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Schiff LA. Reovirus capsid proteins sigma 3 and mu 1: interactions that influence viral entry, assembly, and translational control. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 233:167-83. [PMID: 9599926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72092-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Schiff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Pennica D, Holmes WE, Kohr WJ, Harkins RN, Vehar GA, Ward CA, Bennett WF, Yelverton E, Seeburg PH, Heyneker HL, Goeddel DV, Collen D. Cloning and expression of human tissue-type plasminogen activator cDNA in E. coli. Nature 1983; 301:214-21. [PMID: 6337343 DOI: 10.1038/301214a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 849] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bol JF, Bakhuizen CE, Rutgers T. Composition and biosynthetic activity of polyribosomes associated with alfalfa mosaic virus infections. Virology 1976; 75:1-17. [PMID: 982842 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cross RK, Fields BN. Use of an aberrant polypeptide as a marker in three-factor crosses: further evidence for independent reassortment as the mechanism of recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3. Virology 1976; 74:345-62. [PMID: 982831 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Frisby D, Smith J, Jeffers V, Porter A. Size and location of poly (A) in encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1976; 3:2789-810. [PMID: 186764 PMCID: PMC343128 DOI: 10.1093/nar/3.10.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus RNA contains a covalently bound sequence of polyriboadenylic acid (poly(A). This was determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of complete T1 and pancreatic RNase digests of formamidesucrose gradient-purified RNA and subsequent analysis of the product by alkaline hydrolysis. The size of the EMC virus genomic poly(A) sequence was estimated by formamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNase-resistant product, or by [3H-]poly(U) hybridization to freshly purified virion RNA, to be, on average, 40 nucleotides in length. The evidence obtained from [3H-]isoniazid labelling and other experiments would indicate that the poly(A) sequence is located at the 3'-terminus of EMC virus RNA.
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Cross RK, Fields BN. Reovirus-specific polypeptides: analysis using discontinuous gel electrophoresis. J Virol 1976; 19:162-73. [PMID: 950684 PMCID: PMC354843 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.19.1.162-173.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrophoretic analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in infected cells using a discontinuous gel system has allowed the resolution of additional viral-specific polypeptides, including one large-sized gamma3 and two (or possibly three) medium-sized (mu3, mu4, mu5(?)) species. The proteins designated mu0, sigma1, and sigma2 based on electrophoretic mobility in gel systems containing phosphate-urea correspond to mu4, sigma2, and sigma1, respectively, when analyzed in systems containing Tris-glycine. It is likely that protein modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) are responsible for at least some of these differences.
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Abstract
Sixteen virus-specific polypeptides have been resolved in reovirus-infected mouse L cells by using SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Of these, ten have been designated as primary products of the genome by the following criteria: they are present in lysates of infected cells labeled for a short time; they co-migrate on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels with polypeptides synthesized in cell-free-extracts of wheat germ in response to purified viral mRNA; and their molecular weights correspond to the values expected if all ten reovirus mRNA species are monocistronic. Reovirus mRNA species lack 3' poly(A) but are translated into proteins of the expected size. The pattern of synthesis of the primary gene products observed in vitro mimicks that observed in reovirus-infected cells suggesting that the structure of the mRNA may profoundly influence its translation. The results further indicate that there is little, if any, exclusively regulatory information in the reovirus genome since both in vivo and in vitro, transcripts of the ten genome segments direct the synthesis of ten polypeptides that presumably correspond to the primary gene products. The expression of the reovirus genome thus appears to be complete.
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Both GW, Moyer SA, Banerjee AK. Translation and identification of the mRNA species synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:274-8. [PMID: 164017 PMCID: PMC432286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus messenger RNA has been transcribed in vitro from the viral genome by the virion-associated RNA polymerase in quantities suitable for translation. Wheat germ cell-free extracts programmed with the isolated in vitro 12-18S RNA fraction synthesize polypeptides similar to the viral N, NS, and M proteins, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping of the in vitro products and the viral marker polypeptides. In addition, the RNA synthesized in vitro also codes for a protein of molecular weight 63,000 which may be a nonglycosylated form of the viral glycoprotein G. The 12-18S RNA has been partially separated into individual messenger species and these have been identified by the proteins for which they code. There are four monocistronic messenger species in the in vitro 12-18S RNA and the coding capacity of three of these molecules agrees with the estimated molecular weight of the polypeptide assigned to it.
