1
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Prevalence of Infection of Canine Distemper Virus, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, and Feline Leukemia Virus in Wild Ecuadorian Ocelots; Efficacy of Their Diagnosis, and Recovery from Infection. J Wildl Dis 2022; 58:641-645. [PMID: 35763618 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study provides an analysis of the prevalence and detectability of canine distemper virus (CDV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) sheltered in a wild animal recovery center in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Blood samples of 19 rescued ocelots from 2019-20 were analyzed using FeLV p27 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and commercial insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase PCR (iiRT-PCR) kits. Using this PCR we detected positive results for CDV (4/ 17; 23.5%) and FeLV (14/16; 87.5%), but not for FIV (0/8). Three previously positive cases of CDV and two of FeLV showed negative results on retesting 6 mo later. Moreover, a third analysis was conducted and was negative for CDV. Our results suggest that ocelots can recover from the local CDV and FeLV strains. An ELISA for the FeLV p27 antigen showed no capability to detect FeLV in ocelots that were confirmed positive by iiRT-PCR. Regional lineages, viral virulence, and host immune response capabilities should be addressed in further research to inform management and decision making for wildlife conservation.
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2
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Liu E, Ma L, Huang S, You D, Guo L, Li X, Xu H, Liu D, Chai H, Wang Y. The first feline immunodeficiency virus from Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in northeastern China. Arch Virol 2022; 167:545-551. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:83-94. [PMID: 34466379 PMCID: PMC8385399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a pathogenic lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses that has been associated with AIDS-like pathologies in domestic and wild cats, as well as in hyenas. Despite known pathologies, progressive immunosuppression and ill health effects driven by these lentiviruses in association with other secondary infections remain understudied in free-ranging species. Here, the role of coinfections by gastrointestinal parasites and tick-borne hemoparasites for FIV disease progression was explored in 195 free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) living in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Using statistical methodology, we evaluated the effects of FIV on a range of health indicators to explore how direct and indirect effects of FIV and associated coinfections align to determine lion health outcomes. Findings show direct negative effects of FIV on host immunity and nutritional status, and exacerbation of aggressive behaviors, conditions which may increase exposure/susceptibility to other secondary infections. When taken together, the contribution of coinfecting parasites to morbidity in lions is of similar magnitude as direct effects of FIV infection alone, suggesting that the particular coinfection assemblage may play a role in mediating disease progression within natural lion populations. Immunosuppression by FIV increases richness and abundance of secondary parasites. Infection by gastrointestinal parasites drives severe malnourishment in FIV hosts. Hemoparasite infection contributed to liver pathology and clinical wasting. Contributions of secondary infections to morbidity equal the direct effects of FIV.
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4
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Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Marti I, Pisano SRR, Pewsner M, Wehrle M, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Origgi FC, Kübber-Heiss A, Knauer F, Posautz A, Eberspächer-Schweda M, Huder JB, Böni J, Kubacki J, Bachofen C, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. Management of Suspected Cases of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Eurasian Lynx ( Lynx lynx) During an International Translocation Program. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730874. [PMID: 34760956 PMCID: PMC8573149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population in Switzerland serves as a source for reintroductions in neighboring countries. In 2016–2017, three lynx from the same geographical area were found seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the framework of an international translocation program. This novel finding raised questions about the virus origin and pathogenicity to lynx, the emerging character of the infection, and the interpretation of serological results in other lynx caught for translocation. Archived serum samples from 84 lynx captured in 2001–2016 were retrospectively tested for FIV antibodies by Western blot. All archived samples were FIV-negative. The three seropositive lynx were monitored in quarantine enclosures prior to euthanasia and necropsy. They showed disease signs, pathological findings, and occurrence of co-infections reminding of those described in FIV-infected domestic cats. All attempts to isolate and characterize the virus failed but serological data and spatiotemporal proximity of the cases suggested emergence of a lentivirus with antigenic and pathogenic similarities to FIV in the Swiss lynx population. A decision scheme was developed to minimize potential health risks posed by FIV infection, both in the recipient and source lynx populations, considering conservation goals, animal welfare, and the limited action range resulting from local human conflicts. Development and implementation of a cautious decision scheme was particularly challenging because FIV pathogenic potential in lynx was unclear, negative FIV serological results obtained within the first weeks after infection are unpredictable, and neither euthanasia nor repatriation of multiple lynx was acceptable options. The proposed scheme distinguished between three scenarios: release at the capture site, translocation, or euthanasia. Until April 2021, none of the 40 lynx newly captured in Switzerland tested FIV-seropositive. Altogether, seropositivity to FIV was documented in none of 124 lynx tested at their first capture, but three of them seroconverted in 2016–2017. Diagnosis of FIV infection in the three seropositive lynx remains uncertain, but clinical observations and pathological findings confirmed that euthanasia was appropriate. Our experiences underline the necessity to include FIV in pathogen screenings of free-ranging European wild felids, the importance of lynx health monitoring, and the usefulness of health protocols in wildlife translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Marti
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone R R Pisano
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Pewsner
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco C Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Posautz
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Eberspächer-Schweda
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jon B Huder
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Comprehensive Investigation on the Interplay between Feline APOBEC3Z3 Proteins and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vif Proteins. J Virol 2021; 95:e0017821. [PMID: 33762419 PMCID: PMC8437355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00178-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the hosts of lentiviruses, almost 40 species of felids (family Felidae) are distributed around the world, and more than 20 feline species test positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lineage of lentiviruses. These observations suggest that FIVs globally infected a variety of feline species through multiple cross-species transmission events during a million-year history. Cellular restriction factors potentially inhibit lentiviral replication and limit cross-species lentiviral transmission, and cellular APOBEC3 deaminases are known as a potent restriction factor. In contrast, lentiviruses have evolutionary-acquired viral infectivity factor (Vif) to neutralize the APOBEC3-mediated antiviral effect. Because the APOBEC3-Vif interaction is strictly specific for viruses and their hosts, a comprehensive investigation focusing on Vif-APOBEC3 interplay can provide clues that will elucidate the roles of this virus-host interplay on cross-species transmission of lentiviruses. Here, we performed a comprehensive investigation with 144 patterns of a round robin test using 18 feline APOBEC3Z3 genes, an antiviral APOBEC3 gene in felid, and 8 FIV Vifs and derived a matrix showing the interplay between feline APOBEC3Z3 and FIV Vif. We particularly focused on the interplay between the APOBEC3Z3 of three felids (domestic cat, ocelot, and Asian golden cat) and an FIV Vif (strain Petaluma), and revealed that residues 65 and 66 of the APOBEC3Z3 protein of multiple felids are responsible for the counteraction triggered by FIV Petaluma Vif. Altogether, our findings can be a clue to elucidate not only the scenarios of the cross-species transmissions of FIVs in felids but also the evolutionary interaction between mammals and lentiviruses. IMPORTANCE Most of the emergences of new virus infections originate from the cross-species transmission of viruses. The fact that some virus infections are strictly specific for the host species indicates that certain “species barriers” in the hosts restrict cross-species jump of viruses, while viruses have evolutionary acquired their own “arms” to overcome/antagonize/neutralize these hurdles. Therefore, understanding of the molecular mechanism leading to successful cross-species viral transmission is crucial for considering the menus of the emergence of novel pathogenic viruses. In the field of retrovirology, APOBEC3-Vif interaction is a well-studied example of the battles between hosts and viruses. Here, we determined the sequences of 11 novel feline APOBEC3Z3 genes and demonstrated that all 18 different feline APOBEC3Z3 proteins tested exhibit anti-feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) activity. Our comprehensive investigation focusing on the interplay between feline APOBEC3 and FIV Vif can be a clue to elucidate the scenarios of the cross-species transmissions of FIVs in felids.
