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Bude SA, Lu Z, Zhao Z, Zhang Q. Pseudorabies Virus Glycoproteins E and B Application in Vaccine and Diagnosis Kit Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1078. [PMID: 39340108 PMCID: PMC11435482 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious pathogen that affects a wide range of mammals and imposes a significant economic burden on the global pig industry. The viral envelope of PRV contains several glycoproteins, including glycoprotein E (gE) and glycoprotein B (gB), which play critical roles in immune recognition, vaccine development, and diagnostic procedures. Mutations in these glycoproteins may enhance virulence, highlighting the need for updated vaccines. Method: This review examines the functions of PRV gE and gB in vaccine development and diagnostics, focusing on their roles in viral replication, immune system interaction, and pathogenicity. Additionally, we explore recent findings on the importance of gE deletion in attenuated vaccines and the potential of gB to induce immunity. Results: Glycoprotein E (gE) is crucial for the virus's axonal transport and nerve invasion, facilitating transmission to the central nervous system. Deletion of gE is a successful strategy in vaccine development, enhancing the immune response. Glycoprotein B (gB) plays a central role in viral replication and membrane fusion, aiding viral spread. Mutations in these glycoproteins may increase PRV virulence, complicating vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: With PRV glycoproteins being essential to both vaccine development and diagnostic approaches, future research should focus on enhancing these components to address emerging PRV variants. Updated vaccines and diagnostic tools are critical for combating new, more virulent strains of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amanuel Bude
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Liu X, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Zhao X, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D. Functions of the UL51 protein during the herpesvirus life cycle. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1457582. [PMID: 39252835 PMCID: PMC11381400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1457582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The herpesvirus UL51 protein is a multifunctional tegument protein involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of the viral life cycle. This article reviews the biological characteristics of the UL51 protein and its functions in herpesviruses, including participating in the maintenance of the viral assembly complex (cVAC) during viral assembly, affecting the production of mature viral particles and promoting primary and secondary envelopment, as well as its positive impact on viral cell-to-cell spread (CCS) through interactions with multiple viral proteins and its key role in the proliferation and pathogenicity of the virus in the later stage of infection. This paper discusses how the UL51 protein participates in the life cycle of herpesviruses and provides new ideas for further research on UL51 protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Jiang L, Cheng J, Pan H, Yang F, Zhu X, Wu J, Pan H, Yan P, Zhou J, Gao Q, Huan C, Gao S. Analysis of the recombination and evolution of the new type mutant pseudorabies virus XJ5 in China. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:752. [PMID: 39090561 PMCID: PMC11295580 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies have caused enormous economic losses in China's pig industry and have recurred on many large pig farms since late 2011. The disease is caused by highly pathogenic, antigenic variant pseudorabies virus (vPRV) strains. Our laboratory isolated a pseudorabies virus in 2015 and named it XJ5. The pathogenic ability of this mutant strain was much stronger than that of the original isolate. After we sequenced its whole genome (GenBank accession number: OP512542), we found that its overall structure was not greatly changed compared with that of the previous strain Ea (KX423960.1). The whole genome alignment showed that XJ5 had a strong genetic relationship with the strains isolated in China after 2012 reported in GenBank. Based on the isolation time of XJ5 and the mutation and recombination analysis of programs, we found that the whole genome homology of XJ5 and other strains with Chinese isolates was greater than 95%, while the homology with strains outside Asia was less than 94%, which indicated that there may be some recombination and mutation patterns. We found that virulent PRV isolates emerged successively in China in 2011 and formed two different evolutionary clades from foreign isolates. At the same time, this may be due to improper immunization and the presence of wild strains in the field, and recent reports have confirmed that Bartha vaccine strains recombine with wild strains to obtain new pathogenic strains. We performed genetic evolution analysis of XJ5 isolated and sequenced in our laboratory to trace its possible mutations and recombination. We found that XJ5 may be the result of natural mutation of a virus in a branch of mutant strains widely existing in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiemin Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haochun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Veterinary Institute, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Song Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Yan Z, Xie J, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Yue J, Zhang X, Chen L, Yang Y, Li X, Li H, Feng R. Pseudorabies virus UL38 attenuates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by recruiting Tollip to promote STING for autophagy degradation. Virol J 2024; 21:107. [PMID: 38720392 PMCID: PMC11080157 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity is the first defense line of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in combating foreign pathogenic microorganisms. The IFN-β (interferon-beta) signaling pathway, being a typical example of innate immunity, plays a vital function. This study aimed to elucidate the function of pseudorabies virus (PRV) UL38 protein (unique long region 38) in suppressing the activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway. The findings from our study indicate that the PRV UL38 protein effectively hampers the activation of IFN-β by poly (dA: dT) (poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic)) and 2'3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP). Furthermore, UL38 exhibits spatial co-localization with STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and effectively hinders STING dimerization. Subsequently, STING was downgraded to suppress the production of IFN-β and ISGs (interferon stimulated genes). Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the interaction between UL38 and STING, which subsequently initiated the degradation of STING via selective autophagy mediated by TOLLIP (toll interacting protein). To summarize, this research elucidates the function of UL38 in counteracting the cGAS (cGAMP synthase)-STING-induced IFN-β pathway. The PRV UL38 protein may attenuate the activation of IFN-β as a means of regulating the virus's persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhengyang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jiayu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, No.1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Tao Q, Xu L, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Xu T, Lai S, Ai Y, Zhu L, Xu Z. The construction and immunogenicity analyses of a recombinant pseudorabies virus with Senecavirus A VP3 protein co-expression. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110011. [PMID: 38310713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA)-associated porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) and Pseudorabies (PR) are highly contagious swine disease that pose a significant threat to the global pig industry. In the absence of an effective commercial vaccine, outbreaks caused by SVA have occurred in many parts of the world. In this study, the PRV variant strain PRV-XJ was used as the parental strain to construct a recombinant PRV strain with the TK/gE/gI proteins deletion and the VP3 protein co-expression, named rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3. The results revealed that PRV is a suitable viral live vector for VP3 protein expressing. As a vaccine, rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 is safe for mice, vaccination with it did not cause any clinical symptoms of PRV. Intranasal immunization with rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 induced strong cellular immune response and high levels of specific antibody against VP3 and gB and neutralizing antibodies against both PRV and SVA in mice. It provided 100% protection to mice against the challenge of virulent strain PRV-XJ, and alleviated the pathological lesion of heart and liver tissue in SVA infected mice. rPRV-XJ-ΔTK/gE/gI-VP3 appears to be a promising vaccine candidate against PRV and SVA for the control of the PRV variant and SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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6
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Ma Z, Guo L, Pan M, Jiang C, Liu D, Gao Y, Bai J, Jiang P, Liu X. Inhibition of pseudorabies virus replication via upregulated interferon response by targeting 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110000. [PMID: 38278042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alpha-herpesvirus capable of infecting a range of animal species, particularly its natural host, pigs, resulting in substantial economic losses for the swine industry. Recent research has shed light on the significant role of cholesterol metabolism in the replication of various viruses. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism in PRV infection remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) is upregulated following PRV infection, as evidenced by the proteomic analysis. Subsequently, we showed that DHCR7 plays a crucial role in promoting PRV replication by converting 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) into cholesterol, leading to increased cellular cholesterol levels. Importantly, DHCR7 inhibits the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), resulting in reduced levels of interferon-beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Finally, we revealed that the DHCR7 inhibitor, trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl) cyclohexane dihydrochloride (AY9944), significantly suppresses PRV replication both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the study has established a connection between cholesterol metabolism and PRV replication, offering novel insights that may guide future approaches to the prevention and treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengjiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Depeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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7