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Phillips LA, Park JJ, Hollis VW. Polyriboadenylate sequences at the 3'-termini of ribonucleic acid obtained from mammalian leukemia and sarcoma viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4366-70. [PMID: 4373712 PMCID: PMC433884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.11.4366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The location of poly(A) sequences in the RNA of mammalian RNA-tumor viruses was determined by enzymatic analyses. The 56-64S viral genomic RNAs, the 20-40S viral subunit RNAs, and the 4-5S poly(A) sequences excised from these viral RNAs were subjected to either hydrolysis with a 3'-OH specific exoribonuclease from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells or phosphorolysis from the 3'-termini with polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus. Purified adenosine-labeled poly(A) fragments, excised from genomic viral RNAs by RNase A and T(1) digestion, were hydrolyzed with the 3'-OH specific exoribonuclease for various periods of time. Poly(U) filter binding studies of the residual poly(A) indicated that 97% of the poly(A) fragments were hydrolyzed. Adenosine-labeled genomic and subunit viral RNAs and excised poly(A) fragments were phosphorolyzed from their 3'-termini for various periods of time with polynucleotide phosphorylase. The degree of phosphorolysis was monitored by poly(U) filter binding studies, and CCl(3)COOH insolubility and solubility determinations. There was an initial preferential rate of phosphorolysis of the poly(A) sequences of genomic and subunit viral RNAs as compared to the total adenosine-labeled viral RNAs. The data from these two different enzymatic mechanisms of action indicated conclusively that the poly(A) sequences were located at the 3'-termini of genomic and subunit viral RNAs.
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Silverstein SC, Astell C, Christman J, Klett H, Acs G. Shythesis of reovirus oligo adenylic acid in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 1974; 13:740-52. [PMID: 4856707 PMCID: PMC355361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.3.740-752.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of reovirus double-stranded (ds) RNA and of oligo adenylic acid (oligo A) is inhibited by 5 mug of actinomycin D per ml added at the time of viral infection. Viral proteins are synthesized and assembled into dsRNA-deficient particles under these conditions. The addition of cycloheximide to infected cells during the mid-logarithmic phase of viral replication terminates protein and dsRNA synthesis, but allows continued oligo A synthesis for about 1 h. The (3)H-labeled oligo A formed in the presence of cycloheximide is incorporated into particles whose density in CsCl is identical to that of reovirions. Using the large particulate or virus factory-containing cytoplasmic fraction of infected L-cells, we have established an in vitro system for the synthesis of oligo A. The in vitro product migrates slightly faster in sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gels than marker oligo A. Oligo A synthesis in vitro continues for about 1 h, requires, the presence of only one ribonucleoside triphosphate (ATP), is not inhibited by DNase or RNase, but is abruptly terminated by the addition of chymotrypsin to the reaction mixture. Oligo A formed both in vivo and in vitro is released from the factory fraction by chymotrypsin digestion. The enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of oligo A, dsRNA, and single-stranded RNA all exhibit a similar temperature dependence with an optimum of approximately 45 C. These results indicate that oligo A is formed within the core of the nascent virion after the completion of dsRNA synthesis; they suggest that the oligo A polymerase is an alternative activity of the virion-bound transcriptase and that it is regulated by outer capsomere proteins.
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Sekiguchi K, Koide F. Characterization of avian reovirus ribonucleic acid. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 46:156-66. [PMID: 4613322 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stoltzfus CM, Shatkin AJ, Banerjee AK. Absence of Polyadenylic Acid from Reovirus Messenger Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Graziadei WD, Roy D, Konigsberg W, Lengyel P. Translation of reovirus messenger ribonucleic acids synthesized in vitro into reovirus proteins in a mouse L cell extract. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 158:266-75. [PMID: 4738084 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bukrinskaya A. Nucleocapsids of Large Rna Viruses as Functionally Active Units in Transcription. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Christman JK, Reiss B, Kyner D, Levin DH, Klett H, Acs G. Characterization of a viral messenger ribonucleoprotein particle accumulated during inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation in reovirus-infected L cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ehrenfeld E, Summers DF. Adenylate-rich sequences in vesicular stomatitis virus messenger ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1972; 10:683-8. [PMID: 4343546 PMCID: PMC356521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.4.683-688.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) species contain sequences of adenylate-rich RNA which are more heterogeneous in their migration through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels than the corresponding fractions from HeLa cell mRNA. VSV virion RNA contains no adenylaterich sequences. The possible role of such sequences in the mRNA species of a cytoplasmically replicating virus is discussed.
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Stoltzfus CM, Banerjee AK. Two oligonucleotide classes of single-stranded ribopolymers in reovirus A-rich RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:733-43. [PMID: 4344131 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ward RL, Shatkin AJ. Association of reovirus mRNA with viral proteins: a possible mechanism for linking the genome segments. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:378-84. [PMID: 4627357 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gauntt CJ. Effect of interferon on synthesis of ssRNA in reovirus type 3-infected L cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 47:1228-36. [PMID: 5029866 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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