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Martinez ZS, Gutierrez DA, Valenzuela C, Seong CS, Llano M. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 regulates HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598467. [PMID: 38915699 PMCID: PMC11195250 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The cellular enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) regulates multiple processes that are potentially implicated in HIV-1 infection. However, the role of PARP-1 in HIV-1 infection remains controversial, with reports indicating or excluding that PARP-1 influence early steps of the HIV-1 life cycle. Most of these studies have been conducted with Vesicular Stomatitis virus Glycoprotein G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped, single-round infection HIV-1; limiting our understanding of the role of PARP-1 in HIV-1 replication. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition in HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells. Our data showed that PARP-1 knockout increased viral replication in SUP-T1 cells. Similarly, a PARP-1 inhibitor that targets PARP-1 DNA-binding activity enhanced HIV-1 replication. In contrast, inhibitors affecting the catalytic activity of the enzyme were inactive. In correspondence with the pharmacological studies, mutagenesis analysis indicated that the DNA-binding domain was required for the PARP-1 anti-HIV-1 activity, but the poly-ADP-ribosylation activity was dispensable. Our results also demonstrated that PARP-1 acts at the production phase of the viral life cycle since HIV-1 produced in cells lacking PARP-1 was more infectious than control viruses. The effect of PARP-1 on HIV-1 infectivity required Env, as PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition did not modify the infectivity of Env-deleted, VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1. Furthermore, virion-associated Env was more abundant in sucrose cushion-purified virions produced in cells lacking the enzyme. However, PARP-1 did not affect Env expression or processing in the producer cells. In summary, our data indicate that PARP-1 antagonism enhances HIV-1 infectivity and increases levels of virion-associated Env. Importance Different cellular processes counteract viral replication. A better understanding of these interfering mechanisms will enhance our ability to control viral infections. We have discovered a novel, antagonist effect of the cellular enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in HIV-1 replication. Our data indicate that PARP-1 deficiency or inhibition augment HIV-1 infectivity in human CD4+ T cells, the main HIV-1 target cell in vivo . Analysis of the mechanism of action suggested that PARP-1 antagonism increases in the virus the amounts of the viral protein mediating viral entry to the target cells. These findings identify for the first time PARP-1 as a host factor that regulates HIV-1 infectivity, and could be relevant to better understand HIV-1 transmission and to facilitate vaccine development.
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Kilroy JM, Leal AA, Henderson AJ. Chronic HIV Transcription, Translation, and Persistent Inflammation. Viruses 2024; 16:751. [PMID: 38793632 PMCID: PMC11125830 DOI: 10.3390/v16050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
People with HIV exhibit persistent inflammation that correlates with HIV-associated comorbidities including accelerated aging, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. Mechanisms that perpetuate chronic inflammation in people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral treatments are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the persistent low-level expression of HIV proviruses, including RNAs generated from defective proviral genomes, drives the immune dysfunction that is responsible for chronic HIV pathogenesis. We explore factors during HIV infection that contribute to the generation of a pool of defective proviruses as well as how HIV-1 mRNA and proteins alter immune function in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Kilroy
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrew A. Leal
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.M.K.); (A.A.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Virology, Immunology, Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Sobotka AA, Tempera I. PARP1 as an Epigenetic Modulator: Implications for the Regulation of Host-Viral Dynamics. Pathogens 2024; 13:131. [PMID: 38392869 PMCID: PMC10891851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The principal understanding of the Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) regulation of genomes has been focused on its role in DNA repair; however, in the past few years, an additional role for PARPs and PARylation has emerged in regulating viral-host interactions. In particular, in the context of DNA virus infection, PARP1-mediated mechanisms of gene regulations, such as the involvement with cellular protein complexes responsible for the folding of the genome into the nucleus, the formation of chromatin loops connecting distant regulatory genomic regions, and other methods of transcriptional regulation, provide additional ways through which PARPs can modulate the function of both the host and the viral genomes during viral infection. In addition, potential viral amplification of the activity of PARPs on the host genome can contribute to the pathogenic effect of viral infection, such as viral-driven oncogenesis, opening the possibility that PARP inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic approach to target viral infection. This review will focus on the role of PARPs, particularly PARP1, in regulating the infection of DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher A. Sobotka
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ramesh S, Almeida SD, Hammigi S, Radhakrishna GK, Sireesha G, Panneerselvam T, Vellingiri S, Kunjiappan S, Ammunje DN, Pavadai P. A Review of PARP-1 Inhibitors: Assessing Emerging Prospects and Tailoring Therapeutic Strategies. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023; 73:491-505. [PMID: 37890514 DOI: 10.1055/a-2181-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms contain an enzyme family called poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which is responsible for the poly (ADP-ribosylation) of DNA-binding proteins. PARPs are members of the cell signaling enzyme class. PARP-1, the most common isoform of the PARP family, is responsible for more than 90% of the tasks carried out by the PARP family as a whole. A superfamily consisting of 18 PARPs has been found. In order to synthesize polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) and nicotinamide, the DNA damage nick monitor PARP-1 requires NAD+ as a substrate. The capability of PARP-1 activation to boost the transcription of proinflammatory genes, its ability to deplete cellular energy pools, which leads to cell malfunction and necrosis, and its involvement as a component in the process of DNA repair are the three consequences of PARP-1 activation that are of particular significance in the process of developing new drugs. As a result, the pharmacological reduction of PARP-1 may result in an increase in the cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarya Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shannon D Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sameerana Hammigi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Govardan Katta Radhakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Golla Sireesha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Theivendren Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shangavi Vellingiri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
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Volcic M, Wiesmüller L, Kirchhoff F. Small but Highly Versatile: The Viral Accessory Protein Vpu. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:243-259. [PMID: 37406340 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not generally required for viral replication in cell culture. However, they play complex and important roles for viral immune evasion and spread in vivo. Here, we discuss the diverse functions and the relevance of the viral protein U (Vpu) that is expressed from a bicistronic RNA during the late stage of the viral replication cycle and found only in HIV-1 and closely related SIVs. It is well established that Vpu counteracts the restriction factor tetherin, mediates degradation of the primary viral CD4 receptors, and inhibits activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Recent studies identified additional activities and provided new insights into the sophisticated mechanisms by which Vpu enhances and prolongs the release of fully infectious viral particles. In addition, it has been shown that Vpu prevents superinfection not only by degrading CD4 but also by modulating DNA repair mechanisms to promote degradation of nuclear viral complementary DNA in cells that are already productively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
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Wu J, Xu L, Liu B, Sun W, Hu Y, Yang Y, Guo K, Jia X, Sun H, Wu J, Huang Y, Ji W, Fu S, Qiao Y, Zhang X. Biomedical association analysis between G2/M checkpoint genes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression from a northern chinese MSM population. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:51. [PMID: 37468905 PMCID: PMC10357704 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSM are at high risk of HIV infection. Previous studies have shown that the cell cycle regulation plays an important role in HIV-1 infection, especially at the G2/M checkpoint. ATR, Chk1, Cdc25C and CDK1 are key genes of G2/M checkpoint. However, the association between SNPs of these genes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression remains unknown. METHODS In this study, 42 tSNPs from the above four G2/M checkpoint genes were genotyped in 529 MSM and 529 control subjects from northern China to analyze this association. RESULTS The results showed that rs34660854 A and rs75368165 A in ATR gene and rs3756766 A in Cdc25C gene could increase the risk of HIV-1 infection (P = 0.049, OR = 1.234, 95% CI 1.001-1.521; P = 0.020, OR = 1.296, 95% CI 1.042-1.611; P = 0.011, OR = 1.392, 95% CI 1.080-1.794, respectively), while Chk1 rs10893405 (P = 0.029, OR = 1.629, 95% CI 1.051-2.523) were significantly associated with AIDS progression. Besides, rs34660854 (P = 0.019, OR = 1.364, 95% CI 1.052-1.769; P = 0.022, OR = 1.337, 95% CI 1.042-1.716, under Codominant model and Dominant model, respectively) and rs75368165 (P = 0.006, OR = 1.445, 95% CI = 1.114-1.899; P = 0.007, OR = 1.418, 95% CI 1.099-1.831, under Codominant model and Dominant model, respectively) in ATR gene, rs12576279 (P = 0.013, OR = 0.343, 95% CI 0.147-0.800; P = 0.048, OR = 0.437, 95% CI 0.192-0.991, under Codominant model and Dominant model, respectively) and rs540436 (P = 0.012, OR = 1.407, 95% CI 1.077-1.836; P = 0.021, OR = 1.359, 95% CI 1.048-1.762, under Codominant model and Dominant model, respectively) in Chk1 gene, rs3756766 (P = 0.013, OR = 1.455, 95% CI 1.083-1.954; P = 0.009, OR = 1.460, 95% CI 1.098-1.940, under Codominant model and Dominant model, respectively) in Cdc25C gene and rs139245206 (P = 0.022, OR = 5.011, 95% CI 1.267-19.816; P = 0.020, OR = 5.067, 95% CI 1.286-19.970, under Codominant model and Recessive model, respectively) in CDK1 gene were significantly associated with HIV-1 infection under different models. CONCLUSIONS We found that genetic variants of G2/M checkpoint genes had a molecular influence on the occurrence of HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression in a northern Chinese MSM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University-Daqing Campus, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Lidan Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Bangquan Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Yuanting Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Keer Guo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Xueyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Haiming Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China
| | - Yuandong Qiao
- College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University-Daqing Campus, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China.