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Wang H, Li H, Tang B, Ye C, Han M, Teng L, Yue M, Li Y. Fast and sensitive differential diagnosis of pseudorabies virus-infected versus pseudorabies virus-vaccinated swine using CRISPR-Cas12a. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0261723. [PMID: 38078715 PMCID: PMC10783010 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02617-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes high mortality and miscarriage rates in the infected swine, and the eradication policy coupled with large-scale vaccination of live attenuated vaccines has been adopted globally against PRV. Differential diagnosis of the vaccinated and infected swine is highly demanded. Our multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA)-Cas12a detection method described in this study can diagnose PRV with a superior sensitivity comparable to the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a competitive detection speed (only half the time as qPCR needs). The portable feature and the simple procedure of MIRA-Cas12a make it easier to deploy for clinical diagnosis, even in resource-limited settings. The MIRA-Cas12a method would provide immediate and accurate diagnostic information for policymakers to respond promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiqing Han
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Bo Z, Li X, Zhang C, Guo M, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wu Y. Phosphoproteomic landscape of pseudorabies virus infection reveals multiple potential antiviral targets. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0301023. [PMID: 37991362 PMCID: PMC10783065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03010-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a kind of alpha herpesvirus that infects a wide range of animals and even human beings. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanisms behind PRV replication and pathogenesis. By conducting a tandem mass tag-based phosphoproteome, this study revealed the phosphorylated proteins and cellular response pathways involved in PRV infection. Findings from this study shed light on the relationship between the phosphorylated cellular proteins and PRV infection, as well as guiding the discovery of targets for the development of antiviral compounds against PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Geng XM, Xi YM, Huang XM, Wang YL, Wang XY, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei ZZ, Qin YF, Huang WJ. Construction of and evaluation of the immune response to two recombinant pseudorabies viruses expressing the B119L and EP364R proteins of African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:22. [PMID: 38193974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV), which is characterized by high infectivity, rapid onset of disease, and a high mortality rate. Outbreaks of ASFV have caused great economic losses to the global pig industry, and there is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines. In this study, two recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains, rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-EP364R and rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-B119L, expressing the EP364R and B119L protein, respectively, of ASFV, were constructed by homologous recombination technology. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis showed that these foreign proteins were expressed in cells infected with the recombinant strains. The strains showed good genetic stability and proliferative characteristics for 20 passages in BHK-21 cells. Both of these strains were immunogenic in mice, inducing the production of specific antibodies against the expressed ASFV proteins while providing protection against lethal challenge with PRV. Thus, the recombinant strains rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-EP364R and rGXGG-2016-ΔgI/ΔgE-B119L could be used as candidate vaccines for both ASFV and PRV. In addition, our study identifies two potential target genes for the development of safe and efficient ASFV vaccines, provides a reference for the construction of bivalent ASFV and PRV vaccines, and demonstrates the feasibility of developing a live ASFV vector vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Geng
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ying-Mu Xi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiang-Mei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yang-Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xu-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zu-Zhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yi-Feng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Wei-Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, 530004, China.
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10
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Ma Z, Jiang C, Liu D, Gao Y, Bai J, Jiang P, Liu X. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a quadruple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant as a vaccine candidate. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109931. [PMID: 38056181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since late 2011, the PRV variants have emerged in China, characterized by the increased virulence. The traditional attenuated vaccines have proven insufficient in providing complete protection, resulting in substantial economic losses to swine industry. In this study, a vaccine candidate strain, ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21, carrying the quadruple gene deletion was derived from the previously generated three gene-deleted virus ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK. As anticipated, piglets inoculated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited normal body temperatures and showed no viral shedding, consistent with the observations from piglets treated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK. Importantly, a significant higher level of interferon induction was observed among piglets in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 group compared to those in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. Upon challenge with the PRV variant ZJ01, piglets immunized with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited reduced viral shedding compared to the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. Furthermore, piglets vaccinated with ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 exhibited minimal pathological lesions in brain tissues, similar to those in the ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK group. These results underscore the potential of ZJ01-ΔgI/gE/TK/UL21 as a promising vaccine for controlling PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Depeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanni Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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11
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Wei J, Liu C, He X, Abbas B, Chen Q, Li Z, Feng Z. Generation and Characterization of Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Delivering African Swine Fever Virus CD2v and p54. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:335. [PMID: 38203508 PMCID: PMC10779401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) leads to high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boar, and it is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, no commercially available vaccine exists for its prevention in China. In this study, we engineered a pseudorabies recombinant virus (PRV) expressing ASFV CD2v and p54 proteins (PRV-∆TK-(CD2v)-∆gE-(p54)) using CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination technology. PRV-∆TK-(CD2v)-∆gE-(p54) effectively delivers CD2v and p54, and it exhibits reduced virulence. Immunization with PRV-∆TK-(CD2v)-∆gE-(p54) neither induces pruritus nor causes systemic infection and inflammation. Furthermore, a double knockout of the TK and gE genes eliminates the depletion of T, B, and monocytes/macrophages in the blood caused by wild-type viral infection, decreases the proliferation of granulocytes to eliminate T-cell immunosuppression from granulocytes, and enhances the ability of the immune system against PRV infection. An overexpression of CD2v and p54 proteins does not alter the characteristics of PRV-∆TK/∆gE. Moreover, PRV-∆TK-(CD2v)-∆gE-(p54) successfully induces antibody production via intramuscular (IM) vaccination and confers effective protection for vaccinated mice upon challenge. Thus, PRV-∆TK-(CD2v)-∆gE-(p54) demonstrates good immunogenicity and safety, providing highly effective protection against PRV and ASFV. It potentially represents a suitable candidate for the development of a bivalent vaccine against both PRV and ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Chuancheng Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Xinyan He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Bilal Abbas
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350117, China; (J.W.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (B.A.); (Q.C.)
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12
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Wang X, Li Y, Dong S, Wang C, Wang Y, Zhang H. Transcriptomic analysis reveals impact of gE/gI/TK deletions on host response to PRV infection. Virol J 2023; 20:303. [PMID: 38115115 PMCID: PMC10731697 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes substantial losses in the swine industry worldwide. Attenuated PRV strains with deletions of immunomodulatory genes glycoprotein E (gE), glycoprotein I (gI) and thymidine kinase (TK) are candidate vaccines. However, the effects of gE/gI/TK deletions on PRV-host interactions are not well understood. METHODS To characterize the impact of gE/gI/TK deletions on host cells, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of PK15 cells infected with wild-type PRV (SD2017), PRV with gE/gI/TK deletions (SD2017gE/gI/TK) using RNA-sequencing. RESULTS The attenuated SD2017gE/gI/TK strain showed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and pathways related to immunity compared to wild-type PRV. Cell cycle regulation and metabolic pathways were also perturbed. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of immunomodulatory genes altered PRV interactions with host cells and immune responses. This study provides insights into PRV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yingguang Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Dong
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cong Wang
- China animal husbandry industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Shandong Huahong Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Kobayashi J, Wen R, Nishikawa T, Nunomura Y, Suzuki T, Sejima Y, Gokan T, Furukawa M, Yokota T, Osawa N, Sato Y, Nibu Y, Mizutani T, Oba M. Natto extract inhibits infection caused by the Aujeszky's disease virus in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:514-519. [PMID: 37815203 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), also known as Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, which mainly infects swine, causes life-threatening neurological disorders. This disease is a serious global risk factor for economic losses in the swine industry. The development of new anti-ADV drugs is highly anticipated and required. Natto, a traditional Japanese fermented food made from soybeans, is a well-known health food. In our previous study, we confirmed that natto has the potential to inhibit viral infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 through their putative serine protease(s). In this study, we found that an agent(s) in natto functionally impaired ADV infection in cell culture assays. In addition, ADV treated with natto extract lost viral infectivity in the mice. We conducted an HPLC gel-filtration analysis of natto extract and molecular weight markers and confirmed that Fraction No. 10 had ADV-inactivating ability. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of Fraction No. 10 was inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzene sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF). These results also suggest that Fraction No. 10, adjacent to the 12.5 kDa peak of the marker in natto extract, may inactivate ADV by proteolysis. Our findings provide new avenues of research for the prevention of Aujeszky's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kobayashi
