1
|
Assefa M, Girmay G. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms: Immune Responses, Role in TB Pathology, and Potential Treatment. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:335-342. [PMID: 38974843 PMCID: PMC11227863 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s455744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem worldwide, and the burden of drug-resistant TB is rapidly increasing. Although there are literatures about the Mtb biofilms, their impact on immune responses has not yet been summarized. This review article provides recent knowledge on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) biofilm-immunity interactions, their importance in pulmonary TB pathology, and immune-based therapy targeting Mtb biofilms. Pellicle/biofilm formation in Mtb contributes to drug resistance, persistence, chronicity, surface attachment, transfer of resistance genes, and modulation of the immune response, including reduced complement activation, changes in the expression of antigenic proteins, enhanced activation of T-lymphocytes, elevated local IFNγ+ T cells, and strong antibody production. The combination of anti-TB drugs and anti-biofilm agents has recently become an effective strategy to improve TB treatment. Additionally, immune-targeted therapy and biofilm-based vaccines are crucial for TB prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Assefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Girmay
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rehman ZU, Najmi A, Zoghebi K. Insights into the Effects of Ligand Binding on Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors for Tuberculosis: In Silico Analysis and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Validation. Biomolecules 2024; 14:711. [PMID: 38927114 PMCID: PMC11201714 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Incidences of drug-resistant tuberculosis have become common and are rising at an alarming rate. Aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase has been validated as a newer target against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leucyl t-RNA synthetase (LeuRS) is ubiquitously found in all organisms and regulates transcription, protein synthesis, mitochondrial RNA cleavage, and proofreading of matured t-RNA. Leucyl t-RNA synthetase promotes growth and development and is the key enzyme needed for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium. Inhibition of this enzyme could restrict the growth and development of the mycobacterial population. A database consisting of 2734 drug-like molecules was screened against leucyl t-RNA synthetase enzymes through virtual screening. Based on the docking scores and MMGBSA energy values, the top three compounds were selected for molecular dynamics simulation. The druggable nature of the top three hits was confirmed by predicting their pharmacokinetic parameters. The top three hits-compounds 1035 (ZINC000001543916), 1054 (ZINC000001554197), and 2077 (ZINC000008214483)-were evaluated for their binding affinity toward leucyl t-RNA synthetase by an isothermal titration calorimetry study. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was tested against antimycobacterial activity, biofilm formation, and LeuRS gene expression potential. Compound 1054 (Macimorelin) was found to be the most potent molecule, with better antimycobacterial activity, enzyme binding affinity, and significant inhibition of biofilm formation, as well as inhibition of the LeuRS gene expression. Compound 1054, the top hit compound, has the potential to be used as a lead to develop successful leucyl t-RNA synthetase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.); (K.Z.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarangi A, Singh SP, Das BS, Rajput S, Fatima S, Bhattacharya D. Mycobacterial biofilms: A therapeutic target against bacterial persistence and generation of antibiotic resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32003. [PMID: 38882302 PMCID: PMC11176842 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of Tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases. According to the WHO Report 2023, in 2022, approximately 10.6 million people got infected with TB, and 1.6 million died. It has multiple antibiotics for treatment, but the major drawback of anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) is, its prolonged treatment duration. The major contributors to the lengthy treatment period are mycobacterial persistence and drug tolerance. Persistent M. tb is phenotypically drug tolerant and metabolically slow down which makes it difficult to be eliminated during ATT. These persisting bacteria are a huge reservoir of impending disease, waiting to get reactivated upon the onset of an immune compromising state. Directly Observed Treatment Short-course, although effective against replicating bacteria; fails to eliminate the drug-tolerant persisters making TB still the second-highest killer globally. There are different mechanisms for the development of drug-tolerant mycobacterial populations being investigated. Recently, the role of biofilms in the survival and host-evasion mechanism of persisters has come to light. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of adaptation, survival and attainment of drug tolerance by persisting M. tb-populations, in order to design better immune responses and therapeutics for the effective elimination of these bacteria by reducing the duration of treatment and also circumvent the generation of drug-resistance to achieve the goal of global eradication of TB. This review summarizes the drug-tolerance mechanism and biofilms' role in providing a niche to dormant-M.tb. We also discuss methods of targeting biofilms to achieve sterile eradication of the mycobacteria and prevent its reactivation by achieving adequate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashirbad Sarangi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Singh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI) Oregon National Primate Research Centre (ONPRC) Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Bhabani Shankar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sristi Rajput
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samreen Fatima
