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Huttunen M, Samolej J, Evans RJ, Yakimovich A, White IJ, Kriston-Vizi J, Martin-Serrano J, Sundquist WI, Frickel EM, Mercer J. Vaccinia virus hijacks ESCRT-mediated multivesicular body formation for virus egress. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202000910. [PMID: 34145027 PMCID: PMC8321658 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus extracellular virions are critical for virus virulence. This study shows that multivesicular bodies serve as a major cellular source of membrane for their formation and spread. Poxvirus egress is a complex process whereby cytoplasmic single membrane–bound virions are wrapped in a cell-derived double membrane. These triple-membrane particles, termed intracellular enveloped virions (IEVs), are released from infected cells by fusion. Whereas the wrapping double membrane is thought to be derived from virus-modified trans-Golgi or early endosomal cisternae, the cellular factors that regulate virus wrapping remain largely undefined. To identify cell factors required for this process the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), was subjected to an RNAi screen directed against cellular membrane-trafficking proteins. Focusing on the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), we demonstrate that ESCRT-III and VPS4 are required for packaging of virus into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). EM-based characterization of MVB-IEVs showed that they account for half of IEV production indicating that MVBs are a second major source of VACV wrapping membrane. These data support a model whereby, in addition to cisternae-based wrapping, VACV hijacks ESCRT-mediated MVB formation to facilitate virus egress and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Huttunen
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert J Evans
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J White
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Viral Interactions with Adaptor-Protein Complexes: A Ubiquitous Trait among Viral Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105274. [PMID: 34067854 PMCID: PMC8156722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses hijack cellular protein trafficking pathways to mediate cell entry or to rearrange membrane structures thereby promoting viral replication and antagonizing the immune response. Adaptor protein complexes (AP), which mediate protein sorting in endocytic and secretory transport pathways, are one of the conserved viral targets with many viruses possessing AP-interacting motifs. We present here different mechanisms of viral interference with AP complexes and the functional consequences that allow for efficient viral propagation and evasion of host immune defense. The ubiquity of this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that there are representatives for AP interference in all major viral families, covered in this review. The best described examples are interactions of human immunodeficiency virus and human herpesviruses with AP complexes. Several other viruses, like Ebola, Nipah, and SARS-CoV-2, are pointed out as high priority disease-causative agents supporting the need for deeper understanding of virus-AP interplay which can be exploited in the design of novel antiviral therapies.
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3
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Monticelli SR, Bryk P, Ward BM. The Molluscum Contagiosum Gene MC021L Partially Compensates for the Loss of Its Vaccinia Virus Homolog, F13L. J Virol 2020; 94:e01496-20. [PMID: 32727873 PMCID: PMC7527044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01496-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses produce two antigenically distinct infectious enveloped virions termed intracellular mature virions and extracellular virions (EV). EV have an additional membrane compared to intracellular mature virions due to a wrapping process at the trans-Golgi network and are required for cell-to-cell spread and pathogenesis. Specific to the EV membrane are a number of proteins highly conserved among orthopoxviruses, including F13, which is required for the efficient wrapping of intracellular mature virions to produce EV and which plays a role in EV entry. The distantly related molluscipoxvirus, molluscum contagiosum virus, is predicted to encode several vaccinia virus homologs of EV-specific proteins, including the homolog of F13L, MC021L. To study the function of MC021, we replaced the F13L open reading frame in vaccinia virus with an epitope-tagged version of MC021L. The resulting virus (vMC021L-HA) had a small-plaque phenotype compared to vF13L-HA but larger than vΔF13L. The localization of MC021-HA was markedly different from that of F13-HA in infected cells, but MC021-HA was still incorporated in the EV membrane. Similar to F13-HA, MC021-HA was capable of interacting with both A33 and B5. Although MC021-HA expression did not fully restore plaque size, vMC021L-HA produced amounts of EV similar to those produced by vF13L-HA, suggesting that MC021 retained some of the functionality of F13. Further analysis revealed that EV produced from vMC021L-HA exhibit a marked reduction in target cell binding and an increase in dissolution, both of which correlated with a small-plaque phenotype.IMPORTANCE The vaccinia virus extracellular virion protein F13 is required for the production and release of infectious extracellular virus, which in turn is essential for the subsequent spread and pathogenesis of orthopoxviruses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infects millions of people worldwide each year, but it is unknown whether EV are produced during infection for spread. Molluscum contagiosum virus contains a homolog of F13L termed MC021L. To study the potential function of this homolog during infection, we utilized vaccinia virus as a surrogate and showed that a vaccinia virus expressing MC021L-HA in place of F13L-HA exhibits a small-plaque phenotype but produces similar levels of EV. These results suggest that MC021-HA can compensate for the loss of F13-HA by facilitating wrapping to produce EV and further delineates the dual role of F13 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Peter Bryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Brian M Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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4
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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5