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology (RIAS), Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rongduo Wen
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Nunomura
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoko Yokota
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanako Osawa
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nibu
- The University Research Administration Center (URAC), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Huang X, Qin S, Wang X, Xu L, Zhao S, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Huang W. Molecular epidemiological and genetic characterization of pseudorabies virus in Guangxi, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:285. [PMID: 37938380 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an important pathogen that can cause harm to the pig population. Since 2011, there have been a number of large-scale outbreaks of pseudorabies on Chinese farms where animals had been vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine. In order to understand the epidemiological trend and genetic variations of PRV in Guangxi province, China, 819 tissue samples were collected from swine farms where PRV infection was suspected from 2013 to 2019, and these were tested for infectious wild strains of PRV. The results showed a positive rate of PRV in Guangxi province of 28.21% (231/819). Thirty-six wild-type PRV strains were successfully isolated from PRV-positive tissue samples, and a genetic evolutionary analysis was performed based on the gB, gC, gD, gE, and TK genes. Thirty of the PRV strains were found to be closely related to the Chinese variant strains HeN1-China-2012 and HLJ8-China-2013. In addition, five PRV strains were genetically related to Chinese classical strains, and one isolate was a recombinant of the PRV variant and the vaccine strain Bartha-K61. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that all 36 PRV strains had characteristic variant sites in the amino acid sequences of the gB, gC, gD, and gE proteins. Pathogenicity analysis showed that, compared to classical PRV strains, the PRV variant strains were more pathogenic in mice and had a lower LD50. Taken together, our results show that wild-type PRV infections are common on pig farms in Guangxi province of China and that the dominant prevalent strains were those of the PRV variants. The PRV variant strains also had increased pathogenicity in mice. Our data will provide a useful reference for understanding the prevalence and genetic evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
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15
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Lian Z, Liu P, Zhu Z, Sun Z, Yu X, Deng J, Li R, Li X, Tian K. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Recombinant Classical Pseudorabies Virus in the Context of the Variant Strains Pandemic in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1966. [PMID: 37766372 PMCID: PMC10536572 DOI: 10.3390/v15091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a high-throughput sequencing method and the virus was named JS-2020. The nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences or gC gene showed that the JS-2020 strain was relatively close to the classical Ea strain in genotype II clade. However, a large number of amino acid variations occurred in the JS-2020 strain compared with the Ea strain, including multiple immunogenic and virulence-related genes. In particular, the gE protein of JS-2020 was similar to earlier Chinese PRV strains without Aspartate insertion. However, the amino acid variations analysis based on major immunogenic and virulence-related genes showed that the JS-2020 strain was not only homologous with earlier PRV strains, but also with strains isolated in recent years. Moreover, the JS-2020 strain was identified as a recombinant between the GXGG-2016 and HLJ-2013 strains. The pathogenicity analysis proved that the PRV JS-2020 strain has typical neurogenic infections and a strong pathogenicity in mice. Together, a novel recombinant classical strain was isolated and characterized in the context of the PRV variant pandemic in China. This study provided some valuable information for the study of the evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
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16
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Ren X, Cao N, Tian L, Liu W, Zhu H, Rong Z, Yao M, Li X, Qian P. A self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine based on pseudorabies virus glycoprotein D induces potent protective immunity against pseudorabies virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109799. [PMID: 37327558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) mainly causes pseudorabies (PR) or Aujeszky's disease in pigs and can infect humans, raising public health concerns about zoonotic and interspecies transmission of PR. With the emergence of PRV variants in 2011, the classic attenuated PRV vaccine strains have failed to protect many swine herds against PR. Herein, we developed a self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine that induces potent protective immunity against PRV infection. PRV glycoprotein D (gD) was expressed using the baculovirus expression system and further presented on the lumazine synthase (LS) 60-meric protein scaffolds via the SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003 covalent coupling system. In mouse and piglet models, LSgD nanoparticles emulsified with the ISA 201VG adjuvant elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, LSgD nanoparticles provided effective protection against PRV infection and eliminated pathological symptoms in the brain and lungs. Collectively, the gD-based nanoparticle vaccine design appears to be a promising candidate for potent protection against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujiao Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hechao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenxiang Rong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Manman Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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17
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Deng L, Gu S, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Nie M, Xu L, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. Immunogenic response of recombinant pseudorabies virus carrying B646L and B602L genes of African swine fever virus in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109815. [PMID: 37348208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious disease that poses a high lethality risk to domestic pigs and wild boars, causing substantial economic losses to the global pig industry. The prevention and control of ASF remain challenging, necessitating the urgent development of a safe and effective vaccine. This study focused on the essential structural protein p72 of ASFV (encoded by the B646L gene) and its chaperone protein pB602L (encoded by the B602L gene) as the target antigenic proteins. Based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, we constructed a live attenuated recombinant pseudorabies virus vector expressing the p72 and pB602L proteins (designated as rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L), and assessed its immunization effect in mice. The recombinant virus rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L successfully proliferated and demonstrated stable expression of the p72 and pB602L proteins in BHK-21 cells. Moreover, it exhibited excellent safety when used in mice and induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses targeting p72 and pB602L. In addition, it provided complete protection (100%) against the virulent PRV strain (PRV-XJ). These results indicate that the recombinant virus rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L possesses robust immunogenicity and safety in mice. In conclusion, PRV represents a promising viral vector for expressing ASFV gene, and our study serves as an essential reference for the development of viral vector vaccines against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mincai Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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18
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He H, Qi B, Yang Y, Cui X, Chen T, Cai X, An T, Wang S. Immunogenicity Characterization of the Recombinant gI Protein Fragment from Pseudorabies Virus and an Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Use in Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:506. [PMID: 37624293 PMCID: PMC10458116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing is an important method for the diagnosis of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection. We aimed to investigate the envelope glycoprotein I (gI) of PRV, a strong immunogen, and its potential as an efficient and low-cost diagnostic reagent. In this study, the DNA of the PRV SC strain was used as the template, and the recombinant fragment of gI (633 bp) was amplified via PCR using synthetic primers, and was then ligated into the pET-30a expression vector. The constructs were transferred into Escherichia coli (E. coli) for prokaryotic expression, and the antigenicity of the expression products was identified by Western blot analysis with pig positive serum against PRV. The recombinant protein was purified by a Ni column, and BALB/c mice were immunized with purified gI protein to obtain anti-gI-positive serum. After PK-15 cells had been infected by PRV for 48 h, the immunogenicity of purified gI protein was identified with a fluorescence immunoassay using anti-gI mouse serum. The recombinant plasmid (pET-30a-gI) was expressed, and the native gI protein was obtained after denaturation by urea and renaturation by dialysis. A small-scale ELISA test containing 1.0 µg/mL of purified gI protein was designed to evaluate pig serum (80 samples), and the results of the ELISA test were compared to those of competitive ELISA (cELISA) tests using IDEXX Kits, which resulted in 97.5% consistency. The results suggested that the truncated gI protein may be a potential diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan He
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Baojie Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Yongbo Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Heilongjiang Minzu College, Harbin 150066, China;
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin 150068, China
| | - Tongqing An
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Shujie Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150068, China
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19