- UMass Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Departmental of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mistretta M, Cimino M, Campagne P, Volant S, Kornobis E, Hebert O, Rochais C, Dallemagne P, Lecoutey C, Tisnerat C, Lepailleur A, Ayotte Y, LaPlante SR, Gangneux N, Záhorszká M, Korduláková J, Vichier-Guerre S, Bonhomme F, Pokorny L, Albert M, Tinevez JY, Manina G. Dynamic microfluidic single-cell screening identifies pheno-tuning compounds to potentiate tuberculosis therapy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4175. [PMID: 38755132 PMCID: PMC11099131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-recalcitrant infections are a leading global-health concern. Bacterial cells benefit from phenotypic variation, which can suggest effective antimicrobial strategies. However, probing phenotypic variation entails spatiotemporal analysis of individual cells that is technically challenging, and hard to integrate into drug discovery. In this work, we develop a multi-condition microfluidic platform suitable for imaging two-dimensional growth of bacterial cells during transitions between separate environmental conditions. With this platform, we implement a dynamic single-cell screening for pheno-tuning compounds, which induce a phenotypic change and decrease cell-to-cell variation, aiming to undermine the entire bacterial population and make it more vulnerable to other drugs. We apply this strategy to mycobacteria, as tuberculosis poses a major public-health threat. Our lead compound impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis via a peculiar mode of action and enhances other anti-tubercular drugs. This work proves that harnessing phenotypic variation represents a successful approach to tackle pathogens that are increasingly difficult to treat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mistretta
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mena Cimino
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Campagne
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biomics Platform, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yann Ayotte
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gangneux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Monika Záhorszká
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sophie Vichier-Guerre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Epigenetic Chemical Biology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Epigenetic Chemical Biology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Laura Pokorny
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marvin Albert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Manina
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microbial Individuality and Infection Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sung K, Park M, Chon J, Kweon O, Khan S. Unraveling the molecular dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms at the air-liquid interface. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:681-696. [PMID: 38661712 PMCID: PMC11259063 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to probe the dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 air-liquid interface (ALI) biofilms over time through global proteomic analysis. Materials & methods: P. aeruginosa PA14 ALI biofilm samples, collected over 48-144 h, underwent differential expression analysis to identify varying proteins at each time point. Results: A consistent set of 778 proteins was identified, with variable expression over time. Upregulated proteins were mainly linked to 'amino acid transport and metabolism'. Biofilm-related pathways, including cAMP/Vfr and QS, underwent significant changes. Flagella were more influential than pili, especially in early biofilm development. Proteins associated with virulence, transporters and iron showed differential expression throughout. Conclusion: The findings enhance our understanding of ALI biofilm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kidon Sung
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Miseon Park
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jungwhan Chon
- Department of Companion Animal Health, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Ohgew Kweon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Saeed Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bories P, Rima J, Tranier S, Marcoux J, Grimoire Y, Tomaszczyk M, Launay A, Fata K, Marrakchi H, Burlet‐Schiltz O, Mourey L, Ducoux‐Petit M, Bardou F, Bon C, Quémard A. HadBD dehydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase type II: A singular structure for a unique function. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4964. [PMID: 38501584 PMCID: PMC10949391 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Worldwide, tuberculosis is the second leading infectious killer and multidrug resistance severely hampers disease control. Mycolic acids are a unique category of lipids that are essential for viability, virulence, and persistence of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Therefore, enzymes involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis represent an important class of drug targets. We previously showed that the (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (HAD) protein HadD is dedicated mainly to the production of ketomycolic acids and plays a determinant role in Mtb biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we discovered that HAD activity requires the formation of a tight heterotetramer between HadD and HadB, a HAD unit encoded by a distinct chromosomal region. Using biochemical, structural, and cell-based analyses, we showed that HadB is the catalytic subunit, whereas HadD is involved in substrate binding. Based on HadBDMtb crystal structure and substrate-bound models, we identified determinants of the ultra-long-chain lipid substrate specificity and revealed details of structure-function relationship. HadBDMtb unique function is partly due to a wider opening and a higher flexibility of the substrate-binding crevice in HadD, as well as the drastically truncated central α-helix of HadD hotdog fold, a feature described for the first time in a HAD enzyme. Taken together, our study shows that HadBDMtb , and not HadD alone, is the biologically relevant functional unit. These results have important implications for designing innovative antivirulence molecules to fight tuberculosis, as they suggest that the target to consider is not an isolated subunit, but the whole HadBD complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Bories
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Julie Rima
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Samuel Tranier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Yasmina Grimoire
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Mathilde Tomaszczyk
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Anne Launay
- Service de TP de BiochimieUniversité de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Karine Fata
- Service de TP de BiochimieUniversité de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Hedia Marrakchi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Odile Burlet‐Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Manuelle Ducoux‐Petit
