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Proteomic Comparison of Three Wild-Type Pseudorabies Virus Strains and the Attenuated Bartha Strain Reveals Reduced Incorporation of Several Tegument Proteins in Bartha Virions. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115822. [PMID: 36453884 PMCID: PMC9769387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. Driven by the large economic losses associated with PRV infection, several vaccines and vaccine programs have been developed. To this day, the attenuated Bartha strain, generated by serial passaging, represents the golden standard for PRV vaccination. However, a proteomic comparison of the Bartha virion to wild-type (WT) PRV virions is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive mass spectrometry-based proteome comparison of the attenuated Bartha strain and three commonly used WT PRV strains: Becker, Kaplan, and NIA3. We report the detection of 40 structural and 14 presumed nonstructural proteins through a combination of data-dependent and data-independent acquisition. Interstrain comparisons revealed that packaging of the capsid and most envelope proteins is largely comparable in-between all four strains, except for the envelope protein pUL56, which is less abundant in Bartha virions. However, distinct differences were noted for several tegument proteins. Most strikingly, we noted a severely reduced incorporation of the tegument proteins IE180, VP11/12, pUS3, VP22, pUL41, pUS1, and pUL40 in Bartha virions. Moreover, and likely as a consequence, we also observed that Bartha virions are on average smaller and more icosahedral compared to WT virions. Finally, we detected at least 28 host proteins that were previously described in PRV virions and noticed considerable strain-specific differences with regard to host proteins, arguing that the potential role of packaged host proteins in PRV replication and spread should be further explored. IMPORTANCE The pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine strain Bartha-an attenuated strain created by serial passaging-represents an exceptional success story in alphaherpesvirus vaccination. Here, we used mass spectrometry to analyze the Bartha virion composition in comparison to three established WT PRV strains. Many viral tegument proteins that are considered nonessential for viral morphogenesis were drastically less abundant in Bartha virions compared to WT virions. Interestingly, many of the proteins that are less incorporated in Bartha participate in immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses. In addition, we observed a reduced size and more icosahedral morphology of the Bartha virions compared to WT PRV. Given that the Bartha vaccine strain elicits potent immune responses, our findings here suggest that differences in protein packaging may contribute to its immunogenicity. Further exploration of these observations could aid the development of efficacious vaccines against other alphaherpesvirus vaccines such as HSV-1/2 or EHV-1.
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Yang L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Huang J, Tian B, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Yu Y, Zhang L. UL11 Protein Is a Key Participant of the Duck Plague Virus in Its Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:792361. [PMID: 35058907 PMCID: PMC8764364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.792361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegument protein UL11 plays a critical role in the life cycle of herpesviruses. The UL11 protein of herpesviruses is important for viral particle entry, release, assembly, and secondary envelopment. Lipid raft is cholesterol-rich functional microdomains in cell membranes, which plays an important role in signal transduction and substance transport. Flotillin and prohibition, which are considered to be specific markers of lipid raft. However, little is known about the function of duck plague virus (DPV) UL11 in the life cycle of the viruses and the relationship between the lipid raft and UL11. In this study, an interference plasmid shRNA126 for UL11 was used. Results showed that UL11 is involved in the replication, cell to cell spread, viral particle assembly, and release processes. Furthermore, UL11 was verified that it could interact with the lipid raft through sucrose density gradient centrifugation and that function correlates with the second glycine of the UL11. When the lipid raft was depleted using the methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the release of the DPV was decreased. Moreover, UL11 can decrease several relative viral genes mRNA levels by qRT-PCR and Western blot test. Altogether, these results highlight an important role for UL11 protein in the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Meingast CL, Joshi PU, Turpeinen DG, Xu X, Holstein M, Feroz H, Ranjan S, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Heldt CL. Physiochemical properties of enveloped viruses and arginine dictate inactivation. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000342. [PMID: 33877739 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic protein manufacturing would benefit by having an arsenal of ways to inactivate viruses. There have been many publications on the virus inactivation ability of arginine at pH 4.0, but the mechanism of this inactivation is unknown. This study explored how virus structure and solution conditions enhance virus inactivation by arginine and leads to a better understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation by arginine. RESULTS Large diameter viruses from the Herpesviridae family (SuHV-1, HSV-1) with loosely packed lipids were highly inactivated by arginine, whereas small diameter, enveloped viruses (equine arteritis virus (EAV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)) with tightly packed lipids were negligibly inactivated by arginine. To increase the inactivation of viruses resistant to arginine, arginine-derivatives and arginine peptides were tested. Derivates and peptides demonstrated that a greater capacity for clustering and added hydrophobicity enhanced virus inactivation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detected increases in virus size after arginine exposure, supporting the mechanism of lipid expansion. CONCLUSIONS Arginine most likely interacts with the lipid membrane to cause inactivation. This is shown by larger viruses being more sensitive to inactivation and expansion of the viral size. The enhancement of arginine inactivation when increased hydrophobic molecules are present or arginine is clustered demonstrates a potential mechanism of how arginine interacts with the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa L Meingast