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, China.
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Fu S, Phan AT, Mao D, Wang X, Gao G, Goff SP, Zhu Y. HIV-1 exploits the Fanconi anemia pathway for viral DNA integration. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110840. [PMID: 35613597 PMCID: PMC9250337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome results in single-strand gaps and 2-nt overhangs at the ends of viral DNA, which must be repaired by cellular enzymes. The cellular factors responsible for the DNA damage repair in HIV-1 DNA integration have not yet been well defined. We report here that HIV-1 infection potently activates the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, and the FA effector proteins FANCI-D2 bind to the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 integrase. Knockout of FANCI blocks productive viral DNA integration and inhibits the replication of HIV-1. Finally, we show that the knockout of DNA polymerases or flap nuclease downstream of FANCI-D2 reduces the levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA, suggesting these enzymes may be responsible for the repair of DNA damages induced by viral DNA integration. These experiments reveal that HIV-1 exploits the FA pathway for the stable integration of viral DNA into host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozu Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Thanh Phan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dexin Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xinlu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Su Y, Wu T, Yu XY, Huo WB, Wang SH, Huan C, Liu YM, Liu JM, Cui MN, Li XH, Yu JH. Inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin on enterovirus 68 production through inhibiting ATM and DNA-PK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153977. [PMID: 35305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a primary etiological agent for respiratory illnesses, while no effective drug has yet used in clinics largely because the pathogenesis of EV68 is not clear. DNA damage response (DDR) responds to cellular DNA breaks and is also involved in viral replication. Three DDR pathways includes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Natural products proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. Among them, tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, silibinin, rutin and quercetin are reported to target DDR, therefore their roles in anti-EV68 are investigated in this study. PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-EV68 ability of various natural compounds related to DDR. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The methods include cell counting, flow cytometry, western blot, Immunofluorescence staining, comet assays, quantitative real-time RT PCR and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for analysis of cell number, cell cycle, protein expression, protein location, DNA damage, mRNA level and knock down target gene, respectively. RESULTS EV68 infection induced DDR. Down-regulation or inhibition of ATM or DNA-PK lowered DDR in EV68-infected cells and mitigated viral protein expression, however, down-regulation or inhibition of ATR unexpectedly up-regulated DDR, and promoted viral protein expression. Meanwhile tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, and silibinin inhibited ATM and/or DNA-PK activation and decreased viral proliferation, while rutin and quercetin inhibited ATR activation and promoted viral production. The role of them in ATM, DNA-PK and ATR activation was consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION Tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin inhibited EV68 proliferation through inhibiting ATM and/or DNA-PK activation, and they were effective anti-EV68 candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Bo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Meng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min-Na Cui
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Yu J, Zhang W, Huo W, Meng X, Zhong T, Su Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Song F, Zhang S, Li Z, Yu X, Yu X, Hua S. Regulation of host factor γ-H2AX level and location by enterovirus A71 for viral replication. Virulence 2022; 13:241-257. [PMID: 35067196 PMCID: PMC8786350 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2028482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses manipulate host factors for viral production. We demonstrated that human enterovirus A71 (EVA71), a primary causative agent for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), increased the level of the DNA damage response (DDR) marker γ-H2AX. DDR is primarily mediated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), or DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) pathways. Upregulation of γ-H2AX by EVA71 was dependent on the ATR but not the ATM or DNA-PK pathway. As a nuclear factor, there is no previous evidence of cytoplasmic distribution of γ-H2AX. However, the present findings demonstrated that EVA71 encouraged the localization of γ-H2AX to the cytoplasm. Of note, γ-H2AX formed a complex with structural protein VP3, non-structural protein 3D, and the viral genome. Treatment with an inhibitor or CRISPR/Cas9 technology to decrease or silence the expression of γ-H2AX decreased viral genome replication in host cells; this effect was accompanied by decreased viral protein expression and virions. In animal experiments, caffeine was used to inhibit DDR; the results revealed that caffeine protected neonatal mice from death after infection with EVA71, laying the foundation for new therapeutic applications of caffeine. More importantly, in children with HFMD, γ-H2AX was upregulated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The consistent in vitro and in vivo data on γ-H2AX from this study suggested that caffeine or other inhibitors of DDR might be novel therapeutic agents for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zengyan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengmei Song
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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NAD+-consuming enzymes in immune defense against viral infection. Biochem J 2021; 478:4071-4092. [PMID: 34871367 PMCID: PMC8718269 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that in spite of the scientific progress in the past century, there is a lack of general antiviral strategies. In analogy to broad-spectrum antibiotics as antibacterial agents, developing broad spectrum antiviral agents would buy us time for the development of vaccines and treatments for future viral infections. In addition to targeting viral factors, a possible strategy is to understand host immune defense mechanisms and develop methods to boost the antiviral immune response. Here we summarize the role of NAD+-consuming enzymes in the immune defense against viral infections, with the hope that a better understanding of this process could help to develop better antiviral therapeutics targeting these enzymes. These NAD+-consuming enzymes include PARPs, sirtuins, CD38, and SARM1. Among these, the antiviral function of PARPs is particularly important and will be a focus of this review. Interestingly, NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes are also implicated in immune responses. In addition, many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 contain a macrodomain-containing protein (NSP3 in SARS-CoV-2), which serves to counteract the antiviral function of host PARPs. Therefore, NAD+ and NAD+-consuming enzymes play crucial roles in immune responses against viral infections and detailed mechanistic understandings in the future will likely facilitate the development of general antiviral strategies.
