risk HPV16/18, to manipulate the signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell death, and innate immunity. Emerging evidence indicates that E6/E7 inhibition reactivates the host innate immune response, reversing what until then was an unresponsive cellular state suitable for viral persistence and tumorigenesis. Given that the disruption of distinct mechanisms of immune evasion is an attractive strategy for cancer therapy, the race is on to gain a better understanding of E6/E7-induced immune escape and cancer progression. Here, we review recent literature on the interplay between E6/E7 and the innate immune signaling pathways cGAS/STING/TBK1, RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The overall emerging picture is that E6 and E7 have evolved broad-spectrum mechanisms allowing for the simultaneous depletion of multiple rather than single innate immunity effectors. The cGAS/STING/TBK1 pathway appears to be the most heavily impacted, whereas the RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1, still partially functional in HPV-transformed cells, can be activated by the powerful RIG-I agonist M8, triggering the massive production of type I and III interferons (IFNs), which potentiates chemotherapy-mediated cell killing. Overall, the identification of novel therapeutic targets to restore the innate immune response in HPV-transformed cells could transform the way HPV-associated cancers are treated.
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Burley M, Roberts S, Parish JL. Epigenetic regulation of human papillomavirus transcription in the productive virus life cycle. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:159-171. [PMID: 31919577 PMCID: PMC7174255 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large family of viruses which contain a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8000 base pairs. The viral DNA is chromatinized by the recruitment of cellular histones which are subject to host cell-mediated post-translational epigenetic modification recognized as an important mechanism of virus transcription regulation. The HPV life cycle is dependent on the terminal differentiation of the target cell within epithelia-the keratinocyte. The virus life cycle begins in the undifferentiated basal compartment of epithelia where the viral chromatin is maintained in an epigenetically repressed state, stabilized by distal chromatin interactions between the viral enhancer and early gene region. Migration of the infected keratinocyte towards the surface of the epithelium induces cellular differentiation which disrupts chromatin looping and stimulates epigenetic remodelling of the viral chromatin. These epigenetic changes result in enhanced virus transcription and activation of the virus late promoter facilitating transcription of the viral capsid proteins. In this review article, we discuss the complexity of virus- and host-cell-mediated epigenetic regulation of virus transcription with a specific focus on differentiation-dependent remodelling of viral chromatin during the HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Burley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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17
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Dandri M. Epigenetic modulation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:173-185. [PMID: 32185454 PMCID: PMC7174266 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small-enveloped DNA virus causing acute and chronic hepatitis. Despite the existence of an effective prophylactic vaccine and the strong capacity of approved antiviral drugs to suppress viral replication, chronic HBV infection (CHB) continues to be a major health burden worldwide. Both the inability of the immune system to resolve CHB and the unique replication strategy employed by HBV, which forms a stable viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) minichromosome in the hepatocyte nucleus, enable infection persistence. Knowledge of the complex network of interactions that HBV engages with its host is still limited but accumulating evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications occurring both on the cccDNA and on the host genome in the course of infection are essential to modulate viral activity and likely contribute to pathogenesis and cancer development. Thus, a deeper understanding of epigenetic regulatory processes may open new venues to control and eventually cure CHB. This review summarizes major findings in HBV epigenetic research, focusing on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating cccDNA activity and the modifications determined in infected host cells and tumor liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany.
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Fertey J, Hagmann J, Ruscheweyh HJ, Munk C, Kjaer S, Huson D, Haedicke-Jarboui J, Stubenrauch F, Iftner T. Methylation of CpG 5962 in L1 of the human papillomavirus 16 genome as a potential predictive marker for viral persistence: A prospective large cohort study using cervical swab samples. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1058-1068. [PMID: 31856411 PMCID: PMC6997067 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the viral genome can be methylated by the host cell during progression from persistent infection to cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether methylation at a specific site could predict the development of viral persistence and whether viral load shows a correlation with specific methylation patterns. HPV16‐positive samples from women aged 20–29 years (n = 99) with a follow‐up time of 13 years, were included from a Danish cohort comprising 11 088 women. Viral load was measured by real‐time PCR and methylation status was determined for 39 CpG sites in the upstream regulatory region (URR), E6/E7, and L1 region of HPV16 by next‐generation sequencing. Participants were divided into two groups according to whether they were persistently (≥ 24 months) or transiently HPV16 infected. The general methylation status was significantly different between women with a persistent and women with a transient infection outcome (P = .025). One site located in L1 (nt. 5962) was statistically significantly (P = .00048) different in the methylation status after correction using the Holm‐Sidak method (alpha = 0.05). Correlation analyses of samples from HPV16 persistently infected women suggest that methylation is higher although viral load is lower. This study indicates that methylation at position 5962 of the HPV16 genome within the L1 gene might be a predictive marker for the development of a persistent HPV16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Fertey
- Medical Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hagmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Munk
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Huson
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Haedicke-Jarboui
- Medical Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- Medical Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Medical Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Kottaridi C, Leventakou D, Pouliakis A, Pergialiotis V, Chrelias G, Patsouri E, Zacharatou A, Panopoulou E, Damaskou V, Sioulas V, Chrelias C, Kalantaridou S, Panayiotides IG. Searching HPV genome for methylation sites involved in molecular progression to cervical precancer. J Cancer 2019; 10:4588-4595. [PMID: 31528222 PMCID: PMC6746133 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human Papilloma Virus has been considered as the main cause for cervical cancer. In this study we investigated epigenetic changes and especially methylation of specific sites of HPV genome. The main goal was to correlate methylation status with histological grade as well as to determine its accuracy in predicting the disease severity by establishing optimum methylation cutoffs. Methods: In total, sections from 145 cases genotyped as HPV16 were obtained from formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of cervical biopsies, conization or hysterectomy specimens. Highly accurate pyrosequencing of bisulfite converted DNA, was used to quantify the methylation percentages of UTR promoter, enhancer and 5' UTR, E6 CpGs 494, 502, 506 and E7 CpGs 765, 780, 790. The samples were separated in different groupings based on the histological outcome. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS 9.4 for Windows and methylation cutoffs were identified by MATLAB programming language. Results: The most important methylation sites were at the enhancer and especially UTR 7535 and 7553 sites. Specifically for CIN3+ (i.e. HSIL or SCC) discrimination, a balanced sensitivity vs. specificity (68.1%, 66.2% respectively) with positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) (66.2%, 68.2% respectively) was achieved for UTR 7535 methylation of 6.1% cutoff with overall accuracy 67.1%, while for UTR 7553 a sensitivity 60.9%, specificity 69.0%, PPV=65.6%, NPV=64.5% and overall accuracy=65.0% at threshold 10.1% was observed. Conclusion: Viral HPV16 genome was found methylated in NF-1 binding sites of UTR in cases with high grade disease. Methylation percentages of E6 and E7 CpG sites were elevated at the cancer group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kottaridi