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Pratik U Joshi
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Dylan G Turpeinen
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hasin Feroz
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swarnim Ranjan
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caryn L Heldt
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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Structural Domains of the Herpes Simplex Type 1 gD Protein that Restrict HIV-1 Particle Infectivity. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02355-20. [PMID: 33536165 PMCID: PMC8103709 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02355-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the presence of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gD glycoprotein but not gB potently restricted HIV-1 particle infectivity. This restriction was characterized by incorporation of HSV-1 gD and the exclusion of the HIV-1 gp120/gp41 from budding virus particles. To determine the structural domains involved in gD restriction of HIV-1, a series of deletion mutants and chimeric proteins between gD and the non-restrictive gB were generated. Our results show that deletion of the cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of gD or that replacement of the transmembrane domain (TMD) with the TMD from gB slightly reduced restriction activity. However, replacement of the gD CTD with that of gB resulted in lower cell surface expression, significantly less incorporation into HIV-1 particles, and inefficient restriction of the release of infectious HIV-1. Analysis of gB/gD chimeric proteins revealed that removal of the gB CTD or replacement with gD CTD resulted in enhanced surface expression and an increase in restriction activity. Finally, we show that expression of gD without other HSV-1 proteins resulted in gD fractionation into detergent resistant membranes (DRM) and that gD co-localized with the raft marker GM1, which may partially explain its incorporation into budding virus particles. Taken together, our results suggest that expression of gD at the cell surface is likely a major factor but that other intrinsic properties are also involved in the gD-mediated restriction of HIV-1 particle infectivity.IMPORTANCE Previously, we showed that unlike the HSV-1, the presence of the gD glycoprotein in virus producer cells but not gB potently restricted HIV-1 particle infectivity. To better understand the relationship between cell surface expression, virus incorporation and restriction of HIV-1, we analyzed a series of deletion mutants and chimeric proteins in which domains of gD and gB were swapped. Our results indicate that: a) gD/gB chimeras having the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) of gB significantly reduced cell surface expression, release from cells, incorporation into virus, and reduced HIV-1 restriction; b) removal of the gB CTD or replacement with the gD CTD resulted in better surface expression, incorporation into HIV-1, and enhanced restriction; and c) the transmembrane domain of gB can influence transport and ultimately effect incorporation of gB into HIV-1. Overall, these data support a role for gD surface expression as crucial to restriction of infectious HIV-1 release.
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Expression of the Pseudorabies Virus gB Glycoprotein Triggers NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Increases Binding of the Activating NK Cell Receptor PILRβ. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02107-18. [PMID: 30700600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immunity and are key players in the defense against virus-infected and malignant cells. NK cells are particularly important in the innate defense against herpesviruses, including alphaherpesviruses. Aggravated and life-threatening alphaherpesvirus-induced disease has been reported in patients with NK cell deficiencies. NK cells are regulated by a diversity of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors that recognize specific ligands on the plasma membrane of virus-infected or malignant target cells. Although alphaherpesviruses have developed several evasion strategies against NK cell-mediated attack, alphaherpesvirus-infected cells are still readily recognized and killed by NK cells. However, the (viral) factors that trigger NK cell activation against alphaherpesvirus-infected cells are largely unknown. In this study, we show that expression of the gB glycoprotein of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, both in PRV-infected and in gB-transfected cells. In addition, we report that, like their human and murine counterpart, porcine NK cells express the activating receptor paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta (PILRβ), and we show that gB expression triggers increased binding of recombinant porcine PILRβ to the surfaces of PRV-infected cells and gB-transfected cells.IMPORTANCE Natural killer (NK) cells display a prominent cytolytic activity against virus-infected cells and are indispensable in the innate antiviral response, particularly against herpesviruses. Despite their importance in the control of alphaherpesvirus infections, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that trigger NK cell cytotoxicity against alphaherpesvirus-infected cells. Here, using the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), we found that the conserved alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein gB triggers NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, both in virus-infected and in gB-transfected cells. In addition, we report that gB expression results in increased cell surface binding of porcine paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta (PILRβ), an activating NK cell receptor. The interaction between PILRβ and viral gB may have consequences that stretch beyond the interaction with NK cells, including virus entry into host cells. The identification of gB as an NK cell-activating viral protein may be of importance in the construction of future vaccines and therapeutics requiring optimized interactions of alphaherpesviruses with NK cells.