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Jatuyosporn T, Laohawutthichai P, Supungul P, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Ochoa-Leyva A, Tassanakajon A, Krusong K. Role of Clathrin Assembly Protein-2 Beta Subunit during White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection in Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13489. [PMID: 31530841 PMCID: PMC6748913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most lethal viruses severely affecting shrimp industry. This disease can cause 100% mortality of farmed shrimp within a week. This work aims to characterize clathrin assembly proteins in Penaeus monodon and investigate their roles in WSSV entry. In general, clathrin assembly proteins form complexes with specific receptors and clathrins, leading to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which is responsible for endocytosis at plasma membrane, consists of four subunits including α, β2, μ2 and σ2. Knockdown of clathrin coat AP17, or σ subunit of AP-2 dramatically reduced WSSV infectivity. Similar results were observed, when shrimp were pre-treated with chlorpromazine (CPZ), an inhibitor of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The complete open reading frames of AP-2β and μ subunits of P. monodon are reported. PmAP-2 β was up-regulated about 4-fold at 6 and 36 h post-WSSV infection. Knockdown of PmAP-2β delayed shrimp mortality during WSSV infection, of which WSSV intermediate early 1 gene expression was also down-regulated. Immunogold-labelling and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PmAP-2β co-localized with WSSV particles at plasma membrane. In addition, PmAP-2β-silencing significantly affected the expression levels of PmSTAT, PmDOME, PmDorsal and ALFPm3 during WSSV infection. It is possible that PmAP-2β is associated with the JAK/STAT and the Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapanan Jatuyosporn
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasunee Laohawutthichai
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas No. 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamentos de Microbiología Molecular, Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciacián Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Mexico
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuakarun Krusong
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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6
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Carpentier DCJ, Hollinshead MS, Ewles HA, Lee SA, Smith GL. Tagging of the vaccinia virus protein F13 with mCherry causes aberrant virion morphogenesis. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2543-2555. [PMID: 28933687 PMCID: PMC5725974 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus produces two distinct infectious virions; the single-enveloped intracellular mature virus (IMV), which remains in the cell until cell lysis, and the double-enveloped extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which mediates virus spread. The latter is derived from a triple-enveloped intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) precursor, which is transported to the cell periphery by the kinesin-1 motor complex. This transport involves the viral protein A36 as well as F12 and E2. A36 is an integral membrane protein associated with the outer virus envelope and is the only known direct link between virion and kinesin-1 complex. Yet in the absence of A36 virion egress still occurs on microtubules, albeit at reduced efficiency. In this paper double-fluorescent labelling of the capsid protein A5 and outer-envelope protein F13 was exploited to visualize IEV transport by live-cell imaging in the absence of either A36 or F12. During the generation of recombinant viruses expressing both A5-GFP and F13-mCherry a plaque size defect was identified that was particularly severe in viruses lacking A36. Electron microscopy showed that this phenotype was caused by abnormal wrapping of IMV to form IEV, and this resulted in reduced virus egress to the cell surface. The aberrant wrapping phenotype suggests that the fluorescent fusion protein interferes with an interaction of F13 with the IMV surface that is required for tight association between IMVs and wrapping membranes. The severity of this defect suggests that these viruses are imperfect tools for characterizing virus egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C J Carpentier
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Michael S Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Helen A Ewles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stacey-Ann Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.,Present address: The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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7
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Inhibition of endocytic pathways impacts cytomegalovirus maturation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46069. [PMID: 28406138 PMCID: PMC5390266 DOI: 10.1038/srep46069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic processes are critical for cellular entry of several viruses; however, the role of endocytosis in cellular trafficking of viruses beyond virus entry is only partially understood. Here, we utilized two laboratory strains (AD169 and Towne) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which are known to use cell membrane fusion rather than endocytosis to enter fibroblasts, in order to study a post-entry role of endocytosis in HCMV life cycle. Upon pharmacological inhibition of dynamin-2 or clathrin terminal domain (TD) ligand association, these strains entered the cells successfully based on the expression of immediate early viral protein. However, both the inhibitors significantly reduced the growth rates and final virus yields of viruses without inhibiting the expression of early to late viral proteins. Clathrin accumulated in the cytoplasmic virus assembly compartment (vAC) of infected cells co-localizing with virus tegument protein pp150 and the formation of vAC was compromised upon endocytic inhibition. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of infected cells treated with endocytosis inhibitors showed intact nuclear stages of nucleocapsid assembly but the cytoplasmic virus maturation was greatly compromised. Thus, the data presented here implicate endocytic pathways in HCMV maturation and egress.