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Danai Leventakou
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Vasileios Pergialiotis
- 3 rd Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - George Chrelias
- 3 rd Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Eugenia Patsouri
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Andriani Zacharatou
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Eleni Panopoulou
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Vasileia Damaskou
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Vasileios Sioulas
- 3 rd Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Charalambos Chrelias
- 3 rd Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Sofia Kalantaridou
- 3 rd Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Panayiotides
- 2 nd Department of Pathology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
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Abstract
Biomarker discovery and validation are necessary for improving the prediction of clinical outcomes and patient monitoring. Despite considerable interest in biomarker discovery and development, improvements in the range and quality of biomarkers are still needed. The main challenge is how to integrate preclinical data to obtain a reliable biomarker that can be measured with acceptable costs in routine clinical practice. Epigenetic alterations are already being incorporated as valuable candidates in the biomarker field. Furthermore, their reversible nature offers a promising opportunity to ameliorate disease symptoms by using epigenetic-based therapy. Thus, beyond helping to understand disease biology, clinical epigenetics is being incorporated into patient management in oncology, as well as being explored for clinical applicability for other human pathologies such as neurological and infectious diseases and immune system disorders.
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Zhang X, Zhi Y, Li Y, Fan T, Li H, Du P, Cheng G, Li X. Study on the relationship between methylation status of HPV 16 E2 binding sites and cervical lesions. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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von Knebel Doeberitz M, Prigge ES. Role of DNA methylation in HPV associated lesions. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2019; 7:180-183. [PMID: 30978415 PMCID: PMC6504999 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomavirus replication is tightly linked to squamous epithelial differentiation which in turn is governed to a large extent by epigenetic remodeling of genomes within the differentiating squamous epithelial cells. Over the past years it became evident that epigenetic and in particular differential methylation events substantially contribute to the regulation of the papillomavirus life cycle. Moreover, there is now good evidence that the initial trigger for HPV-mediated transformation of squamous epithelial cells is mediated by methylation of distinct CpG dinucleotides within E2-binding sites of the papillomavirus upstream regulatory region (URR). These findings have important implications for novel diagnostic markers but also for novel and indeed targeted therapy strategies for HPV linked neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Elena-Sophie Prigge
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Silva GÁF, Nunes RAL, Morale MG, Boccardo E, Aguayo F, Termini L. Oxidative stress: therapeutic approaches for cervical cancer treatment. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e548s. [PMID: 30540121 PMCID: PMC6257060 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e548s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the generation and elimination of oxidant species. This condition may result in DNA, RNA and protein damage, leading to the accumulation of genetic alterations that can favor malignant transformation. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus types is associated with inflammatory responses and reactive oxygen species production. In this context, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and high-risk human papillomavirus can act in a synergistic manner. To counteract the harmful effects of oxidant species, protective molecules, known as antioxidant defenses, are produced by cells to maintain redox homeostasis. In recent years, the use of natural antioxidants as therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment has attracted the attention of the scientific community. This review discusses specific molecules and mechanisms that can act against or together with oxidative stress, presenting alternatives for cervical cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ávila Fernandes Silva
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BR
| | - Rafaella Almeida Lima Nunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BR
| | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratorio de Oncovirologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Centro Avanzado de Enfermedades Cronicas (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Oncologia Basico Clinica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lara Termini
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of malignant and benign neoplasms. Approximately 40 viral types can infect the anogenital mucosa and are categorized into high- and low-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus, depending on their association with the development of cervical carcinoma. High-risk human papillomavirus 16 and 18 are detected in 55% and 15% of all invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomas worldwide, respectively. Low-risk human papillomavirus 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts and are also associated with the development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Human papillomavirus preferentially infects mitotic active cells of the basal layer from both mucosal and cutaneous epithelium through microabrasions. The viral life cycle synchronizes with the epithelial differentiation program, which may be due, in part, to the binding of differentially expressed cellular transcription factors to the long control region throughout the various epithelial layers. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which viral gene expression is regulated and the influence of human papillomavirus heterogeneity upon this phenomenon. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms may elucidate the particularities of human papillomavirus-associated pathogenesis and may provide new tools for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lopes Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Amanda Schiersner Caodaglio
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Laura Sichero
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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25
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Di Domenico M, Giovane G, Kouidhi S, Iorio R, Romano M, De Francesco F, Feola A, Siciliano C, Califano L, Giordano A. HPV epigenetic mechanisms related to Oropharyngeal and Cervix cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:850-857. [PMID: 28362190 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1310349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papilloma Virus infection is very frequent in humans and is mainly transmitted sexually. The majority of infections are transient and asymptomatic, however, if the infection persists, it can occur with a variety of injuries to skin and mucous membranes, depending on the type of HPV involved. Some types of HPV are classified as high oncogenic risk as associated with the onset of cancer. The tumors most commonly associated with HPV are cervical and oropharyngeal cancer, epigenetic mechanisms related to HPV infection include methylation changes to host and viral DNA and chromatin modification in host species. This review is focused about epigenethic mechanism, such as MiRNAs expression, related to cervix and oral cancer. Specifically it discuss about molecular markers associated to a more aggressive phenotype. In this way we will analyze genes involved in meiotic sinaptonemal complex, transcriptional factors, of orthokeratins, sinaptogirin, they are all expressed in cancer in a way not more dependent on cell differentiation but HPV-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Di Domenico