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Lai CK, Su JC, Lin YH, Chang CS, Feng CL, Lin HJ, Lin CJ, Tseng GC, Liu HH, Hsieh JT, Su HL, Lai CH. Involvement of cholesterol in Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin-induced pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:489-501. [PMID: 25865189 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether cholesterol plays a pivotal role in cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) mediated pathogenic effects in hosts. MATERIALS & METHODS The molecular mechanisms underlying cholesterol sequestering conferred resistance to CDT-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and cell cycle arrest were investigated. Histopathological analysis was conducted for evaluating CDT-induced intestinal inflammation in mouse. RESULTS CDT actions were attenuated by treatment of cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Severe intestinal inflammation induced by CDT treatment was observed in high-cholesterol diet-fed mice, but not in normal diet-fed mice, indicating that cholesterol is essential for CDT intoxication. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a molecular link between Campylobacter jejuni CDT and cholesterol, which is crucial to facilitate CDT-induced pathogenesis in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuo Lai
- School of Medicine & Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Pontes MS, Van Waesberghe C, Nauwynck H, Verhasselt B, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gE triggers ERK1/2 phosphorylation and degradation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim in epithelial cells. Virus Res 2015; 213:214-218. [PMID: 26721325 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ERK1/2 (Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase 1/2) signaling is a key cellular signaling axis controlling many cellular events, including cell survival. Activation of ERK 1/2 may trigger an anti-apoptotic response, and different viruses have been shown to benefit from this process. We have described recently that the viral glycoprotein gE mediates pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced activation of ERK 1/2 in T lymphocytes. In the present study, we report that PRV gE-mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation also occurs in epithelial cells and that in these cells, gE-mediated ERK 1/2 signaling is associated with degradation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Our results for the first time link the viral glycoprotein gE, an important alphaherpesvirus virulence factor, with the apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Pontes
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms of protein and lipid organization at the plasma membrane have continued to engage researchers for decades. Among proposed models, one idea has been particularly successful which assumes that sterol-dependent nanoscopic phases of different lipid chain order compartmentalize proteins, thereby modulating protein functionality. This model of membrane rafts has sustainably sparked the fields of membrane biophysics and biology, and shifted membrane lipids into the spotlight of research; by now, rafts have become an integral part of our terminology to describe a variety of cell biological processes. But is the evidence clear enough to continue supporting a theoretical concept which has resisted direct proof by observation for nearly twenty years? In this essay, we revisit findings that gave rise to and substantiated the raft hypothesis, discuss its impact on recent studies, and present alternative mechanisms to account for plasma membrane heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sevcsik
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Wang X, Zhu N, Li W, Zhu F, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Mono-ubiquitylated ORF45 Mediates Association of KSHV Particles with Internal Lipid Rafts for Viral Assembly and Egress. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005332. [PMID: 26650119 PMCID: PMC4674120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses acquire their envelope by budding into the lumen of cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. This process is initiated by component(s) on viral particles, which recognize the budding site where the viral glycoproteins are present and recruit cellular cargo transport and sorting machinery to the site to complete the budding process. Proteins in the tegument layer, connecting capsid and envelope, are candidates for the recognition of budding sites on vesicle membrane and induction of budding and final envelopment. We examined several outer and matrix tegument proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and found that ORF45 associates with lipid rafts (LRs) of cellular membrane. LRs are membrane micro-domains, which have been implicated as relay stations in intracellular signaling and transport including viral entry and virion assembly. The ability of ORF45 to target LR is dependent on the mono-ubiquitylation of ORF45 at Lys297 as the mutation at Lys297 (K297R) abolished LR-association of ORF45. The K297R mutation also impairs ORF45 and viral particle co-localization with trans-Golgi network and endosomes, but facilitates ORF45 and viral particles co-localizing with lysosomes. More importantly, the recombinant KSHV carrying ORF45 K297R mutant (BAC-K297R) was found severely defective in producing mature and infectious virion particles in comparison to wild type KSHV (BAC16). Taken together, our results reveal a new function of KSHV tegument protein ORF45 in targeting LR of host cell membrane, promoting viral particles co-localization with trans-Golgi and endosome vesicles and facilitating the maturation and release of virion particles, suggesting that ORF45 plays a role in bringing KSHV particles to the budding site on cytoplasmic vesicle membrane and triggering the viral budding process for final envelopment and virion maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (YY)
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (YY)
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Pseudorabies virus triggers glycoprotein gE-mediated ERK1/2 activation and ERK1/2-dependent migratory behavior in T cells. J Virol 2014; 89:2149-56. [PMID: 25473050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02549-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between viruses and immune cells of the host may lead to modulation of intracellular signaling pathways and to subsequent changes in cellular behavior that are of benefit for either virus or host. ERK1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2) signaling represents one of the key cellular signaling axes. Here, using wild-type and gE null virus, recombinant gE, and gE-transfected cells, we show that the gE glycoprotein of the porcine Varicellovirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers ERK1/2 phosphorylation in Jurkat T cells and primary porcine T lymphocytes. PRV-induced ERK1/2 signaling resulted in homotypic T cell aggregation and increased motility of T lymphocytes. Our study reveals a new function of the gE glycoprotein of PRV and suggests that PRV, through activation of ERK1/2 signaling, has a substantial impact on T cell behavior. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are known to be highly successful in evading the immune system of their hosts, subverting signaling pathways of the host to their own advantage. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway, being involved in many cellular processes, represents a particularly attractive target for viral manipulation. Glycoprotein E (gE) is an important virulence factor of alphaherpesviruses, involved in viral spread. In this study, we show that gE has the previously uncharacterized ability to trigger ERK1/2 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes. We also show that virus-induced ERK1/2 signaling leads to increased migratory behavior of T cells and that migratory T cells can spread the infection to susceptible cells. In conclusion, our results point to a novel function for gE and suggest that virus-induced ERK1/2 activation may trigger PRV-carrying T lymphocytes to migrate and infect other cells susceptible to PRV replication.