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8
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Vaccinia Virus Uses Retromer-Independent Cellular Retrograde Transport Pathways To Facilitate the Wrapping of Intracellular Mature Virions during Virus Morphogenesis. J Virol 2016; 90:10120-10132. [PMID: 27581988 PMCID: PMC5105650 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01464-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), undertake a complex cytoplasmic replication cycle which involves morphogenesis through four distinct virion forms and includes a crucial wrapping step whereby intracellular mature virions (IMVs) are wrapped in two additional membranes to form intracellular enveloped virions (IEVs). To determine if cellular retrograde transport pathways are required for this wrapping step, we examined VACV morphogenesis in cells with reduced expression of the tetrameric tethering factor known as the GARP (Golgi-associated retrograde pathway), a central component of retrograde transport. VACV multistep replication was significantly impaired in cells transfected with small interfering RNA targeting the GARP complex and in cells with a mutated GARP complex. Detailed analysis revealed that depletion of the GARP complex resulted in a reduction in the number of IEVs, thereby linking retrograde transport with the wrapping of IMVs. In addition, foci of viral wrapping membrane proteins without an associated internal core accumulated in cells with a mutated GARP complex, suggesting that impaired retrograde transport uncouples nascent IMVs from the IEV membranes at the site of wrapping. Finally, small-molecule inhibitors of retrograde transport strongly suppressed VACV multistep growth in vitro and reduced weight loss and clinical signs in an in vivo murine model of systemic poxviral disease. This work links cellular retrograde transport pathways with the morphogenesis of poxviruses and identifies a panel of novel inhibitors of poxvirus replication. IMPORTANCE Cellular retrograde transport pathways traffic cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and are a key part of the intracellular membrane network. This work reveals that the prototypic poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) exploits cellular retrograde transport pathways to facilitate the wrapping of intracellular mature virions and therefore promote the production of extracellular virus. Inhibition of retrograde transport by small-molecule inhibitors reduced the replication of VACV in cell culture and alleviated disease in mice experimentally infected with VACV. This research provides fundamental new knowledge about the wrapping step of poxvirus morphogenesis, furthers our knowledge of the complex cellular retrograde pathways, and identifies a new group of antipoxvirus drugs.