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Fabienne Bardou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Cécile Bon
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| | - Annaïk Quémard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III ‐ Paul Sabatier (UPS)ToulouseFrance
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Harrison GA, Wang ER, Cho K, Mreyoud Y, Sarkar S, Almqvist F, Patti GJ, Stallings CL. Inducing vulnerability to InhA inhibition restores isoniazid susceptibility in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2024; 15:e0296823. [PMID: 38294237 PMCID: PMC10936210 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02968-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Of the approximately 10 million cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections each year, over 10% are resistant to the frontline antibiotic isoniazid (INH). INH resistance is predominantly caused by mutations that decrease the activity of the bacterial enzyme KatG, which mediates the conversion of the pro-drug INH to its active form INH-NAD. We previously discovered an inhibitor of Mtb respiration, C10, that enhances the bactericidal activity of INH, prevents the emergence of INH-resistant mutants, and re-sensitizes a collection of INH-resistant mutants to INH through an unknown mechanism. To investigate the mechanism of action of C10, we exploited the toxicity of high concentrations of C10 to select for resistant mutants. We discovered two mutations that confer resistance to the disruption of energy metabolism and allow for the growth of Mtb in high C10 concentrations, indicating that growth inhibition by C10 is associated with inhibition of respiration. Using these mutants as well as direct inhibitors of the Mtb electron transport chain, we provide evidence that inhibition of energy metabolism by C10 is neither sufficient nor necessary to potentiate killing by INH. Instead, we find that C10 acts downstream of INH-NAD synthesis, causing Mtb to become particularly sensitive to inhibition of the INH-NAD target, InhA, without changing the concentration of INH-NAD or the activity of InhA, the two predominant mechanisms of potentiating INH. Our studies revealed that there exists a vulnerability in Mtb that can be exploited to render Mtb sensitive to otherwise subinhibitory concentrations of InhA inhibitor.IMPORTANCEIsoniazid (INH) is a critical frontline antibiotic to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. INH efficacy is limited by its suboptimal penetration of the Mtb-containing lesion and by the prevalence of clinical INH resistance. We previously discovered a compound, C10, that enhances the bactericidal activity of INH, prevents the emergence of INH-resistant mutants, and re-sensitizes a set of INH-resistant mutants to INH. Resistance is typically mediated by katG mutations that decrease the activation of INH, which is required for INH to inhibit the essential enzyme InhA. Our current work demonstrates that C10 re-sensitizes INH-resistant katG-hypomorphs without enhancing the activation of INH. We furthermore show that C10 causes Mtb to become particularly vulnerable to InhA inhibition without compromising InhA activity on its own. Therefore, C10 represents a novel strategy to curtail the development of INH resistance and to sensitize Mtb to sub-lethal doses of INH, such as those achieved at the infection site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erin R. Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yassin Mreyoud
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Almqvist
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, UCMR, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina L. Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jankowski G, Sawicki R, Truszkiewicz W, Wolan N, Ziomek M, Hryć B, Sieniawska E. Molecular insight into thymoquinone mechanism of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353875. [PMID: 38414774 PMCID: PMC10896893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products are promising antimicrobials, usually having multiple and different cellular targets than synthetic antibiotics. Their influence on bacteria at various metabolic and functional levels contributes to higher efficacy even against drug-resistant strains. One such compound is a naturally occurring p-benzoquinone - thymoquinone. It is effective against different bacteria, including multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its antibacterial mechanism of action was studied in several bacterial species except mycobacteria. To get an insight into the antimycobacterial activity of thymoquinone at the molecular level, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyzes of bacteria exposed to this compound. The expression of genes coding stress-responsive sigma factors revealed that thymoquinone rapidly induces the production of sigE transcripts. At the same time, prolonged influence results in the overexpression of all sigma factor genes and significantly upregulates sigF. The metabolomic analysis confirmed that the antimycobacterial activity of thymoquinone was related to the depletion of NAD and ATP pools and the downregulation of plasma membrane lipids. This state was observed after 24 h and was persistent the next day, suggesting that bacteria could not activate catabolic mechanisms and produce energy. Additionally, the presence of a thymoquinone nitrogen derivative in the bacterial broth and the culture was reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Jankowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Truszkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Natalia Wolan
- Student Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziomek
- Student Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Benita Hryć
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Liu D, Zhou X. Effect of Mycolic Acids on Host Immunity and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:396. [PMID: 38203570 PMCID: PMC10778799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute pivotal constituents within the cell wall structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to their structural diversity, the composition of mycolic acids exhibits substantial variations among different strains, endowing them with the distinctive label of being the 'signature' feature of mycobacterial species. Within Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary classes of mycolic acids include α-, keto-, and methoxy-mycolic acids. While these mycolic acids are predominantly esterified to the cell wall components (such as arabinogalactan, alginate, or glucose) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a fraction of free mycolic acids are secreted during in vitro growth of the bacterium. Remarkably, different types of mycolic acids possess varying capabilities