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Zhao P, Wang Y, Zhang P, Du F, Li J, Wang C, Fang R, Zhao J. Epidemiological Investigation, Risk Factors, Spatial-Temporal Cluster, and Epidemic Trend Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Seroprevalence in China (2017 to 2021). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0529722. [PMID: 37227271 PMCID: PMC10269690 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05297-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded linear DNA virus capable of infecting various animals, including humans. We collected blood samples from 14 provinces in China between December 2017 and May 2021 to estimate PRV seroprevalence. The PRV gE antibody was detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression analysis identified potential risk factors associated with PRV gE serological status at the farm level. Spatial-temporal clusters of high PRV gE seroprevalence were explored using SaTScan 9.6 software. Time-series data of PRV gE seroprevalence were modeled using the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) method. A Monte Carlo sampling simulation based on the established model was performed to analyze epidemic trends of PRV gE seroprevalence using @RISK software (version 7.0). A total of 40,024 samples were collected from 545 pig farms across China. The PRV gE antibody positivity rates were 25.04% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.61% to 25.46%) at the animal level and 55.96% (95% CI, 51.68% to 60.18%) at the pig farm level. Variables such as farm geographical division, farm topography, African swine fever (ASF) outbreak, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) control in pig farms were identified as risk factors for farm-level PRV infection. Five significant high-PRV gE seroprevalence clusters were detected in China for the first time, with a time range of 1 December 2017 to 31 July 2019. The monthly average change value of PRV gE seroprevalence was -0.826%. The probability of a monthly PRV gE seroprevalence decrease was 0.868, while an increase was 0.132. IMPORTANCE PRV is a critical pathogen threatening the global swine industry. Our research fills knowledge gaps regarding PRV prevalence, infection risk factors, spatial-temporal clustering of high PRV gE seroprevalence, and the epidemic trend of PRV gE seroprevalence in China in recent years. These findings are valuable for the clinical prevention and control of PRV infection and suggest that PRV infection is likely to be successfully controlled in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Du
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- Wuhan Keweichuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Volkening JD, Spatz SJ, Ponnuraj N, Akbar H, Arrington JV, Vega-Rodriguez W, Jarosinski KW. Viral proteogenomic and expression profiling during productive replication of a skin-tropic herpesvirus in the natural host. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011204. [PMID: 37289833 PMCID: PMC10284419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient transmission of herpesviruses is essential for dissemination in host populations; however, little is known about the viral genes that mediate transmission, mostly due to a lack of natural virus-host model systems. Marek's disease is a devastating herpesviral disease of chickens caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV) and an excellent natural model to study skin-tropic herpesviruses and transmission. Like varicella zoster virus that causes chicken pox in humans, the only site where infectious cell-free MD virions are efficiently produced is in epithelial skin cells, a requirement for host-to-host transmission. Here, we enriched for heavily infected feather follicle epithelial skin cells of live chickens to measure both viral transcription and protein expression using combined short- and long-read RNA sequencing and LC/MS-MS bottom-up proteomics. Enrichment produced a previously unseen breadth and depth of viral peptide sequencing. We confirmed protein translation for 84 viral genes at high confidence (1% FDR) and correlated relative protein abundance with RNA expression levels. Using a proteogenomic approach, we confirmed translation of most well-characterized spliced viral transcripts and identified a novel, abundant isoform of the 14 kDa transcript family via IsoSeq transcripts, short-read intron-spanning sequencing reads, and a high-quality junction-spanning peptide identification. We identified peptides representing alternative start codon usage in several genes and putative novel microORFs at the 5' ends of two core herpesviral genes, pUL47 and ICP4, along with strong evidence of independent transcription and translation of the capsid scaffold protein pUL26.5. Using a natural animal host model system to examine viral gene expression provides a robust, efficient, and meaningful way of validating results gathered from cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J. Spatz
- US National Poultry Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nagendraprabhu Ponnuraj
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Haji Akbar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justine V. Arrington
- Protein Sciences Facility, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Widaliz Vega-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jarosinski
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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21
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Wöhnke E, Klupp BG, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Mass-Spectrometric Evaluation of the African Swine Fever Virus-Induced Host Shutoff Using Dynamic Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC). Viruses 2023; 15:1283. [PMID: 37376583 DOI: 10.3390/v15061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a viral disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, ASFV is spreading over the Eurasian continent and threatening global pig husbandry. One viral strategy to undermine an efficient host cell response is to establish a global shutoff of host protein synthesis. This shutoff has been observed in ASFV-infected cultured cells using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with metabolic radioactive labeling. However, it remained unclear if this shutoff was selective for certain host proteins. Here, we characterized ASFV-induced shutoff in porcine macrophages by measurement of relative protein synthesis rates using a mass spectrometric approach based on stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The impact of ASFV infection on the synthesis of >2000 individual host proteins showed a high degree of variability, ranging from complete shutoff to a strong induction of proteins that are absent from naïve cells. GO-term enrichment analysis revealed that the most effective shutoff was observed for proteins related to RNA metabolism, while typical representatives of the innate immune system were strongly induced after infection. This experimental setup is suitable to quantify a virion-induced host shutoff (vhs) after infection with different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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22
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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23
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Qin Y, Qin S, Huang X, Xu L, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W. Isolation and identification of two novel pseudorabies viruses with natural recombination or TK gene deletion in China. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109703. [PMID: 36842367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, has gained increased attention in China in recent years due to outbreaks of emergent pseudorabies. However, there is limited information about the evolution and pathogenicity of emergent PRV field strains in China. In this study, two PRV field strains were isolated from an intensive pig farm with suspected PRV infection. These were named the GXLB-2015 and GXGG-2016 strains and their growth characteristics together with their genome sequences and pathogenicity were determined. Nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis revealed the GXLB-2015 stain was relatively close to the foreign PRV isolated strains with respect to the whole genome sequence. However, it formed an independent branch between the foreign PRV isolates and the previous PRV variants isolated in China. Further recombination and genetic evolution analysis showed that the GXLB-2015 strain was a natural recombinant between the Bartha strain and PRV variants. The GXGG-2016 strain was highly homologous with the Chinese classical strains, but it has a natural deletion of 69 aa in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Pathogenicity analysis showed that, the GXLB-2015 strain had the strongest pathogenicity to mice with an LD50 of 103.5, while the GXGG-2016 strain with the TK gene deletion was not pathogenic to mice. Taken together, our data provide direct evidence for the genomic recombination and natural TK gene deletion of PRVs, which may provide a reference for a better understanding of PRV evolution in China and contribute to the clinical control of PRV infection in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangmei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
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24
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Li S, Sun Y, Du M, Shangguan A, Liu Z, Li W, Lina L, Liu W, Zhang S, Han H. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with CRISPR/Cas9 System Enable Efficient Inhibition of Pseudorabies Virus. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:326-332. [PMID: 36629744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe an application where graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONs) enable combined inhibition of Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) through delivery of a CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted cleaving of a PRV genome and direct interaction with viral particles. The sheeted GONs could load CRISPR plasmid DNA (pDNA) to form a small sized, near-spheroidal GONs-CRISPR complex, which enables CRISPR pDNA efficient intracellular delivery and transient expression under serum conditions. Cell studies showed that GONs-CRISPR could allow rapid cellular uptake, endolysosomes escape, and nucleus transport within 3 h. Virus studies demonstrated that the pure GONs have antiviral activity and GONs-CRISPR could significantly inhibit PRV replication and result in progeny PRV decreasing by approximately 4000 times in infected host cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed that GONs-CRISPR could destroy the PRV structures by directly interacting with viral particles. This GONs-based strategy may extend the advanced application of the CRISPR system for antiviral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yumei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, School of Animal Science and Technology, School of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Moqing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aishao Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhongzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, School of Animal Science and Technology, School of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liu Lina
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Wenju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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25
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Nie Z, Zhu S, Wu L, Sun R, Shu J, He Y, Feng H. Progress on innate immune evasion and live attenuated vaccine of pseudorabies virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138016. [PMID: 36937252 PMCID: PMC10020201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that can infect most mammals, with pigs as the only natural host, has caused considerable economic losses to the pig husbandry of the world. Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against the attack of pathogens and is essential for the proper establishment of adaptive immunity. The host uses the innate immune response to against the invasion of PRV; however PRV makes use of various strategies to inhibit the innate immunity to promote the virus replication. Currently, live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent pig from infection with the PRV worldwide, such as Bartha K61. However, a growing number of data indicates that these vaccines do not provide complete protection against new PRV variants that have emerged since late 2011. Here we summarized the interactions between PRV and host innate immunity and the current status of live attenuated PRV vaccines to promote the development of novel and more effective PRV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shunfan Zhu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruolin Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huapeng Feng