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11
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Kratchmarov R, Taylor MP, Enquist LW. Role of Us9 phosphorylation in axonal sorting and anterograde transport of pseudorabies virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58776. [PMID: 23527020 PMCID: PMC3602541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpes viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV), undergo anterograde transport in neuronal axons to facilitate anterograde spread within hosts. Axonal sorting and anterograde transport of virions is dependent on the viral membrane protein Us9, which interacts with the host motor protein Kif1A to direct transport. Us9-Kif1A interactions are necessary but not sufficient for these processes, indicating that additional cofactors or post-translational modifications are needed. In this study, we characterized two conserved serine phosphorylation sites (S51 and S53) in the PRV Us9 protein that are necessary for anterograde spread in vivo. We assessed the subcellular localization of phospho-Us9 subspecies during infection of neurons and found that the phospho-form is detectable on the majority, but not all, of axonal vesicles containing Us9 protein. In biochemical assays, phospho-Us9 was enriched in lipid raft membrane microdomains, though Us9 phosphorylation did not require prior lipid raft association. During infections of chambered neuronal cultures, we observed only a modest reduction in anterograde spread capacity for diserine mutant Us9, and no defect for monoserine mutants. Conversely, mutation of the kinase recognition sequence residues adjacent to the phosphorylation sites completely abrogated anterograde spread. In live-cell imaging analyses, anterograde transport of virions was reduced during infection with a recombinant PRV strain expressing GFP-tagged diserine mutant Us9. Phosphorylation was not required for Us9-Kif1A interaction, suggesting that Us9-Kif1A binding is a distinct step from the activation and/or stabilization of the transport complex. Taken together, our findings indicate that, while not essential, Us9 phosphorylation enhances Us9-Kif1A-based transport of virions in axons to modulate the overall efficiency of long-distance anterograde spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Kratchmarov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lai CH, Hsu YM, Wang HJ, Wang WC. Manipulation of host cholesterol by Helicobacter pylori for their beneficial ecological niche. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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13
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St. Pierre CA, Leonard D, Corvera S, Kurt-Jones EA, Finberg RW. Antibodies to cell surface proteins redirect intracellular trafficking pathways. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:723-32. [PMID: 21819978 PMCID: PMC3315679 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents has been considered for treatment of a variety of diseases. These approaches involve targeting cell-surface receptor proteins expressed by tumors or viral proteins expressed on infected cells. We examined the intracellular trafficking of a viral cell-surface-expressed protein, rabies G, with or without binding a specific antibody, ARG1. We found that antibody binding shifts the native intracellular trafficking pathway of rabies G in an Fc-independent manner. Kinetic studies indicate that the ARG1/rabies G complex progressively co-localized with clathrin, early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes after addition to cells. This pathway was different from that taken by rabies G without addition of antibody, which localized with recycling endosomes. Findings were recapitulated using a cellular receptor with a well-defined endogenous recycling pathway. We conclude that antibody binding to cell-surface proteins induces redirection of intracellular trafficking of unbound or ligand bound receptors to a specific degradation pathway. These findings have broad implications for future developments of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. St. Pierre
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Deborah Leonard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Evelyn A. Kurt-Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Robert W. Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
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14
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Ren X, Li G, Sui X. Antiviral activities of phosphonoformate sodium to pseudorabies herpesvirus infection in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:608-613. [PMID: 21554003 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.538416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Phosphonoformate sodium (PFS) has been used as an anti-herpesvirus drug; nevertheless, studies of the use of PFS for treatment of pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in the veterinary setting have not been widely reported. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of PFS on cell infection and apoptosis induced by PrV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The infectivity of PrV was determined by plaque assays when PFS was applied to the virus, to the virus-infected cells, and to the cells prior to infection. PCR amplifying DNA polymerase, gE, gG, and gD genes of PrV was performed. PrV-induced cell apoptosis was analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS PFS inhibits cell infection by PrV. Addition of the drug decreased the number of apoptotic cells. Amplification of DNA polymerase and other viral structural genes detected in this study by PCR was reduced, because there were fewer viral DNA copies being made in the presence of the drug. The drug has an inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis induced by PrV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION PFS has inhibitory effects on cell infection by PrV, which may be used as an anti-PrV agent or combined with other anti-PrV agents. PrV-induced cell apoptotic cells and viral DNA copies decreased in the presence of the PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. or
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15