to induce foamy macro-phages and trigger immune responses. Additionally, mycolic acids play a regulatory role in the lipid metabolism of host cells, thereby exerting influence over the progression of tuberculosis. Consequently, the multifaceted properties of mycolic acids shape the immune evasion strategy employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive understanding of mycolic acids is of paramount significance in the pursuit of developing tuberculosis therapeutics and unraveling the intricacies of its pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Dingpu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sawicki R, Widelski J, Truszkiewicz W, Kawka S, Kai G, Sieniawska E. Sulphides from garlic essential oil dose-dependently change the distribution of glycerophospholipids and induce N6-tuberculosinyladenosine formation in mycobacterial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20351. [PMID: 37990133 PMCID: PMC10663513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of garlic are widely known, and numerous studies confirmed its ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this work, we explored the molecular mechanism of action of sulphides present in garlic essential oil against mycobacteria. The targeted transcriptomics and untargeted LC-MS metabolomics were applied to study dose- and time-dependent metabolic changes in bacterial cells under the influence of stressing agent. Expression profiles of genes coding stress-responsive sigma factors regulatory network and metabolic observations proved that sulphides from garlic essential oil are an efficient and specific agent affecting glycerophospholipids levels and their distribution within the cell envelope. Additionally, sulphides induced the Dimroth rearrangement of 1-Tuberculosinyladenosine to N6-tuberculosinyladenosine in mycobacterial cells as a possible neutralization mechanism protecting the cell from a basic nucleophilic environment. Sulphides affected cell envelope lipids and formation of N6-tuberculosinyladenosine in M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Sawicki
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Widelski
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Truszkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kawka
- Medicofarma Biotech S.A., Zamenhofa 29, 20-453, Lublin, Poland
| | - Guoyin Kai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamamoto K, Tsujimura Y, Ato M. Catheter-associated Mycobacterium intracellulare biofilm infection in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17148. [PMID: 37816786 PMCID: PMC10564925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) diseases are steadily increasing in prevalence and mortality worldwide. Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare, the two major pathogens of NTM diseases, are resistant to antibiotics, and chlorine, necessitating their capacity to survive in natural environments (e.g. soil and rivers) and disinfected municipal water. They can also form biofilms on artificial surfaces to provide a protective barrier and habitat for bacilli, which can cause refractory systemic disseminated NTM disease. Therefore, preventing biofilm formation by these pathogens is crucial; however, not many in vivo experimental systems and studies on NTM biofilm infection are available. This study develops a mouse model of catheter-associated systemic disseminated disease caused by M. intracellulare that reproduces the pathophysiology of catheter-associated infections observed in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In addition, the bioluminescence system enabled noninvasive visualization of the amount and distribution of bacilli in vivo and conveniently examine the efficacy of antimicrobials. Furthermore, the cellulose-based biofilms, which were extensively formed in the tissue surrounding the catheter insertion site, reduced drug therapy effectiveness. Overall, this study provides insights into the cause of the drug resistance of NTM and may guide the development of new therapies for NTM diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamamoto
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Tsujimura
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Kaffah N, Pandor S, Sartain MJ, Larrouy-Maumus G. Ion mobility mass spectrometry for the study of mycobacterial mycolic acids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10390. [PMID: 37369807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are highly structurally diverse molecules involved in a wide variety of biological processes. The involvement of lipids is even more pronounced in mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces a highly complex and diverse set of lipids in the cell envelope. These lipids include mycolic acids, which are among the longest fatty acids in nature and can contain up to 90 carbon atoms. Mycolic acids are ubiquitously found in mycobacteria and are alpha branched and beta hydroxylated lipids. Discrete modifications, such as alpha, alpha', epoxy, methoxy, keto, and carboxy, characterize mycolic acids at the species level. Here, we used high precision ion mobility-mass spectrometry to build a database including 206 mass-resolved collision cross sections (CCSs) of mycolic acids originating from the strict human pathogen M. tuberculosis, the opportunistic strains M. abscessus, M. marinum and M. avium, and the nonpathogenic strain M. smegmatis. Primary differences between the mycolic acid profiles could be observed between mycobacterial species. Acyl tail length and modifications were the primary structural descriptors determining CCS magnitude. As a resource for researchers, this work provides a detailed catalogue of the mass-resolved collision cross sections for mycolic acids along with a workflow to generate and analyse the dataset generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nadhira Kaffah