- a Department of Biochemistry , Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Italy.,b IRCCS Institute of Women's Health Malzoni Clinic , Avellino , Italy.,c Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Giancarlo Giovane
- d Department of Experimental Medicine , Section of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine and Forensic Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Italy
| | - Soumaya Kouidhi
- e Laboratory BVBGR, LR11ES31, ISBST, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba , Tunis , Tunisia.,f Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis
| | - Rosamaria Iorio
- a Department of Biochemistry , Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- g Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera , Padova , Italy.,h Department of Surgical , Gastrointestinal and Oncological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padova , Padova ( PD ), Italy
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- h Department of Surgical , Gastrointestinal and Oncological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padova , Padova ( PD ), Italy
| | - Antonia Feola
- a Department of Biochemistry , Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Italy
| | - Camilla Siciliano
- a Department of Biochemistry , Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Italy
| | - Luigi Califano
- i Department of Maxillofacial Surgery , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- c Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,j Department of Medicine , Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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26
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DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020082. [PMID: 29438328 PMCID: PMC5850389 DOI: 10.3390/v10020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade host immunity and ensure efficient viral replication and persistence. Several DNA tumor viruses modulate host DNA methyltransferases for epigenetic dysregulation of immune-related gene expression in host cells. The host immune responses suppressed by virus-induced aberrant DNA methylation are also frequently involved in antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe viral mechanisms and virus–host interactions by which DNA tumor viruses regulate host DNA methylation to evade antiviral immunity, which may contribute to the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment during cancer development. Recent trials of immunotherapies have shown promising results to treat multiple cancers; however, a significant number of non-responders necessitate identifying additional targets for cancer immunotherapies. Thus, understanding immune evasion mechanisms of cancer-causing viruses may provide great insights for reversing immune suppression to prevent and treat associated cancers.
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27
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Deng Z, Ikegami T, Kiyuna A, Zhang C, Zhang T, Matayoshi S, Uehara T, Maeda H, Suzuki M, Ganaha A. Methylation of CpG sites in the upstream regulatory region, physical status and mRNA expression of HPV-6 in adult-onset laryngeal papilloma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85368-85377. [PMID: 29156725 PMCID: PMC5689615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation status of HPV-6 upstream regulatory region (URR) in adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis (AO-LP) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methylation status of URR and the physical status of HPV-6, as well as the dynamic variations of viral load and mRNA expression in AO-LP. We examined 18 specimens from 11 patients with AO-LP by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulfite-sequencing PCR, and amplification of papilloma oncogene transcripts. HPV-6 was identified in 9 of 11 patients (81.8%), and all the 15 specimens derived from 9 HPV-6-positive cases contained only episomal HPV-6 transcripts with intact E2. Three HPV-6-positive patients developed recurrent lesions, and HPV-6 copy numbers and mRNA expression decreased after surgical treatment. Among the 96 CpG sites (16/case), 67 (69.8%) were unmethylated, while 23 (30.2%) were heterogeneous (≥ 1 methylated CpG clone). High viral loads and episomal status of HPV-6 were frequently observed in AO-LP; thus, persistent E6/E7 mRNA expression of LR-HPV-6 may be associated with AO-LP recurrences. Hypomethylation and scattered patterns of methylated CpGs at the URR of HPV-6 were identified in AO-LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Taro Ikegami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Asanori Kiyuna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Matayoshi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Akira Ganaha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Epigenetic Alterations in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090248. [PMID: 28862667 PMCID: PMC5618014 DOI: 10.3390/v9090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15–20% of human cancers are caused by viruses, including human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites and encode proteins that reprogram the regulatory networks governing host cellular signaling pathways that control recognition by the immune system, proliferation, differentiation, genomic integrity, and cell death. Given that key proteins in these regulatory networks are also subject to mutation in non-virally associated diseases and cancers, the study of oncogenic viruses has also been instrumental to the discovery and analysis of many fundamental cellular processes, including messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing, transcriptional enhancers, oncogenes and tumor suppressors, signal transduction, immune regulation, and cell cycle control. More recently, tumor viruses, in particular HPV, have proven themselves invaluable in the study of the cancer epigenome. Epigenetic silencing or de-silencing of genes can have cellular consequences that are akin to genetic mutations, i.e., the loss and gain of expression of genes that are not usually expressed in a certain cell type and/or genes that have tumor suppressive or oncogenic activities, respectively. Unlike genetic mutations, the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications affords an opportunity of epigenetic therapy for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetic regulation in HPV-infected cells with a focus on those elements with relevance to carcinogenesis.
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DNA Oncogenic Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress, Genomic Damage, and Aberrant Epigenetic Alterations. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3179421. [PMID: 28740569 PMCID: PMC5504953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3179421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of human cancers is attributable to DNA oncogenic viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Unrepaired DNA damage is the most common and overlapping feature of these DNA oncogenic viruses and a source of genomic instability and tumour development. Sustained DNA damage results from unceasing production of reactive oxygen species and activation of inflammasome cascades that trigger genomic changes and increased propensity of epigenetic alterations. Accumulation of epigenetic alterations may interfere with genome-wide cellular signalling machineries and promote malignant transformation leading to cancer development. Untangling and understanding the underlying mechanisms that promote these detrimental effects remain the major objectives for ongoing research and hope for effective virus-induced cancer therapy. Here, we review current literature with an emphasis on how DNA damage influences HPV, HVB, and EBV replication and epigenetic alterations that are associated with carcinogenesis.
