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Huang R, Rao CH, Bai YZ, Yu C, Chen M, Peng JM, Xu SJ, Sun Y, Fandan M, Lyu C, Khan M, An TQ, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, Wang G, Tang YD. MARCH1 and MARCH2 inhibit pseudorabies virus replication by trapping the viral cell-to-cell fusion complex in trans-Golgi network. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110164. [PMID: 38936155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family of proteins are members of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and are essential for a variety of biological functions. Currently, MARCH proteins are discovered to execute antiviral functions by directly triggering viral protein degradation or blocking the furin cleavage of viral class I fusion proteins. Here, we report a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCH1 and MARCH2 (MARCH1/2) in the replication of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Herpesviridae family. We discovered MARCH1/2 restrict PRV replication at the cell-to-cell fusion step. Furthermore, MARCH1/2 block gB cleavage, and this is dependent on their E3 ligase activity. Interestingly, the blocking of gB cleavage by MARCH1/2 does not contribute to their antiviral activity in vitro. We discovered that MARCH1/2 are associated with the cell-to-cell fusion complex of gB, gD, gH, and gL and trap these viral proteins in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) rather than degrading them. Overall, we conclude that MARCH1/2 inhibit PRV by trapping the viral cell-to-cell fusion complex in TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Cui-Hong Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Mei Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Fandan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Livestock & Poultry Pathogen Biotechnology, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mirwaise Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Research Center for Veterinary Biomedicine, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China.
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2
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Velez-Brochero M, Behera P, Afreen KS, Odle A, Rajsbaum R. Ubiquitination in viral entry and replication: Mechanisms and implications. Adv Virus Res 2024; 119:1-38. [PMID: 38897707 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitination process is a reversible posttranslational modification involved in many essential cellular functions, such as innate immunity, cell signaling, trafficking, protein stability, and protein degradation. Viruses can use the ubiquitin system to efficiently enter host cells, replicate and evade host immunity, ultimately enhancing viral pathogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that enveloped viruses can carry free (unanchored) ubiquitin or covalently ubiquitinated viral structural proteins that can increase the efficiency of viral entry into host cells. Furthermore, viruses continuously evolve and adapt to take advantage of the host ubiquitin machinery, highlighting its importance during virus infection. This review discusses the battle between viruses and hosts, focusing on how viruses hijack the ubiquitination process at different steps of the replication cycle, with a specific emphasis on viral entry. We discuss how ubiquitination of viral proteins may affect tropism and explore emerging therapeutics strategies targeting the ubiquitin system for antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Velez-Brochero
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Padmanava Behera
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Kazi Sabrina Afreen
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Abby Odle
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity and Department of Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.
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3
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Tada T, Zhang Y, Kong D, Tanaka M, Yao W, Kameoka M, Ueno T, Fujita H, Tokunaga K. Further Characterization of the Antiviral Transmembrane Protein MARCH8. Cells 2024; 13:698. [PMID: 38667313 PMCID: PMC11049619 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular transmembrane protein MARCH8 impedes the incorporation of various viral envelope glycoproteins, such as the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and vesicular stomatitis virus G-glycoprotein (VSV-G), into virions by downregulating them from the surface of virus-producing cells. This downregulation significantly reduces the efficiency of virus infection. In this study, we aimed to further characterize this host protein by investigating its species specificity and the domains responsible for its antiviral activity, as well as its ability to inhibit cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection. We found that the antiviral function of MARCH8 is well conserved in the rhesus macaque, mouse, and bovine versions. The RING-CH domains of these versions are functionally important for inhibiting HIV-1 Env and VSV-G-pseudovirus infection, whereas tyrosine motifs are crucial for the former only, consistent with findings in human MARCH8. Through analysis of chimeric proteins between MARCH8 and non-antiviral MARCH3, we determined that both the N-terminal and C-terminal cytoplasmic tails, as well as presumably the N-terminal transmembrane domain, of MARCH8 are critical for its antiviral activity. Notably, we found that MARCH8 is unable to block cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection, likely due to its insufficient downregulation of Env. These findings offer further insights into understanding the biology of this antiviral transmembrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yanzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dechuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Michiko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weitong Yao
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan;
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (W.Y.)