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11
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Bhargava A, Williart A, Maurin M, Davidson PM, Jouve M, Piel M, Lahaye X, Manel N. Inhibition of HIV infection by structural proteins of the inner nuclear membrane is associated with reduced chromatin dynamics. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109763. [PMID: 34592156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the nucleus to establish infection, but the role of nuclear envelope proteins in this process is incompletely understood. Inner nuclear transmembrane proteins SUN1 and SUN2 connect nuclear lamins to the cytoskeleton and participate in the DNA damage response (DDR). Increased levels of SUN1 or SUN2 potently restrict HIV infection through an unresolved mechanism. Here, we find that the antiviral activities of SUN1 and SUN2 are distinct. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are preferentially inhibited by SUN1 and SUN2, respectively. We identify DNA damage inducers that stimulate HIV-1 infection and show that SUN1, but not SUN2, neutralizes this effect. Finally, we show that chromatin movements and nuclear rotations are associated with the effects of SUN proteins and Lamin A/C on infection. These results reveal an emerging role of chromatin dynamics and the DDR in the control of HIV infection by structural components of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Bhargava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Alice Williart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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12
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de Jong LC, Crnko S, ten Broeke T, Bovenschen N. Noncytotoxic functions of killer cell granzymes in viral infections. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009818. [PMID: 34529743 PMCID: PMC8445437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes produce granules armed with a set of 5 serine proteases (granzymes (Gzms)), which, together with the pore-forming protein (perforin), serve as a major defense against viral infections in humans. This granule-exocytosis pathway subsumes a well-established mechanism in which target cell death is induced upon perforin-mediated entry of Gzms and subsequent activation of various (apoptosis) pathways. In the past decade, however, a growing body of evidence demonstrated that Gzms also inhibit viral replication and potential reactivation in cell death–independent manners. For example, Gzms can induce proteolysis of viral or host cell proteins necessary for the viral entry, release, or intracellular trafficking, as well as augment pro-inflammatory antiviral cytokine response. In this review, we summarize current evidence for the noncytotoxic mechanisms and roles by which killer cells can use Gzms to combat viral infections, and we discuss the potential thereof for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne C. de Jong
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Crnko
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toine ten Broeke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Tan A, Doig CL. NAD + Degrading Enzymes, Evidence for Roles During Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697359. [PMID: 34485381 PMCID: PMC8415550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contribute to metabolic dysfunction, increase susceptibility to disease, and occur as a result of pathogenic infection. The enzymatic cleavage of NAD+ transfers ADP-ribose (ADPr) to substrate proteins generating mono-ADP-ribose (MAR), poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) or O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (OAADPr). These important post-translational modifications have roles in both immune response activation and the advancement of infection. In particular, emergent data show viral infection stimulates activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) mediated NAD+ depletion and stimulates hydrolysis of existing ADP-ribosylation modifications. These studies are important for us to better understand the value of NAD+ maintenance upon the biology of infection. This review focuses specifically upon the NAD+ utilising enzymes, discusses existing knowledge surrounding their roles in infection, their NAD+ depletion capability and their influence within pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Tan
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L Doig
- Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Centre, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Malgras M, Garcia M, Jousselin C, Bodet C, Lévêque N. The Antiviral Activities of Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040582. [PMID: 33808354 PMCID: PMC8066025 DOI: 10.3390/v13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerases (PARPs) are responsible for ADP-ribosylation, a reversible post-translational modification involved in many cellular processes including DNA damage repair, chromatin remodeling, regulation of translation and cell death. In addition to these physiological functions, recent studies have highlighted the role of PARPs in host defenses against viruses, either by direct antiviral activity, targeting certain steps of virus replication cycle, or indirect antiviral activity, via modulation of the innate immune response. This review focuses on the antiviral activity of PARPs, as well as strategies developed by viruses to escape their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Malgras
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (C.J.); (C.B.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: nicolas.lévê; Tel.: +33-(0)5-49-44-38-17
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15
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Mavian C, Ramirez-Mata AS, Dollar JJ, Nolan DJ, Cash M, White K, Rich SN, Magalis BR, Marini S, Prosperi MCF, Amador DM, Riva A, Williams KC, Salemi M. Brain tissue transcriptomic analysis of SIV-infected macaques identifies several altered metabolic pathways linked to neuropathogenesis and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) as potential therapeutic targets. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:101-115. [PMID: 33405206 PMCID: PMC7786889 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent in subjects undergoing therapy. HAND significantly affects individuals' quality of life, as well as adherence to therapy, and, despite the increasing understanding of neuropathogenesis, no definitive diagnostic or prognostic marker has been identified. We investigated transcriptomic profiles in frontal cortex tissues of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Rhesus macaques sacrificed at different stages of infection. Gene expression was compared among SIV-infected animals (n = 11), with or without CD8+ lymphocyte depletion, based on detectable (n = 6) or non-detectable (n = 5) presence of the virus in frontal cortex tissues. Significant enrichment in activation of monocyte and macrophage cellular pathways was found in animals with detectable brain infection, independently from CD8+ lymphocyte depletion. In addition, transcripts of four poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) were up-regulated in the frontal cortex, which was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results shed light on involvement of PARPs in SIV infection of the brain and their role in SIV-associated neurodegenerative processes. Inhibition of PARPs may provide an effective novel therapeutic target for HIV-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Andrea S Ramirez-Mata
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James Jarad Dollar
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melanie Cash
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shannan N Rich
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Rife Magalis
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Mattia C F Prosperi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
| | - David Moraga Amador
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth C Williams
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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16
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Hristova DB, Lauer KB, Ferguson BJ. Viral interactions with non-homologous end-joining: a game of hide-and-seek. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1133-1144. [PMID: 32735206 PMCID: PMC7879558 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are extensive interactions between viruses and the host DNA damage response (DDR) machinery. The outcome of these interactions includes not only direct effects on viral nucleic acids and genome replication, but also the activation of host stress response signalling pathways that can have further, indirect effects on viral life cycles. The non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is responsible for the rapid and imprecise repair of DNA double-stranded breaks in the nucleus that would otherwise be highly toxic. Whilst directly repairing DNA, components of the NHEJ machinery, in particular the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), can activate a raft of downstream signalling events that activate antiviral, cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis pathways. This combination of possible outcomes results in NHEJ being pro- or antiviral depending on the infection. In this review we will describe the broad range of interactions between NHEJ components and viruses and their consequences for both host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana B. Hristova
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katharina B. Lauer
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Present address: ELIXIR Hub, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian J. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Anisenko A, Kan M, Shadrina O, Brattseva A, Gottikh M. Phosphorylation Targets of DNA-PK and Their Role in HIV-1 Replication. Cells 2020; 9:E1907. [PMID: 32824372 PMCID: PMC7464883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a trimeric nuclear complex consisting of a large protein kinase and the Ku heterodimer. The kinase activity of DNA-PK is required for efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We also showed that the kinase activity of DNA-PK is essential for post-integrational DNA repair in the case of HIV-1 infection. Besides, DNA-PK is known to participate in such cellular processes as protection of mammalian telomeres, transcription, and some others where the need for its phosphorylating activity is not clearly elucidated. We carried out a systematic search and analysis of DNA-PK targets described in the literature and identified 67 unique DNA-PK targets phosphorylated in response to various in vitro and/or in vivo stimuli. A functional enrichment analysis of DNA-PK targets and determination of protein-protein associations among them were performed. For 27 proteins from these 67 DNA-PK targets, their participation in the HIV-1 life cycle was demonstrated. This information may be useful for studying the functioning of DNA-PK in various cellular processes, as well as in various stages of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Kan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Olga Shadrina
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Brattseva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
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18
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Piras F, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. Antiviral immunity and nucleic acid sensing in haematopoietic stem cell gene engineering. Gene Ther 2020; 28:16-28. [PMID: 32661282 PMCID: PMC7357672 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The low gene manipulation efficiency of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) remains a major hurdle for sustainable and broad clinical application of innovative therapies for a wide range of disorders. Given that all current and emerging gene transfer and editing technologies are bound to expose HSPC to exogenous nucleic acids and most often also to viral vectors, we reason that host antiviral factors and nucleic acid sensors play a pivotal role in the efficacy of HSPC genetic manipulation. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of vector–host interactions and innate immunity in HSPC upon gene engineering and discuss how dissecting this crosstalk can guide the development of more stealth and efficient gene therapy approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piras
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Fehr AR, Singh SA, Kerr CM, Mukai S, Higashi H, Aikawa M. The impact of PARPs and ADP-ribosylation on inflammation and host-pathogen interactions. Genes Dev 2020; 34:341-359. [PMID: 32029454 PMCID: PMC7050484 DOI: 10.1101/gad.334425.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases (PARPs) promote ADP-ribosylation, a highly conserved, fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM). PARP catalytic domains transfer the ADP-ribose moiety from NAD+ to amino acid residues of target proteins, leading to mono- or poly-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation or PARylation). This PTM regulates various key biological and pathological processes. In this review, we focus on the roles of the PARP family members in inflammation and host-pathogen interactions. Here we give an overview the current understanding of the mechanisms by which PARPs promote or suppress proinflammatory activation of macrophages, and various roles PARPs play in virus infections. We also demonstrate how innovative technologies, such as proteomics and systems biology, help to advance this research field and describe unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Sasha A Singh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catherine M Kerr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Shin Mukai
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health, Moscow 119146, Russian Federation
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20
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Characterizing the antiviral effect of an ATR inhibitor on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Arch Virol 2020; 165:683-690. [PMID: 32002668 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new antiviral therapies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), several cellular targets are being investigated. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has been implicated in HIV-1 replication, namely during retroviral DNA integration. We studied the effect of the ATR inhibitor ETP-46464 on HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the persistently HIV-1-infected cell line H61-D. After treatment with ETP-46464, a significant decrease in virus production was observed in both cell systems. Quantification of viral DNA forms in the acutely infected PBMCs suggests that inhibition could take place in the early phase of the viral life cycle before viral DNA integration. Moreover, after treatment of H61-D cells with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), which blocks new reverse transcription events, ETP-46464 decreased viral production, suggesting that inhibition of viral replication occurred in the late phase of the life cycle after viral DNA integration. A decrease in virus production after transfection of 293T cells with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone also suggested that the effect of ETP-46464 is exerted at a post-integration step. We propose that ETP-46464 produces its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication by acting in both the early and late phases of the retroviral replication cycle. Thus, ATR could represent a new target for inhibition of HIV-1 replication.