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9
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Bidgood SR, Mercer J. Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4800-25. [PMID: 26308043 PMCID: PMC4576205 DOI: 10.3390/v7082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As all viruses rely on cellular factors throughout their replication cycle, to be successful they must evolve strategies to evade and/or manipulate the defence mechanisms employed by the host cell. In addition to their expression of a wide array of host modulatory factors, several recent studies have suggested that poxviruses may have evolved unique mechanisms to shunt or evade host detection. These potential mechanisms include mimicry of apoptotic bodies by mature virions (MVs), the use of viral sub-structures termed lateral bodies for the packaging and delivery of host modulators, and the formation of a second, “cloaked” form of infectious extracellular virus (EVs). Here we discuss these various strategies and how they may facilitate poxvirus immune evasion. Finally we propose a model for the exploitation of the cellular exosome pathway for the formation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R Bidgood
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jason Mercer
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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10
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Jatuyosporn T, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A, Krusong K. The essential role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yellow head virus propagation in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:100-110. [PMID: 24333440 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yellow head virus (YHV) is one of the most widespread viruses seriously affecting black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) cultivation. A previous microarray study demonstrated that clathrin coat assembly protein 17 (AP17) was significantly up-regulated after YHV infection (Pongsomboon et al., 2011). Clathrin coat AP17 is a part of the assembly protein σ2 (AP-2) complex which is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the clathrin coat AP17 gene was up-regulated 3-fold at 12 h post YHV infection. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that clathrin coat AP17 was highly expressed in the cytoplasm of the YHV-infected hemocytes. Knockdown of the clathrin coat AP17 gene dramatically reduced YHV replicativity by 32-fold. Interestingly, shrimp pre-treated with chlorpromazine, a commercial drug that inhibits clathrin-dependent endocytosis, exhibited significantly low levels of YHV infection. Taken together, these results suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is involved in YHV propagation in P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thapanan Jatuyosporn
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Premruethai Supungul
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuakarun Krusong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Humphries AC, Way M. The non-canonical roles of clathrin and actin in pathogen internalization, egress and spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:551-60. [PMID: 24020073 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of clathrin in pathogen entry has received much attention and has highlighted the adaptability of clathrin during internalization. Recent studies have now uncovered additional roles for clathrin and have put the spotlight on its role in pathogen spread. Here, we discuss the manipulation of clathrin by pathogens, with specific attention to the processes that occur at the plasma membrane. In the majority of cases, both clathrin and the actin cytoskeleton are hijacked, so we also examine the interplay between these two systems and their role during pathogen internalization, egress and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Humphries
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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12
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Maruri-Avidal L, Weisberg AS, Bisht H, Moss B. Analysis of viral membranes formed in cells infected by a vaccinia virus L2-deletion mutant suggests their origin from the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 2013; 87:1861-71. [PMID: 23192873 PMCID: PMC3554160 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02779-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the poxvirus immature virion (IV) membrane is a poorly understood event that occurs within the cytoplasm. At least eight viral proteins participate in formation of the viral membrane. Of these, A14, A17, and D13 are structural components whereas A6, A11, F10, H7, and L2 participate in membrane biogenesis. L2, the object of this study, is conserved in all chordopoxviruses, expressed early in infection, and associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) throughout the cell and at the edges of crescent-shaped IV precursors. Previous studies with an inducible L2 mutant revealed abortive formation of the crescent membrane. However, possible low-level L2 synthesis under nonpermissive conditions led to ambiguity in interpretation. Here, we constructed a cell line that expresses L2, which allowed the creation of an L2-deletion mutant. In noncomplementing cells, replication was aborted prior to formation of mature virions and two types of aberrant structures were recognized. One consisted of short crescents, at the surface of dense masses of viroplasm, which were labeled with antibodies to the A11, A14, A17, and D13 proteins. The other structure consisted of "empty" IV-like membranes, also labeled with antibodies to the viral proteins, which appeared to be derived from adjacent calnexin-containing ER. A subset of 25 proteins examined, exemplified by components of the entry-fusion complex, were greatly diminished in amount. The primary role of L2 may be to recruit ER and modulate its transformation to viral membranes in juxtaposition with the viroplasm, simultaneously preventing the degradation of viral proteins dependent on viral membranes for stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maruri-Avidal
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Humphries AC, Dodding MP, Barry DJ, Collinson LM, Durkin CH, Way M. Clathrin potentiates vaccinia-induced actin polymerization to facilitate viral spread. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 12:346-59. [PMID: 22980331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During their egress, newly assembled vaccinia virus particles fuse with the plasma membrane and enhance their spread by inducing Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization. Investigating the events surrounding vaccinia virus fusion, we discovered that vaccinia transiently recruits clathrin in a manner dependent on the clathrin adaptor AP-2. The recruitment of clathrin to vaccinia dramatically enhances the ability of the virus to induce actin-based motility. We demonstrate that clathrin promotes clustering of the virus actin tail nucleator A36 and host N-WASP, which activates actin nucleation through the Arp2/3 complex. Increased clustering enhances N-WASP stability, leading to more efficient actin tail initiation and sustained actin polymerization. Our observations uncover an unexpected role for clathrin during virus spread and have important implications for the regulation of actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Humphries