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4
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Zhou L, Liu R, Pathak H, Wang X, Jeong GH, Kumari P, Kumar M, Yin J. Ubiquitin Ligase Parkin Regulates the Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Suppresses Viral Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:879-889. [PMID: 38386664 PMCID: PMC10928718 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The highly infectious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 relies on the viral main protease (Mpro, also known as 3CLpro or Nsp5) to proteolytically process the polyproteins encoded by the viral genome for the release of functional units in the host cells to initiate viral replication. Mpro also interacts with host proteins of the innate immune pathways, such as IRF3 and STAT1, to suppress their activities and facilitate virus survival and proliferation. To identify the host mechanism for regulating Mpro, we screened various classes of E3 ubiquitin ligases and found that Parkin of the RING-between-RING family can induce the ubiquitination and degradation of Mpro in the cell. Furthermore, when the cells undergo mitophagy, the PINK1 kinase activates Parkin and enhances the ubiquitination of Mpro. We also found that elevated expression of Parkin in the cells significantly decreased the replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 infection downregulates Parkin expression in the mouse lung tissues compared to healthy controls. These results suggest an antiviral role of Parkin as a ubiquitin ligase targeting Mpro and the potential for exploiting the virus-host interaction mediated by Parkin to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Heather Pathak
- Department
of Biology and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Geon H. Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Pratima Kumari
- Department
of Biology and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department
of Biology and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jun Yin
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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5
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Lotke R, Petersen M, Sauter D. Restriction of Viral Glycoprotein Maturation by Cellular Protease Inhibitors. Viruses 2024; 16:332. [PMID: 38543698 PMCID: PMC10975521 DOI: 10.3390/v16030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The human genome is estimated to encode more than 500 proteases performing a wide range of important physiological functions. They digest proteins in our food, determine the activity of hormones, induce cell death and regulate blood clotting, for example. During viral infection, however, some proteases can switch sides and activate viral glycoproteins, allowing the entry of virions into new target cells and the spread of infection. To reduce unwanted effects, multiple protease inhibitors regulate the proteolytic processing of self and non-self proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of endogenous protease inhibitors, which are known to limit viral replication by interfering with the proteolytic activation of viral glycoproteins. We describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlight the diverse strategies by which protease inhibitors reduce virion infectivity. We also provide examples of how viruses evade the restriction imposed by protease inhibitors. Finally, we briefly outline how cellular protease inhibitors can be modified and exploited for therapeutic purposes. In summary, this review aims to summarize our current understanding of cellular protease inhibitors as components of our immune response to a variety of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Zhang L, Hao P, Chen X, Lv S, Gao W, Li C, Li Z, Zhang W. CRL4B E3 ligase recruited by PRPF19 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting ORF6 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. mBio 2024; 15:e0307123. [PMID: 38265236 PMCID: PMC10865787 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The accessory protein ORF6 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a key interferon (IFN) antagonist that strongly suppresses the production of primary IFN as well as the expression of IFN-stimulated genes. However, how host cells respond to ORF6 remains largely unknown. Our research of ORF6-binding proteins by pulldown revealed that E3 ligase components such as Cullin 4B (CUL4B), DDB1, and RBX1 are potential ORF6-interacting proteins. Further study found that the substrate recognition receptor PRPF19 interacts with CUL4B, DDB1, and RBX1 to form a CRL4B-based E3 ligase, which catalyzes ORF6 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Overexpression of PRPF19 promotes ORF6 degradation, releasing ORF6-mediated IFN inhibition, which inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication. Moreover, we found that activation of CUL4B by the neddylation inducer etoposide alleviates lung lesions in a SARS-CoV-2 mouse infection model. Therefore, targeting ORF6 for degradation may be an effective therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.IMPORTANCEThe cellular biological function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as an important modulator for the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been greatly appreciated. The critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent. It is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Some cellular proteins can function as restriction factors to limit viral infection by ubiquitin-dependent degradation. In this research, we identificated of CUL4B-DDB1-PRPF19 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex can mediate proteasomal degradation of ORF6, leading to inhibition of viral replication. Moreover, the CUL4B activator etoposide alleviates disease development in a mouse infection model, suggesting that this agent or its derivatives may be used to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2. We believe that these results will be extremely useful for the scientific and clinic communities in their search for cues and preventive measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linran Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Yu C, Bai Y, Tan W, Bai Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Zhai J, Xue M, Tang YD, Zheng C, Liu Q. Human MARCH1, 2, and 8 block Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein cleavage via targeting furin P domain. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29445. [PMID: 38299743 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family proteins were recently reported to inhibit viral replication through multiple modes. Previous work showed that human MARCH8 blocked Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) maturation. Our study here demonstrates that human MARCH1 and MARCH2 share a similar pattern to MARCH8 in restricting EBOV GP-pseudotyped viral infection. Human MARCH1 and MARCH2 retain EBOV GP at the trans-Golgi network, reduce its cell surface display, and impair EBOV GP-pseudotyped virions infectivity. Furthermore, we uncover that the host proprotein convertase furin could interact with human MARCH1/2 and EBOV GP intracellularly. Importantly, the furin P domain is verified to be recognized by MARCH1/2/8, which is critical for their blocking activities. Besides, bovine MARCH2 and murine MARCH1 also impair EBOV GP proteolytic processing. Altogether, our findings confirm that MARCH1/2 proteins of different mammalian origins showed a relatively conserved feature in blocking EBOV GP cleavage, which could provide clues for subsequent MARCHs antiviral studies and may facilitate the development of novel strategies to antagonize enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhe Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Biosafety Assessment and Biotechnology, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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8
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Chen X, Tian L, Zhang L, Gao W, Yu M, Li Z, Zhang W. Deubiquitinase USP39 promotes SARS-CoV-2 replication by deubiquitinating and stabilizing the envelope protein. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105790. [PMID: 38158131 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein is highly conserved among different viral variants and important for viral assembly and production. Our recent study found that the E protein is ubiquitinated and degraded by the E3 ligase RNF5 through the proteasome pathway. However, whether E ubiquitination can be reversed by host deubiquitinase has not yet been determined. Here, we identify by mass spectrum analysis that the deubiquitinases USP14 and USP39 specifically interact with E, while USP39 potently reverses E polyubiquitination. USP39 interacts with E via the arginine-rich motif (AR) and deubiquitinates E polyubiquitination via the inactive ubiquitin-specific protease domain. Therefore, USP39 protects E from RNF5-mediated degradation, resulting in the enhancement of E stability and E-induced cytokine storms. Moreover, loss-and-gain assays demonstrated that USP39 promotes the replication of various SARS-CoV-2 strains by stabilizing protein level of E that can be ubiquitinated but not other viral proteins. Our findings provide useful targets for the development of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Linran Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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9
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Yu C, Wang G, Liu Q, Zhai J, Xue M, Li Q, Xian Y, Zheng C. Host antiviral factors hijack furin to block SARS-CoV-2, ebola virus, and HIV-1 glycoproteins cleavage. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2164742. [PMID: 36591809 PMCID: PMC9897805 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2164742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral envelope glycoproteins are crucial for viral infections. In the process of enveloped viruses budding and release from the producer cells, viral envelope glycoproteins are presented on the viral membrane surface as spikes, promoting the virus's next-round infection of target cells. However, the host cells evolve counteracting mechanisms in the long-term virus-host co-evolutionary processes. For instance, the host cell antiviral factors could potently suppress viral replication by targeting their envelope glycoproteins through multiple channels, including their intracellular synthesis, glycosylation modification, assembly into virions, and binding to target cell receptors. Recently, a group of studies discovered that some host antiviral proteins specifically recognized host proprotein convertase (PC) furin and blocked its cleavage of viral envelope glycoproteins, thus impairing viral infectivity. Here, in this review, we briefly summarize several such host antiviral factors and analyze their roles in reducing furin cleavage of viral envelope glycoproteins, aiming at providing insights for future antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,Mengzhou Xue
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Qiang Li
| | - Yuanhua Xian
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, People’s Republic of China,Yuanhua Xian
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Chunfu Zheng
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10