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huapeng Feng,
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26
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Jiang C, Ma Z, Bai J, Sun Y, Cao M, Wang X, Jiang P, Liu X. Comparison of the protective efficacy between the candidate vaccine ZJ01R carrying gE/gI/TK deletion and three commercial vaccines against an emerging pseudorabies virus variant. Vet Microbiol 2023; 276:109623. [PMID: 36495739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine alpha-herpesvirus that mainly causes reproductive disorders in sows and neurological diseases in piglets. Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent the disease. In China, since the emergence of PRV mutant strains in late 2011, the traditional commercial vaccines have not been providing complete protection. Our previous studies have demonstrated that PRV ZJ01 is a highly virulent strain, and its derivative, ZJ01R, which carries the gE/gI/TK gene deletion, could provide protection against the variant PRV challenge. However, the difference in immune efficacy between ZJ01R and other commercial vaccines remains unclear. In this study, the immune protection efficacy between ZJ01R and three commercial PRV vaccines (Bartha-K61, HB2000, and SA215) was evaluated in piglets. The safety of ZJ01R was shown to be equivalent to that of the three commercial vaccines. The titers of the neutralizing antibodies against the PRV classical strain LA in the four vaccine groups were similar, while the anti-PRV variant neutralizing antibody titers in the ZJ01R group were significantly higher than those in the Bartha-K61, HB2000, and SA215 strain groups. After the PRV challenge, ZJ01R, HB2000, and SA215 vaccinations could provide complete protection, whereas the Bartha-K61 vaccination could only provide 60 % protection. Importantly, the rectal viral excretion and PRV DNA loads in the lung tissues in the ZJ01R group were significantly lower than those in the Bartha-K61, HB2000, and SA215 groups. Altogether, these results indicated that ZJ01R could provide higher protection efficacy against the PRV virulent ZJ01 challenge than the three commercial PRV gene-deleted live vaccines derived from the classical vaccine strains, providing the potential to develop a new PRV vaccine to control the epidemic PRV variant strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhicheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingzhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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27
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Proteomic Comparison of Three Wild-Type Pseudorabies Virus Strains and the Attenuated Bartha Strain Reveals Reduced Incorporation of Several Tegument Proteins in Bartha Virions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115822. [PMID: 36453884 PMCID: PMC9769387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. Driven by the large economic losses associated with PRV infection, several vaccines and vaccine programs have been developed. To this day, the attenuated Bartha strain, generated by serial passaging, represents the golden standard for PRV vaccination. However, a proteomic comparison of the Bartha virion to wild-type (WT) PRV virions is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive mass spectrometry-based proteome comparison of the attenuated Bartha strain and three commonly used WT PRV strains: Becker, Kaplan, and NIA3. We report the detection of 40 structural and 14 presumed nonstructural proteins through a combination of data-dependent and data-independent acquisition. Interstrain comparisons revealed that packaging of the capsid and most envelope proteins is largely comparable in-between all four strains, except for the envelope protein pUL56, which is less abundant in Bartha virions. However, distinct differences were noted for several tegument proteins. Most strikingly, we noted a severely reduced incorporation of the tegument proteins IE180, VP11/12, pUS3, VP22, pUL41, pUS1, and pUL40 in Bartha virions. Moreover, and likely as a consequence, we also observed that Bartha virions are on average smaller and more icosahedral compared to WT virions. Finally, we detected at least 28 host proteins that were previously described in PRV virions and noticed considerable strain-specific differences with regard to host proteins, arguing that the potential role of packaged host proteins in PRV replication and spread should be further explored. IMPORTANCE The pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strain Bartha-an attenuated strain created by serial passaging-represents an exceptional success story in alphaherpesvirus vaccination. Here, we used mass spectrometry to analyze the Bartha virion composition in comparison to three established WT PRV strains. Many viral tegument proteins that are considered nonessential for viral morphogenesis were drastically less abundant in Bartha virions compared to WT virions. Interestingly, many of the proteins that are less incorporated in Bartha participate in immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses. In addition, we observed a reduced size and more icosahedral morphology of the Bartha virions compared to WT PRV. Given that the Bartha vaccine strain elicits potent immune responses, our findings here suggest that differences in protein packaging may contribute to its immunogenicity. Further exploration of these observations could aid the development of efficacious vaccines against other alphaherpesvirus vaccines such as HSV-1/2 or EHV-1.
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28
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Chen L, Ni M, Ahmed W, Xu Y, Bao X, Zhuang T, Feng L, Guo M. Pseudorabies virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748498 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently unfolded protein response (UPR) which restores ER homeostasis. In this study, levels of proteins or transcription of three UPR pathways were examined in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells to investigate Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection-induced ER stress, in which glucose-related proteins 78 kD and 94 kD (GRP78 and GRP94) were upregulated. The downstream double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway was activated with upregulation of ATF4, CHOP, and GADD34, and the inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) pathway was triggered by the splicing of X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA and the enhanced expression of p58IPK and EDEM. Furthermore, our results showed that the ER stress, induced by 0.005 µM thapsigargin, promoted PRV replication in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells, and that PRV glycoprotein B (gB) overexpression triggered the PERK and IRE1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Minshu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xi Bao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tenghan Zhuang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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29
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Luo C, Wang Q, Guo R, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang R, Ma X, Wang P, Adam FEA, Zeshan B, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Wang X. A novel Pseudorabies virus vaccine developed using HDR-CRISPR/Cas9 induces strong humoral and cellular immune response in mice. Virus Res 2022; 322:198937. [PMID: 36174845 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Pseudorabies (PR) by numerous highly virulent and antigenic variant Pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains have been causing severe economic losses to the pig industry in China since 2011. However, current commercial vaccines are often unable to induce thorough protective immunity. In this study, a TK/gI/gE deleted recombinant PRV expressing GM-CSF was developed by using the HDR-CRISPR/Cas9 system. Here, a four-sgRNA along with the Cas9D10A targeting system was utilized for TK/gI/gE gene deletion and GM-CSF insertion. Our study showed that the four-sgRNA targeting system appeared to have higher knock-in efficiency for PRVs editing. The replication of the recombinant PRVs were slightly lower than that of the parental strain, but they appeared to have similar properties in terms of growth curves and plaque morphology. The mice vaccinated with the recombinant PRV expressing GM-CSF via intramuscular injection showed no obvious clinical symptoms, milder pathological lesions, and were completely protected against wild-type PRV challenge. When compared to the triple gene-deleted PRV, the gB antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers were improved and the immunized mice appeared to have lower viral load and higher mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ in spleens. Our study offers a novel approach for recombinant PRV construction, and the triple gene-deleted PRV expressing GM-CSF could serve as a promising vaccine candidate for PR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing,Jiangsu 211171, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruhai Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingya Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Basit Zeshan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah 90509, Malaysia
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yefei Zhou
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing,Jiangsu 211171, China.
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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30
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The Effects of Oncolytic Pseudorabies Virus Vaccine Strain Inhibited the Growth of Colorectal Cancer HCT-8 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182416. [PMID: 36139276 PMCID: PMC9495051 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising treatment approach for a variety of tumor forms. Although a number of studies have demonstrated that the pseudorabies virus (PRV) may be applied as an oncolytic carrier, the anti-colorectal cancer impact of the virus and the mechanism of its cytotoxic effect remain elusive. In this study, the replication capacity and cell activity of PRV attenuated live vaccines Bartha K61 and HB98 in HCT-8 cells in vitro were investigated. Next, the antitumor ability and safety were evaluated in a mouse model of HCT-8 tumor transplantation. Both PRV strains were able to suppress tumor growth and HB98 showed higher safety and efficiency than the Bartha K61 strain. Finally, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry examination were performed to investigate its possible cytotoxic mechanism. The results showed that PRV inhibited tumor proliferation both in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis. In summary, our study discovered for the first time that the live attenuated PRV has an oncolytic effect on HCT-8 cells with high efficacy and safety.