- Cell Motility Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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14
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Maruri-Avidal L, Domi A, Weisberg AS, Moss B. Participation of vaccinia virus l2 protein in the formation of crescent membranes and immature virions. J Virol 2011; 85:2504-11. [PMID: 21228235 PMCID: PMC3067936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02505-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of vaccinia virus begins with the appearance of crescent-shaped membrane precursors of immature virions in cytoplasmic factories. During the initial characterization of the product of the L2R reading frame, we discovered that it plays an important role in crescent formation. The L2 protein was expressed early in infection and was associated with the detergent-soluble membrane fraction of mature virions, consistent with two potential membrane-spanning domains. All chordopoxviruses have L2 homologs, suggesting an important function. Indeed, we were unable to isolate an infectious L2R deletion mutant. Consequently, we constructed an inducible mutant with a conditional lethal phenotype. When L2 expression was repressed, proteolytic processing of the major core proteins and the A17 protein, which is an essential component of the immature virion membrane, failed to occur, suggesting an early block in viral morphogenesis. At 8 h after infection in the presence of inducer, immature and mature virions were abundantly seen by electron microscopy. In contrast, those structures were rare in the absence of inducer and were replaced by large, dense aggregates of viroplasm. A minority of these aggregates had short spicule-coated membranes, which resembled the beginnings of crescent formation, at their periphery. These short membrane segments at the edge of the dense viroplasm increased in number at later times, and some immature virions were seen. Although the L2 protein was not detected under nonpermissive conditions, minute amounts could account for stunted and delayed viral membrane formation. These findings suggested that L2 is required for the formation or elongation of crescent membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maruri-Avidal
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3210
| | - Arban Domi
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3210
| | - Andrea S. Weisberg
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3210
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3210
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Chen Y, Honeychurch KM, Yang G, Byrd CM, Harver C, Hruby DE, Jordan R. Vaccinia virus p37 interacts with host proteins associated with LE-derived transport vesicle biogenesis. Virol J 2009; 6:44. [PMID: 19400954 PMCID: PMC2685784 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins associated with the late endosome (LE) appear to play a central role in the envelopment of a number of taxonomically diverse viruses. How viral proteins interact with LE-associated proteins to facilitate envelopment is not well understood. LE-derived transport vesicles form through the interaction of Rab9 GTPase with cargo proteins, and TIP47, a Rab9-specific effector protein. Vaccinia virus (VV) induces a wrapping complex derived from intracellular host membranes to envelope intracellular mature virus particles producing egress-competent forms of virus. RESULTS We show that VV p37 protein associates with TIP47-, Rab9-, and CI-MPR-containing membranes. Mutation of a di-aromatic motif in p37 blocks association with TIP47 and inhibits plaque formation. ST-246, a specific inhibitor of p37 function, inhibits these interactions and also blocks wrapped virus particle formation. Vaccinia virus expressing p37 variants with reduced ST-246 susceptibility associates with Rab9 and co-localizes with CI-MPR in the presence and absence of compound. CONCLUSION These results suggest that p37 localizes to the LE and interacts with proteins associated with LE-derived transport vesicle biogenesis to facilitate assembly of extracellular forms of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- SIGA Technologies Inc, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.
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Mudhakir D, Harashima H. Learning from the viral journey: how to enter cells and how to overcome intracellular barriers to reach the nucleus. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:65-77. [PMID: 19194803 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses deliver their genome into host cells where they subsequently replicate and multiply. A variety of relevant strategies have evolved by which viruses gain intracellular access and utilize cellular machinery for the synthesis of their genome. Therefore, the viral journey provides insight into the cell's trafficking machinery and how it can be best exploited to improve nonviral gene delivery systems. This review summarizes viral internalization pathways and intracellular trafficking of viruses, with an emphasis on the endosomal escape processes of nonenveloped viruses. Intracellular events from viral entry through nuclear delivery of the viral complementary DNA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diky Mudhakir
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Spehner D, Drillien R. Extracellular vesicles containing virus-encoded membrane proteins are a byproduct of infection with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Virus Res 2008; 137:129-36. [PMID: 18662728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus is a structurally complex virus that multiplies in the cell cytoplasm. The assembly of Vaccinia virus particles and their egress from infected cells exploit cellular pathways. Most notably, intracellular mature viral particles are enwrapped by Golgi-derived or endosomal vesicles. These enveloped particles, enriched in virus-encoded proteins, migrate to the cell surface where they are released into the extracellular space through fusion of their outer envelope with the cell membrane. We report that baby hamster kidney cells productively infected with the modified vaccinia virus Ankara strain (MVA) also release extracellular vesicles containing virus-encoded envelope proteins but devoid of any virus cargo. Such vesicles were visualized on the cell surface by electron microscopy and immunogold labelling of the B5 envelope protein. A portion of the B5 protein was found to be associated with non-viral material in high speed ultracentrifugation pellets and displayed a buoyant density characteristic of exosomes released by some cell types. An unrelated transmembrane protein (CD40 ligand) encoded by the MVA genome was also incorporated into extracellular vesicles but not into the envelopes that surround extracellular enveloped virus. High speed pellets obtained by centrifugation of culture medium from cells infected with MVA encoding CD40 ligand displayed the ability to induce dendritic cell maturation suggesting that the ligand is on the outer surface of the extracellular vesicles. We propose that the formation of extracellular vesicles after vaccinia virus infection is a byproduct of the pathway leading to the formation of extracellular enveloped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Spehner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U596/CNRS UMR7104, Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France.