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21
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Non-small cell lung cancer cells with deficiencies in homologous recombination genes are sensitive to PARP inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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23
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Targeting the DNA-PK complex: Its rationale use in cancer and HIV-1 infection. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:80-91. [PMID: 30529192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-PK complex is the major component of the predominant mechanism of DSB repair in humans. In addition, this complex is involved in many other processes such as DNA recombination, genome maintenance, apoptosis and transcription regulation. Several studies have linked the decrease of the DNA-PK activity with cancer initiation, due to defects in the repair. On another hand, higher DNA-PK expression and activity have been observed in various other tumor cells and have been linked with a decrease of the efficiency of anti-tumor drugs. It has also been shown that DNA-PK is critical for the integration of the HIV-1 DNA into the cell host genome and promotes replication and transcription of the virus. Targeting this complex makes therefore sense to treat these two pathologies. However, according to the status of HIV-1 replication (active versus latent replication) or to the tumor grade cells (initiation versus metastasis), the way to target this DNA-PK complex might be rather different. In this review, we discuss the importance of DNA-PK complex in two major pathologies i.e. HIV-1 infection and cancer, and the rationale use of therapies aiming to target this complex.
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24
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Siddiqui R, Suzu S, Ueno M, Nasser H, Koba R, Bhuyan F, Noyori O, Hamidi S, Sheng G, Yasuda-Inoue M, Hishiki T, Sukegawa S, Miyagi E, Strebel K, Matsushita S, Shimotohno K, Ariumi Y. Apolipoprotein E is an HIV-1-inducible inhibitor of viral production and infectivity in macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007372. [PMID: 30496280 PMCID: PMC6289579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) belongs to a class of cellular proteins involved in lipid metabolism. ApoE is a polymorphic protein produced primarily in macrophages and astrocytes. Different isoforms of ApoE have been associated with susceptibility to various diseases including Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. ApoE expression has also been found to affect susceptibility to several viral diseases, including Hepatitis C and E, but its effect on the life cycle of HIV-1 remains obscure. In this study, we initially found that HIV-1 infection selectively up-regulated ApoE in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Interestingly, ApoE knockdown in MDMs enhanced the production and infectivity of HIV-1, and was associated with increased localization of viral envelope (Env) proteins to the cell surface. Consistent with this, ApoE over-expression in 293T cells suppressed Env expression and viral infectivity, which was also observed with HIV-2 Env, but not with VSV-G Env. Mechanistic studies revealed that the C-terminal region of ApoE was required for its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 Env expression. Moreover, we found that ApoE and Env co-localized in the cells, and ApoE associated with gp160, the precursor form of Env, and that the suppression of Env expression by ApoE was cancelled by the treatment with lysosomal inhibitors. Overall, our study revealed that ApoE is an HIV-1-inducible inhibitor of viral production and infectivity in macrophages that exerts its anti-HIV-1 activity through association with gp160 Env via the C-terminal region, which results in subsequent degradation of gp160 Env in the lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Siddiqui
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (YA)
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hesham Nasser
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ryota Koba
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Farzana Bhuyan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sofiane Hamidi
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Yasuda-Inoue
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sukegawa
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eri Miyagi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Klaus Strebel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (YA)
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25
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Sethy R, Rakesh R, Patne K, Arya V, Sharma T, Haokip DT, Kumari R, Muthuswami R. Regulation of ATM and ATR by SMARCAL1 and BRG1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:1076-1092. [PMID: 30317028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The G2/M checkpoint is activated on DNA damage by the ATM and ATR kinases that are regulated by post-translational modifications. In this paper, the transcriptional co-regulation of ATM and ATR by SMARCAL1 and BRG1, both members of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein family, is described. SMARCAL1 and BRG1 co-localize on the promoters of ATM and ATR; downregulation of SMARCAL1 and BRG1 results in transcriptional repression of ATM/ATR and overriding of the G2/M checkpoint leading to mitotic abnormalities. On doxorubicin-induced DNA damage, SMARCAL1 and BRG1 are upregulated and these two proteins in turn, upregulate the expression of ATM/ATR. The transcriptional response to DNA damage is feedback regulated by phospho-ATM as it binds to the promoters of SMARCAL1, BRG1, ATM and ATR on DNA damage. The regulation of ATM/ATR is rendered non-functional in Schimke Immuno-Osseous Dysplasia where SMARCAL1 is mutated and in Coffin-Siris Syndrome where BRG1 is mutated. Thus, an intricate transcriptional regulation of DNA damage response genes mediated by SMARCAL1 and BRG1 is present in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ketki Patne
- School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, India
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26
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Leslie Pedrioli DM, Leutert M, Bilan V, Nowak K, Gunasekera K, Ferrari E, Imhof R, Malmström L, Hottiger MO. Comprehensive ADP-ribosylome analysis identifies tyrosine as an ADP-ribose acceptor site. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745310. [PMID: 29954836 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent mass spectrometry (MS)-based breakthroughs, comprehensive ADP-ribose (ADPr)-acceptor amino acid identification and ADPr-site localization remain challenging. Here, we report the establishment of an unbiased, multistep ADP-ribosylome data analysis workflow that led to the identification of tyrosine as a novel ARTD1/PARP1-dependent in vivo ADPr-acceptor amino acid. MS analyses of in vitro ADP-ribosylated proteins confirmed tyrosine as an ADPr-acceptor amino acid in RPS3A (Y155) and HPF1 (Y238) and demonstrated that trans-modification of RPS3A is dependent on HPF1. We provide an ADPr-site Localization Spectra Database (ADPr-LSD), which contains 288 high-quality ADPr-modified peptide spectra, to serve as ADPr spectral references for correct ADPr-site localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Leutert
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera Bilan
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Nowak
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kapila Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Imhof
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Malmström
- S3IT and Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Mlcochova P, Caswell SJ, Taylor IA, Towers GJ, Gupta RK. DNA damage induced by topoisomerase inhibitors activates SAMHD1 and blocks HIV-1 infection of macrophages. EMBO J 2018; 37:50-62. [PMID: 29084722 PMCID: PMC5753034 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that DNA damage induced by topoisomerase inhibitors, including etoposide (ETO), results in a potent block to HIV-1 infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). SAMHD1 suppresses viral reverse transcription (RT) through depletion of cellular dNTPs but is naturally switched off by phosphorylation in a subpopulation of MDM found in a G1-like state. We report that SAMHD1 was activated by dephosphorylation following ETO treatment, along with loss of expression of MCM2 and CDK1, and reduction in dNTP levels. Suppression of infection occurred after completion of viral DNA synthesis, at the step of 2LTR circle and provirus formation. The ETO-induced block was completely rescued by depletion of SAMHD1 in MDM Concordantly, infection by HIV-2 and SIVsm encoding the SAMHD1 antagonist Vpx was insensitive to ETO treatment. The mechanism of DNA damage-induced blockade of HIV-1 infection involved activation of p53, p21, decrease in CDK1 expression, and SAMHD1 dephosphorylation. Therefore, topoisomerase inhibitors regulate SAMHD1 and HIV permissivity at a post-RT step, revealing a mechanism by which the HIV-1 reservoir may be limited by chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Caswell
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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28