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31
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Jin YL, Yin D, Xing G, Huang YM, Fan CM, Fan CF, Qiu XH, Dong WR, Yan Y, Gu JY, Zhou JY. The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943707. [PMID: 35992698 PMCID: PMC9389536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly virulent and antigenic variant of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) that emerged from classical Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig herds has caused substantial economic losses to the swine industry in China since 2011. A safe and more effective vaccine is most desirable. In this study, a gE/TK gene-deficient PRV, namely, HD/c, was constructed based on a PRV type II DX strain isolated from a commercial vaccine-immunized farm and the HD/c-based inactivated vaccine was formulated and evaluated for its safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice and piglets. The resulting PRV HD/c strain has a similar growth curve to the parental DX strain. After vaccination, the inactivated HD/c vaccine did not cause any visible gross pathological or histopathological changes in the tissues of mice and piglets and provided rapid and potent protection against the challenge of the classical and variant PRVs at day 21 post-vaccination in mice. A single immunization of 108.5TCID50 inactivated PRV HD/c strain-elicited robust immunity with high titer of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection from the lethal challenge of PRV DX strain in piglets. These results indicated that the inactivated PRV HD/c vaccine with the deletion of gE/TK genes was a safe and effective PRV vaccine candidate for the control of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Jin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Experimental Teaching Center, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Huo Qiu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yan Gu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yong Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Yong Zhou
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Li R, Shao G, Xie Z, Hu Z, Feng K, He J, Wang H, Fu J, Zhang X, Xie Q. Construction and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Expressing SARS-CoV-2-S and SARS-CoV-2-N. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920087. [PMID: 35982925 PMCID: PMC9380597 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) is an important pathogen of humans and animals, which can infect humans or animals through the respiratory mucosal route. Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is quite similar to syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S and N proteins are the most important protective antigens of the SARS-CoV-2. The S protein on the viral membrane mediates the virus attachment with the host cells, and the N protein is the most abundant expression during infection. In this study, the recombinant viruses expressing the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were successfully constructed by Red/ET recombinant technology using Pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain Bartha-K61 as a vector. Genetic stability and growth kinetics analysis showed that the recombinant viruses rPRV-SARS-CoV-2-S and rPRV-SARS-CoV-2-N had similar genetic stability and proliferation characteristics to the parental PRV. The immunoassay results showed that mice immunized with recombinant viruses could produce total IgG antibodies. Therefore, PRV is feasible and promising as a viral vector to express SARS-CoV-2-S and SARS-CoV-2-N genes. This study can provide a reference for future research on live vector vaccines for domestic animals, pets, and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoying Li
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zezhong Hu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui He
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingmei Xie
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Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus between 2019 and 2021 in Henan Province of China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081685. [PMID: 36016307 PMCID: PMC9412869 DOI: 10.3390/v14081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2011, severe pseudorabies (PR) outbreaks occurred among swine herds vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine in many provinces of China, causing enormous economic losses for the pork industry. To understand the epidemic profile and genetic characteristics of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), a total of 35,796 serum samples were collected from 1090 pig farms of different breeding scales between 2019 and 2021 in the Henan province where swine had been immunized with the Bartha-K61 vaccine, and PRV glycoprotein E (gE)-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results reveal that the overall positive rate for PRV gE antibodies was 20.33% (7276/35,796), which decreased from 25.00% (2596/10,385) in 2019 to 16.69% (2222/13,315) in 2021, demonstrating that PR still existed widely in pig herds in the Henan province but displayed a decreasing trend. Further analysis suggested that the PRV-seropositive rate may be associated with farm size, farm category, quarter, region and the cross-regional transportation of livestock. Moreover, the gE gene complete sequences of 18 PRV isolates were obtained, and they shared a high identity (97.1–100.0%) with reference strains at the nucleotide level. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis based on the gE complete sequences found that there were both classical strains and variant strains in pig herds. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the gE gene showed that there were unique amino acids in the classical strains, the variant strains and genotype Ⅱ strains. This study provides epidemiological data that could be useful in the prevention of pseudorabies in Henan, China, and this finding contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of PRV.
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Chen X, Wang R, Hu H, Zhao X, Yin Z, Zou Y, Li L, Jia R, Zhang Y, Song X. Antiviral effect of an extract from Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome in mice infected with pseudorabies virus. J Virol Methods 2022; 307:114573. [PMID: 35779703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) is one of the most important herpesviruses which can cause severe diseases in many mammals and some avian species. In recent years, repeated outbreaks of pseudorabies worldwide indicated an urgent need for new control measures. The results described in this study demonstrated that an extract prepared from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L (Kge), which consisted of flavonoids (2.82%), saccharides (61.37%), phenols (1.22%) and saponins (3.10%), possessed a potent anti-PrV activity. In PK-15 cells, Kge treatment inhibited PrV-induced cell death by more than 90% at a dose of 200 μg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 55.85 μg/mL. In the PrV-infected mice treated with Kge, the survival rate was up to 60% at day 6 post-infection, while the infected mice without Kge treatment all died. The virus titers in the brains of the Kge-treated infected mice were significantly reduced. Kge treatment also alleviated the severity of the PrV-induced lesions in the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. Kge exhibited immune-regulating activity through the regulation of cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α) in the serum of PrV-infected mice, suggesting that one possible mechanism of anti-PrV activity was through the regulation of immune function. These results suggested that Kge could be a promising drug candidate for treating PrV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaiyue Hu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufan Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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35
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Liu Z, Kong Z, Chen M, Shang Y. Design of live-attenuated animal vaccines based on pseudorabies virus platform. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV contains many non-essential genes that can be replaced with genes encoding heterogenous antigens without affecting viral propagation. With the ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal immune responses in the host, PRV is considered to be an ideal and potential live vector for generation of animal vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advances in attenuated recombinant PRVs and design of PRV-based live vaccines as well as the challenge of vaccine application.
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36
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Huang J, Tang W, Wang X, Zhao J, Peng K, Sun X, Li S, Kuang S, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Xu Z. The Genetic Characterization of a Novel Natural Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050978. [PMID: 35632721 PMCID: PMC9146711 DOI: 10.3390/v14050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the complete genome of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) FJ epidemic strain, and we studied the characteristics and the differences compared with the classical Chinese strain and that of other countries. Third-generation sequencing and second-generation sequencing technology were used to construct, sequence, and annotate an efficient, accurate PRV library. The complete FJ genome was 143,703 bp, the G+C content was 73.67%, and it encoded a total of 70 genes. The genetic evolution of the complete genome and some key gene sequences of the FJ strain and PRV reference strains were analyzed by the maximum likelihood (ML) method of MEGA 7.0 software. According to the ML tree based on the full-length genome sequences, PRV FJ strain was assigned to the branch of genotype II, and it showed a close evolutionary relationship with PRV epidemic variants isolated in China after 2011. The gB, gC, gD, gH, gL, gM, gN, TK, gI, and PK genes of the FJ strain were assigned to the same branch with other Chinese epidemic mutants; its gG gene was assigned to the same branch with the classic Chinese Fa and Ea strains; and its gE gene was assigned to a relatively independent branch. Potential recombination events were predicted by the RDP4 software, which showed that the predicted recombination sites were between 1694 and 1936 bp, 101,113 and 102,660 bp, and 107,964 and 111,481 bp in the non-coding region. This result broke the previously reported general rule that pseudorabies virus recombination events occur in the gene coding region. The major backbone strain of the recombination event was HLJ8 and the minor backbone strain was Ea. Our results allowed us to track and to grasp the recent molecular epidemiological changes of PRV. They also provide background materials for the development of new PRV vaccines, and they lay a foundation for further study of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Xvetao Wang
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kenan Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuwei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-1822-7601-509 (Y.Z.); +86-1398-1604-765 (Z.X.)
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-1822-7601-509 (Y.Z.); +86-1398-1604-765 (Z.X.)