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Delputte PL, Van Gorp H, Favoreel HW, Hoebeke I, Delrue I, Dewerchin H, Verdonck F, Verhasselt B, Cox E, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine sialoadhesin (CD169/Siglec-1) is an endocytic receptor that allows targeted delivery of toxins and antigens to macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16827. [PMID: 21359217 PMCID: PMC3040196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoadhesin is exclusively expressed on specific subpopulations of macrophages. Since sialoadhesin-positive macrophages are involved in inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and potentially in the generation of immune responses, targeted delivery of drugs, toxins or antigens via sialoadhesin-specific immunoconjugates may prove a useful therapeutic strategy. Originally, sialoadhesin was characterized as a lymphocyte adhesion molecule, though recently its involvement in internalization of sialic acid carrying pathogens was shown, suggesting that sialoadhesin is an endocytic receptor. In this report, we show that porcine sialoadhesin-specific antibodies and F(ab')2 fragments trigger sialoadhesin internalization, both in primary porcine macrophages and in cells expressing recombinant porcine sialoadhesin. Using chemical inhibitors, double immunofluorescence stainings and dominant-negative constructs, porcine sialoadhesin internalization was shown to be clathrin- and Eps15-dependent and to result in targeting to early endosomes but not lysosomes. Besides characterizing the sialoadhesin endocytosis mechanism, two sialoadhesin-specific immunoconjugates were evaluated. We observed that porcine sialoadhesin-specific immunotoxins efficiently kill sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages. Furthermore, porcine sialoadhesin-specific albumin immunoconjugates were shown to be internalized in macrophages and immunization with these immunoconjugates resulted in a rapid and robust induction of albumin-specific antibodies, this compared to immunization with albumin alone. Together, these data expand sialoadhesin functionality and show that it can function as an endocytic receptor, a feature that cannot only be misused by sialic acid carrying pathogens, but that may also be used for specific targeting of toxins or antigens to sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Delputte
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Ren X, Yin J, Li G, Herrler G. Cholesterol dependence of pseudorabies herpesvirus entry. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:261-6. [PMID: 20625735 PMCID: PMC7080178 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are special microdomains in the plasma membrane. They are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol, playing critical roles in many biological processes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the requirement of cholesterol, a crucial component of lipid rafts for cell infection by pseudorabies virus (PrV). Cholesterol of plasma membrane or viral envelope was depleted with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), and the infectivity of three strains of PrV was determined with plaque assays. The effect of adding cholesterol to MβCD-treated cells and viruses on cell infection was analyzed. Furthermore, effect of post-adsorption cholesterol depletion on PrV infection was investigated. We show that cholesterol depletion of either the plasma membrane or the viral membrane by MβCD significantly impaired the infectivity of PrV strains Kaplan, Becker, and Bartha K-61. The virus was shown to have lower cholesterol content and to respond to lower MβCD concentrations. Exogenous cholesterol added to either MβCD-treated cells or virions partially restored the virus infectivity. Optimal PrV infection requires cholesterol in viral and plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Optimal replication of human cytomegalovirus correlates with endocytosis of glycoprotein gpUL132. J Virol 2010; 84:7039-52. [PMID: 20444903 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01644-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Envelopment of a herpesvirus particle is a complex process of which much is still to be learned. We previously identified the glycoprotein gpUL132 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as an envelope component of the virion. In its carboxy-terminal portion, gpUL132 contains at least four motifs for sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes; among them are one dileucine-based signal and three tyrosine-based signals of the YXXØ and NPXY (where X stands for any amino acid, and Ø stands for any bulky hydrophobic amino acid) types. To investigate the role of each of these trafficking signals in intracellular localization and viral replication, we constructed a panel of expression plasmids and recombinant viruses in which the signals were rendered nonfunctional by mutagenesis. In transfected cells wild-type gpUL132 was mainly associated with the trans-Golgi network. Consecutive mutation of the trafficking signals resulted in increasing fractions of the protein localized at the cell surface, with gpUL132 mutated in all four trafficking motifs predominantly associated with the plasma membrane. Concomitant with increased surface expression, endocytosis of mutant gpUL132 was reduced, with a gpUL132 expressing all four motifs in mutated form being almost completely impaired in endocytosis. The replication of recombinant viruses harboring mutations in single trafficking motifs was comparable to replication of wild-type virus. In contrast, viruses containing mutations in three or four of the trafficking signals showed pronounced deficits in replication with a reduction of approximately 100-fold. Moreover, recombinant viruses expressing gpUL132 with three or four trafficking motifs mutated failed to incorporate the mutant protein into the virus particle. These results demonstrate a role of endocytosis of an HCMV envelope glycoprotein for incorporation into the virion and optimal virus replication.
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Abstract
Advances in cell biology and biophysics revealed that cellular membranes consist of multiple microdomains with specific sets of components such as lipid rafts and TEMs (tetraspanin-enriched microdomains). An increasing number of enveloped viruses have been shown to utilize these microdomains during their assembly. Among them, association of HIV-1 (HIV type 1) and other retroviruses with lipid rafts and TEMs within the PM (plasma membrane) is well documented. In this review, I describe our current knowledge on interrelationships between PM microdomain organization and the HIV-1 particle assembly process. Microdomain association during virus particle assembly may also modulate subsequent virus spread. Potential roles played by microdomains will be discussed with regard to two post-assembly events, i.e., inhibition of virus release by a raft-associated protein BST-2/tetherin and cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission at virological synapses.
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Abstract
Two major structural elements of a cell are the cytoskeleton and the lipid membranes. Actin and cholesterol are key components of the cytoskeleton and membranes, respectively, and are involved in a plethora of different cellular processes. This review summarizes and discusses the interaction of alphaherpesviruses with actin and cholesterol during different stages of the replication cycle: virus entry, replication and assembly in the nucleus, and virus egress. Elucidating these interactions not only yields novel insights into the biology of these important pathogens, but may also shed new light on cell biological aspects of actin and cholesterol, and lead to novel avenues in the design of antiviral strategies.