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Mohr A, Deedigan L, Jencz S, Mehrabadi Y, Houlden L, Albarenque SM, Zwacka RM. Caspase-10: a molecular switch from cell-autonomous apoptosis to communal cell death in response to chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:340-352. [PMID: 29099485 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of how chemotherapeutic drugs lead to cell cycle checkpoint regulation and DNA damage repair are well understood, but how such signals are transmitted to the cellular apoptosis machinery is less clear. We identified a novel apoptosis-inducing complex, we termed FADDosome, which is driven by ATR-dependent caspase-10 upregulation. During FADDosome-induced apoptosis, cFLIPL is ubiquitinated by TRAF2, leading to its degradation and subsequent FADD-dependent caspase-8 activation. Cancer cells lacking caspase-10, TRAF2 or ATR switch from this cell-autonomous suicide to a more effective, autocrine/paracrine mode of apoptosis initiated by a different complex, the FLIPosome. It leads to processing of cFLIPL to cFLIPp43, TNF-α production and consequently, contrary to the FADDosome, p53-independent apoptosis. Thus, targeting the molecular levers that switch between these mechanisms can increase efficacy of treatment and overcome resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mohr
- School of Biological Sciences, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Laura Deedigan
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sylwia Jencz
- School of Biological Sciences, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Yasamin Mehrabadi
- School of Biological Sciences, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Lily Houlden
- School of Biological Sciences, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Stella-Maris Albarenque
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ralf M Zwacka
- School of Biological Sciences, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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29
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Nookala AR, Mitra J, Chaudhari NS, Hegde ML, Kumar A. An Overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Associated Common Neurological Complications: Does Aging Pose a Challenge? J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:S169-S193. [PMID: 28800335 PMCID: PMC6152920 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With increasing survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the manifestation of heterogeneous neurological complications is also increasing alarmingly in these patients. Currently, more than 30% of about 40 million HIV-1 infected people worldwide develop central nervous system (CNS)-associated dysfunction, including dementia, sensory, and motor neuropathy. Furthermore, the highly effective antiretroviral therapy has been shown to increase the prevalence of mild cognitive functions while reducing other HIV-1-associated neurological complications. On the contrary, the presence of neurological disorder frequently affects the outcome of conventional HIV-1 therapy. Although, both the children and adults suffer from the post-HIV treatment-associated cognitive impairment, adults, especially depending on the age of disease onset, are more prone to CNS dysfunction. Thus, addressing neurological complications in an HIV-1-infected patient is a delicate balance of several factors and requires characterization of the molecular signature of associated CNS disorders involving intricate cross-talk with HIV-1-derived neurotoxins and other cellular factors. In this review, we summarize some of the current data supporting both the direct and indirect mechanisms, including neuro-inflammation and genome instability in association with aging, leading to CNS dysfunction after HIV-1 infection, and discuss the potential strategies addressing the treatment or prevention of HIV-1-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Ram Nookala
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nitish S. Chaudhari
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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30
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Knyazhanskaya ES, Shadrina OA, Anisenko AN, Gottikh MB. Role of DNA-dependent protein kinase in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Gutierrez DA, Valdes L, Serguera C, Llano M. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 silences retroviruses independently of viral DNA integration or heterochromatin formation. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1686-1692. [PMID: 27028089 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP-1 silences retrotransposons in Drosophila, through heterochromatin maintenance, and integrated retroviruses in chicken. Here, we determined the role of viral DNA integration and cellular heterochromatin in PARP-1-mediated retroviral silencing using HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors and Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1) as models. Analysis of the infection of PARP-1 knockout and control cells with HIV-1 harbouring WT integrase, in the presence or absence of an integrase inhibitor, or catalytic-dead mutant integrase indicated that silencing does not require viral DNA integration. The mechanism involves the catalytic activity of histone deacetylases but not that of PARP-1. In contrast to Drosophila, lack of PARP-1 in avian cells did not affect chromatin compaction globally or at the RAV-1 provirus, or the cellular levels of histone H3 N-terminal acetylated or Lys27 trimethylated, as indicated by micrococcal nuclease accessibility and immunoblot assays. Therefore, PARP-1 represses retroviruses prior to viral DNA integration by mechanisms involving histone deacetylases but not heterochromatin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse A Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Luis Valdes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | | | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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32
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Mesquita I, Varela P, Belinha A, Gaifem J, Laforge M, Vergnes B, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. Exploring NAD+ metabolism in host-pathogen interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1225-36. [PMID: 26718485 PMCID: PMC11108276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is a vital molecule found in all living cells. NAD(+) intracellular levels are dictated by its synthesis, using the de novo and/or salvage pathway, and through its catabolic use as co-enzyme or co-substrate. The regulation of NAD(+) metabolism has proven to be an adequate drug target for several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative or inflammatory diseases. Increasing interest has been given to NAD(+) metabolism during innate and adaptive immune responses suggesting that its modulation could also be relevant during host-pathogen interactions. While the maintenance of NAD(+) homeostatic levels assures an adequate environment for host cell survival and proliferation, fluctuations in NAD(+) or biosynthetic precursors bioavailability have been described during host-pathogen interactions, which will interfere with pathogen persistence or clearance. Here, we review the double-edged sword of NAD(+) metabolism during host-pathogen interactions emphasizing its potential for treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mesquita
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Varela
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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33
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Replication of an Autonomous Human Parvovirus in Non-dividing Human Airway Epithelium Is Facilitated through the DNA Damage and Repair Pathways. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005399. [PMID: 26765330 PMCID: PMC4713420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of the Parvoviridae family, and is an emerging human pathogenic respiratory virus. In vitro, HBoV1 infects well-differentiated/polarized primary human airway epithelium (HAE) cultured at an air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI). Although it is well known that autonomous parvovirus replication depends on the S phase of the host cells, we demonstrate here that the HBoV1 genome amplifies efficiently in mitotically quiescent airway epithelial cells of HAE-ALI cultures. Analysis of HBoV1 DNA in infected HAE-ALI revealed that HBoV1 amplifies its ssDNA genome following a typical parvovirus rolling-hairpin DNA replication mechanism. Notably, HBoV1 infection of HAE-ALI initiates a DNA damage response (DDR) with activation of all three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinases (PI3KKs). We found that the activation of the three PI3KKs is required for HBoV1 genome amplification; and, more importantly, we identified that two Y-family DNA polymerases, Pol η and Pol κ, are involved in HBoV1 genome amplification. Overall, we have provided an example of de novo DNA synthesis (genome amplification) of an autonomous parvovirus in non-dividing cells, which is dependent on the cellular DNA damage and repair pathways. Parvovirus is unique among DNA viruses. It has a single stranded DNA genome of ~5.5 kb in length. Autonomous parvoviruses, which replicate autonomously in cells, rely on the S phase cell cycle for genome amplification. In the current study, we demonstrated that human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), an autonomous human Bocaparvovirus, replicates its genome in well-differentiated (non-dividing) primary human airway epithelial cells. HBoV1 infection of non-dividing human airway epithelial cells induces a DNA damage response. We provide evidence that HBoV1 genome amplification in non-dividing airway epithelial cells is facilitated by the DNA damage response-mediated signaling pathways. Importantly, we discovered that two Y-family DNA repair polymerases, but not cellular DNA replication polymerases, are directly involved in HBoV1 genome amplification. Therefore, our study is innovative because it is the first to show that an autonomous parvovirus amplifies its genome in non-dividing cells, and that the DNA repair polymerases are involved in viral genome amplification.