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37
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Shangguan A, Li J, Sun Y, Liu Z, Zhang S. Host-virus interactions in PK-15 cells infected with Pseudorabies virus Becker strain based on RNA-seq. Virus Res 2022; 318:198829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Hou L, Yu X, Zhang Y, Du L, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Zheng Q, Chen J, Hou J. Enhanced Immune Responses in Mice Induced by the c-di-GMP Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine for Pseudorabies Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845680. [PMID: 35432301 PMCID: PMC9009373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger with immunomodulatory activities in mice, suggesting potential applications as a vaccine immunopotentiator or therapeutic agent. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of c-di-GMP as an immunopotentiator for pseudorabies virus (PRV) inactivated vaccine in a murine model. We found that c-di-GMP improved the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by PRV inactivated vaccine and its effects on immunity reached the level comparable to that of a live attenuated vaccine. Furthermore, c-di-GMP enhanced the murine antibody response against the viral glycoprotein gB up to 120 days after immunization. The c-di-GMP–adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine induced long-term humoral immunity by promoting a potent T follicular helper cell response, which is known to directly control the magnitude of the germinal center B cell response. Furthermore, the c-di-GMP enhanced the response of bone marrow plasma cells and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, which have been identified as anti-apoptotic regulatory genes of germinal center and memory B cells. Our findings open a new avenue for improving the immune efficacy of PRV inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hou
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Luping Du
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Cheng
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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39
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Zhao J, Zhu L, Xu L, Li F, Deng H, Huang Y, Gu S, Sun X, Zhou Y, Xu Z. The Construction and Immunogenicity Analyses of Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus With NADC30-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Like Particles Co-expression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846079. [PMID: 35308386 PMCID: PMC8924499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and pseudorabies (PR) are highly infectious swine diseases and cause significant financial loss in China. The respiratory system and reproductive system are the main target systems. Previous studies showed that the existing PR virus (PRV) and PRRS virus (PRRSV) commercial vaccines could not provide complete protection against PRV variant strains and NADC30-like PRRSV strains in China. In this study, the PRV variant strain XJ and NADC30-like PRRSV strain CHSCDJY-2019 are used as the parent for constructing a recombinant pseudorabies virus (rPRV)-NC56 with gE/gI/TK gene deletion and co-expressing NADC30-like PRRSV GP5 and M protein. The rPRV-NC56 proliferated stably in BHK-21 cells, and it could stably express GP5 and M protein. Due to the introduction of the self-cleaving 2A peptide, GP5 and M protein were able to express independently and form virus-like particles (VLPs) of PRRSV in rPRV-NC56-infected BHK-21 cells. The rPRV-NC56 is safe for use in mice; it can colonize and express the target protein in mouse lungs for a long time. Vaccination with rPRV-NC56 induces PRV and NADC30-like PRRSV specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and protects 100% of mice from virulent PRV XJ strain. Furthermore, the virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) elicited by rPRV-NC56 showed significantly lower titer against SCNJ-2016 (HP-PRRSV) than that against CHSCDJY-2019 (NADC30-like PRRSV). Thus, rPRV-NC56 appears to be a promising candidate vaccine against NADC30-like PRRSV and PRV for the control and eradication of the variant PRV and NADC30-like PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianggang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Fu ZF. Effective Cross-protection of a lyophilized live gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine against classical and variant PRV challenges. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Ming X, Bo Z, Miao Y, Chen H, Bao C, Sun L, Xi R, Zhong Q, Zhao P, Jung YS, Qian Y. Pseudorabies virus kinase UL13 phosphorylates H2AX to foster viral replication. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22221. [PMID: 35199383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101360rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is critical for maintaining genomic integrity and sustaining organismal development. Viruses can either utilize or circumvent the DDR to facilitate their replication. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection was shown to induce apoptosis via stimulating DDR. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored to date. This study showed that PRV infection robustly activates the ATM and DNA-PK signaling pathways shortly after infection. However, inhibition of ATM, but not DNA-PK, could dampen PRV replication in cells. Importantly, we found that PRV-encoded serine/threonine kinase UL13 interacts with and subsequently phosphorylates H2AX. Furthermore, we found that UL13 deletion largely attenuates PRV neuroinvasiveness and virulence in vivo. In addtion, we showed that UL13 contributes to H2AX phosphorylation upon PRV infection both in vitro and in vivo, but does not affect ATM phosphorylation. Finally, we showed that knockdown of H2AX reduces PRV replication, while this reduction can be further enhanced by deletion of UL13. Taken together, we conclude that PRV-encoded kinase UL13 regulates DNA damage marker γH2AX and UL13-mediated H2AX phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in efficient PRV replication and progeny production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
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Yuan H, Zheng Y, Yan X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma J, Fu J. Direct cloning of a herpesvirus genome for rapid generation of infectious BAC clones. J Adv Res 2022; 43:97-107. [PMID: 36585118 PMCID: PMC9811322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The herpesviridae are DNA viruses with large and complicated genomes. The herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have been useful for generating recombinant viruses to study the biology and pathogenesis. However, the conventional method using homologous recombination is not only time consuming but also prone to accumulate attenuating mutations during serial passage of the virus in cells. Elimination of the BAC vector from the recombinant viral genome requires additional step for phenotypically consistence with the original strain. OBJECTIVES To generate a streamlined approach for generating infectious BAC clones of herpesvirus. METHODS The 142-kb pseudorabies virus genome was directly cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in Escherichia coli by Exonuclease Combined with RecET recombination (ExoCET). Placement of the BAC vector at the terminus of the linear virus genome enabled excision of the BAC backbone from the viral genome by restriction endonuclease for delivery into mammalian cells, with the subsequent rapid rescue of virus that was genetically identical to the original strain. RESULTS This new approach for molecular cloning of the genome from a large DNA virus and isolation of pure virus lacking the BAC vector from transfected mammalian cells bypass the tedious and time-consuming method of multiple rounds of plaque purification. The viral BAC was stable in E. coli, allowing further mutagenesis mediated by the Red system or various site-specific recombination methods. CONCLUSION An efficient method for construction of infectious clones of herpesvirus was established. It is expected to be potentially useful for other viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Yuan
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaoyao Zheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Jun Fu
- Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China,Corresponding authors.
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Huang Y, Xu Z, Gu S, Nie M, Wang Y, Zhao J, Li F, Deng H, Huang J, Sun X, Zhu L. The recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing porcine deltacoronavirus spike protein is safe and effective for mice. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:16. [PMID: 34983523 PMCID: PMC8725529 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a new pathogenic porcine intestinal coronavirus, which has appeared in many countries since 2012. PDCoV disease caused acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and death in piglets, resulted in significant economic loss to the pig industry. However, there is no commercially available vaccine for PDCoV. In this study, we constructed recombinant pseudorabies virus (rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S) expressing PDCoV spike (S) protein and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity in mice. RESULTS The recombinant strain rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S obtained by CRISPR/Cas gE gene editing technology and homologous recombination technology has genetic stability in baby hamster syrian kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells and is safe to mice. After immunizing mice with rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S, the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in peripheral blood of mice were up-regulated, the proliferation of spleen-specific T lymphocytes and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in mice spleen was increased. rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S showed good immunogenicity for mice. On the seventh day after booster immunity, PRV gB and PDCoV S specific antibodies were detected in mice, and the antibody level continued to increase, and the neutralizing antibody level reached the maximum at 28 days post- immunization (dpi). The recombinant strain can protect mice with 100% from the challenge of virulent strain (PRV XJ) and accelerate the detoxification of PDCoV in mice. CONCLUSION The recombinant rPRVXJ-delgE/gI/TK-S strain is safe and effective with strong immunogenicity and is expected to be a candidate vaccine against PDCoV and PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mincai Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Pseudorabies virus UL16 protein influences the inhibition of LRPPRC for the viral proliferation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 265:109327. [PMID: 34986434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Herpesvirus family, and has caused tremendous damage to the pig industry. Protein unique lone 16 (pUL16) is a conserved envelope protein in all herpesviruses, that is known to play an important role in several aspects, including virus diffusion in cells and virulence in mice. It has been shown that the pUL16 can interact with the virus proteins UL11, UL49, UL21, gD, and gE. However, the research to date on pUL16 has only focused on etiology, without discussing the possible cellular pathways involved in PRV infection. Leucine-rich PPR motif-containing protein (LRPPRC) is a multifunctional cellular protein that participates in various cellular processes, such as RNA processing, splicing, stabilization, editing, translation, and energy metabolism. This was the first caspase-independent apoptosis protein to be identified. In this study, immune precipitation and mass spectrometry was performed to define the function of the pUL16 in PRV infection to study the possible cellular pathways in which pUL16 may participate. It was found that LRPRRC could interact with PRV pUL16, which may indicate that UL16 is involved in a redox reaction or cellular apoptosis. This is the first study of the interaction between pUL16 and host proteins, which has positive significance to gain a further understanding of the pUL16.