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HPV16-E2 protein modifies self-renewal and differentiation rate in progenitor cells of human immortalized keratinocytes. Virol J 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28372578 PMCID: PMC5376701 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of death worldwide by cancer in women and is a disease associated to persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly from two high-risk types HPV16 and 18. The virus initiates its replicative cycle infecting cells located in the basal layer of the epithelium, where a small population of epithelial stem cells is located performing important functions of renewal and maintenance of the tissue. Viral E2 gene is one of the first expressed after infection and plays relevant roles in the replicative cycle of the virus, modifying fundamental processes in the infected cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of hierarchic subpopulations in HaCaT cell line and evaluate the effect of HPV16-E2 expression, on their biological processes. METHODS HaCaT-HPV16-E2 cells were generated by transduction of HaCaT cell line with a lentiviral vector. The α6-integrin-CD71 expression profile was established by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. After sorting, cell subpopulations were analyzed in biological assays for self-renewal, clonogenicity and expression of stemness factors (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We identified in HaCaT cell line three different subpopulations that correspond to early differentiated cells (α6-integrindim), transitory amplifying cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71bri) and progenitor cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71dim). The last subpopulation showed stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal ability, clonogenicity and expression of the well-known stem cell factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG, suggesting they are stem-like cells. Interestingly, the expression of HPV16-E2 in HaCaT cells changed its α6-integrin-CD71 immunophenotype modifying the relative abundance of the cell subpopulations, reducing significantly the percentage of α6-integrinbri/CD71dim cells. Moreover, the expression of the stem cell markers was also modified, increasing the expression of SOX2 and NANOG, but decreasing notably the expression of OCT4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the presence of a small subpopulation with epithelial "progenitor cells" characteristics in the HaCaT cell line, and that HPV16-E2 expression on these cells induces early differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A. McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alix Warburton
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Islam S, Dasgupta H, Roychowdhury A, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee N, Roy A, Mandal GK, Alam N, Biswas J, Mandal S, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Study of association and molecular analysis of human papillomavirus in breast cancer of Indian patients: Clinical and prognostic implication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172760. [PMID: 28245287 PMCID: PMC5330495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes tumors primarily Cervical cancer. Recently, inconsistent reports came up in Breast cancer (BC) too. In India, despite treatment 70,218 BC patients die each year. So, we explored the association of HPV, if any, with BC prognosis in Indian pre-therapeutic (PT) and Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) patients with subsequent analysis of HPV profile. METHODS HPV prevalence was checked and analysis of physical status, copy number, genome variation, promoter methylation and expression (mRNA and protein) of the prevalent subtype was done. RESULTS High prevalence of HPV was observed in both PT (64.0%) and NACT (71.0%) cases with significant association with younger (20-45 yrs) PT patients. Interestingly, HPV infection was significantly increased from adjacent normal breast (9.5%, 2/21), fibro adenomas (30%, 3/10) to tumors (64.8%, 203/313) samples. In both PT and NACT cases, HPV16 was the most prevalent subtype (69.0%) followed by HPV18 and HPV33. Survival analysis illustrated hrHPV infected PT patients had worst prognosis. So, detailed analysis of HPV16 profile was done which showed Europian-G350 as the most frequent HPV16 variant along with high rate of integration. Moreover, low copy number and hyper-methylation of P97 early promoter were concordant with low HPV16 E6 and E7 mRNA and protein expression. Notably, four novel variations (KT020838, KT020840, KT020841 and KT020839) in the LCR region and two (KT020836 and KT020837) in the E6 region were identified for the first time along with two novel E6^E7*I (KU199314) and E6^E7*II (KU199315) fusion transcript variants. CONCLUSION Thus, significant association of hrHPV with prognosis of Indian BC patients led to additional investigation of HPV16 profile. Outcomes indicated a plausible role of HPV in Indian BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saimul Islam
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Hemantika Dasgupta
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Roychowdhury
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rittwika Bhattacharya
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nupur Mukherjee
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Roy
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College and hospital, Sushruta Nagar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Gautam Kumar Mandal
- Department of pathology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Neyaz Alam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute37, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jaydip Biswas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute37, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shyamsundar Mandal
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Hong D, Liu J, Hu Y, Lu X, Li B, Li Y, Hu D, Lu W, Xie X, Cheng X. Viral E6 is overexpressed via high viral load in invasive cervical cancer with episomal HPV16. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:136. [PMID: 28202002 PMCID: PMC5311840 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The integration of HR-HPV genome into host DNA is regarded as a key step for the development of cervical cancer. However, HR-HPV genome indeed exists as episome except for integrant. It may be alternative mechanisms in episome-associated carcinogenesis, although, by which HPV 16 episome induces cervical carcinogenesis is unclear now. Methods Ninety-three invasive cervical cancer tissues with HPV16 positive were collected. Viral physical status was calculated from comparing E2 to E6-copies and detection of viral load was made with realtime-PCR using copy numbers of E6. HPV16 E6 mRNA transcript levels were measured by realtime-PCR. The methylation frequency of HPV16 promoter was detected by PCR and pyrosequencing. Results In 93 samples, 21.5% (20/93) presented purely integrated viral genome, 53.8% (50/93) mixed viral genome, and 24.7% (23/93) purely episomal viral genome. Mean E6 expression in samples with purely episomal viral genomes was 7.13-fold higher than that with purely integrated viral genomes. Meanwhile, viral load in samples with purely episomal viral genomes was 4.53-fold higher than that with purely integrated viral genomes. E6 mRNA expression increased with the viral load in purely episomal cases. There were no differences of mean methylation frequency between purely episomal and integrated virus and among five CpG positions of HPV16 promoter for all samples. And there also was no correlation between E6 mRNA expression and methylation of HPV16 promoter among all samples with purely HPV16 episomal virus. Conclusions HPV16 with the purely episomal viral genomes exists in a definite proportion of invasive cervical cancer, and episomal HPV16 also overexpresses E6 mRNA, probably through a high level of viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dongxiao Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd 1#, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Durzynska J, Lesniewicz K, Poreba E. Human papillomaviruses in epigenetic regulations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 772:36-50. [PMID: 28528689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses, that infect epithelial cells and are etiologically involved in the development of human cancer. Today, over 200 types of human papillomaviruses are known. They are divided into low-risk and high-risk HPVs depending on their potential to induce carcinogenesis, driven by two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7. By interacting with cellular partners, these proteins are involved in interdependent viral and cell cycles in stratified differentiating epithelium, and concomitantly induce epigenetic changes in infected cells and those undergoing malignant transformation. E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with and/or modulate expression of many proteins involved in epigenetic regulation, including DNA methyltransferases, histone-modifying enzymes and subunits of chromatin remodeling complexes, thereby influencing host cell transcription program. Furthermore, HPV oncoproteins modulate expression of cellular micro RNAs. Most of these epigenetic actions in a complex dynamic interplay participate in the maintenance of persistent infection, cell transformation, and development of invasive cancer by a considerable deregulation of tumor suppressor and oncogenes. In this study, we have undertaken to discuss a number of studies concerning epigenetic regulations in HPV-dependent cells and to focus on those that have biological relevance to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Durzynska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lesniewicz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Poreba