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6
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Long M, Cantrelle FX, Robert X, Boll E, Sierra N, Gouet P, Hanoulle X, Alvarez GI, Guillon C. Identification of a Potential Inhibitor of the FIV p24 Capsid Protein and Characterization of Its Binding Site. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1896-1908. [PMID: 34096272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a veterinary infective agent for which there is currently no efficient drug available. Drugs targeting the lentivirus capsid are currently under development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Here we describe a lead compound that interacts with the FIV capsid. This compound, 696, modulates the in vitro assembly of and stabilizes the assembled capsid protein. To decipher the mechanism of binding of this compound to the protein, we performed the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignment of the FIV p24 capsid protein. Experimental NMR chemical shift perturbations (CSPs) observed after the addition of 696 enabled the characterization of a specific binding site for 696 on p24. This site was further analyzed by molecular modeling of the protein:compound interaction, demonstrating a strong similarity with the binding sites of existing drugs targeting the HIV-1 capsid protein. Taken together, we characterized a promising capsid-interacting compound with a low cost of synthesis, for which derivatives could lead to the development of efficient treatments for FIV infection. More generally, our strategy combining the NMR assignment of FIV p24 with NMR CSPs and molecular modeling will be useful for the analysis of future compounds targeting p24 in the quest to identify an efficient treatment for FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Long
- UMR 5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS/Université Lyon 1, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - François-Xavier Cantrelle
- CNRS, ERL9002, Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille University Hospital, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1167-RID-AGE-Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Robert
- UMR 5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS/Université Lyon 1, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Boll
- CNRS, ERL9002, Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille University Hospital, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1167-RID-AGE-Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natalia Sierra
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, 60000 Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Patrice Gouet
- UMR 5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS/Université Lyon 1, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- CNRS, ERL9002, Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille University Hospital, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1167-RID-AGE-Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guzmán I Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, 60000 Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Christophe Guillon
- UMR 5086, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS/Université Lyon 1, 69367 Lyon, France
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Sacristán I, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, José López M, Cabello J, Hidalgo‐Hermoso E, Sanderson J, Terio KA, Barrs V, Beatty J, Johnson WE, Millán J, Poulin E, Napolitano C. Cross-species transmission of retroviruses among domestic and wild felids in human-occupied landscapes in Chile. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1070-1082. [PMID: 33897821 PMCID: PMC8061269 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transformation of natural habitats facilitates pathogen transmission between domestic and wild species. The guigna (Leopardus guigna), a small felid found in Chile, has experienced habitat loss and an increased probability of contact with domestic cats. Here, we describe the interspecific transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) between domestic cats and guignas and assess its correlation with human landscape perturbation. Blood and tissue samples from 102 free-ranging guignas and 262 domestic cats were collected and analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Guigna and domestic cat FeLV and FIV prevalence were very similar. Phylogenetic analysis showed guigna FeLV and FIV sequences are positioned within worldwide domestic cat virus clades with high nucleotide similarity. Guigna FeLV infection was significantly associated with fragmented landscapes with resident domestic cats. There was little evidence of clinical signs of disease in guignas. Our results contribute to the understanding of the implications of landscape perturbation and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Barrs
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Julia Beatty
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Warren E. Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashintonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- The Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
The Walter Reed Biosystematics UnitSmithsonian InstitutionSuitlandMarylandUSA
| | - Javier Millán
- Universidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2University of Zaragoza‐CITAZaragozaSpain
- Fundación ARAIDZaragozaSpain
| | - Elie Poulin
- Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y BiodiversidadUniversidad de Los LagosOsornoChile
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8
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Okano M, Miyamae J, Suzuki S, Nishiya K, Katakura F, Kulski JK, Moritomo T, Shiina T. Identification of Novel Alleles and Structural Haplotypes of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and DRB Genes in Domestic Cat ( Felis catus) by a Newly Developed NGS-Based Genotyping Method. Front Genet 2020; 11:750. [PMID: 32760428 PMCID: PMC7375346 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic and duplicated genomic region that encodes transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. Although it is well-known that particular MHC allelic polymorphisms and haplotypes are genetically relate to immune-mediated diseases detailed information of the cat MHC (Feline Leukocyte Antigen; FLA) genetic and haplotypic structure and diversity is limited in comparison to humans and many other species. In this study, to better understand the degree and types of allele and allelic haplotype diversity of FLA-class I (FLA-I) and FLA-DRB loci in domestic cats, we identified six expressible FLA-I loci in peripheral white blood cells by in silico estimation of the coding exons and NGS-based amplicon sequencing using five unrelated cats. We then used a newly developed NGS-based genotyping method to genotype and annotate 32 FLA-I and 16 FLA-DRB sequences in two families of 20 domestic cats. A total of 14 FLA-I and seven FLA-DRB were identified as novel polymorphic sequences. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the sequences into six FLA-I (FLA-E/H/K, FLA-A, FLA-J, FLA-L, FLA-O and a tentatively named FLA-E/H/K_Rec) and four FLA-DRB (FLA-DRB1, FLA-DRB3, FLA-DRB4, and FLA-DRB5) lineages. Pedigree analysis of two cat families revealed eight distinct FLA structural haplotypes (Class I - DRB) with five to eight FLA-I and two to three FLA-DRB transcribed loci per haplotype. It is evident that the eight FLA haplotypes were generated by gene duplications and deletions, and rearrangements by genetic recombination with the accumulation and/or inheritance of novel polymorphisms. These findings are useful for further genetic diversity analysis and disease association studies among cat breeds and in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Okano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishiya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Jerzy K Kulski
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
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9
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O'Brien SJ. A Beautiful Life: High Risk-High Payoff in Genetic Science. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 8:1-24. [PMID: 31743063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This narrative is a personal view of adventures in genetic science and society that have blessed my life and career across five decades. The advances I enjoyed and the lessons I learned derive from educational training, substantial collaboration, and growing up in the genomics age. I parse the stories into six research disciplines my students, fellows, and colleagues have entered and, in some cases, made an important difference. The first is comparative genetics, where evolutionary inference is applied to genome organization, from building gene maps in the 1970s to building whole genome sequences today. The second area tracks the progression of molecular evolutionary advances and applications to resolve the hierarchical relationship among living species in the silence of prehistory. The third endeavor outlines the birth and maturation of genetic studies and application to species conservation. The fourth theme discusses how emerging viruses studied in a genomic sense opened our eyes to host-pathogen interaction and interdependence. The fifth research emphasis outlines the population genetic-based search and discovery of human restriction genes that influence the epidemiological outcome of abrupt outbreaks, notably HIV-AIDS and several cancers. Finally, the last arena explored illustrates how genetic individualization in human and animals has improved forensic evidence in capital crimes. Each discipline has intuitive and technological overlaps, and each has benefitted from the contribution of genetic and genomic principles I learned so long ago from Drosophila. The journey continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 199004; .,Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33004, USA
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10
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Malmberg JL, Lee JS, Gagne RB, Kraberger S, Kechejian S, Roelke M, McBride R, Onorato D, Cunningham M, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S. Altered lentiviral infection dynamics follow genetic rescue of the Florida panther. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191689. [PMID: 31640509 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife translocations are a commonly used strategy in endangered species recovery programmes. Although translocations require detailed assessment of risk, their impact on parasite distribution has not been thoroughly assessed. This is despite the observation that actions that alter host-parasite distributions can drive evolution or introduce new parasites to previously sequestered populations. Here, we use a contemporary approach to amplify viral sequences from archived biological samples to characterize a previously undocumented impact of the successful genetic rescue of the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). Our efforts reveal transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) during translocation of pumas from Texas to Florida, resulting in extirpation of a historic Florida panther FIV subtype and expansion of a genetically stable subtype that is highly conserved in Texas and Florida. We used coalescent theory to estimate viral demography across time and show an exponential increase in the effective population size of FIV coincident with expansion of the panther population. Additionally, we show that FIV isolates from Texas are basal to isolates from Florida. Interestingly, FIV genomes recovered from Florida and Texas demonstrate exceptionally low interhost divergence. Low host genomic diversity and lack of additional introgressions may underlie the surprising lack of FIV evolution over 2 decades. We conclude that modern FIV in the Florida panther disseminated following genetic rescue and rapid population expansion, and that infectious disease risks should be carefully considered during conservation efforts involving translocations. Further, viral evolutionary dynamics may be significantly altered by ecological niche, host diversity and connectivity between host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah Kechejian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Dave Onorato
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Naples, FL, USA