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Kawabata A, Tang H, Huang H, Yamanishi K, Mori Y. y Human herpesvirus 6 envelope components enriched in lipid rafts: evidence for virion-associated lipid rafts. Virol J 2009; 6:127. [PMID: 19689819 PMCID: PMC2743664 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, enveloped viruses are highly dependent on their lipid envelope for entry into host cells. Here, we demonstrated that during the course of virus maturation, a significant proportion of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) envelope proteins were selectively concentrated in the detergent-resistant glycosphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membranes (rafts) in HHV-6-infected cells. In addition, the ganglioside GM1, which is known to partition preferentially into lipid rafts, was detected in purified virions, along with viral envelope glycoproteins, gH, gL, gB, gQ1, gQ2 and gO indicating that at least one raft component was included in the viral particle during the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kawabata
- Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
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21
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Comparison of the pseudorabies virus Us9 protein with homologs from other veterinary and human alphaherpesviruses. J Virol 2009; 83:6978-86. [PMID: 19420087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00598-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 is a small, tail-anchored (TA) membrane protein that is essential for axonal sorting of viral structural proteins and is highly conserved among other members of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. We cloned the Us9 homologs from two human pathogens, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as well as two veterinary pathogens, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and fused them to enhanced green fluorescent protein to examine their subcellular localization and membrane topology. Akin to PRV Us9, all of the Us9 homologs localized to the trans-Golgi network and had a type II membrane topology (typical of TA proteins). Furthermore, we examined whether any of the Us9 homologs could compensate for the loss of PRV Us9 in anterograde, neuron-to-cell spread of infection in a compartmented chamber system. EHV-1 and BHV-1 Us9 were able to fully compensate for the loss of PRV Us9, whereas VZV and HSV-1 Us9 proteins were unable to functionally replace PRV Us9 when they were expressed in a PRV background.
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22
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Lyman MG, Curanovic D, Enquist LW. Targeting of pseudorabies virus structural proteins to axons requires association of the viral Us9 protein with lipid rafts. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000065. [PMID: 18483549 PMCID: PMC2361720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudorabies virus (PRV) Us9 protein plays a central role in targeting viral capsids and glycoproteins to axons of dissociated sympathetic neurons. As a result, Us9 null mutants are defective in anterograde transmission of infection in vivo. However, it is unclear how Us9 promotes axonal sorting of so many viral proteins. It is known that the glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE are associated with lipid raft microdomains on the surface of infected swine kidney cells and monocytes, and are directed into the axon in a Us9-dependent manner. In this report, we determined that Us9 is associated with lipid rafts, and that this association is critical to Us9-mediated sorting of viral structural proteins. We used infected non-polarized and polarized PC12 cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line that acquires many of the characteristics of sympathetic neurons in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF). In these cells, Us9 is highly enriched in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Moreover, reducing the affinity of Us9 for lipid rafts inhibited anterograde transmission of infection from sympathetic neurons to epithelial cells in vitro. We conclude that association of Us9 with lipid rafts is key for efficient targeting of structural proteins to axons and, as a consequence, for directional spread of PRV from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic neurons and cells of the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G. Lyman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dusica Curanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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23
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Koshizuka T, Kawaguchi Y, Nozawa N, Mori I, Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus protein UL11 but not UL51 is associated with lipid rafts. Virus Genes 2007; 35:571-5. [PMID: 17694428 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The UL11 and UL51 gene products of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are membrane-associated tegument proteins that are incorporated into the HSV virion. UL11 and UL51 are conserved throughout the herpesvirus family. Both UL11 and UL51, either singly or in combination, are involved in virion envelopment and/or egress. Both proteins are fatty acylated: UL11 is both acylated by myristoic and palmitoic acids and UL51 is monoacylated by palmitoic acid. Using confocal microscopy and sucrose gradient fractionations in transfected or HSV-infected cells, we found that HSV-2 UL11 but not UL51 was associated with lipid rafts. The dual acylation of UL11 was necessary for lipid raft association, as mutations in the myristoylation or palmitoylation sites prevented lipid raft association. These differences in lipid raft association may contribute to the functional differences between UL11 and UL51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Koshizuka
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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24
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Sarmiento RE, Tirado RG, Valverde LE, Gómez-Garcia B. Kinetics of antibody-induced modulation of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in a human epithelial cell line. Virol J 2007; 4:68. [PMID: 17608950 PMCID: PMC1950497 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The binding of viral-specific antibodies to cell-surface antigens usually results in down modulation of the antigen through redistribution of antigens into patches that subsequently may be internalized by endocytosis or may form caps that can be expelled to the extracellular space. Here, by use of confocal-laser-scanning microscopy we investigated the kinetics of the modulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen by RSV-specific IgG. RSV-infected human epithelial cells (HEp-2) were incubated with anti-RSV polyclonal IgG and, at various incubation times, the RSV-cell-surface-antigen-antibody complexes (RSV Ag-Abs) and intracellular viral proteins were detected by indirect immunoflourescence. Results Interaction of anti-RSV polyclonal IgG with RSV HEp-2 infected cells induced relocalization and aggregation of viral glycoproteins in the plasma membrane formed patches that subsequently produced caps or were internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis participation. Moreover, the concentration of cell surface RSV Ag-Abs and intracellular viral proteins showed a time dependent cyclic variation and that anti-RSV IgG protected HEp-2 cells from viral-induced death. Conclusion The results from this study indicate that interaction between RSV cell surface proteins and specific viral antibodies alter the expression of viral antigens expressed on the cells surface and intracellular viral proteins; furthermore, interfere with viral induced destruction of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Sarmiento