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) treatment downregulates the HPV E6 and E7 oncogene expression and blocks neoplastic growth of HPV-associated cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52104-52117. [PMID: 28881717 PMCID: PMC5581016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (hr HPVs) may cause various human cancers and associated premalignant lesions. Transformation of the host cells is triggered by overexpression of the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 that deregulate the cell cycle and induce chromosomal instability. This process is accompanied by hypermethylation of distinct CpG sites resulting in silencing of tumor suppressor genes, inhibition of the viral E2 mediated control of E6 and E7 transcription as well as deregulated expression of host cell microRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that treatment with demethylating agents might restore those regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) strongly decreases the expression of E6 and E7 in a panel of HPV-transformed cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Reduction of E6 and E7 further resulted in increased target protein levels including p53 and p21 reducing the proliferation rates and colony formation abilities of the treated cell lines. Moreover, DAC treatment led to enhanced expression of tumor the suppressive miRNA-375 that targets and degrades E6 and E7 transcripts. Therefore, we suggest that DAC treatment of HPV-associated cancers and respective precursor lesions may constitute a targeted approach to subvert HPV oncogene functions that deserves testing in clinical trials.
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Zhang C, Deng Z, Pan X, Uehara T, Suzuki M, Xie M. Effects of Methylation Status of CpG Sites within the HPV16 Long Control Region on HPV16-Positive Head and Neck Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141245. [PMID: 26509736 PMCID: PMC4625038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To map comprehensively the methylation status of the CpG sites within the HPV16 long control region (LCR) in HPV-positive cancer cells, and to explore further the effects of methylation status of HPV16 LCR on cell bioactivity and E6 and E7 expression. In addition, to analyze the methylation status of the LCR in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients. Methods and Materials Methylation patterns of HPV16 LCR in UM-SCC47, CaSki, and SiHa cells and HPV16-positiive OPSCC specimens were detected by bisulfite-sequencing PCR and TA cloning. For cells treated with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and E6 and E7 knockdown, MTS and trypan blue staining, annexin-V and 7-AAD staining, and prodidium iodide were used to evaluate cell growth and cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, respectively. E6 and E7 mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Results Hypermethylation status of the LCR in UM-SCC47 (79.8%) and CaSki cells (90.0%) and unmethylation status of the LCR in SiHa cells (0%) were observed. Upon demethylation, the cells with different methylation levels responded differently during growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, as well as in terms of their E6 and E7 expression. In HPV16-positive OPSCC patients, the methylation rates were 9.5% in the entire LCR region, 13.9% in the 5′-LCR, 6.0% in the E6 enhancer, and 9.5% in the p97 promoter, and hypermethylation of p97 promoter was found in a subset of cases (20.0%, 2/10). Conclusions Our study revealed two different methylation levels of the LCR in HPV16-positive cancer cells and OPSCC patients, which may represent different carcinogenesis mechanisms of HPV-positive cancers cells. Demethylating the meCpGs in HPV16 LCR might be a potential target for a subgroup of HPV16-positive patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zeyi Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (MX); (MS)
| | - Minqiang Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MX); (MS)
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Letsolo BT, Faust H, Ekblad L, Wennerberg J, Forslund O. Establishment and characterization of a human papillomavirus type 16-positive tonsillar carcinoma xenograft in BALB/c nude mice. Head Neck 2015; 38:417-25. [PMID: 25352201 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among head and neck cancers, human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is associated with tonsillar carcinomas. Despite this, no HPV16-positive tonsillar cancer cell line has been established in nude mice. METHODS Fresh tonsillar carcinoma biopsies were obtained from 23 patients and implanted subcutaneously into nude mice (BALB/c, nu/nu). RESULTS After 7 months, one xenograft was established. The primary tumor harbored 2.7 copies (95% confidence interval = 2.4-2.9) of HPV16/cell and displayed 99.9% (7904/7906) nucleotide identity to HPV16 (EU118173.1). The xenograft showed increased methylation in two E2-binding sites of the HPV16 genome. Both episomal and integrated HPV16 were detected in the original tumor and in 14 xenografts from the second passage. From this passage, a viral load of 6.4 copies/cell (range = 4.6-9.6) and 3.7 (range = 1.0-5.5) E7-mRNA transcripts/HPV16-genome were detected. CONCLUSION This xenograft represents the first established HPV16-positive tonsillar tumor in nude mice and could provide an experimental system of HPV16-positive tonsillar cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitelo T Letsolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Malmö, Sweden.,School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Helena Faust
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Division of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and University Hospital of Scania, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University and Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
DNA tumor viruses including members of the polyomavirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, and herpes virus families are presently the subject of intense interest with respect to the role that epigenetics plays in control of the virus life cycle and the transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell. To date, these studies have primarily focused on the role of histone modification, nucleosome location, and DNA methylation in regulating the biological consequences of infection. Using a wide variety of strategies and techniques ranging from simple ChIP to ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq to identify histone modifications, nuclease digestion to genome wide next generation sequencing to identify nucleosome location, and bisulfite treatment to MeDIP to identify DNA methylation sites, the epigenetic regulation of these viruses is slowly becoming better understood. While the viruses may differ in significant ways from each other and cellular chromatin, the role of epigenetics appears to be relatively similar. Within the viral genome nucleosomes are organized for the expression of appropriate genes with relevant histone modifications particularly histone acetylation. DNA methylation occurs as part of the typical gene silencing during latent infection by herpesviruses. In the simple tumor viruses like the polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, and papillomaviruses, transformation of the cell occurs via integration of the virus genome such that the virus's normal regulation is disrupted. This results in the unregulated expression of critical viral genes capable of redirecting cellular gene expression. The redirected cellular expression is a consequence of either indirect epigenetic regulation where cellular signaling or transcriptional dysregulation occurs or direct epigenetic regulation where epigenetic cofactors such as histone deacetylases are targeted. In the more complex herpersviruses transformation is a consequence of the expression of the viral latency proteins and RNAs which again can have either a direct or indirect effect on epigenetic regulation of cellular expression. Nevertheless, many questions still remain with respect to the specific mechanisms underlying epigenetic regulation of the viruses and transformation.