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Reynolds JJH, Carver S, Cunningham MW, Logan KA, Vickers W, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S, Craft ME. Feline immunodeficiency virus in puma: Estimation of force of infection reveals insights into transmission. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11010-11024. [PMID: 31641451 PMCID: PMC6802039 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining parameters that govern pathogen transmission (such as the force of infection, FOI), and pathogen impacts on morbidity and mortality, is exceptionally challenging for wildlife. Vital parameters can vary, for example across host populations, between sexes and within an individual's lifetime.Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus affecting domestic and wild cat species, forming species-specific viral-host associations. FIV infection is common in populations of puma (Puma concolor), yet uncertainty remains over transmission parameters and the significance of FIV infection for puma mortality. In this study, the age-specific FOI of FIV in pumas was estimated from prevalence data, and the evidence for disease-associated mortality was assessed.We fitted candidate models to FIV prevalence data and adopted a maximum likelihood method to estimate parameter values in each model. The models with the best fit were determined to infer the most likely FOI curves. We applied this strategy for female and male pumas from California, Colorado, and Florida.When splitting the data by sex and area, our FOI modeling revealed no evidence of disease-associated mortality in any population. Both sex and location were found to influence the FOI, which was generally higher for male pumas than for females. For female pumas at all sites, and male pumas from California and Colorado, the FOI did not vary with puma age, implying FIV transmission can happen throughout life; this result supports the idea that transmission can occur from mothers to cubs and also throughout adult life. For Florida males, the FOI was a decreasing function of puma age, indicating an increased risk of infection in the early years, and a decreased risk at older ages.This research provides critical insight into pathogen transmission and impact in a secretive and solitary carnivore. Our findings shed light on the debate on whether FIV causes mortality in wild felids like puma, and our approach may be adopted for other diseases and species. The methodology we present can be used for identifying likely transmission routes of a pathogen and also estimating any disease-associated mortality, both of which can be difficult to establish for wildlife diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTas.Australia
| | | | | | - Winston Vickers
- Wildlife Health CenterUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Kevin R. Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMNUSA
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Lücht M, Stagegaard J, Conraths FJ, Schares G. Toxoplasma gondii in small exotic felids from zoos in Europe and the Middle East: serological prevalence and risk factors. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:449. [PMID: 31511050 PMCID: PMC6737647 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii infections and cases of clinical toxoplasmosis have been recorded in zoo animals. Wild felids in human care can serve as definitive hosts that shed oocysts, but also as intermediate hosts for the parasite. Some felid species, such as the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul) or sand cat (Felis margarita), may suffer from clinically apparent toxoplasmosis. In the present study, our main aim was to assess risk factors for T. gondii infections in small exotic felids. METHODS A seroepidemiological study was conducted using the reduviid bug Dipetalogaster maxima for blood sample collection, a method previously evaluated on domestic cats. A total of 336 samples from 17 felid species were collected in 51 institutions, 48 of which were within Europe and the remaining three in the Middle East (United Arabic Emirates and Qatar). These samples were analyzed for T. gondii antibodies by immunoblotting and an immunofluorescent antibody test. Potential risk factors in zoos for seropositivity regarding T. gondii among members of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) were evaluated using a questionnaire and individual data from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). RESULTS The sampled felids showed an overall seroprevalence for T. gondii of 63%. The risk factor study including data of 311 small exotic cats of 10 species resulted in a final generalized linear mixed model comprised of five variables: the likelihood of seropositivity increased statistically significantly with "Age", while feeding "Cattle: frozen" relative to "Cattle: fresh", "Outdoor housing fenced in on all sides", "Mesh size 2-5 cm" relative to "Mesh size > 5 cm" and "Wearing gloves: yes" had statistically significant protective effects. CONCLUSIONS Wild felids, including endangered species, kept in human care in European and Middle Eastern institutions, are widely exposed to T. gondii. Risk factor analysis revealed that feeding previously frozen tissues, keeping animals in enclosures that are fenced on all sides using fences with small mesh sizes, and wearing gloves when working inside enclosures seem to be the most relevant protective measures to prevent T. gondii infections in these animals .
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Lücht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Münchener Tierpark; Hellabrunn AG, Tierparkstr. 30, 81543 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Decreased Sensitivity of the Serological Detection of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Potentially Due to Imported Genetic Variants. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080697. [PMID: 31370217 PMCID: PMC6722909 DOI: 10.3390/v11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus of domestic cats worldwide. Diagnosis usually relies on antibody screening by point-of-care tests (POCT), e.g., by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and confirmation using Western blot (WB). We increasingly observed ELISA-negative, WB-positive samples and aimed to substantiate these observations using 1194 serum/plasma samples collected from 1998 to 2019 primarily from FIV-suspect cats. While 441 samples tested positive and 375 tested negative by ELISA and WB, 81 samples had discordant results: 70 were false ELISA-negative (WB-positive) and 11 were false ELISA-positive (WB-negative); 297 ambiguous results were not analyzed further. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA (82% and 91%, respectively) were lower than those reported in 1995 (98% and 97%, respectively). The diagnostic efficiency was reduced from 97% to 86%. False ELISA-negative samples originated mainly (54%) from Switzerland (1995: 0%). Sixty-four false ELISA-negative samples were available for POCT (SNAPTM/WITNESSR): five were POCT-positive. FIV RT-PCR was positive for two of these samples and was weakly positive for two ELISA- and POCT-negative samples. Low viral loads prohibited sequencing. Our results suggest that FIV diagnosis has become more challenging, probably due to increasing travel by cats and the introduction of new FIV isolates not recognized by screening assays.
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14
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Teixeira BM, Taniwaki SA, Menezes PMM, Rodrigues AKPP, Mouta AN, Arcebispo TLM, Braz GF, da Cruz JCM, Brandão PE, Heinemann MB, Silva MX, Hosie MJ. Feline immunodeficiency virus in Northern Ceará, Brazil. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919859112. [PMID: 31312511 PMCID: PMC6616103 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919859112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study were to confirm the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in domestic cats in the region north of Ceará, Brazil, and to determine the factors associated with infection and the major circulating subtypes of the virus in this area. Methods Samples from 148 cats were collected and tested using anti-FIV antibody screening, with confirmation of positive results by PCR. Univariate analysis was performed considering the epidemiological characteristics and FIV status. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gag and pol genes were performed to confirm the FIV subtype. Results Nine cats (6.1%) tested positive for FIV – one female (0.7%) and eight males (5.4%). Male cats were significantly more likely to be infected (P <0.05). Phylogenetic analysis of gag and pol gene sequences indicated that the FIV isolates circulating in the study area belonged to subtype B. Conclusions and relevance In this study, we demonstrated a low prevalence for FIV in the northwest of Ceará, north-eastern Brazil. Male sex is a significant risk factor for FIV infection and the best predictive factor for FIV status. All isolates examined in this study clustered within subtype B, which is the predominant subtype in Brazil. This is the first report of genetic characterization of FIV in the state of Ceará, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sueli Akemi Taniwaki
- Departaments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thiago Luiz Mendes Arcebispo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (EV-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Departaments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departaments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Xavier Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (EV-UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Jacquot M, Blanchet FG, Terio K, Craft ME. Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:904-913. [PMID: 30861289 PMCID: PMC7163671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes. Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life, for example, can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions, leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens. We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales. We found significant non‐random structure in the lion‐pathogen co‐occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens. Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co‐occurrence networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- INRA, UMR346 EPIA, Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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16
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López G, del Rey-Wamba T, Willet B, Fernández-Pena L, López-Parra M, León CI, Serra RC, Zorrilla I, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Simón MA, Meli ML. Lack of contact with feline immunodeficiency virus in the Iberian lynx. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Structural basis of antiviral activity of peptides from MPER of FIV gp36. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204042. [PMID: 30240422 PMCID: PMC6150481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring Lentivirus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in felines. It is considered a useful non-primate model to study HIV infection, and to test anti-HIV vaccine. Similarly to HIV, FIV enters cells via a mechanism involving a surface glycoprotein named gp36. C8 is a short synthetic peptide corresponding to the residues 770WEDWVGWI777 of gp36 membrane proximal external region (MPER). It elicits antiviral activity by inhibiting the fusion of the FIV and host cell membrane. C8 is endowed with evident membrane binding property, inducing alteration of the phospholipid bilayer and membrane fusion. The presence and the position of tryptophan residues in C8 are important for antiviral activity: the C8 derivative C6a, obtained by truncating the N-terminal 770WE771 residues, exhibits conserved antiviral activity, while the C8 derivative C6b, derived from the truncation of the C-terminal 776WI777, is nearly inactive. To elucidate the structural factors that induce the different activity profiles of C6a and C6b, in spite of their similarity, we investigated the structural behaviour of the two peptides in membrane mimicking environments. Conformational data on the short peptides C6a and C6b, matched to those of their parent peptide C8, allow describing a pharmacophore model of antiviral fusion inhibitors. This includes the essential structural motifs to design new simplified molecules overcoming the pharmacokinetic and high cost limitations affecting the antiviral entry inhibitors that currently are in therapy.