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34
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Activation of the DNA Damage Response by RNA Viruses. Biomolecules 2016; 6:2. [PMID: 26751489 PMCID: PMC4808796 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are a genetically diverse group of pathogens that are responsible for some of the most prevalent and lethal human diseases. Numerous viruses introduce DNA damage and genetic instability in host cells during their lifecycles and some species also manipulate components of the DNA damage response (DDR), a complex and sophisticated series of cellular pathways that have evolved to detect and repair DNA lesions. Activation and manipulation of the DDR by DNA viruses has been extensively studied. It is apparent, however, that many RNA viruses can also induce significant DNA damage, even in cases where viral replication takes place exclusively in the cytoplasm. DNA damage can contribute to the pathogenesis of RNA viruses through the triggering of apoptosis, stimulation of inflammatory immune responses and the introduction of deleterious mutations that can increase the risk of tumorigenesis. In addition, activation of DDR pathways can contribute positively to replication of viral RNA genomes. Elucidation of the interactions between RNA viruses and the DDR has provided important insights into modulation of host cell functions by these pathogens. This review summarises the current literature regarding activation and manipulation of the DDR by several medically important RNA viruses.
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35
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Raczynska KD, Ruepp MD, Brzek A, Reber S, Romeo V, Rindlisbacher B, Heller M, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z, Jarmolowski A, Schümperli D. FUS/TLS contributes to replication-dependent histone gene expression by interaction with U7 snRNPs and histone-specific transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9711-28. [PMID: 26250115 PMCID: PMC4787759 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-dependent histone genes are up-regulated during the G1/S phase transition to meet the requirement for histones to package the newly synthesized DNA. In mammalian cells, this increment is achieved by enhanced transcription and 3′ end processing. The non-polyadenylated histone mRNA 3′ ends are generated by a unique mechanism involving the U7 small ribonucleoprotein (U7 snRNP). By using affinity purification methods to enrich U7 snRNA, we identified FUS/TLS as a novel U7 snRNP interacting protein. Both U7 snRNA and histone transcripts can be precipitated by FUS antibodies predominantly in the S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, FUS depletion leads to decreased levels of correctly processed histone mRNAs and increased levels of extended transcripts. Interestingly, FUS antibodies also co-immunoprecipitate histone transcriptional activator NPAT and transcriptional repressor hnRNP UL1 in different phases of the cell cycle. We further show that FUS binds to histone genes in S phase, promotes the recruitment of RNA polymerase II and is important for the activity of histone gene promoters. Thus, FUS may serve as a linking factor that positively regulates histone gene transcription and 3′ end processing by interacting with the U7 snRNP and other factors involved in replication-dependent histone gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dorota Raczynska
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Brzek
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stefan Reber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Romeo
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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36
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Guendel I, Meltzer BW, Baer A, Dever SM, Valerie K, Guo J, Wu Y, Kehn-Hall K. BRCA1 functions as a novel transcriptional cofactor in HIV-1 infection. Virol J 2015; 12:40. [PMID: 25879655 PMCID: PMC4359766 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses have naturally evolved elegant strategies to manipulate the host’s cellular machinery, including ways to hijack cellular DNA repair proteins to aid in their own replication. Retroviruses induce DNA damage through integration of their genome into host DNA. DNA damage signaling proteins including ATR, ATM and BRCA1 contribute to multiple steps in the HIV-1 life cycle, including integration and Vpr-induced G2/M arrest. However, there have been no studies to date regarding the role of BRCA1 in HIV-1 transcription. Methods Here we performed various transcriptional analyses to assess the role of BRCA1 in HIV-1 transcription by overexpression, selective depletion, and treatment with small molecule inhibitors. We examined association of Tat and BRCA1 through in vitro binding assays, as well as BRCA1-LTR association by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results BRCA1 was found to be important for viral transcription as cells that lack BRCA1 displayed severely reduced HIV-1 Tat-dependent transcription, and gain or loss-of-function studies resulted in enhanced or decreased transcription. Moreover, Tat was detected in complex with BRCA1 aa504-802. Small molecule inhibition of BRCA1 phosphorylation effector kinases, ATR and ATM, decreased Tat-dependent transcription, whereas a Chk2 inhibitor showed no effect. Furthermore, BRCA1 was found at the viral promoter and treatment with curcumin and ATM inhibitors decreased BRCA1 LTR occupancy. Importantly, these findings were validated in a highly relevant model of HIV infection and are indicative of BRCA1 phosphorylation affecting Tat-dependent transcription. Conclusions BRCA1 presence at the HIV-1 promoter highlights a novel function of the multifaceted protein in HIV-1 infection. The BRCA1 pathway or enzymes that phosphorylate BRCA1 could potentially be used as complementary host-based treatment for combined antiretroviral therapy, as there are multiple potent ATM inhibitors in development as chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guendel
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Beatrix W Meltzer
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Seth M Dever
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jia Guo
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense & Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Biomedical Research Lab, 10650 Pyramid Place, MS 1J5, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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Hau PM, Deng W, Jia L, Yang J, Tsurumi T, Chiang AKS, Huen MSY, Tsao SW. Role of ATM in the formation of the replication compartment during lytic replication of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. J Virol 2015; 89:652-68. [PMID: 25355892 PMCID: PMC4301132 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01437-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a type of oncogenic herpesvirus, is associated with human malignancies. Previous studies have shown that lytic reactivation of EBV in latently infected cells induces an ATM-dependent DNA damage response (DDR). The involvement of ATM activation has been implicated in inducing viral lytic gene transcription to promote lytic reactivation. Its contribution to the formation of a replication compartment during lytic reactivation of EBV remains poorly defined. In this study, the role of ATM in viral DNA replication was investigated in EBV-infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. We observed that induction of lytic infection of EBV triggers ATM activation and localization of DDR proteins at the viral replication compartments. Suppression of ATM activity using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach or a specific chemical inhibitor profoundly suppressed replication of EBV DNA and production of infectious virions in EBV-infected cells induced to undergo lytic reactivation. We further showed that phosphorylation of Sp1 at the serine-101 residue is essential in promoting the accretion of EBV replication proteins at the replication compartment, which is crucial for replication of viral DNA. Knockdown of Sp1 expression by siRNA effectively suppressed the replication of viral DNA and localization of EBV replication proteins to the replication compartments. Our study supports an important role of ATM activation in lytic reactivation of EBV in epithelial cells, and phosphorylation of Sp1 is an essential process downstream of ATM activation involved in the formation of viral replication compartments. Our study revealed an essential role of the ATM-dependent DDR pathway in lytic reactivation of EBV, suggesting a potential antiviral replication strategy using specific DDR inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with human malignancies, including undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which has a high prevalence in southern China. EBV can establish either latent or lytic infection depending on the cellular context of infected host cells. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the DNA damage response (DDR), a surveillance mechanism that evolves to maintain genome integrity, in regulating lytic EBV replication. However, the underlying molecular events are largely undefined. ATM is consistently activated in EBV-infected epithelial cells when they are induced to undergo lytic reactivation. Suppression of ATM inhibits replication of viral DNA. Furthermore, we observed that phosphorylation of Sp1 at the serine-101 residue, a downstream event of ATM activation, plays an essential role in the formation of viral replication compartments for replication of virus DNA. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism through which EBV utilizes the host cell machinery to promote replication of viral DNA upon lytic reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Tatsuya Tsurumi
- Division of Virology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael Shing-Yan Huen