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Beitia Ortiz de Zarate I, Cantero-Aguilar L, Longo M, Berlioz-Torrent C, Rozenberg F. Contribution of endocytic motifs in the cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein B to virus replication and cell-cell fusion. J Virol 2007; 81:13889-903. [PMID: 17913800 PMCID: PMC2168835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01231-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of endocytic pathways by viral glycoproteins is thought to play various functions during viral infection. We previously showed in transfection assays that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) is transported from the cell surface back to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and that two motifs of gB cytoplasmic tail, YTQV and LL, function distinctly in this process. To investigate the role of each of these gB trafficking signals in HSV-1 infection, we constructed recombinant viruses in which each motif was rendered nonfunctional by alanine mutagenesis. In infected cells, wild-type gB was internalized from the cell surface and concentrated in the TGN. Disruption of YTQV abolished internalization of gB during infection, whereas disruption of LL induced accumulation of internalized gB in early recycling endosomes and impaired its return to the TGN. The growth of both recombinants was moderately diminished. Moreover, the fusion phenotype of cells infected with the gB recombinants differed from that of cells infected with the wild-type virus. Cells infected with the YTQV-mutated virus displayed reduced cell-cell fusion, whereas giant syncytia were observed in cells infected with the LL-mutated virus. Furthermore, blocking gB internalization or impairing gB recycling to the cell surface, using drugs or a transdominant negative form of Rab11, significantly reduced cell-cell fusion. These results favor a role for endocytosis in virus replication and suggest that gB intracellular trafficking is involved in the regulation of cell-cell fusion.
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Honeychurch KM, Yang G, Jordan R, Hruby DE. The vaccinia virus F13L YPPL motif is required for efficient release of extracellular enveloped virus. J Virol 2007; 81:7310-5. [PMID: 17475658 PMCID: PMC1933313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tyr-X-X-Leu (YxxL) motif of the vaccinia virus F13L protein was examined for late (L) domain activity. The ability of an F13L deletion virus to form plaques was restored by PCR products containing single alanine substitutions within the motif and a YAAL construct but not by constructs lacking both the Y and L residues. Recombinant viruses possessing alanine substitutions in place of the tyrosine or the leucine residue in the YxxL motif demonstrated small, asymmetrical plaques. RNA interference-dependent depletion of Alix and TSG101 (host proteins involved in L domain-dependent protein trafficking) diminished extracellular enveloped virion production to various degrees, suggesting that the YxxL motif is a genuine L domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kady M Honeychurch
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Lefkowitz EJ, Wang C, Upton C. Poxviruses: past, present and future. Virus Res 2006; 117:105-18. [PMID: 16503070 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of poxvirus genomes is complex, in part, because of their size (130-360 kb) and the fact that gene content is variable; a common set of 49 genes has been found in all sequenced poxviruses and an additional 41 genes are also present in all sequenced orthopoxviruses. As a group, poxviruses have a very broad range of eukaryotic hosts (including mammals, birds, reptiles and insects) and many poxvirus genes are associated with blocking host anti-viral responses. One consequence of this is that many poxvirus genes are not essential for growth in tissue culture and that extensive passaging in vitro results in the accumulation of mutations, including deletions that result in loss of gene function. Here, we review various comparative analyses of the poxviruses including gene prediction, gene conservation and function, genome organization, and poxvirus taxonomy and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama (Birmingham), AL 35294-2170, USA
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