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Pentland I, Parish JL. Targeting CTCF to Control Virus Gene Expression: A Common Theme amongst Diverse DNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3574-85. [PMID: 26154016 PMCID: PMC4517120 DOI: 10.3390/v7072791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All viruses target host cell factors for successful life cycle completion. Transcriptional control of DNA viruses by host cell factors is important in the temporal and spatial regulation of virus gene expression. Many of these factors are recruited to enhance virus gene expression and thereby increase virus production, but host cell factors can also restrict virus gene expression and productivity of infection. CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) is a host cell DNA binding protein important for the regulation of genomic chromatin boundaries, transcriptional control and enhancer element usage. CTCF also functions in RNA polymerase II regulation and in doing so can influence co-transcriptional splicing events. Several DNA viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) utilize CTCF to control virus gene expression and many studies have highlighted a role for CTCF in the persistence of these diverse oncogenic viruses. CTCF can both enhance and repress virus gene expression and in some cases CTCF increases the complexity of alternatively spliced transcripts. This review article will discuss the function of CTCF in the life cycle of DNA viruses in the context of known host cell CTCF functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieisha Pentland
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joanna L Parish
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Abstract
The genomes of the human papillomaviruses HPV-16 and HPV-18 undergo increased CpG methylation during the progression of cervical neoplasia, possibly in response to increased recombination between viral and cellular DNA in high-grade lesions. This behavior makes HPV DNA methylation a useful biomarker of carcinogenic progression of HPV infections. The first step in detecting DNA methylation involves modification by bisulfite, which converts cytosine residues into uracil, but leaves 5-methylcytosine residues unaffected. A combination of this reaction with PCR and DNA sequencing permits to evaluate the methylation status of the sample DNA. This chapter describes the basic protocol to measure HPV-16 and HPV-18 CpG methylation by direct sequencing of the PCR products and discusses the value of modified strategies including DNA cloning, amplification with methylation-specific primers, and real-time PCR with TaqMan probes.
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Jain S, Chang TT, Chen S, Boldbaatar B, Clemens A, Lin SY, Yan R, Hu CT, Guo H, Block TM, Song W, Su YH. Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis of hepatitis B virus genome in infected liver tissues. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10478. [PMID: 26000761 PMCID: PMC4650678 DOI: 10.1038/srep10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus causing hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The methylation status of the HBV DNA in its different forms can potentially provide insight into the pathogenesis of HBV-related liver diseases, including HCC, however this is unclear. The goal of this study is to obtain comprehensive DNA methylation profiles of the three putative CpG islands in the HBV DNA in infected livers, with respect to liver disease progression. The extent of methylation in these CpG islands was first assessed using bisulfite PCR sequencing with a small set of tissue samples, followed by analysis using both quantitative bisulfite-specific PCR and quantitative methylation-specific PCR assays in a larger sample size (n = 116). The level of HBV CpG island 3 methylation significantly correlated with hepatocarcinogenesis. We also obtained, for the first time, evidence of rare, non-CpG methylation in CpG island 2 of the HBV genome in infected liver. Comparing methylation of the HBV genome to three known HCC-associated host genes, APC, GSTP1, and RASSF1A, we did not identify a significant correlation between these two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Selena Y Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy M Block
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Leung TW, Liu SS, Leung RCY, Chu MMY, Cheung ANY, Ngan HYS. HPV 16 E2 binding sites 1 and 2 become more methylated than E2 binding site 4 during cervical carcinogenesis. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1022-33. [PMID: 25648229 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
E2 protein binding to the four E2 binding sites (E2BSs) at the long control region of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 genome may exert either transcriptional activation/repression on E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Methylation status at the E2BSs may affect the relative binding of E2 protein to them. In this study, methylation percentage at E2BS 1, 2 (promoter-proximal), and 4 (promoter-distal) were assessed by pyrosequencing and compared among HPV 16/18-positive cervical cancer, high-grade, and low-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance, and normal cervical epithelium. HPV 16 E2BS1&2 were more methylated than HPV 16 E2BS4 in cervical cancer whereas in cervical premalignant lesions and normal epithelium, HPV 16 E2BS1&2 were less methylated than HPV 16 E2BS4. HPV 18 E2BS1&2 remained more methylated than E2BS4 in all histological groups. HPV 16 E2BS1&2 methylation increased from high-grade lesions to cervical cancer (P < 0.001). HPV 16 E2BS4 methylation increased from low-grade to high-grade premalignant lesions (P = 0.041). Both HPV 18 E2BS1&2 and E2BS4 methylation increased from low-grade to high-grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (P = 0.019 and 0.001 respectively) and further increased form high-grade lesions to cervical cancer (P < 0.001 and 0.005 respectively). Conclusively, HPV 16 E2BS1&2 (for transcriptional repression of E6/E7 oncoproteins) became more heavily methylated than E2BS4 (for transcriptional activation of E6/E7) in cervical cancer, favouring the differential binding of E2 protein to E2BS4. Increasing methylation at HPV 16/18 E2BSs are potentially useful adjunctive molecular markers for predicting progression from low-grade to high-grade cervical premalignant lesions and from high-grade lesions to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsin-Wah Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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43