- Genome Stability Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Craigie R, Bushman FD. Host Factors in Retroviral Integration and the Selection of Integration Target Sites. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0026-2014. [PMID: 26104434 PMCID: PMC4525071 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0026-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to replicate, a retrovirus must integrate a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into a chromosome of the host cell. The study of retroviral integration has advanced considerably in the past few years. Here we focus on host factor interactions and the linked area of integration targeting. Genome-wide screens for cellular factors affecting HIV replication have identified a series of host cell proteins that may mediate subcellular trafficking for preintegration complexes, nuclear import, and integration target site selection. The cell transcriptional co-activator protein LEDGF/p75 has been identified as a tethering factor important for HIV integration, and recently, BET proteins (Brd2, 4, and 4) have been identified as tethering factors for the gammaretroviruses. A new class of HIV inhibitors has been developed targeting the HIV-1 IN-LEDGF binding site, though surprisingly these inhibitors appear to block assembly late during replication and do not act at the integration step. Going forward, genome-wide studies of HIV-host interactions offer many new starting points to investigate HIV replication and identify potential new inhibitor targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Craigie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0560
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zhang SM, Zhang H, Yang TY, Ying TY, Yang PX, Liu XD, Tang SJ, Zhou PK. Interaction between HIV-1 Tat and DNA-PKcs modulates HIV transcription and class switch recombination. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1138-49. [PMID: 25332688 PMCID: PMC4202030 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 tat targets a variety of host cell proteins to facilitate viral transcription and disrupts host cellular immunity by inducing lymphocyte apoptosis, but whether it influences humoral immunity remains unclear. Previously, our group demonstrated that tat depresses expression of DNA-PKcs, a critical component of the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) of DNA double-strand breaks repair, immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) and V(D)J recombination, and sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation. In this study, we demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat down-regulates DNA-PKcs expression by directly binding to the core promoter sequence. In addition, Tat interacts with and activates the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs in a dose-dependent and DNA independent manner. Furthermore, Tat inhibits class switch recombination (CSR) at low concentrations (≤4 µg/ml) and stimulates CSR at high concentrations (≥8 µg/ml). On the other hand, low protein level and high kinase activity of DNA-PKcs promotes HIV-1 transcription, while high protein level and low kinase activity inhibit HIV-1 transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation results revealed that DNA-PKcs forms a large complex comprised of Cyclin T1, CDK9 and Tat via direct interacting with CDK9 and Tat but not Cyclin T1. Taken together, our results provide new clues that Tat regulates host humoral immunity via both transcriptional depression and kinase activation of DNA-PKcs. We also raise the possibility that inhibitors and interventions directed towards DNA-PKcs may inhibit HIV-1 transcription in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Meng Zhang
- 1. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- 1. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Yang
- 1. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Ying
- 2. The State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Xiang Yang
- 3. Beijing Institute of Health Administration and Medical Information, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- 1. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Tang
- 4. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plastic and Microscopic Repair Technology, Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, 261053, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- 1. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Viruses must interact with their hosts in order to replicate; these interactions often provoke the evolutionarily conserved response to DNA damage, known as the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR can be activated by incoming viral DNA, during the integration of retroviruses, or in response to the aberrant DNA structures generated upon replication of DNA viruses. Furthermore, DNA and RNA viral proteins can induce the DDR by promoting inappropriate S phase entry, by modifying cellular DDR factors directly, or by unintentionally targeting host DNA. The DDR may be antiviral, although viruses often require proximal DDR activation of repair and recombination factors to facilitate replication as well as downstream DDR signaling suppression to ensure cell survival. An unintended consequence of DDR attenuation during infection is the long-term survival and proliferation of precancerous cells. Therefore, the molecular basis for DDR activation and attenuation by viruses remains an important area of study that will likely provide key insights into how viruses have evolved with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710;
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41
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Sriram CS, Jangra A, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Bezbaruah BK. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 in neurological diseases: A promising trove for new pharmacological interventions to enter clinical translation. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:70-81. [PMID: 25049175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved abundant nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) functions at the center of cellular stress response and is mainly implied in DNA damage repair mechanism. Apart from its involvement in DNA damage repair, it does sway multiple vital cellular processes such as cell death pathways, cell aging, insulator function, chromatin modification, transcription and mitotic apparatus function. Since brain is the principal organ vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, upon stress encounters robust DNA damage can occur and intense PARP1 activation may result that will lead to various CNS diseases. In the context of soaring interest towards PARP1 as a therapeutic target for newer pharmacological interventions, here in the present review, we are attempting to give a silhouette of the role of PARP1 in the neurological diseases and the potential of its inhibitors to enter clinical translation, along with its structural and functional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India.
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Babul Kumar Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India; Department of Pharmacology, III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
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42
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Sasaki MS, Tachibana A, Takeda S. Cancer risk at low doses of ionizing radiation: artificial neural networks inference from atomic bomb survivors. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:391-406. [PMID: 24366315 PMCID: PMC4014156 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer risk at low doses of ionizing radiation remains poorly defined because of ambiguity in the quantitative link to doses below 0.2 Sv in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki arising from limitations in the statistical power and information available on overall radiation dose. To deal with these difficulties, a novel nonparametric statistics based on the 'integrate-and-fire' algorithm of artificial neural networks was developed and tested in cancer databases established by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. The analysis revealed unique features at low doses that could not be accounted for by nominal exposure dose, including (i) the presence of a threshold that varied with organ, gender and age at exposure, and (ii) a small but significant bumping increase in cancer risk at low doses in Nagasaki that probably reflects internal exposure to (239)Pu. The threshold was distinct from the canonical definition of zero effect in that it was manifested as negative excess relative risk, or suppression of background cancer rates. Such a unique tissue response at low doses of radiation exposure has been implicated in the context of the molecular basis of radiation-environment interplay in favor of recently emerging experimental evidence on DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice and its epigenetic memory by histone marking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao S. Sasaki
- Kyoto University, 17-12 Shironosato, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-0835, Japan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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43
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The PARP1/ARTD1-Mediated Poly-ADP-Ribosylation and DNA Damage Repair in B Cell Diversification. Antibodies (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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44
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Estaquier J, Zaunders J, Laforge M. HIV integrase and the swan song of the CD4 T cells? Retrovirology 2013; 10:149. [PMID: 24321528 PMCID: PMC4029360 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell apoptosis represents one pathophysiological mechanism associated with AIDS. Herein, we discuss the recent report published by A. Cooper et al. in Nature (June 2013) regarding HIV viral DNA integration-mediated apoptosis.