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Rocio G Tirado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Laura E Valverde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F., México
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25
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Desplanques AS, Nauwynck HJ, Tilleman K, Deforce D, Favoreel HW. Tyrosine phosphorylation and lipid raft association of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E during antibody-mediated capping. Virology 2007; 362:60-6. [PMID: 17240415 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In specific cell types infected with the alphaherpesviruses herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV), addition of virus-specific antibodies results in redistribution of cell-surface-anchored viral proteins. This redistribution is triggered by the viral protein gE and consists of the directional movement of the antibody-antigen complexes to one pole of the cell. This viral capping process has been associated with increased antibody-resistant virus spread and strongly resembles immunoreceptor capping, a process that is crucial in activation of different immune cells (e.g. capping of Fcgamma-receptors, B and T cell receptors). Here, we report that the PRV gE-mediated viral capping process results in increased Src kinase-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain of gE and that a fraction of gE associates with lipid rafts, all very reminiscent of immunoreceptor capping. These results provide evidence that gE-mediated capping is a viral mimicry of immunoreceptor capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Desplanques
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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26
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Fleming EH, Kolokoltsov AA, Davey RA, Nichols JE, Roberts NJ. Respiratory syncytial virus F envelope protein associates with lipid rafts without a requirement for other virus proteins. J Virol 2006; 80:12160-70. [PMID: 17005642 PMCID: PMC1676292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00643-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many enveloped viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assembles at and buds from lipid rafts. Translocation of the envelope proteins to these membrane subdomains is essential for production of infectious virus, but the targeting mechanism is poorly understood and it is not known if other virus proteins are required. Here we demonstrate that F protein of RSV intrinsically targets to lipid rafts without a requirement for any other virus protein, including the SH and G envelope proteins. Recombinant virus deficient in SH and G but retaining F protein expression was used to demonstrate that F protein still localized in rafts in both A549 and HEp-2 cells. Expression of a recombinant F gene by use of plasmid vectors demonstrated that F contains its own targeting domain and localized to rafts in the absence of other virus proteins. The domain responsible for translocation was then mapped. Unlike most other virus envelope proteins, F is unusual since the target signal is not contained within the cytoplasmic domain nor did it involve fatty acid modified residues. Furthermore, exchange of the transmembrane domain with that of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, a nonraft protein, did not alter F protein raft localization. Taken together, these data suggest that domains present in the extracellular portion of the protein are responsible for lipid raft targeting of the RSV F protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa H Fleming
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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27
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Riteau B, de Vaureix C, Lefèvre F. Trypsin increases pseudorabies virus production through activation of the ERK signalling pathway. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1109-1112. [PMID: 16603510 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases that are expressed in primary and secondary foci of viral infection are potentially important mediators of infectious inflammatory processes. For some viruses, such as influenza virus and rotaviruses, proteases such as trypsin enhance infectivity by a direct proteolytic effect on some virion proteins. By using an in vitro model of herpesvirus infection, the possibility that proteases modulate the viral cycle through signalling delivered to the infected cell was investigated. It is reported that exposure of pseudorabies virus-infected cells to trypsin increased virus production. Moreover, this treatment induced synergistic and sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signalling pathway, which appeared to be necessary for this increased viral production. These results suggest that herpesviruses could take advantage of the inflammatory context and particularly of the presence of proteases to increase their replication. Thus, these data point to a potentially important role of extracellular proteases in herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Riteau
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Christiane de Vaureix
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - François Lefèvre
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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28
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Favoreel HW. The why's of Y-based motifs in alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins. Virus Res 2006; 117:202-8. [PMID: 16417939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae are large DNA viruses and represent the largest subfamily of the Herpesviridae with closely related members of man and animal, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, pseudorabies virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and many others. The viral envelope proteins of alphaherpesviruses are remarkably diverse and are incorporated in the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane of infected cells. The cytoplasmic domain of many of these envelope proteins contain specific tyrosine-based amino acids. During recent years, accumulating evidence indicates that these tyrosine-based motifs serve different important functions during the virus life cycle, and are implicated in endocytosis processes, intracellular trafficking, basolateral and axonal sorting, and signal transduction events. The current minireview will discuss the functions associated with these tyrosine-based motifs in alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Virology and Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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29