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Groves IJ, Coleman N. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated mucosal disease. J Pathol 2015; 235:527-38. [PMID: 25604863 DOI: 10.1002/path.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a necessary cause of carcinoma of the cervix and other mucosal epithelia. Key events in high-risk HPV (HRHPV)-associated neoplastic progression include persistent infection, deregulated expression of virus early genes in basal epithelial cells and genomic instability causing secondary host genomic imbalances. There are multiple mechanisms by which deregulated virus early gene expression may be achieved. Integration of virus DNA into host chromosomes is observed in the majority of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), although in ∼15% of cases the virus remains extrachromosomal (episomal). Interestingly, not all integration events provide a growth advantage to basal cervical epithelial cells or lead to increased levels of the virus oncogenes E6 and E7, when compared with episome-containing basal cells. The factors that provide a competitive advantage to some integrants, but not others, are complex and include virus and host contributions. Gene expression from integrated and episomal HRHPV is regulated through host epigenetic mechanisms affecting the virus long control region (LCR), which appear to be of functional importance. New approaches to treating HRHPV-associated mucosal neoplasia include knockout of integrated HRHPV DNA, depletion of virus transcripts and inhibition of virus early gene transcription through targeting or use of epigenetic modifiers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Helenius G, Sorbe B, Karlsson MG. Viral load, integration and methylation of E2BS3 and 4 in human papilloma virus (HPV) 16-positive vaginal and vulvar carcinomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112839. [PMID: 25393237 PMCID: PMC4231157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate if viral load, integration and methylation of E2BS3 and 4 represent different ways of tumor transformation in vaginal and vulvar carcinoma and to elucidate its clinical impact. Methods Fifty-seven samples, positive for HPV16, were selected for the study. Detection of viral load was made with realtime-PCR using copy numbers of E6 and integration was calculated from comparing E2 to E6-copies. Methylation of E2BS3 and 4 was analysed using bisulphite treatment of tumor DNA, followed by PCR and pyrosequencing. Results Vaginal tumors were found to have a higher viral load (p = 0.024) compared to vulvar tumors but a high copy number (> median value, 15 000) as well as high methylation (>50%) was significantly (p = 0.010 and p = 0.045) associated with a worse cancer-specific survival rate in vulvar carcinoma, but not in vaginal carcinoma. Four groups could be defined for the complete series using a Cluster Two step analysis; (1) tumors holding episomal viral DNA, viral load below 150 000 copies not highly methylated (n = 25, 46.3%); (2) tumors harboring episomal viral DNA and being highly methylated (>50%; n = 6, 11.1%); (3) tumors with viral DNA fully integrated (n = 11, 20.4%), and (4) tumors harboring episomal viral DNA and being medium- or unmethylated (<50%) and having a high viral load (> total mean value 150 000; n = 12, 22.2%). The completely integrated tumors were found to be distinct group, whilst some overlap between the groups with high methylation and high viral load was observed. Conclusion HPV16- related integration, methylation in E2BS3 and 4 and viral load may represent different viral characteristics driving vaginal and vulvar carcinogenesis. HPV16- related parameters were found to be of clinical importance in the vulvar series only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lillsunde Larsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G. Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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45
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Zhang R, He YF, Chen M, Chen CM, Zhu QJ, Lu H, Wei ZH, Li F, Zhang XX, Xu CJ, Yu L. Diagnosis of 25 genotypes of human papillomaviruses for their physical statuses in cervical precancerous/cancerous lesions: a comparison of E2/E6E7 ratio-based vs. multiple E1-L1/E6E7 ratio-based detection techniques. J Transl Med 2014; 12:282. [PMID: 25269554 PMCID: PMC4192431 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical lesions caused by integrated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are highly dangerous because they can quickly develop into invasive cancers. However, clinicians are currently hampered by the lack of a quick, convenient and precise technique to detect integrated/mixed infections of various genotypes of HPVs in the cervix. This study aimed to develop a practical tool to determine the physical status of different HPVs and evaluate its clinical significance. Methods The target population comprised 1162 women with an HPV infection history of > six months and an abnormal cervical cytological finding. The multiple E1-L1/E6E7 ratio analysis, a novel technique, was developed based on determining the ratios of E1/E6E7, E2/E6E7, E4E5/E6E7, L2/E6E7 and L1/E6E7 within the viral genome. Any imbalanced ratios indicate integration. Its diagnostic and predictive performances were compared with those of E2/E6E7 ratio analysis. The detection accuracy of both techniques was evaluated using the gold-standard technique “detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences” (DIPS). To realize a multigenotypic detection goal, a primer and probe library was established. Results The integration rate of a particular genotype of HPV was correlated with its tumorigenic potential and women with higher lesion grades often carried lower viral loads. The E1-L1/E6E7 ratio analysis achieved 92.7% sensitivity and 99.0% specificity in detecting HPV integration, while the E2/E6E7 ratio analysis showed a much lower sensitivity (75.6%) and a similar specificity (99.3%). Interference due to episomal copies was observed in both techniques, leading to false-negative results. However, some positive results of E1-L1/E6E7 ratio analysis were missed by DIPS due to its stochastic detection nature. The E1-L1/E6E7 ratio analysis is more efficient than E2/E6E7 ratio analysis and DIPS in predicting precancerous/cancerous lesions, in which both positive predictive values (36.7%-82.3%) and negative predictive values (75.9%-100%) were highest (based on the results of three rounds of biopsies). Conclusions The multiple E1-L1/E6E7 ratio analysis is more sensitive and predictive than E2/E6E7 ratio analysis as a triage test for detecting HPV integration. It can effectively narrow the range of candidates for colposcopic examination and cervical biopsy, thereby lowering the expense of cervical cancer prevention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0282-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, China.