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Lodge R, Xu Z, Eklund M, Stürzel C, Kirchhoff F, Tremblay MJ, Hobman TC, Cohen ÉA. MicroRNA-25/93 induction by Vpu as a mechanism for counteracting MARCH1-restriction on HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages. mBio 2023; 14:e0195023. [PMID: 37773002 PMCID: PMC10653795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01950-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In order to efficiently produce infectious viral particles, HIV must counter several restrictions exerted by host cell antiviral proteins. MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH protein family that restricts HIV infection by limiting the incorporation of viral envelope glycoproteins into nascent virions. Here, we identified two regulatory RNAs, microRNAs-25 and -93, induced by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu, that downregulate MARCH1 mRNA. We also show that Vpu induces these cellular microRNAs in macrophages by hijacking the cellular β-catenin pathway. The notion that HIV-1 has evolved a mechanism to counteract MARCH1 restriction on viral infectivity underlines the importance of MARCH1 in the host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lodge
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zaikun Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mckenna Eklund
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Zhai X, Yang Y, Wang N, Li X, Jiang Z, Su S. Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059123. [PMID: 37768084 PMCID: PMC10617542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00591-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses threaten public health continuously, and Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that can potentially infect humans. Approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against alphaviruses are few available, but several host antiviral factors have been reported. Here, we used GETV as a model of alphaviruses to screen for additional host factors. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible poly(ADP ribose) polymerase was identified to inhibit GETV replication by inducing ubiquitination of the glycoprotein E2, causing its degradation by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH8 (MARCH8). Using GETV as a model virus, focusing on the relationship between viral structural proteins and host factors to screen antiviral host factors provides new insights for antiviral studies on alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqing Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Zhao Y, Sui L, Wu P, Li L, Liu L, Ma B, Wang W, Chi H, Wang ZD, Wei Z, Hou Z, Zhang K, Niu J, Jin N, Li C, Zhao J, Wang G, Liu Q. EGR1 functions as a new host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit virus replication through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8. J Virol 2023; 97:e0102823. [PMID: 37772822 PMCID: PMC10653994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Emerging vaccine-breakthrough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants highlight an urgent need for novel antiviral therapies. Understanding the pathogenesis of coronaviruses is critical for developing antiviral drugs. Here, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein suppresses interferon (IFN) responses by reducing early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) expression. The overexpression of EGR1 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by promoting IFN-regulated antiviral protein expression, which interacts with and degrades SARS-CoV-2 N protein via the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 and the cargo receptor NDP52. The MARCH8 mutants without ubiquitin ligase activity are no longer able to degrade SARS-CoV-2 N proteins, indicating that MARCH8 degrades SARS-CoV-2 N proteins dependent on its ubiquitin ligase activity. This study found a novel immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 utilized by the N protein, which is helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and guiding the design of new prevention strategies against the emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Sui
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Wu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmiao Chi
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jixue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Umthong S, Timilsina U, D’Angelo M, Stavrou S. Determining the antiviral mechanism of MARCH2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.558306. [PMID: 37786722 PMCID: PMC10541590 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) 2 protein is a member of the MARCH protein family of RING-CH finger E3 ubiquitin ligases that have important functions in regulating the levels of proteins found on the cell surface. MARCH1, 2 and 8 inhibit HIV-1 infection by preventing the incorporation of the envelope glycoproteins in nascent virions. However, a better understanding on the mechanism utilized by MARCH proteins to restrict HIV-1 is needed. In this report, we identify an amino acid in human MARCH2, that is absent in mouse MARCH2, critical for its antiretroviral function. Moreover, we map the domains of human MARCH2 critical for restricting as well as binding to the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Our findings reveal important new aspects of the antiviral mechanism utilized by human MARCH2 to restrict HIV-1 that have potential implications to all MARCH proteins with antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Umthong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uddhav Timilsina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mary D’Angelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Spyridon Stavrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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14