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18
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Kerr TJ, Matthee S, Govender D, Tromp G, Engelbrecht S, Matthee CA. Viruses as indicators of contemporary host dispersal and phylogeography: an example of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV P le ) in free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo). J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1529-1543. [PMID: 29964350 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measuring contemporary dispersal in highly mobile terrestrial species is challenging, especially when species are characterized by low levels of population differentiation. Directly transmitted viruses can be used as a surrogate for traditional methods of tracking host movement. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a species-specific lentivirus, which has an exceptionally high mutation rate and circulates naturally in wild felids. Using samples derived from 35 lion (Panthera leo) prides, we tested the prediction that FIV in lions (FIVP le ) can be used to track the dispersal of individuals between prides. As FIVP le subtypes are geographically structured throughout Africa, we predicted that this marker could be used to detect phylogeographic structure of lions at smaller spatial scales. Phylogenetic analyses of FIVP le pol-RT sequences showed that core pride members (females and subadults) shared evolutionary close viral lineages which differed from neighbouring core prides, whereas sequences from sexually mature males associated with the same pride were always the most divergent. In six instances, natal pride associations of divergent male lions could be inferred, on the assumption that FIVP le infections are acquired during early life stages. Congruence between the genetic pattern of FIV and pride structure suggests that vertical transmission plays an important role in lion FIV dynamics. At a fine spatial scale, significant viral geographic structuring was also detected between lions occurring north of the Olifants River within the Kruger National Park (KNP) and those occupying the southern and central regions. This pattern was further supported by phylogenetic analyses and the confinement of FIVP le subtype E to the northern region of KNP. The study provides new insights into the use of retroviral sequences to predict host dispersal and fine-scale contemporary geographic structure in a social felid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Kerr
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Danny Govender
- Scientific Services, SANParks, Skukuza, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC-SHIP South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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19
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Sahay B, Yamamoto JK. Lessons Learned in Developing a Commercial FIV Vaccine: The Immunity Required for an Effective HIV-1 Vaccine. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050277. [PMID: 29789450 PMCID: PMC5977270 DOI: 10.3390/v10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccine called Fel-O-Vax® FIV is the first commercial FIV vaccine released worldwide for the use in domestic cats against global FIV subtypes (A⁻E). This vaccine consists of inactivated dual-subtype (A plus D) FIV-infected cells, whereas its prototype vaccine consists of inactivated dual-subtype whole viruses. Both vaccines in experimental trials conferred moderate-to-substantial protection against heterologous strains from homologous and heterologous subtypes. Importantly, a recent case-control field study of Fel-O-Vax-vaccinated cats with outdoor access and ≥3 years of annual vaccine boost, resulted in a vaccine efficacy of 56% in Australia where subtype-A viruses prevail. Remarkably, this protection rate is far better than the protection rate of 31.2% observed in the best HIV-1 vaccine (RV144) trial. Current review describes the findings from the commercial and prototype vaccine trials and compares their immune correlates of protection. The studies described in this review demonstrate the overarching importance of ant-FIV T-cell immunity more than anti-FIV antibody immunity in affording protection. Thus, future efforts in developing the next generation FIV vaccine and the first effective HIV-1 vaccine should consider incorporating highly conserved protective T-cell epitopes together with the conserved protective B-cell epitopes, but without inducing adverse factors that eliminate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
| | - Janet K Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
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20
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Feline APOBEC3s, Barriers to Cross-Species Transmission of FIV? Viruses 2018; 10:v10040186. [PMID: 29642583 PMCID: PMC5923480 DOI: 10.3390/v10040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of lentiviruses highly depends on host cellular factors, which defines their species-specific tropism. Cellular restriction factors that can inhibit lentiviral replication were recently identified. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was found to be sensitive to several feline cellular restriction factors, such as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) and tetherin, but FIV evolved to counteract them. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which feline APOBEC3 restriction factors inhibit FIV replication and discuss the molecular interaction of APOBEC3 proteins with the viral antagonizing protein Vif. We speculate that feline APOBEC3 proteins could explain some of the observed FIV cross-species transmissions described in wild Felids.
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22
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Lewis JS, Logan KA, Alldredge MW, Carver S, Bevins SN, Lappin M, VandeWoude S, Crooks KR. The effects of demographic, social, and environmental characteristics on pathogen prevalence in wild felids across a gradient of urbanization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187035. [PMID: 29121060 PMCID: PMC5679604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of pathogens among animals is influenced by demographic, social, and environmental factors. Anthropogenic alteration of landscapes can impact patterns of disease dynamics in wildlife populations, increasing the potential for spillover and spread of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, human, and domestic animal populations. We evaluated the effects of multiple ecological mechanisms on patterns of pathogen exposure in animal populations. Specifically, we evaluated how ecological factors affected the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasma), Bartonella spp. (Bartonella), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) in bobcat and puma populations across wildland-urban interface (WUI), low-density exurban development, and wildland habitat on the Western Slope (WS) and Front Range (FR) of Colorado during 2009-2011. Samples were collected from 37 bobcats and 29 pumas on the WS and FR. As predicted, age appeared to be positively related to the exposure to pathogens that are both environmentally transmitted (Toxoplasma) and directly transmitted between animals (FIV). In addition, WS bobcats appeared more likely to be exposed to Toxoplasma with increasing intraspecific space-use overlap. However, counter to our predictions, exposure to directly-transmitted pathogens (FCV and FIV) was more likely with decreasing space-use overlap (FCV: WS bobcats) and potential intraspecific contacts (FIV: FR pumas). Environmental factors, including urbanization and landscape covariates, were generally unsupported in our models. This study is an approximation of how pathogens can be evaluated in relation to demographic, social, and environmental factors to understand pathogen exposure in wild animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Lewis
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Logan
- Mammals Research, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Montrose, CO, United States of America
| | - Mat W. Alldredge
- Mammals Research, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services’ National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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23
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Folio C, Sierra N, Dujardin M, Alvarez G, Guillon C. Crystal Structure of the Full-Length Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Capsid Protein Shows an N-Terminal β-Hairpin in the Absence of N-Terminal Proline. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110335. [PMID: 29120364 PMCID: PMC5707542 DOI: 10.3390/v9110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the Retroviridae family. It is the causative agent of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats and wild felines. Its capsid protein (CA) drives the assembly of the viral particle, which is a critical step in the viral replication cycle. Here, the first atomic structure of full-length FIV CA to 1.67 Å resolution is determined. The crystallized protein exhibits an original tetrameric assembly, composed of dimers which are stabilized by an intermolecular disulfide bridge induced by the crystallogenesis conditions. The FIV CA displays a standard α-helical CA topology with two domains, separated by a linker shorter than other retroviral CAs. The β-hairpin motif at its amino terminal end, which interacts with nucleotides in HIV-1, is unusually long in FIV CA. Interestingly, this functional β-motif is formed in this construct in the absence of the conserved N-terminal proline. The FIV CA exhibits a cis Arg–Pro bond in the CypA-binding loop, which is absent in known structures of lentiviral CAs. This structure represents the first tri-dimensional structure of a functional, full-length FIV CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Folio
- Equipe Rétrovirus et Biochimie Structurale, Université de Lyon, CNRS, MMSB, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, IBCP, Lyon 69367 CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Natalia Sierra
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay.
| | - Marie Dujardin
- Equipe Rétrovirus et Biochimie Structurale, Université de Lyon, CNRS, MMSB, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, IBCP, Lyon 69367 CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Guzman Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay.
| | - Christophe Guillon
- Equipe Rétrovirus et Biochimie Structurale, Université de Lyon, CNRS, MMSB, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, IBCP, Lyon 69367 CEDEX 07, France.
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Troyer JL, VanderWaal K, Robinson S, Jacquot M, Craft ME. Linking social and spatial networks to viral community phylogenetics reveals subtype-specific transmission dynamics in African lions. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1469-1482. [PMID: 28884827 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within pathogen species can have important consequences for how pathogens transmit across landscapes; however, discerning different transmission routes is challenging. Here, we apply both phylodynamic and phylogenetic community ecology techniques to examine the consequences of pathogen heterogeneity on transmission by assessing subtype-specific transmission pathways in a social carnivore. We use comprehensive social and spatial network data to examine transmission pathways for three subtypes of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVPle ) in African lions (Panthera leo) at multiple scales in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We used FIVPle molecular data to examine the role of social organization and lion density in shaping transmission pathways and tested to what extent vertical (i.e., father- and/or mother-offspring relationships) or horizontal (between unrelated individuals) transmission underpinned these patterns for each subtype. Using the same data, we constructed subtype-specific FIVPle co-occurrence networks and assessed what combination of social networks, spatial networks or co-infection best structured the FIVPle network. While social organization (i.e., pride) was an important component of FIVPle transmission pathways at all scales, we find that FIVPle subtypes exhibited different transmission pathways at within- and between-pride scales. A combination of social and spatial networks, coupled with consideration of subtype co-infection, was likely to be important for FIVPle transmission for the two major subtypes, but the relative contribution of each factor was strongly subtype-specific. Our study provides evidence that pathogen heterogeneity is important in understanding pathogen transmission, which could have consequences for how endemic pathogens are managed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that community phylogenetic ecology coupled with phylodynamic techniques can reveal insights into the differential evolutionary pressures acting on virus subtypes, which can manifest into landscape-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stacie Robinson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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25
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Kerr TJ, Matthee C, Matthee S, Govender D, Engelbrecht S. Evaluating the Diversity of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): A Leopard Perspective. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3957/056.047.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Kerr
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Conrad Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriScience, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Danny Govender
- Scientific Services, SANParks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350 South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
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26
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Phylodynamics of the Brazilian feline immunodeficiency virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:166-171. [PMID: 28919546 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like other retroviruses, displays large genomic divergence when different isolates are compared. In this study, 31 FIV positive samples of domestic cats from Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil were used aiming at a detailed genomic characterization and a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of the virus in Brazil. The proviral env genes were partially amplified, sequenced and compared with another 237 sequences from different continents. We identified several Brazilian highly supported clades (A, B1, B2, C and D) that suggest independent events of introduction of FIV in Brazil. Forty six reference-sequences from the GenBank were used with our 31 sequences to infer the virus subtypes. Our sequences belong to the subtype B and three of them result from a recombination with the previously described subtype F. The other 28 Brazilian samples belonging to subtype B and another 46 Brazilian sequences from the GenBank were used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of each Brazilian clade, using a Bayesian approach and a relaxed molecular clock model. The analyses of Brazilian sequences suggest several different entries of the virus in the Brazilian cat population between 1981 and 1991.