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Geenen K, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Higher resistance of porcine trigeminal ganglion neurons towards pseudorabies virus-induced cell death compared with other porcine cell types in vitro. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1251-1260. [PMID: 15831935 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons are important target cells for many alphaherpesviruses, constituting major sites for latency/reactivation events. Here, the in vitro kinetics of productive infection of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) and resulting cell death in primary porcine TG neurons were determined, and these were compared with similar kinetics in many other porcine cell types. Confocal microscopy showed that all TG neurons expressed late genes such as viral glycoproteins, and that these glycoproteins were processed through the Golgi and reached the cell surface as in other cell types, albeit with a delay of +/-2-6 h. However, TG neurons were much more resistant towards PRV-induced cell death compared with all other porcine cell types tested (non-neuronal TG cells, superior cervical ganglion neurons, epithelial kidney cells, arterial endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts and cells derived from a porcine swine kidney cell line). About half of the TG neurons survived up to 96 h post-inoculation (end of experiment), whereas all other cell types almost completely succumbed within 2 days post-inoculation. In addition, infection with a strongly pro-apoptotic PRV strain that misses the anti-apoptotic US3 protein did not lead to substantial apoptosis in TG neurons, even at 72 h post-inoculation. Thus, primary porcine TG neurons can be infected with PRV in vitro, and are remarkably more resistant to PRV-induced cell death compared with other porcine cell types, suggesting a cell type-specific resistance to alphaherpesvirus-induced cell death that may have important implications for different aspects of the virus life cycle, including latency/reactivation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Geenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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30
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Chung CS, Huang CY, Chang W. Vaccinia virus penetration requires cholesterol and results in specific viral envelope proteins associated with lipid rafts. J Virol 2005; 79:1623-34. [PMID: 15650188 PMCID: PMC544138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1623-1634.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus infects a wide variety of mammalian cells from different hosts, but the mechanism of virus entry is not clearly defined. The mature intracellular vaccinia virus contains several envelope proteins mediating virion adsorption to cell surface glycosaminoglycans; however, it is not known how the bound virions initiate virion penetration into cells. For this study, we investigated the importance of plasma membrane lipid rafts in the mature intracellular vaccinia virus infection process by using biochemical and fluorescence imaging techniques. A raft-disrupting drug, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, inhibited vaccinia virus uncoating without affecting virion attachment, indicating that cholesterol-containing lipid rafts are essential for virion penetration into mammalian cells. To provide direct evidence of a virus and lipid raft association, we isolated detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membranes from cells immediately after virus infection and demonstrated that several viral envelope proteins, A14, A17L, and D8L, were present in the cell membrane lipid raft fractions, whereas the envelope H3L protein was not. Such an association did not occur after virions attached to cells at 4 degrees C and was only observed when virion penetration occurred at 37 degrees C. Immunofluorescence microscopy also revealed that cell surface staining of viral envelope proteins was colocalized with GM1, a lipid raft marker on the plasma membrane, consistent with biochemical analyses. Finally, mutant viruses lacking the H3L, D8L, or A27L protein remained associated with lipid rafts, indicating that the initial attachment of vaccinia virions through glycosaminoglycans is not required for lipid raft formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Wielgosz MM, Rauch DA, Jones KS, Ruscetti FW, Ratner L. Cholesterol dependence of HTLV-I infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:43-50. [PMID: 15665643 PMCID: PMC2671014 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomains are important for entry of many viruses, including retroviruses. Depletion of cholesterol with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibits entry of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) and HTLV-I envelope pseudotyped lentivirus particles. Using a soluble fusion protein of the HTLV-I surface envelope protein with the immunoglobulin Fc domain, the HTLV-I receptor was found to colocalize with a raft-associated marker and to cluster in specific plasma membrane microdomains. Depletion of cholesterol did not alter receptor binding activity, suggesting a requirement for cholesterol in a postbinding virus entry step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wielgosz
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Van Minnebruggen G, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Internalization of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein B is mediated by an interaction between the YQRL motif in its cytoplasmic domain and the clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor complex. J Virol 2004; 78:8852-9. [PMID: 15280493 PMCID: PMC479101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8852-8859.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domain of pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein B (gB) contains three putative internalization motifs. Previously, we demonstrated that the tyrosine-based YQRL motif at positions 902 to 905, but not the YMSI motif at positions 864 to 867 or the LL doublet at positions 887 and 888, is required for correct functioning of gB during antibody-mediated internalization of PRV cell surface-bound glycoproteins. In the present study, we demonstrate that the YQRL motif is also crucial to allow spontaneous internalization of PRV gB, and thus, that spontaneous and antibody-mediated internalizations of PRV gB occur through closely related mechanisms. Furthermore, we found that PRV gB colocalizes with the cellular clathrin-associated AP-2 adaptor complex and that this colocalization depends on the YQRL motif. In addition, by coimmunoprecipitation assays, we found that during both spontaneous and antibody-dependent internalization, PRV gB physically interacts with AP-2, and that efficient interaction between gB and AP-2 required an intact YQRL motif. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that during internalization of an alphaherpesvirus envelope protein, i.e., PRV gB, a specific amino acid sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the protein interacts with AP-2 and may constitute a common AP-2-mediated mechanism of internalization of alphaherpesvirus envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Van Minnebruggen
- Laboratories of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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