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Zhao M, Zhang M, Yang Z, Zhou Z, Huang J, Zhao B. Role of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1217383. [PMID: 37360529 PMCID: PMC10288995 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1217383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its emergence in 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly disseminated worldwide, engendering a pervasive pandemic that has profoundly impacted healthcare systems and the socio-economic milieu. A plethora of studies has been conducted targeting its pathogenic virus, SARS-CoV-2, to find ways to combat COVID-19. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is widely recognized as a crucial mechanism that regulates human biological activities by maintaining protein homeostasis. Within the UPS, the ubiquitination and deubiquitination, two reversible modifications, of substrate proteins have been extensively studied and implicated in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. The regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs(Deubiquitinating enzymes), which are key enzymes involved in the two modification processes, determines the fate of substrate proteins. Proteins associated with the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 may be retained, degraded, or even activated, thus affecting the ultimate outcome of the confrontation between SARS-CoV-2 and the host. In other words, the clash between SARS-CoV-2 and the host can be viewed as a battle for dominance over E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs, from the standpoint of ubiquitin modification regulation. This review primarily aims to clarify the mechanisms by which the virus utilizes host E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs, along with its own viral proteins that have similar enzyme activities, to facilitate invasion, replication, escape, and inflammation. We believe that gaining a better understanding of the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs in COVID-19 can offer novel and valuable insights for developing antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Li Z, Hao P, Zhao Z, Gao W, Huan C, Li L, Chen X, Wang H, Jin N, Luo ZQ, Li C, Zhang W. The E3 ligase RNF5 restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication by targeting its envelope protein for degradation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:53. [PMID: 36737599 PMCID: PMC9897159 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a severe global health crisis; its structural protein envelope (E) is critical for viral entry, budding, production, and induction of pathology which makes it a potential target for therapeutics against COVID-19. Here, we find that the E3 ligase RNF5 interacts with and catalyzes ubiquitination of E on the 63rd lysine, leading to its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Importantly, RNF5-induced degradation of E inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and the RNF5 pharmacological activator Analog-1 alleviates disease development in a mouse infection model. We also found that RNF5 is distinctively expressed in different age groups and in patients displaying different disease severity, which may be exploited as a prognostic marker for COVID-19. Furthermore, RNF5 recognized the E protein from various SARS-CoV-2 strains and SARS-CoV, suggesting that targeting RNF5 is a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of UPS in antagonizing SARS-CoV-2 replication, which opens new avenues for therapeutic intervention to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Li
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zhilei Zhao
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Departement of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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16
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Villalón-Letelier F, Farrukee R, Londrigan SL, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Isoforms of Human MARCH1 Differ in Ability to Restrict Influenza A Viruses Due to Differences in Their N Terminal Cytoplasmic Domain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112549. [PMID: 36423158 PMCID: PMC9697684 DOI: 10.3390/v14112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MARCH1 and MARCH8 are closely related E3 ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate an overlapping spectrum of host proteins and restrict replication of certain viruses. While the antiviral activity of MARCH8 has been intensively studied, less is known regarding virus inhibition by MARCH1. Isoforms 1 and 2 of MARCH1 are very similar in overall structure but show major differences in their N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (N-CT). Herein, we used a doxycycline-inducible overexpression system to demonstrate that MARCH1.1 reduces titres of influenza A virus (IAV) released from infected cells whereas MARCH1.2 does not. The deletion of the entire N-CT of MARCH1.2 restored its ability to restrict IAV infectivity and sequential deletions mapped the restoration of IAV inhibition to delete the 16 N-terminal residues within the N-CT of MARCH1.2. While only MARCH1.1 mediated anti-IAV activity, qPCR demonstrated the preferential expression of MARCH1.2 over MARCH1.1 mRNA in unstimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and also in monocyte-derived macrophages. Together, these studies describe the differential ability of MARCH1 isoforms to restrict IAV infectivity for the first time. Moreover, as published immunological, virological and biochemical studies examining the ability of MARCH1 to target particular ligands generally use only one of the two isoforms, these findings have broader implications for our understanding of how MARCH1 isoforms might differ in their ability to modulate particular host and/or viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Rubaiyea Farrukee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence:
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17