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27
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Furtado MM, Taniwaki SA, de Barros IN, Brandão PE, Catão-Dias JL, Cavalcanti S, Cullen L, Filoni C, Jácomo ATDA, Jorge RSP, Silva NDS, Silveira L, Ferreira Neto JS. Molecular detection of viral agents in free-ranging and captive neotropical felids in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:660-668. [PMID: 28677421 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717720245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe molecular testing for felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), alphacoronavirus 1 (feline coronavirus [FCoV]), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) in whole blood samples of 109 free-ranging and 68 captive neotropical felids from Brazil. Samples from 2 jaguars ( Panthera onca) and 1 oncilla ( Leopardus tigrinus) were positive for FHV-1; 2 jaguars, 1 puma ( Puma concolor), and 1 jaguarundi ( Herpairulus yagouaroundi) tested positive for CPPV-1; and 1 puma was positive for FIV. Based on comparison of 103 nucleotides of the UL24-UL25 gene, the FHV-1 sequences were 99-100% similar to the FHV-1 strain of domestic cats. Nucleotide sequences of CPPV-1 were closely related to sequences detected in other wild carnivores, comparing 294 nucleotides of the VP1 gene. The FIV nucleotide sequence detected in the free-ranging puma, based on comparison of 444 nucleotides of the pol gene, grouped with other lentiviruses described in pumas, and had 82.4% identity with a free-ranging puma from Yellowstone Park and 79.5% with a captive puma from Brazil. Our data document the circulation of FHV-1, CPPV-1, and FIV in neotropical felids in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Furtado
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Sueli A Taniwaki
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Iracema N de Barros
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Paulo E Brandão
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Sandra Cavalcanti
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Laury Cullen
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Claudia Filoni
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Anah T de Almeida Jácomo
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Rodrigo S P Jorge
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Nairléia Dos Santos Silva
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Leandro Silveira
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - José S Ferreira Neto
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
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28
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Nakano Y, Aso H, Soper A, Yamada E, Moriwaki M, Juarez-Fernandez G, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. A conflict of interest: the evolutionary arms race between mammalian APOBEC3 and lentiviral Vif. Retrovirology 2017; 14:31. [PMID: 28482907 PMCID: PMC5422959 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins are mammalian-specific cellular deaminases and have a robust ability to restrain lentivirus replication. To antagonize APOBEC3-mediated antiviral action, lentiviruses have acquired viral infectivity factor (Vif) as an accessory gene. Mammalian APOBEC3 proteins inhibit lentiviral replication by enzymatically inserting G-to-A hypermutations in the viral genome, whereas lentiviral Vif proteins degrade host APOBEC3 via the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway. Recent investigations provide evidence that lentiviral vif genes evolved to combat mammalian APOBEC3 proteins. In corollary, mammalian APOBEC3 genes are under Darwinian selective pressure to escape from antagonism by Vif. Based on these observations, it is widely accepted that lentiviral Vif and mammalian APOBEC3 have co-evolved and this concept is called an "evolutionary arms race." This review provides a comprehensive summary of current knowledge with respect to the evolutionary dynamics occurring at this pivotal host-virus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakano
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aso
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrew Soper
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
| | - Eri Yamada
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
| | - Miyu Moriwaki
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Guillermo Juarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoinkawara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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29
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Pepin KM, Kay SL, Golas BD, Shriner SS, Gilbert AT, Miller RS, Graham AL, Riley S, Cross PC, Samuel MD, Hooten MB, Hoeting JA, Lloyd‐Smith JO, Webb CT, Buhnerkempe MG. Inferring infection hazard in wildlife populations by linking data across individual and population scales. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:275-292. [PMID: 28090753 PMCID: PMC7163542 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to infer unobservable disease-dynamic processes such as force of infection (infection hazard for susceptible hosts) has transformed our understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and capacity to predict disease dynamics. Conventional methods for inferring FOI estimate a time-averaged value and are based on population-level processes. Because many pathogens exhibit epidemic cycling and FOI is the result of processes acting across the scales of individuals and populations, a flexible framework that extends to epidemic dynamics and links within-host processes to FOI is needed. Specifically, within-host antibody kinetics in wildlife hosts can be short-lived and produce patterns that are repeatable across individuals, suggesting individual-level antibody concentrations could be used to infer time since infection and hence FOI. Using simulations and case studies (influenza A in lesser snow geese and Yersinia pestis in coyotes), we argue that with careful experimental and surveillance design, the population-level FOI signal can be recovered from individual-level antibody kinetics, despite substantial individual-level variation. In addition to improving inference, the cross-scale quantitative antibody approach we describe can reveal insights into drivers of individual-based variation in disease response, and the role of poorly understood processes such as secondary infections, in population-level dynamics of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Shannon L. Kay
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Ben D. Golas
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Susan S. Shriner
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureVeterinary Services2155 Center DriveBuilding BFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ08544USA
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and ModellingImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science Center2327 University WayBozemanMT59715USA
| | - Michael D. Samuel
- U. S. Geological SurveyWisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit1630 Linden DroveUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Mevin B. Hooten
- U.S. Geological SurveyColorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Departments of FishWildlife& Conservation Biology and StatisticsColorado State University1484 Campus DeliveryFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | | | | | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
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30
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Lee J, Malmberg JL, Wood BA, Hladky S, Troyer R, Roelke M, Cunningham M, McBride R, Vickers W, Boyce W, Boydston E, Serieys L, Riley S, Crooks K, VandeWoude S. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Cross-Species Transmission: Implications for Emergence of New Lentiviral Infections. J Virol 2017; 91:e02134-16. [PMID: 28003486 PMCID: PMC5309969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02134-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to a complex history of host-parasite coevolution, lentiviruses exhibit a high degree of species specificity. Given the well-documented viral archeology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emergence following human exposures to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an understanding of processes that promote successful cross-species lentiviral transmissions is highly relevant. We previously reported natural cross-species transmission of a subtype of feline immunodeficiency virus, puma lentivirus A (PLVA), between bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) for a small number of animals in California and Florida. In this study, we investigate host-specific selection pressures, within-host viral fitness, and inter- versus intraspecies transmission patterns among a larger collection of PLV isolates from free-ranging bobcats and mountain lions. Analyses of proviral and viral RNA levels demonstrate that PLVA fitness is severely restricted in mountain lions compared to that in bobcats. We document evidence of diversifying selection in three of six PLVA genomes from mountain lions, but we did not detect selection among 20 PLVA isolates from bobcats. These findings support the hypothesis that PLVA is a bobcat-adapted virus which is less fit in mountain lions and under intense selection pressure in the novel host. Ancestral reconstruction of transmission events reveals that intraspecific PLVA transmission has occurred among panthers (Puma concolor coryi) in Florida following the initial cross-species infection from bobcats. In contrast, interspecific transmission from bobcats to mountain lions predominates in California. These findings document outcomes of cross-species lentiviral transmission events among felids that compare to the emergence of HIV from nonhuman primates.IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission episodes can be singular, dead-end events or can result in viral replication and spread in the new species. The factors that determine which outcome will occur are complex, and the risk of new virus emergence is therefore difficult to predict. We used molecular techniques to evaluate the transmission, fitness, and adaptation of puma lentivirus A (PLVA) between bobcats and mountain lions in two geographic regions. Our findings illustrate that mountain lion exposure to PLVA is relatively common but does not routinely result in communicable infections in the new host. This is attributed to efficient species barriers that largely prevent lentiviral adaptation. However, the evolutionary capacity for lentiviruses to adapt to novel environments may ultimately overcome host restriction mechanisms over time and under certain ecological circumstances. This phenomenon provides a unique opportunity to examine cross-species transmission events leading to new lentiviral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Britta A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sahaja Hladky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Melody Roelke
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Winston Vickers
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Walter Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Erin Boydston
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Laurel Serieys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Seth Riley
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kevin Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Zhang J, Wang L, Li J, Kelly P, Price S, Wang C. First Molecular Characterization of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Domestic Cats from Mainland China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169739. [PMID: 28107367 PMCID: PMC5249086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus of the Lentivirus genus that was initially isolated from a colony of domestic cats in California in 1986 and has now been recognized as a common feline pathogen worldwide. To date, there is only one recent serology-based report on FIV in mainland China which was published in 2016. We designed this study to investigate the molecular prevalence and diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in domestic cats from mainland China. We studied the prevalence of FIV in whole blood samples of 615 domestic cats in five cities (Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai and Yangzhou) of mainland China and examined them using FRET-PCR (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Polymerase Chain Reaction) and regular PCRs for the gag and env genes. Overall, 1.3% (8/615) of the cats were positive for provirus DNA with nucleotide analysis using PCRs for the gag and env sequences showing the cats were infected with FIV subtype A. This is the first molecular characterization of FIV in mainland China and the first description of subtype A in continental Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts & Nevis, West Indies