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Yao L, Cheng Y, Wu H, Ghonaim AH, Fan S, Li W, He Q. The construction and immunogenicity analyses of a recombinant pseudorabies virus with porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein co-expression. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109283. [PMID: 34902738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs) and pseudorabies (PR) are highly contagious and economically significant diseases of swine in China. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging swine pathogen of PCVAD. Currently, no PCV3 vaccine is commercially available, and the epidemic caused by it is still spreading worldwide. In this study, we used the PRV variant strain HNX as the parental virus to construct recombinant PRV with TK/gE gene deletion and capsid (Cap) protein co-expression, named HNX-ΔTK/ΔgE-ORF2. The results revealed that PCV3 Cap protein can be detected in HNX-ΔTK/ΔgE-ORF2-infected PK-15 cells by both western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Vaccination with HNX-ΔTK/ΔgE-ORF2 did not cause pruritus, ruffled fur, systemic infection, or inflammation (without high expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in plasma). Furthermore, HNX-ΔTK/ΔgE-ORF2 immunization induced an anti-Cap specific antibody, activated a PRV-specific cellular immune response, and provided 100 % protection to mice against the challenge of the virulent HNX strain. Thus, HNX-ΔTK/ΔgE-ORF2 appears to be a promising vaccine candidate against PRV and PCV3 for the control of the PRV variant and PCV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yufang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11435, Egypt
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Zheng HH, Bai YL, Xu T, Zheng LL, Li XS, Chen HY, Wang ZY. Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Reemerging Pseudorabies Virus Within Pig Populations in Central China During 2012 to 2019. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:764982. [PMID: 34869736 PMCID: PMC8635136 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.764982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the biological characteristics of the reemerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains, a total of 392 tissue samples were collected from diseased pigs during reemerging PR outbreaks between 2012 and 2019 on farms in central China where swine had been immunized with Bartha-K61 and 51 (13. 01%) were positive for the gE gene by PCR. Sixteen PRV strains were isolated and caused clinical symptoms and death in mice. Subsequently, gE, gC, gB, and gD complete genes were amplified from the 16 PRV isolates and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on these four gene sequences shows that the 16 PRV isolates were more closely related to the Chinese PRV variants (after 2012) but genetically differed from early Chinese PRV isolates (before 2012). Sequence analysis reveals that PRV isolates exhibited amino acid insertions, substitutions, or deletions compared with early Chinese PRV isolates and European–American PRV strains. In addition, this is the first report that eight isolates (8/16) in this study harbor a unique amino acid substitution at position 280 (F to L) of the gC protein, and six isolates have an amino acid substitution at position 338 (A to V) of the gD protein compared with the Chinese PRV variants. The emulsion containing inactivated PRV NY isolate could provide complete protection against the NY isolate. This study might enrich our understanding of the evolution of reemerging PRV strains as well as pave the way for finding a model virus to develop a novel vaccine based on reemerging PRV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao D, Yang B, Yuan X, Shen C, Zhang D, Shi X, Zhang T, Cui H, Yang J, Chen X, Hao Y, Zheng H, Zhang K, Liu X. Advanced Research in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Co-infection With Other Pathogens in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699561. [PMID: 34513970 PMCID: PMC8426627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen causing epidemics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and is present in every major swine-farming country in the world. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRRSV infection leads to a range of consequences, such as persistent infection, secondary infection, and co-infection, and is common among pigs in the field. In recent years, coinfection of PRRSV and other porcine pathogens has occurred often, making it more difficult to define and diagnose PRRSV-related diseases. The study of coinfections may be extremely suitable for the current prevention and control in the field. However, there is a limited understanding of coinfection. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on the epidemiology of PRRSV coinfection with other pathogens in swine, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huimei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
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Peroxiredoxin 1 Interacts with TBK1/IKKε and Negatively Regulates Pseudorabies Virus Propagation by Promoting Innate Immunity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0092321. [PMID: 34260286 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) is a cellular antioxidant enzyme that is crucial for diverse fundamental biological processes, such as autophagy, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms underpinning its diverse roles are not well understood. Here, we report that PRDX1 positively regulates interferon (IFN) induction and that pseudorabies virus (PRV) targets PRDX1 to evade IFN induction. PRV UL13 encodes a serine/threonine kinase important for PRV infection, although its biological function remains obscure. We identified PRDX1 as a UL13-interacting protein. Virological and biochemical assays demonstrate that PRDX1 promotes IFN induction by interacting with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase ε (IKKε). Conversely, UL13 accelerates PRDX1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway in a kinase-dependent manner. In doing so, PRV inhibits IFN induction during productive infection, which requires PRDX1 expression. This study uncovers an essential role of PRDX1 in the innate immune response and reveals a new viral immune evasion strategy to counteract cellular defenses. IMPORTANCE PRV interacts with numerous cellular proteins during productive infection. Here, we demonstrated the interaction of viral protein UL13 with the antioxidant enzyme PRDX1, which functions in multiple signal transduction pathways. We found that PRDX1 participates in the type I IFN pathway by interacting with TBK1 and IKKε, thereby negatively regulating PRV propagation. However, UL13 ubiquitinates PRDX1, which routes PRDX1 into proteasomes for degradation and effectively reduces its expression. These results illuminate the fundamental role that PRDX1 plays in the IFN pathway, and they identify a potential target for the control of PRV infection.
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Fu PF, Cheng X, Su BQ, Duan LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, Wang J, Yang GY, Chu BB. CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of a recombinant double-reporter pseudorabies virus and its characterization in vitro and in vivo. Vet Res 2021; 52:95. [PMID: 34174954 PMCID: PMC8233574 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants, has broken out among commercial PRV vaccine-immunized swine herds and resulted in major economic losses to the pig industry in China since late 2011. However, the mechanism of virulence enhancement of variant PRV is currently unclear. Here, a recombinant PRV (rPRV HN1201-EGFP-Luc) with stable expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and firefly luciferase as a double reporter virus was constructed on the basis of the PRV variant HN1201 through CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology coupled with two sgRNAs. The biological characteristics of the recombinant virus and its lethality to mice were similar to those of the parental strain and displayed a stable viral titre and luciferase activity through 20 passages. Moreover, bioluminescence signals were detected in mice at 12 h after rPRV HN1201-EGFP-Luc infection. Using the double reporter PRV, we also found that 25-hydroxycholesterol had a significant inhibitory effect on PRV both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that the double reporter PRV based on PRV variant HN1201 should be an excellent tool for basic virology studies and evaluating antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Bing-Qian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Li-Fang Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Cong-Rong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Rui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
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50
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Gou H, Bian Z, Cai R, Chu P, Song S, Li Y, Jiang Z, Zhang K, Yang D, Li C. RIPK3-Dependent Necroptosis Limits PRV Replication in PK-15 Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664353. [PMID: 34149651 PMCID: PMC8211757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs infected by pseudorabies virus (PRV) display necrotic pathology in multiple organs. The mechanism by which PRV induces cell death is still unclear. Recently, necroptosis was identified as a programmed process dependent on the receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). In this study, we demonstrated that PRV induced RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in PK-15 cells. The data showed that PRV infection caused cell death with Propidium Iodide (PI)-positive staining. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated plasma membrane disruption in PRV-infected cells. A pan-caspase inhibitor did not prevent PRV-induced necrotic cell death. Western blot analysis indicated that caspase-3 and caspase-8 were not cleaved during PRV infection. Although the transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was increased by PRV infection, RIPK1 was shown to be not involved in PRV-induced necrotic cell death by use of its specific inhibitor. Further experiments indicated that the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL was upregulated in PRV-infected cells. Stable shRNA knockdown of RIPK3 or MLKL had a recovery effect on PRV-induced necrotic cell death. Meanwhile, viral titers were enhanced in RIPK3 and MLKL knockdown cells. Hence, we concluded that initiation of necroptosis in host cells plays a limiting role in PRV infection. Considering that necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, our data may be beneficial for understanding the necrotic pathology of pigs infected by PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibiao Bian
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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