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King CR, Mehle A. Retasking of canonical antiviral factors into proviral effectors. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101271. [PMID: 36242894 PMCID: PMC10090225 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under constant barrage by viruses, hosts have evolved a plethora of antiviral effectors and defense mechanisms. To survive, viruses must adapt to evade or subvert these defenses while still capturing cellular resources to fuel their replication cycles. Large-scale studies of the antiviral activities of cellular proteins and processes have shown that different viruses are controlled by distinct subsets of antiviral genes. The remaining antiviral genes are either ineffective in controlling infection, or in some cases, actually promote infection. In these cases, classically defined antiviral factors are retasked by viruses to enhance viral replication. This creates a more nuanced picture revealing the contextual nature of antiviral activity. The same protein can exert different effects on replication, depending on multiple factors, including the host, the target cells, and the specific virus infecting it. Here, we review numerous examples of viruses hijacking canonically antiviral proteins and retasking them for proviral purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason R King
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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18
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Xu G, Wu Y, Xiao T, Qi F, Fan L, Zhang S, Zhou J, He Y, Gao X, Zeng H, Li Y, Zhang Z. Multiomics approach reveals the ubiquitination-specific processes hijacked by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:312. [PMID: 36071039 PMCID: PMC9449932 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic that seriously threatens health and socioeconomic development, but the existed antiviral drugs and vaccines still cannot yet halt the spread of the epidemic. Therefore, a comprehensive and profound understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to explore effective therapeutic targets. Here, we conducted a multiomics study of SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and ubiquitinomic. Multiomics analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells activated strong innate immune response, including interferon and inflammatory responses. Ubiquitinomic further reveals the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 disrupting the host innate immune response. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found to be ubiquitinated during infection despite the fact that SARS-CoV-2 itself didn't code any E3 ligase, and that ubiquitination at three sites on the Spike protein could significantly enhance viral infection. Further screening of the E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) library revealed four E3 ligases influencing SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus providing several new antiviral targets. This multiomics combined with high-throughput screening study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 not only modulates innate immunity, but also promotes viral infection, by hijacking ubiquitination-specific processes, highlighting potential antiviral and anti-inflammation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yezi Wu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tongyang Xiao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Furong Qi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lujie Fan
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanhua He
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongxiang Zeng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong Key laboratory for anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. .,Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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19
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Cai C, Tang YD, Zheng C. When RING Finger Family Proteins meet SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2977-2985. [PMID: 35257387 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently the most formidable challenge to humans. Understanding the complicated virus-host interplay is crucial for fighting against viral infection. A growing number of studies point to the critical roles of RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) proteins during SARS-CoV-2 infection. RNF proteins exert direct antiviral activity by targeting genome and envelope glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, some RNF members serve as potent regulators for antiviral innate immunity and antibody-dependent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 also hijacks the RNF proteins-mediated ubiquitination process to evade host antiviral innate immunity and enhance viral replication. In this mini-review, we discuss the diverse antiviral mechanisms of RNF proteins and viral immune evasion in an RNF proteins-dependent manner. Understanding the crosstalk between RNF proteins and SARS-CoV-2 infection would help design potential novel targets for COVID-19 treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Lerner G, Weaver N, Anokhin B, Spearman P. Advances in HIV-1 Assembly. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030478. [PMID: 35336885 PMCID: PMC8952333 DOI: 10.3390/v14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of HIV-1 particles is a concerted and dynamic process that takes place on the plasma membrane of infected cells. An abundance of recent discoveries has advanced our understanding of the complex sequence of events leading to HIV-1 particle assembly, budding, and release. Structural studies have illuminated key features of assembly and maturation, including the dramatic structural transition that occurs between the immature Gag lattice and the formation of the mature viral capsid core. The critical role of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in the assembly of both the immature and mature Gag lattice has been elucidated. The structural basis for selective packaging of genomic RNA into virions has been revealed. This review will provide an overview of the HIV-1 assembly process, with a focus on recent advances in the field, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future investigation.