| | - Stuart Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Vif N-Terminal Residues Selectively Counteract Feline APOBEC3s. J Virol 2016; 90:10545-10557. [PMID: 27630243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01593-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Vif protein counteracts feline APOBEC3s (FcaA3s) restriction factors by inducing their proteasomal degradation. The functional domains in FIV Vif for interaction with FcaA3s are poorly understood. Here, we have identified several motifs in FIV Vif that are important for selective degradation of different FcaA3s. Cats (Felis catus) express three types of A3s: single-domain A3Z2, single-domain A3Z3, and double-domain A3Z2Z3. We proposed that FIV Vif would selectively interact with the Z2 and the Z3 A3s. Indeed, we identified two N-terminal Vif motifs (12LF13 and 18GG19) that specifically interacted with the FcaA3Z2 protein but not with A3Z3. In contrast, the exclusive degradation of FcaA3Z3 was regulated by a region of three residues (M24, L25, and I27). Only a FIV Vif carrying a combination of mutations from both interaction sites lost the capacity to degrade and counteract FcaA3Z2Z3. However, alterations in the specific A3s interaction sites did not affect the cellular localization of the FIV Vif protein and binding to feline A3s. Pulldown experiments demonstrated that the A3 binding region localized to FIV Vif residues 50 to 80, outside the specific A3 interaction domain. Finally, we found that the Vif sites specific to individual A3s are conserved in several FIV lineages of domestic cat and nondomestic cats, while being absent in the FIV Vif of pumas. Our data support a complex model of multiple Vif-A3 interactions in which the specific region for selective A3 counteraction is discrete from a general A3 binding domain. IMPORTANCE Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Vif proteins counteract their host's APOBEC3 restriction factors. However, these two Vif proteins have limited sequence homology. The molecular interaction between FIV Vif and feline APOBEC3s are not well understood. Here, we identified N-terminal FIV Vif sites that regulate the selective interaction of Vif with either feline APOBEC3Z2 or APOBEC3Z3. These specific Vif sites are conserved in several FIV lineages of domestic cat and nondomestic cats, while being absent in FIV Vif from puma. Our findings provide important insights for future experiments describing the FIV Vif interaction with feline APOBEC3s and also indicate that the conserved feline APOBEC3s interaction sites of FIV Vif allow FIV transmissions in Felidae.
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Chiu E, Troyer RM, Lappin MR, VandeWoude S. Bovine herpesvirus 4 DNA is not detected in free-ranging domestic cats from California, Colorado or Florida. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:235-239. [PMID: 26450623 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15607586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Several studies have reported that domestic cats can be naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4). Cats experimentally inoculated with BHV4 developed clinical signs involving the urinary tract, leading to the hypothesis that natural infection with BHV4 may be associated with feline lower urinary tract diseases. However, the question of whether BHV4 infection is common in cats remains equivocal. In this study, we sought to determine whether BHV4 is a common natural infection of domestic cats in the USA. Methods We used a sensitive nested PCR protocol specific to the BHV4 thymidine kinase gene to screen free-ranging domestic cat blood DNA samples (n = 101) collected from California, Colorado and Florida. Results Cats within this cohort were positive for seven other common pathogens of domestic cats, demonstrating the relatively high exposure of this population to endemic feline infections. In contrast, all domestic cat blood samples were negative for BHV4, while BHV4-containing tissue culture extracts were strongly positive. Conclusions and relevance BHV4 has been detected in tissues of latently infected cattle, though viral DNA is typically also detected in peripheral blood cells throughout infection. Our results suggest that persistent presence of BHV4 DNA in the blood of domestic cats is either rare or non-existent. We thus conclude that BHV4 is unlikely to be a major pathogen of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Chiu
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Phylogenetic characterisation of feline immunodeficiency virus in naturally infected cats in Croatia indicates additional heterogeneity of subtype B in Europe. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2567-73. [PMID: 27318929 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed on 29 domestic cats with a variety of clinical signs, possibly related to FIV infection. Blood samples were tested by a rapid immunochromatographic (ICA) procedure for detection of FIV antibodies. Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a portion of the proviral gag gene. All 11 positive PCR products were sequenced and compared with previously reported FIV sequences. Croatian proviral isolates that could be amplified were clustered within subtype B, and additional heterogeneity was confirmed by the formation of three separate clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of circulating strains in Croatia and in southeast Europe is necessary to improve diagnostic methods and selection of the appropriate vaccinal strains.
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Yoshikawa R, Nakano Y, Yamada E, Izumi T, Misawa N, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Species-specific differences in the ability of feline lentiviral Vif to degrade feline APOBEC3 proteins. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:272-9. [PMID: 26935128 PMCID: PMC5074269 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
How host-virus co-evolutionary relationships manifest is one of the most intriguing issues in virology. To address this topic, the mammal-lentivirus relationship can be considered as an interplay of cellular and viral proteins, particularly apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) and viral infectivity factor (Vif). APOBEC3s enzymatically restrict lentivirus replication, whereas Vif antagonizes the host anti-viral action mediated by APOBEC3. In this study, the focus was on the interplay between feline APOBEC3 proteins and two feline immunodeficiency viruses in cats and pumas. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of non-primate lentiviral Vif being incapable of counteracting a natural host's anti-viral activity mediated via APOBEC3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
| | - Eri Yamada
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
- CRESTJapan Science and Technology AgencySaitama3220012Japan
| | - Naoko Misawa
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute for Virus ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto6068507
- CRESTJapan Science and Technology AgencySaitama3220012Japan
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Medeiros SDO, Abreu CM, Delvecchio R, Ribeiro AP, Vasconcelos Z, Brindeiro RDM, Tanuri A. Follow-up on long-term antiretroviral therapy for cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:264-72. [PMID: 25855689 PMCID: PMC11112254 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15580144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces AIDS-like disease in cats. Some of the antiretroviral drugs available to treat patients with HIV type 1 are used to treat FIV-infected cats; however, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not used in cats as a long-term treatment. In this study, the effects of long-term ART were evaluated in domestic cats treated initially with the nucleoside transcriptase reverse inhibitor (NTRI) zidovudine (AZT) over a period ranging from 5-6 years, followed by a regimen of the NTRI lamivudine (3TC) plus AZT over 3 years. METHODS Viral load, sequencing of pol (reverse transcriptase [RT]) region and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during and after treatment. Untreated cats were evaluated as a control group. RESULTS CD4:CD8 ratios were lower, and uncharacterized resistance mutations were found in the RT region in the group of treated cats. A slight increase in viral load was observed in some cats after discontinuing treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The data strongly suggest that treated cats were resistant to therapy, and uncharacterized resistance mutations in the RT gene of FIV were selected for by AZT. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy in cats. To date, resistance mutations have not been described in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila de Oliveira Medeiros
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celina Monteiro Abreu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Delvecchio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo de Moraes Brindeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Carver S, Bevins SN, Lappin MR, Boydston EE, Lyren LM, Alldredge M, Logan KA, Sweanor LL, Riley SPD, Serieys LEK, Fisher RN, Vickers TW, Boyce W, Mcbride R, Cunningham MC, Jennings M, Lewis J, Lunn T, Crooks KR, Vandewoude S. Pathogen exposure varies widely among sympatric populations of wild and domestic felids across the United States. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:367-381. [PMID: 27209780 DOI: 10.1890/15-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how landscape, host, and pathogen traits contribute to disease exposure requires systematic evaluations of pathogens within and among host species and geographic regions. The relative importance of these attributes is critical for management of wildlife and mitigating domestic animal and human disease, particularly given rapid ecological changes, such as urbanization. We screened > 1000 samples from sympatric populations of puma (Puma concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and domestic cat (Felis catus) across urban gradients in six sites, representing three regions, in North America for exposure to a representative suite of bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens (Bartonella sp., Toxoplasma gondii, feline herpesvirus-1, feline panleukopenea virus, feline calicivirus, and feline immunodeficiency virus). We evaluated prevalence within each species, and examined host trait and land cover determinants of exposure; providing an unprecedented analysis of factors relating to potential for infections in domesticated and wild felids. Prevalence differed among host species (highest for puma and lowest for domestic cat) and was greater for indirectly transmitted pathogens. Sex was inconsistently predictive of exposure to directly transmitted pathogens only, and age infrequently predictive of both direct and indirectly transmitted pathogens. Determinants of pathogen exposure were widely divergent between the wild felid species. For puma, suburban land use predicted increased exposure to Bartonella sp. in southern California, and FHV-1 exposure increased near urban edges in Florida. This may suggest interspecific transmission with domestic cats via flea vectors (California) and direct contact (Florida) around urban boundaries. Bobcats captured near urban areas had increased exposure to T. gondii in Florida, suggesting an urban source of prey Bobcats captured near urban areas in Colorado and Florida had higher FIV exposure, possibly suggesting increased intraspecific interactions through pile-up of home ranges. Beyond these regional and pathogen specific relationships, proximity to the wildland-urban interface did not generally increase the probability of disease exposure in wild or domestic felids, empha- sizing the importance of local ecological determinants. Indeed, pathogen exposure was often negatively associated with the wildland-urban interface for all felids. Our analyses suggest cross-species pathogen transmission events around this interface may be infrequent, but followed by self-sustaining propagation within the new host species. virus; puma (Puma concolor); Toxoplasma gondii; urbanization.