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hailu E, Cantillon D, Madrazo C, Rose G, Wheeler PR, Golby P, Adnew B, Gagneux S, Aseffa A, Gordon SV, Comas I, Young DB, Waddell SJ, Larrouy-Maumus G, Berg S. Lack of methoxy-mycolates characterizes the geographically restricted lineage 7 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001011. [PMID: 37171244 PMCID: PMC10272862 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage 7 (L7) emerged in the phylogeny of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) subsequent to the branching of 'ancient' lineage 1 and prior to the Eurasian dispersal of 'modern' lineages 2, 3 and 4. In contrast to the major MTBC lineages, the current epidemiology suggests that prevalence of L7 is highly confined to the Ethiopian population, or when identified outside of Ethiopia, it has mainly been in patients of Ethiopian origin. To search for microbiological factors that may contribute to its restricted distribution, we compared the genome of L7 to the genomes of globally dispersed MTBC lineages. The frequency of predicted functional mutations in L7 was similar to that documented in other lineages. These include mutations characteristic of modern lineages - such as constitutive expression of nitrate reductase - as well as mutations in the VirS locus that are commonly found in ancient lineages. We also identified and characterized multiple lineage-specific mutations in L7 in biosynthesis pathways of cell wall lipids, including confirmed deficiency of methoxy-mycolic acids due to a stop-gain mutation in the mmaA3 gene that encodes a methoxy-mycolic acid synthase. We show that the abolished biosynthesis of methoxy-mycolates of L7 alters the cell structure and colony morphology on selected growth media and impacts biofilm formation. The loss of these mycolic acid moieties may change the host-pathogen dynamic for L7 isolates, explaining the limited geographical distribution of L7 and contributing to further understanding the spread of MTBC lineages across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daire Cantillon
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Present address: Department of Tropical Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carlos Madrazo
- Biomedicine Institute of Valencia, Spanish Research Council (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Graham Rose
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Present address: North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | | | - Paul Golby
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | | | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Biomedicine Institute of Valencia, Spanish Research Council (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Douglas B. Young
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J. Waddell
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
- Present address: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mavi PS, Singh S, Kumar A. Media component bovine serum albumin facilitates the formation of mycobacterial biofilms in response to reductive stress. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:111. [PMID: 37081437 PMCID: PMC10116703 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) forms physiologically relevant biofilms harboring drug-tolerant bacteria. This observation has brought the study of mycobacterial biofilms to the forefront of tuberculosis research. We established earlier that dithiothreitol (DTT) mediated reductive stress induces cellulose-rich biofilm formation in Mtb cultures. The molecular events associated with the DTT-induced biofilm formation are not known. Furthermore, there are only limited tools for monitoring the presence of cellulose in biofilms. RESULTS To decipher the molecular events associated with DTT-induced biofilm formation, we used Mtb and non-pathogenic, fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm). We observed that DTT induces biofilm formation in Msm cultures. We explored whether media components facilitate biofilm formation in mycobacteria upon exposure to DTT. We observed that media component bovine serum albumin promotes mycobacterial biofilm formation in response to DTT. Furthermore, we analyzed the composition of extracellular polymeric substances of Msm biofilms. We found that, like Mtb biofilms, Msm biofilms are also rich in polysaccharides and proteins. We also developed a novel protein-based molecular probe for imaging cellulose by utilizing the cellulose-binding domain of cellulase CenA from Cellulomonas fimi and fusing it to fluorescent reporter mCherry. Characterization of this new probe revealed that it has a high affinity for cellulose and could be used for visualizing cellulose biosynthesis during the development of Agrobacterium biofilms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that biological macromolecule cellulose is present in the extracellular polymeric substances of Msm biofilms using this novel probe. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that DTT-mediated reduction of media component BSA leads to the formation of nucleating foci. These nucleating foci are critical for subsequent attachment of bacterial cells and induction of EPS production. Furthermore, this new tool, IMT-CBD-mC, could be used for monitoring cellulose incorporation in plant cells, understanding cellulose biosynthesis dynamics during biofilm formation, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh Mavi
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036
| | - Shweta Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Room No 508, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India, 160036.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, 201002.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar G, Kapoor S. Targeting mycobacterial membranes and membrane proteins: Progress and limitations. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117212. [PMID: 36804747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis continues to hold center stage. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses robust defense mechanisms against most front-line antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. It is now well-established that bacteria change their membrane composition to optimize their environment to survive and elude drug action. Thus targeting membrane or membrane components is a promising avenue for exploiting the chemical space focussed on developing novel membrane-centric anti-bacterial small molecules. These approaches are more effective, non-toxic, and can attenuate resistance phenotype. We present the relevance of targeting the mycobacterial membrane as a practical therapeutic approach. The review highlights the direct and indirect targeting of membrane structure and function. Direct membrane targeting agents cause perturbation in the membrane potential and can cause leakage of the cytoplasmic contents. In contrast, indirect membrane targeting agents disrupt the function of membrane-associated proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis or energy production. We discuss the chronological chemical improvements in various scaffolds targeting specific membrane-associated protein targets, their clinical evaluation, and up-to-date account of their ''mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity'' and limitations. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work have emerged from target-based identification, cell-based phenotypic screening, drug repurposing, and natural products. We believe this review will inspire the exploration of uncharted chemical space for informing the development of new scaffolds that can inhibit novel mycobacterial membrane targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Departemnt of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Porous Pellicle Formation of a Filamentous Bacterium, Leptothrix. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0134122. [PMID: 36416549 PMCID: PMC9746318 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01341-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Leptothrix cholodnii generates filaments encased in a sheath comprised of woven nanofibrils. In static liquid culture, L. cholodnii moves toward the air-liquid interface, where it forms porous pellicles. Observations of aggregation at the interface reveal that clusters consisting of only a few bacteria primarily grow by netting free cells. These growing clusters hierarchically enlarge through the random docking of other small clusters. We find that the bacteria swim using their polar flagellum toward the interface, where their sheath assists them in intertwining with others and thereby promotes the formation of small clusters. In contrast, sheathless hydrophobic mutant cells get stuck to the interface. We find that the nanofibril sheath is vital for robust pellicle formation as it lowers cell surface hydrophobicity by 60%, thereby reducing their adsorption and enabling cells to move toward and stick together at the air-liquid interface. IMPORTANCE Efficient and sustainable management of water resources is becoming a fundamental issue for supporting growing populations and for developing economic activity. Fundamental to this management is the treatment of wastewater. Microorganisms are the active component of activated sludge that is employed in the biodegradation process of many wastewater treatment facilities. However, uncontrolled growth of filamentous bacteria such as Sphaerotilus often results in filamentous bulking, lowering the efficiency of water treatment systems. To prevent this undesirable condition, strategies based on a fundamental understanding of the ecology of filamentous bacteria are required. Although the filamentous bacterium Leptothrix cholodnii, which is closely related to Sphaerotilus, is a minor inhabitant of activated sludge, its complete genome sequence is known, making gene manipulation relatively easy. Moreover, L. cholodnii generates porous pellicles under static conditions, which may be a characteristic of filamentous bulking. We show that both swimming motility and nanofibril-mediated air-liquid interface attachment are required for porous pellicle formation. These insights are critical for a better understanding of the characteristics of filamentous bulking and might improve strategies to control activated sludge.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pohane AA, Moore DJ, Lepori I, Gordon RA, Nathan TO, Gepford DM, Kavunja HW, Gaidhane IV, Swarts BM, Siegrist MS. A Bifunctional Chemical Reporter for in Situ Analysis of Cell Envelope Glycan Recycling in Mycobacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2223-2231. [PMID: 36288262 PMCID: PMC9924612 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In mycobacteria, the glucose-based disaccharide trehalose cycles between the cytoplasm, where it is a stress protectant and carbon source, and the cell envelope, where it is released as a byproduct of outer mycomembrane glycan biosynthesis and turnover. Trehalose recycling via the LpqY-SugABC transporter promotes virulence, antibiotic recalcitrance, and efficient adaptation to nutrient deprivation. The source(s) of trehalose and the regulation of recycling under these and other stressors are unclear. A key technical gap in addressing these questions has been the inability to trace trehalose recycling in situ, directly from its site of liberation from the cell envelope. Here we describe a bifunctional chemical reporter that simultaneously marks mycomembrane biosynthesis and subsequent trehalose recycling with alkyne and azide groups. Using this probe, we discovered that the recycling efficiency for trehalose increases upon carbon starvation, concomitant with an increase in LpqY-SugABC expression. The ability of the bifunctional reporter to probe multiple, linked steps provides a more nuanced understanding of mycobacterial cell envelope metabolism and its plasticity under stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Arunrao Pohane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003 USA
| | - Devin J. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Irene Lepori
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Gordon
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003 USA
| | - Temitope O. Nathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Dana M. Gepford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Herbert W. Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Ishani V. Gaidhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
| | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 USA
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859 United States
| | - M. Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Enhanced immunogenicity of Mycobacterium bovis BCG through CRISPRi mediated depletion of AftC. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100088. [PMID: 36405350 PMCID: PMC9651938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the disease tuberculosis and affects a third of the world’s population. The recent COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation with a projected 27% increase in tuberculosis related deaths. M. tuberculosis has an elaborate cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids which shield the bacilli from the toxic bactericidal milieu within phagocytes. Amongst, the numerous glycosyltransferase enzymes involved in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis, arabinofuranosyltransferase C (aftC) is responsible for the branching of the arabinan domain in both arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. Using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats interference (CRISPRi) we have generated aftC knockdowns in Mycobacterium bovis BCG and demonstrated the generation of a truncated, immunogenic lipoarabinomannan within its cell envelope. The aftC depleted BCG mutants were unable to form characteristic mycobacterial pellicular biofilms and elicit a potent immunostimulatory phenotype compared to wild type M. bovis BCG in a THP1 cell line. This study paves the way to further explore novel BCG mutants as promising vaccine boosters in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh N, Sharma N, Singh P, Pandey M, Ilyas M, Sisodiya L, Choudhury T, Gosain TP, Singh R, Atmakuri K. HupB, a nucleoid-associated protein, is critical for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under host-mediated stresses and for enhanced tolerance to key first-line antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:937970. [PMID: 36071978 PMCID: PMC9441915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive and establish its niche, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) engages in a steady battle against an array of host defenses and a barrage of antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate that Mtb employs HupB, a nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) as its key player to simultaneously battle and survive in these two stress-inducing fronts. Typically, NAPs are key to bacterial survival under a wide array of environmental or host-mediated stresses. Here, we report that for Mtb to survive under different macrophage-induced assaults including acidic pH, nutrient depletion, oxidative and nitrosative stresses, HupB presence is critical. As expected, the hupB knockout mutant is highly sensitive to these host-mediated stresses. Furthermore, Mtb aptly modulates HupB protein levels to overcome these stresses. We also report that HupB aids Mtb to gain tolerance to high levels of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) exposure. Loss of hupB makes Mtb highly susceptible to even short exposures to reduced amounts of RIF and INH. Overexpressing hupB in Mtb or complementing hupB in the hupB knockout mutant triggers enhanced survival of Mtb under these stresses. We also find that upon loss of hupB, Mtb significantly enhances the permeability of its cell wall by modulating the levels of several surface lipids including phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs), thus possibly influencing overall susceptibility to host-mediated stresses. Loss of hupB also downregulates efflux pump expression possibly influencing increased susceptibility to INH and RIF. Finally, we find that therapeutic targeting of HupB with SD1, a known small molecule inhibitor, significantly enhances Mtb susceptibility to INH and THP-1 macrophages and significantly reduces MIC to INH. Thus, our data strongly indicate that HupB is a highly promising therapeutic target especially for potential combinatorial shortened therapy with reduced INH and RIF doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niti Singh
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Padam Singh
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manitosh Pandey
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Department of Life Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Ilyas
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovely Sisodiya
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tejaswini Choudhury
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tannu Priya Gosain
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Krishnamohan Atmakuri
- Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Krishnamohan Atmakuri
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Smith TM, Youngblom MA, Kernien JF, Mohamed MA, Fry SS, Bohr LL, Mortimer TD, O'Neill MB, Pepperell CS. Rapid adaptation of a complex trait during experimental evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2022; 11:e78454. [PMID: 35726854 PMCID: PMC9213004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), is a leading cause of death due to infectious disease. TB is not traditionally associated with biofilms, but M. tb biofilms are linked with drug and immune tolerance and there is increasing recognition of their contribution to the recalcitrance of TB infections. Here, we used M. tb experimental evolution to investigate this complex phenotype and identify candidate loci controlling biofilm formation. We identified novel candidate loci, adding to our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying M. tb biofilm development. Under selective pressure to grow as a biofilm, regulatory mutations rapidly swept to fixation and were associated with changes in multiple traits, including extracellular matrix production, cell size, and growth rate. Genetic and phenotypic paths to enhanced biofilm growth varied according to the genetic background of the parent strain, suggesting that epistatic interactions are important in M. tb adaptation to changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison A Youngblom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - John F Kernien
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Mohamed A Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Sydney S Fry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Lindsey L Bohr
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Tatum D Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Mary B O'Neill
- Laboratoire de Biochimie (LBC), Chimie Biologie et Innovation, ESPCI Paris, PSL UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Caitlin S Pepperell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guallar-Garrido S, Campo-Pérez V, Pérez-Trujillo M, Cabrera C, Senserrich J, Sánchez-Chardi A, Rabanal RM, Gómez-Mora E, Noguera-Ortega E, Luquin M, Julián E. Mycobacterial surface characters remodeled by growth conditions drive different tumor-infiltrating cells and systemic IFN-γ/IL-17 release in bladder cancer treatment. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2051845. [PMID: 35355681 PMCID: PMC8959508 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2051845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Víctor Campo-Pérez
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear i Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències i Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Jordi Senserrich
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Rabanal
- Unitat de Patologia Murina i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Elisabet Gómez-Mora
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
Collapse
|
23
|
Modak B, Girkar S, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Mycobacterial Membranes as Actionable Targets for Lipid-Centric Therapy in Tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3046-3065. [PMID: 35133820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain significant health concerns worldwide, and resistance is particularly common in patients with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of anti-infectives with novel modes of action may help overcome resistance. In this regard, membrane-active agents, which modulate membrane components essential for the survival of pathogens, present attractive antimicrobial agents. Key advantages of membrane-active compounds include their ability to target slow-growing or dormant bacteria and their favorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we comprehensively review recent advances in the development of membrane-active chemotypes that target mycobacterial membranes and discuss clinically relevant membrane-active antibacterial agents that have shown promise in counteracting bacterial infections. We discuss the relationship between the membrane properties and the synthetic requirements within the chemical scaffold, as well as the limitations of current membrane-active chemotypes. This review will lay the chemical groundwork for the development of membrane-active antituberculosis agents and will foster the discovery of more effective antitubercular agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswabrata Modak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhali Girkar