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21
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Salazar-García M, Acosta-Contreras S, Rodríguez-Martínez G, Cruz-Rangel A, Flores-Alanis A, Patiño-López G, Luna-Pineda VM. Pseudotyped Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 Spike for the Study of Variants, Vaccines, and Therapeutics Against Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:817200. [PMID: 35095820 PMCID: PMC8795712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.817200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) has prioritized the infectious emerging diseases such as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in terms of research and development of effective tests, vaccines, antivirals, and other treatments. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus belonging to risk group 3 that requires Biosafety Level (BSL)-3 laboratories and the corresponding facilities for handling. An alternative to these BSL-3/-4 laboratories is to use a pseudotyped virus that can be handled in a BSL-2 laboratory for study purposes. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can be generated with complementary DNA from complete negative-stranded genomic RNA, with deleted G glycoprotein and, instead, incorporation of other fusion protein, like SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S protein). Accordingly, it is called pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. In this review, we have described the generation of pseudotyped VSV with a focus on the optimization and application of pseudotyped VSV-SARS-CoV-2 S. The application of this pseudovirus has been addressed by its use in neutralizing antibody assays in order to evaluate a new vaccine, emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants (delta and omicron), and approved vaccine efficacy against variants of concern as well as in viral fusion-focused treatment analysis that can be performed under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samyr Acosta-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Flores-Alanis
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en COVID-19, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Abstract
The host transmembrane protein MARCH8 is a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that downregulates various host transmembrane proteins, such as MHC-II. We have recently reported that MARCH8 expression in virus-producing cells impairs viral infectivity by reducing virion incorporation of not only HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein but also vesicular stomatitis virus G-glycoprotein through two different pathways. However, the MARCH8 inhibition spectrum remains largely unknown. Here, we show the antiviral spectrum of MARCH8 using viruses pseudotyped with a variety of viral envelope glycoproteins. Infection experiments revealed that viral envelope glycoproteins derived from the rhabdovirus, arenavirus, coronavirus, and togavirus (alphavirus) families were sensitive to MARCH8-mediated inhibition. Lysine mutations at the cytoplasmic tails of rabies virus-G, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoproteins, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, and Chikungunya virus and Ross River virus E2 proteins conferred resistance to MARCH8. Immunofluorescence showed impaired downregulation of the mutants of these viral envelope glycoproteins by MARCH8, followed by lysosomal degradation, suggesting that MARCH8-mediated ubiquitination leads to intracellular degradation of these envelopes. Indeed, rabies virus-G and Chikungunya virus E2 proteins proved to be clearly ubiquitinated. We conclude that MARCH8 has inhibitory activity on a variety of viral envelope glycoproteins whose cytoplasmic lysine residues are targeted by this antiviral factor. IMPORTANCE A member of the MARCH E3 ubiquitin ligase family, MARCH8, downregulates many different kinds of host transmembrane proteins, resulting in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. On the other hands, MARCH8 acts as an antiviral factor when it binds to and downregulates HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and vesicular stomatitis virus G-glycoprotein that are viral transmembrane proteins. This study reveals that, as in the case of cellular membrane proteins, MARCH8 shows broad-spectrum inhibition against various viral envelope glycoproteins by recognizing their cytoplasmic lysine residues, resulting in lysosomal degradation.
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23
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When good turns bad: how viruses exploit innate immunity factors. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:60-67. [PMID: 34872031 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Humans evolved numerous cell-intrinsic restriction factors as a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Typically, they inhibit efficient viral replication and thus prevent viral zoonoses and pandemics. However, viruses show enormous adaptability and are well known for their ability to counteract antiviral mechanisms. Accumulating evidence shows that some viruses are even capable of exploiting antiviral factors for efficient infection. In addition, antiviral factors may exert enhancing effects under specific circumstances. While much progress has been made in understanding the antiviral mechanisms of restriction factors, their proviral effects are poorly defined. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how viral pathogens may exploit otherwise antiviral cellular factors for efficient infection and replication.