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45
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A short review on the implications of base excision repair pathway for neurons: relevance to neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion 2013; 16:38-49. [PMID: 24220222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage results from the attack by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) on human genome. This includes base modifications such as oxidized bases, abasic (AP) sites, and single-strand breaks (SSBs), all of which are repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, one among the six known repair pathways. BER-pathway in mammalian cells involves several evolutionarily conserved proteins and is also linked to genome replication and transcription. The BER-pathway enzymes, namely, DNA glycosylases (DGs) and the end-processing proteins such as abasic endonuclease (APE1), form complexes with downstream repair enzymes via protein-protein and DNA-protein interactions. An emerging concept for BER proteins is their involvement in non-canonical functions associated to RNA metabolism, which is opening new interesting perspectives. Various mechanisms that are underlined in maintaining neuronal cell genome integrity are identified, but are inconclusive in providing protection against oxidative damage in neurodegenerative disorders, main emphasis is given towards the role played by the proteins of BER-pathway that is discussed. In addition, mechanisms of action of BER-pathway in nuclear vs. mitochondria as well as the non-canonical functions are discussed in connection to human neurodegenerative diseases.
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46
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Manic G, Maurin-Marlin A, Laurent F, Vitale I, Thierry S, Delelis O, Dessen P, Vincendeau M, Leib-Mösch C, Hazan U, Mouscadet JF, Bury-Moné S. Impact of the Ku complex on HIV-1 expression and latency. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69691. [PMID: 23922776 PMCID: PMC3726783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ku, a cellular complex required for human cell survival and involved in double strand break DNA repair and multiple other cellular processes, may modulate retroviral multiplication, although the precise mechanism through which it acts is still controversial. Recently, Ku was identified as a possible anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) target in human cells, in two global approaches. Here we investigated the role of Ku on the HIV-1 replication cycle by analyzing the expression level of a panel of non-replicative lentiviral vectors expressing the green fluorescent protein in human colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cells, stably or transiently depleted of Ku. We found that in this cellular model the depletion of Ku did not affect the efficiency of (pre-)integrative steps but decreased the early HIV-1 expression by acting at the transcriptional level. This negative effect was specific of the HIV-1 promoter, required the obligatory step of viral DNA integration and was reversed by transient depletion of p53. We also provided evidence on a direct binding of Ku to HIV-1 LTR in transduced cells. Ku not only promotes the early transcription from the HIV-1 promoter, but also limits the constitution of viral latency. Moreover, in the presence of a normal level of Ku, HIV-1 expression was gradually lost over time, likely due to the counter-selection of HIV-1-expressing cells. On the contrary, the reactivation of transgene expression from HIV-1 by means of trichostatin A- or tumor necrosis factor α-administration was enhanced under condition of Ku haplodepletion, suggesting a phenomenon of provirus latency. These observations plead in favor of the hypothesis that Ku has an impact on HIV-1 expression and latency at early- and mid-time after integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Manic
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Aurélie Maurin-Marlin
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Fanny Laurent
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Sylvain Thierry
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Delelis
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-U985, Villejuif, France
| | - Michelle Vincendeau
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Leib-Mösch
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uriel Hazan
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Jean-François Mouscadet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bury-Moné
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Centre national de la recherche scientifique-UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
- * E-mail:
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47
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HIV-1 causes CD4 cell death through DNA-dependent protein kinase during viral integration. Nature 2013; 498:376-9. [PMID: 23739328 DOI: 10.1038/nature12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has infected more than 60 million people and caused nearly 30 million deaths worldwide, ultimately the consequence of cytolytic infection of CD4(+) T cells. In humans and in macaque models, most of these cells contain viral DNA and are rapidly eliminated at the peak of viraemia, yet the mechanism by which HIV-1 induces helper T-cell death has not been defined. Here we show that virus-induced cell killing is triggered by viral integration. Infection by wild-type HIV-1, but not an integrase-deficient mutant, induced the death of activated primary CD4 lymphocytes. Similarly, raltegravir, a pharmacologic integrase inhibitor, abolished HIV-1-induced cell killing both in cell culture and in CD4(+) T cells from acutely infected subjects. The mechanism of killing during viral integration involved the activation of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a central integrator of the DNA damage response, which caused phosphorylation of p53 and histone H2AX. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK abolished cell death during HIV-1 infection in vitro, suggesting that processes which reduce DNA-PK activation in CD4 cells could facilitate the formation of latently infected cells that give rise to reservoirs in vivo. We propose that activation of DNA-PK during viral integration has a central role in CD4(+) T-cell depletion, raising the possibility that integrase inhibitors and interventions directed towards DNA-PK may improve T-cell survival and immune function in infected individuals.
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Robert I, Karicheva O, Reina San Martin B, Schreiber V, Dantzer F. Functional aspects of PARylation in induced and programmed DNA repair processes: preserving genome integrity and modulating physiological events. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1138-52. [PMID: 23454615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To cope with the devastating insults constantly inflicted to their genome by intrinsic and extrinsic DNA damaging sources, cells have evolved a sophisticated network of interconnected DNA caretaking mechanisms that will detect, signal and repair the lesions. Among the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate these events, PARylation catalyzed by Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), appears as one of the earliest post-translational modification at the site of the lesion that is known to elicit recruitment and regulation of many DNA damage response proteins. In this review we discuss how the complex PAR molecule operates in stress-induced DNA damage signaling and genome maintenance but also in various physiological settings initiated by developmentally programmed DNA breakage. To illustrate the latter, particular emphasis will be placed on the emerging contribution of PARPs to B cell receptor assembly and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Robert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Koyama T, Sun B, Tokunaga K, Tatsumi M, Ishizaka Y. DNA damage enhances integration of HIV-1 into macrophages by overcoming integrase inhibition. Retrovirology 2013; 10:21. [PMID: 23432899 PMCID: PMC3605128 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevention of persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection requires the clarification of the mode of viral transduction into resting macrophages. Recently, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were shown to enhance infection by D64A virus, which has a defective integrase catalytic activity (IN-CA). However, the mechanism by which DSBs upregulate viral transduction was unclear. Here we analyzed the roles of DSBs during IN-CA–independent viral transduction into macrophages. Results We used cellular systems with rare-cutting endonucleases and found that D64A virus integrated efficiently into the sites of artificially induced DSBs. This IN-CA-independent viral transduction was blocked by an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) but was resistant to raltegravir (RAL), an inhibitor of integrase activity during strand transfer. Moreover, Vpr, an accessory gene product of HIV-1, induced DSBs in resting macrophages and significantly enhanced the rate of IN-CA-independent viral transduction into macrophages with concomitant production of secondary viruses. Conclusion DSBs contribute to the IN-CA–independent viral infection of macrophages, which is resistant to RAL. Thus, the ATM-dependent cellular pathway and Vpr-induced DNA damage are novel targets for preventing persistent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Koyama
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, 162-8655, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Métifiot M, Marchand C, Pommier Y. HIV integrase inhibitors: 20-year landmark and challenges. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:75-105. [PMID: 23885999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV as the cause for AIDS 30 years ago, major progress has been made, including the discovery of drugs that now control the disease. Here, we review the integrase (IN) inhibitors from the discovery of the first compounds 20 years ago to the approval of two highly effective IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (Isentress) and elvitegravir (Stribild), and the promising clinical activity of dolutegravir. After summarizing the molecular mechanism of action of the INSTIs as interfacial inhibitors, we discuss the remaining challenges. Those include: overcoming resistance to clinical INSTIs, long-term safety of INSTIs, cost of therapy, place of the INSTIs in prophylactic treatments, and the development of new classes of inhibitors (the LEDGINs) targeting IN outside its catalytic site. We also discuss the role of chromatin and host DNA repair factor for the completion of integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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