| | - Yi-feng He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Chun-mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qiu-jing Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Huan Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, China.
| | - Zhen-hong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fengxian Hospital, Southern Medical University, 6600 Nanfeng Road, Shanghai, 201499, China.
| | - Xiao-xin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Cong-jian Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Bryant D, Onions T, Raybould R, Jones S, Tristram A, Hibbitts S, Fiander A, Powell N. Increased methylation of Human Papillomavirus type 16 DNA correlates with viral integration in Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:393-9. [PMID: 25218242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylation of HPV16 DNA is a promising biomarker for triage of HPV positive cervical screening samples but the biological basis for the association between HPV-associated neoplasia and increased methylation is unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HPV16 DNA methylation was associated with viral integration, and investigate the relationships between viral DNA methylation, integration and gene expression. STUDY DESIGN HPV16 DNA methylation, integration and gene expression were assessed using pyrosequencing, ligation-mediated PCR and QPCR, in biopsies from 25 patients attending a specialist vulval neoplasia clinic and in short-term clonal cell lines derived from vulval and vaginal neoplasia. RESULTS Increased methylation of the HPV16 L1/L2 and E2 regions was associated with integration of viral DNA into the host genome. This relationship was observed both in vivo and in vitro. Increased methylation of E2 binding sites did not appear to be associated with greater expression of viral early genes. Expression of HPV E6 and E7 did not correlate with either integration state or increased L1/L2 methylation. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that increased HPV DNA methylation may be partly attributable to viral integration, and provide a biological rationale for quantification of L1/L2 methylation in triage of HPV positive cervical screening samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Bryant
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Tiffany Onions
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Rachel Raybould
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Sadie Jones
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Amanda Tristram
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Samantha Hibbitts
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Alison Fiander
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Ned Powell
- HPV Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Aromseree S, Chaiwongkot A, Ekalaksananan T, Kongyingyoes B, Patarapadungkit N, Pientong C. The three most common human papillomavirus oncogenic types and their integration state in Thai women with cervical precancerous lesions and carcinomas. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1911-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Bunkerd Kongyingyoes
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
| | | | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Khon Kaen University; Khon Kaen Thailand
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Barbieri D, Nebiaj A, Strammiello R, Agosti R, Sciascia S, Gallinella G, Landini MP, Caliceti U, Venturoli S. Detection of HPV16 African variants and quantitative analysis of viral DNA methylation in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. J Clin Virol 2014; 60:243-9. [PMID: 24845262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV16 is the most prevalent genotype in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs), but there are few information about intratype variants prevalence and their clinical relevance in these tumors. Moreover, since HPV DNA detection alone is not sufficient to determine a favorable prognosis for OPSCCs, additional diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers are necessary. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of HPV intratype variants and evaluate the role of HPV16 DNA methylation as prognostic marker in OPSCCs. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 81 biopsies of OPSCCs for HPV detection and genotyping with a pyrosequencing-based HPV DNA-test. We also quantified viral DNA methylation frequency in the LCR by pyrosequencing in patients with transcriptionally-active HPV16-infection, analyzing it in function of available clinical/virological data. RESULTS The overall HPV prevalence was 74.1% and HPV16 was confirmed the most prevalent genotype (51/60, 85.0%). Interestingly, we detected, for the first time, HPV16 African variants in 10/51 cases (19.6%), pointing out their clinical relevance also out of the anogenital district. Regarding viral DNA methylation, the E2BS1 showed a significantly higher mean methylation frequency compared to E2BS3/4, as previously observed in high-grade precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. On the other hand, patient with a mean methylation frequency in the early promoter >10% showed only a tendency to have a worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight both the involvement of HPV16 African variants in OPSCCs development and the necessity of further studies to deepen the role of viral methylation in these tumors, in order to better define similarities/differences compared to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barbieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Section of Microbiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurel Nebiaj
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Specialist Surgery and Anesthesiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosaria Strammiello
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Agosti
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Sciascia
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Specialist Surgery and Anesthesiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Landini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Section of Microbiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Unit of Microbiology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Umberto Caliceti
- Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Specialist Surgery and Anesthesiology, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Venturoli
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Cheung JL, Cheung TH, Yu MY, Chan PK. Virological characteristics of cervical cancers carrying pure episomal form of HPV16 genome. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:374-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Jiang P, Yue Y. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins and apoptosis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:3-7. [PMID: 24348754 PMCID: PMC3860870 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the literature and identify the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins and apoptosis. HPV-associated apoptosis may be primarily blocked by a number of oncoproteins, including E5, E6 and E7. E5 protein protects cells from tumor necrosis factor-associated apoptosis; the oncoprotein E6 predominantly inhibits apoptosis through the p53 pathway; and oncoprotein E7 is involved in apoptosis activation and inhibition. In addition, HPV oncoproteins are involved in activating or repressing the transcription of E6/E7. In conclusion, HPV oncoproteins, including E5, E6 and E7 protein, may interfere with apoptosis via certain regulatory principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyue Jiang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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