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FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION IN FREE-RANGING GUIGNAS (LEOPARDUS GUIGNA) AND SYMPATRIC DOMESTIC CATS IN HUMAN PERTURBED LANDSCAPES ON CHILOÉ ISLAND, CHILE. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:199-208. [DOI: 10.7589/2014-04-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tracey JA, Bevins SN, VandeWoude S, Crooks KR. An agent-based movement model to assess the impact of landscape fragmentation on disease transmission. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00376.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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40
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Lee JS, Bevins SN, Serieys LEK, Vickers W, Logan KA, Aldredge M, Boydston EE, Lyren LM, McBride R, Roelke-Parker M, Pecon-Slattery J, Troyer JL, Riley SP, Boyce WM, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S. Evolution of puma lentivirus in bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) in North America. J Virol 2014; 88:7727-37. [PMID: 24741092 PMCID: PMC4097783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00473-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountain lions (Puma concolor) throughout North and South America are infected with puma lentivirus clade B (PLVB). A second, highly divergent lentiviral clade, PLVA, infects mountain lions in southern California and Florida. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in these two geographic regions are also infected with PLVA, and to date, this is the only strain of lentivirus identified in bobcats. We sequenced full-length PLV genomes in order to characterize the molecular evolution of PLV in bobcats and mountain lions. Low sequence homology (88% average pairwise identity) and frequent recombination (1 recombination breakpoint per 3 isolates analyzed) were observed in both clades. Viral proteins have markedly different patterns of evolution; sequence homology and negative selection were highest in Gag and Pol and lowest in Vif and Env. A total of 1.7% of sites across the PLV genome evolve under positive selection, indicating that host-imposed selection pressure is an important force shaping PLV evolution. PLVA strains are highly spatially structured, reflecting the population dynamics of their primary host, the bobcat. In contrast, the phylogeography of PLVB reflects the highly mobile mountain lion, with diverse PLVB isolates cocirculating in some areas and genetically related viruses being present in populations separated by thousands of kilometers. We conclude that PLVA and PLVB are two different viral species with distinct feline hosts and evolutionary histories. Importance: An understanding of viral evolution in natural host populations is a fundamental goal of virology, molecular biology, and disease ecology. Here we provide a detailed analysis of puma lentivirus (PLV) evolution in two natural carnivore hosts, the bobcat and mountain lion. Our results illustrate that PLV evolution is a dynamic process that results from high rates of viral mutation/recombination and host-imposed selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- USDA National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Laurel E K Serieys
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Winston Vickers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ken A Logan
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Montrose, Colorado, USA
| | - Mat Aldredge
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin E Boydston
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lisa M Lyren
- USGS Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Roy McBride
- Rancher's Supply Inc., Ochopee, Florida, USA
| | - Melody Roelke-Parker
- Laboratory of Genetic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jill Pecon-Slattery
- Laboratory of Genetic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Troyer
- Laboratory of Genetic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth P Riley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Walter M Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Sykes JE. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152317 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gilbert AT, Fooks AR, Hayman DTS, Horton DL, Müller T, Plowright R, Peel AJ, Bowen R, Wood JLN, Mills J, Cunningham AA, Rupprecht CE. Deciphering serology to understand the ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. ECOHEALTH 2013; 10:298-313. [PMID: 23918033 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ecology of infectious disease in wildlife has become a pivotal theme in animal and public health. Studies of infectious disease ecology rely on robust surveillance of pathogens in reservoir hosts, often based on serology, which is the detection of specific antibodies in the blood and is used to infer infection history. However, serological data can be inaccurate for inference to infection history for a variety of reasons. Two major aspects in any serological test can substantially impact results and interpretation of antibody prevalence data: cross-reactivity and cut-off thresholds used to discriminate positive and negative reactions. Given the ubiquitous use of serology as a tool for surveillance and epidemiological modeling of wildlife diseases, it is imperative to consider the strengths and limitations of serological test methodologies and interpretation of results, particularly when using data that may affect management and policy for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in wildlife. Greater consideration of population age structure and cohort representation, serological test suitability and standardized sample collection protocols can ensure that reliable data are obtained for downstream modeling applications to characterize, and evaluate interventions for, wildlife disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Gilbert
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA,
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Serrière J, Robert X, Perez M, Gouet P, Guillon C. Biophysical characterization and crystal structure of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus p15 matrix protein. Retrovirology 2013; 10:64. [PMID: 23800358 PMCID: PMC3706335 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a viral pathogen that infects domestic cats and wild felids. During the viral replication cycle, the FIV p15 matrix protein oligomerizes to form a closed matrix that underlies the lipidic envelope of the virion. Because of its crucial role in the early and late stages of viral morphogenesis, especially in viral assembly, FIV p15 is an interesting target in the development of potential new therapeutic strategies. RESULTS Our biochemical study of FIV p15 revealed that it forms a stable dimer in solution under acidic conditions and at high concentration, unlike other retroviral matrix proteins. We determined the crystal structure of full-length FIV p15 to 2 Å resolution and observed a helical organization of the protein, typical for retroviral matrix proteins. A hydrophobic pocket that could accommodate a myristoyl group was identified, and the C-terminal end of FIV p15, which is mainly unstructured, was visible in electron density maps. As FIV p15 crystallizes in acidic conditions but with one monomer in the asymmetric unit, we searched for the presence of a biological dimer in the crystal. No biological assembly was detected by the PISA server, but the three most buried crystallographic interfaces have interesting features: the first one displays a highly conserved tryptophan acting as a binding platform, the second one is located along a 2-fold symmetry axis and the third one resembles the dimeric interface of EIAV p15. Because the C-terminal end of p15 is involved in two of these three interfaces, we investigated the structure and assembly of a C-terminal-truncated form of p15 lacking 14 residues. The truncated FIV p15 dimerizes in solution at a lower concentration and crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The EIAV-like dimeric interface is the only one to be retained in the new crystal form. CONCLUSION The dimeric form of FIV p15 in solution and its extended C-terminal end are characteristic among lentiviral matrix proteins. Crystallographic interfaces revealed several interactions that might be involved in FIV replication. Further studies are needed to better understand their biological relevance in the function of FIV Gag during viral replication.