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24
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MARCH8 Restricts Influenza A Virus Infectivity but Does Not Downregulate Viral Glycoprotein Expression at the Surface of Infected Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0148421. [PMID: 34517760 PMCID: PMC8546552 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01484-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH8 (MARCH8) impairs the cell surface expression of envelope glycoproteins from different viruses, reducing their incorporation into virions. Using stable cell lines with inducible MARCH8 expression, we show that MARCH8 did not alter susceptibility to influenza A virus (IAV) infection, but virions released from infected cells were markedly less infectious. Knockdown of endogenous MARCH8 confirmed its effect on IAV infectivity. The expression of MARCH8 impaired the infectivity of both H3N2 and H1N1 strains and was dependent on its E3 ligase activity. Although virions released in the presence of MARCH8 expressed smaller amounts of viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, there was no impact on levels of the viral HA, NA, or matrix 2 (M2) proteins detected on the surface of infected cells. Moreover, mutation of lysine residues in the cytoplasmic tails of HA, NA, and/or M2, or in the viral M1 protein, did not abrogate MARCH8-mediated restriction. While MARCH1 and -8 target similar immunological ligands and both restrict HIV-1, only MARCH8 inhibited IAV infectivity. Deletion of the N-terminal cytoplasmic (N-CT) domain of MARCH8 confirmed it to be a critical determinant of IAV inhibition. Of interest, deletion of the MARCH1 N-CT or its replacement with the MARCH8 N-CT resulted in acquisition of IAV restriction. Together, these data demonstrate that MARCH8 restricts a late stage in IAV replication by a mechanism distinct to its reported activity against other viruses. Moreover, we show that the N-CT of MARCH8 is essential for anti-IAV activity, whereas the MARCH1 N-CT inhibits its ability to restrict IAV.
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25
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Li D, Liu Y, Lu Y, Gao S, Zhang L. Palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein is critical for S-mediated syncytia formation and virus entry. J Med Virol 2021; 94:342-348. [PMID: 34528721 PMCID: PMC8661603 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The S protein is the key viral protein for associating with ACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. There are many kinds of posttranslational modifications in S protein. However, the detailed mechanism of palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 S remains to be elucidated. In our current study, we characterized the palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 S. Both the C15 and cytoplasmic tail of SARS-CoV-2 S were palmitoylated. Fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 and zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferase (ZDHHC) inhibitor 2-BP reduced the palmitoylation of S. Interestingly, palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 S was not required for plasma membrane targeting of S but was critical for S-mediated syncytia formation and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus particle entry. Overexpression of ZDHHC2, ZDHHC3, ZDHHC4, ZDHHC5, ZDHHC8, ZDHHC9, ZDHHC11, ZDHHC14, ZDHHC16, ZDHHC19, and ZDHHC20 promoted the palmitoylation of S. Furthermore, those ZDHHCs were identified to associate with SARS-CoV-2 S. Our study not only reveals the mechanism of S palmitoylation but also will shed important light into the role of S palmitoylation in syncytia formation and virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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26
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Tada T, Zhang Y, Fujita H, Tokunaga K. MARCH8: the tie that binds to viruses. FEBS J 2021; 289:3642-3654. [PMID: 33993615 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family member proteins are RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases that are known to downregulate cellular transmembrane proteins. MARCH8 is a novel antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and vesicular stomatitis virus G by downregulating these envelope glycoproteins from the cell surface, resulting in their reduced incorporation into virions. More recently, we have found that MARCH8 reduces viral infectivity via two different mechanisms. Additionally, several groups have reported further antiviral or virus-supportive functions of the MARCH8 protein and its other cellular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms by which MARCH8 can regulate cellular homeostasis and inhibit and occasionally support enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Yanzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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