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Abstract
Panthera pardus (leopard; Linnaeus, 1758) is the smallest of the 4 large felids in the genus Panthera. A solitary and adaptable species, P. pardus is the widest ranging of all wild felids, inhabiting rain forests, mountains, semiarid environments, and suburban areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia to the Russian Far East. Despite this distribution, P. pardus is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and several Asian subspecies are listed as endangered. P. pardus primarily feeds on small to medium-sized ungulates, but has a varied diet including fish, reptiles, birds, and small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Stein
- Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Virginia Hayssen
- Department of Biology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;
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Accessory genes confer a high replication rate to virulent feline immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2013; 87:7940-51. [PMID: 23658451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00752-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes AIDS in domestic cats, similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS in humans. The FIV accessory protein Vif abrogates the inhibition of infection by cat APOBEC3 restriction factors. FIV also encodes a multifunctional OrfA accessory protein that has characteristics similar to HIV Tat, Vpu, Vpr, and Nef. To examine the role of vif and orfA accessory genes in FIV replication and pathogenicity, we generated chimeras between two FIV molecular clones with divergent disease potentials: a highly pathogenic isolate that replicates rapidly in vitro and is associated with significant immunopathology in vivo, FIV-C36 (referred to here as high-virulence FIV [HV-FIV]), and a less-pathogenic strain, FIV-PPR (referred to here as low-virulence FIV [LV-FIV]). Using PCR-driven overlap extension, we produced viruses in which vif, orfA, or both genes from virulent HV-FIV replaced equivalent genes in LV-FIV. The generation of these chimeras is more straightforward in FIV than in primate lentiviruses, since FIV accessory gene open reading frames have very little overlap with other genes. All three chimeric viruses exhibited increased replication kinetics in vitro compared to the replication kinetics of LV-FIV. Chimeras containing HV-Vif or Vif/OrfA had replication rates equivalent to those of the virulent HV-FIV parental virus. Furthermore, small interfering RNA knockdown of feline APOBEC3 genes resulted in equalization of replication rates between LV-FIV and LV-FIV encoding HV-FIV Vif. These findings demonstrate that Vif-APOBEC interactions play a key role in controlling the replication and pathogenicity of this immunodeficiency-inducing virus in its native host species and that accessory genes act as mediators of lentiviral strain-specific virulence.
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Maas M, Keet DF, Rutten VPMG, Heesterbeek JAP, Nielen M. Assessing the impact of feline immunodeficiency virus and bovine tuberculosis co-infection in African lions. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4206-14. [PMID: 22915673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a disease that was introduced relatively recently into the Kruger National Park (KNP) lion population. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV(ple)) is thought to have been endemic in lions for a much longer time. In humans, co-infection between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus increases disease burden. If BTB were to reach high levels of prevalence in lions, and if similar worsening effects would exist between FIV(ple) and BTB as for their human equivalents, this could pose a lion conservation problem. We collected data on lions in KNP from 1993 to 2008 for spatio-temporal analysis of both FIV(ple) and BTB, and to assess whether a similar relationship between the two diseases exists in lions. We found that BTB prevalence in the south was higher than in the north (72 versus 19% over the total study period) and increased over time in the northern part of the KNP (0-41%). No significant spatio-temporal differences were seen for FIV(ple) in the study period, in agreement with the presumed endemic state of the infection. Both infections affected haematology and blood chemistry values, FIV(ple) in a more pronounced way than BTB. The effect of co-infection on these values, however, was always less than additive. Though a large proportion (31%) of the lions was co-infected with FIV(ple) and M. bovis, there was no evidence for a synergistic relation as in their human counterparts. Whether this results from different immunopathogeneses remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maas
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Han GZ, Worobey M. Endogenous lentiviral elements in the weasel family (Mustelidae). Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:2905-8. [PMID: 22522310 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses provide molecular fossils for studying the ancient evolutionary history of retroviruses. Here, we report our independent discovery and analysis of endogenous lentiviral insertions (Mustelidae endogenous lentivirus [MELV]) within the genomes of weasel family (Mustelidae). Genome-scale screening identified MELV elements in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) genome (MELVmpf). MELVmpf exhibits a typical lentiviral genomic organization. Phylogenetic analyses position MELVmpf basal to either primate lentiviruses or feline immunodeficiency virus. Moreover, we verified the presence of MELV insertions in the genomes of several species of the Lutrinae and Mustelinae subfamilies but not the Martinae subfamily, suggesting that the invasion of MELV into the Mustelidae genomes likely took place between 8.8 and 11.8 Ma. The discovery of MELV in weasel genomes extends the host range of lentiviruses to the Caniformia (order Carnivora) and provides important insights into the prehistoric diversity of lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Zhu Han
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona.
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Feline tetherin is characterized by a short N-terminal region and is counteracted by the feline immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 2012; 86:6688-700. [PMID: 22514338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07037-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2) is the host cell factor that blocks the particle release of some enveloped viruses. Two putative feline tetherin proteins differing at the level of the N-terminal coding region have recently been described and tested for their antiviral activity. By cloning and comparing the two reported feline tetherins (called here cBST2(504) and cBST2*) and generating specific derivative mutants, this study provides evidence that feline tetherin has a shorter intracytoplasmic domain than those of other known homologues. The minimal tetherin promoter was identified and assayed for its ability to drive tetherin expression in an alpha interferon-inducible manner. We also demonstrated that cBST2(504) is able to dimerize, is localized at the cellular membrane, and impairs human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particle release, regardless of the presence of the Vpu antagonist accessory protein. While cBST2(504) failed to restrict wild-type feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) egress, FIV mutants, bearing a frameshift at the level of the envelope-encoding region, were potently blocked. The transient expression of the FIV envelope glycoprotein was able to rescue mutant particle release from feline tetherin-positive cells but did not antagonize human BST2 activity. Moreover, cBST2(504) was capable of specifically immunoprecipitating the FIV envelope glycoprotein. Finally, cBST2(504) also exerted its function on HIV-2 ROD10 and on the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239. Taken together, these results show that feline tetherin does indeed have a short N-terminal region and that the FIV envelope glycoprotein is the predominant factor counteracting tetherin restriction.
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Feline immunodeficiency virus in South America. Viruses 2012; 4:383-396. [PMID: 22590677 PMCID: PMC3347033 DOI: 10.3390/v4030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of AIDS in humans during the period between 1980 and 2000 has led to extensive efforts to understand more fully similar etiologic agents of chronic and progressive acquired immunodeficiency disease in several mammalian species. Lentiviruses that have gene sequence homology with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been found in different species (including sheep, goats, horses, cattle, cats, and several Old World monkey species). Lentiviruses, comprising a genus of the Retroviridae family, cause persistent infection that can lead to varying degrees of morbidity and mortality depending on the virus and the host species involved. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes an immune system disease in domestic cats (Felis catus) involving depletion of the CD4+ population of T lymphocytes, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and sometimes death. Viruses related to domestic cat FIV occur also in a variety of nondomestic felids. This is a brief overview of the current state of knowledge of this large and ancient group of viruses (FIVs) in South America.
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Lee JS, Ruell EW, Boydston EE, Lyren LM, Alonso RS, Troyer JL, Crooks KR, Vandewoude S. Gene flow and pathogen transmission among bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a fragmented urban landscape. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1617-31. [PMID: 22335296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization can result in the fragmentation of once contiguous natural landscapes into a patchy habitat interspersed within a growing urban matrix. Animals living in fragmented landscapes often have reduced movement among habitat patches because of avoidance of intervening human development, which potentially leads to both reduced gene flow and pathogen transmission between patches. Mammalian carnivores with large home ranges, such as bobcats (Lynx rufus), may be particularly sensitive to habitat fragmentation. We performed genetic analyses on bobcats and their directly transmitted viral pathogen, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), to investigate the effects of urbanization on bobcat movement. We predicted that urban development, including major freeways, would limit bobcat movement and result in genetically structured host and pathogen populations. We analysed molecular markers from 106 bobcats and 19 FIV isolates from seropositive animals in urban southern California. Our findings indicate that reduced gene flow between two primary habitat patches has resulted in genetically distinct bobcat subpopulations separated by urban development including a major highway. However, the distribution of genetic diversity among FIV isolates determined through phylogenetic analyses indicates that pathogen genotypes are less spatially structured-exhibiting a more even distribution between habitat fragments. We conclude that the types of movement and contact sufficient for disease transmission occur with enough frequency to preclude structuring among the viral population, but that the bobcat population is structured owing to low levels of effective bobcat migration resulting in gene flow. We illustrate the utility in using multiple molecular markers that differentially detect movement and gene flow between subpopulations when assessing connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA.
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