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Phosphoproteomics of Mycobacterium-host interaction and inspirations for novel measures against tuberculosis. Cell Signal 2022; 91:110238. [PMID: 34986388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a tremendous global public health concern. Deciphering the biology of the pathogen and its interaction with host can inspire new measures against tuberculosis. Phosphorylation plays versatile and important role in the pathogen and host physiology, such as virulence, signaling and immune response. Proteome-wide phosphorylation of Mtb and its infected host cells, namely phosphoproteome, can inform the post-translational modification of the interaction network between the pathogen and the host, key targets for novel antibiotics. We summarized the phosphoproteome of Mtb, as well as the host, focusing on potential application for new measures against tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Xie Z, Zhao J, Zhu Z, Yang C, Liu Y. Prospects of Inhaled Phage Therapy for Combatting Pulmonary Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:758392. [PMID: 34938668 PMCID: PMC8685529 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.758392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With respiratory infections accounting for significant morbidity and mortality, the issue of antibiotic resistance has added to the gravity of the situation. Treatment of pulmonary infections (bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis-associated bacterial infections, tuberculosis) is more challenging with the involvement of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, which act as etiological agents. Furthermore, with the dearth of new antibiotics available and old antibiotics losing efficacy, it is prudent to switch to non-antibiotic approaches to fight this battle. Phage therapy represents one such approach that has proven effective against a range of bacterial pathogens including drug resistant strains. Inhaled phage therapy encompasses the use of stable phage preparations given via aerosol delivery. This therapy can be used as an adjunct treatment option in both prophylactic and therapeutic modes. In the present review, we first highlight the role and action of phages against pulmonary pathogens, followed by delineating the different methods of delivery of inhaled phage therapy with evidence of success. The review aims to focus on recent advances and developments in improving the final success and outcome of pulmonary phage therapy. It details the use of electrospray for targeted delivery, advances in nebulization techniques, individualized controlled inhalation with software control, and liposome-encapsulated nebulized phages to take pulmonary phage delivery to the next level. The review expands knowledge on the pulmonary delivery of phages and the advances that have been made for improved outcomes in the treatment of respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Zuozhou Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dokic A, Peterson E, Arrieta-Ortiz ML, Pan M, Di Maio A, Baliga N, Bhatt A. Mycobacterium abscessus biofilms produce an extracellular matrix and have a distinct mycolic acid profile. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100051. [PMID: 33912773 PMCID: PMC8066798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-tuberculous mycobacterium, Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with difficult to treat pulmonary infections, particularly in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. It is capable of forming biofilms in vitro that result in an increase of already high levels of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium. Evidence that M. abscessus forms biofilm-like microcolonies in patient lungs and on medical devices further implicated the need to investigate this biofilm in detail. Therefore, in this study we characterized the M. abscessus pellicular biofilm, formed on a liquid-air interface, by studying its molecular composition, and its transcriptional profile in comparison to planktonic cells. Using scanning electron micrographs and fluorescence microscopy, we showed that M. abscessus biofilms produce an extracellular matrix composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and extracellular DNA. Transcriptomic analysis of biofilms revealed an upregulation of pathways involved in the glyoxylate shunt, redox metabolism and mycolic acid biosynthesis. Genes involved in elongation and desaturation of mycolic acids were highly upregulated in biofilms and, mirroring those findings, biochemical analysis of mycolates revealed molecular changes and an increase in mycolic acid chain length. Together these results give us an insight into the complex structure of M. abscessus biofilms, the understanding of which may be adapted for clinical use in treatment of biofilm infections, including strategies for dispersing the extracellular matrix, allowing antibiotics to gain access to bacteria within the biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dokic
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Min Pan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nitin Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rifamycin antibiotics and the mechanisms of their failure. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:786-798. [PMID: 34400805 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1957 and are known for their use in treating tuberculosis (TB). Rifamycins exhibit bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting RNA polymerase (RNAP); however, resistance is prevalent and the mechanisms range from primary target modification and antibiotic inactivation to cytoplasmic exclusion. Further, phenotypic resistance, in which only a subpopulation of bacteria grow in concentrations exceeding their minimum inhibitory concentration, and tolerance, which is characterized by reduced rates of bacterial cell death, have been identified as additional causes of rifamycin failure. Here we summarize current understanding and recent developments regarding this critical antibiotic class.
Collapse
|
28
|
Medeiros TF, Scheffer MC, Verza M, Salvato RS, Schörner MA, Barazzetti FH, Rovaris DB, Bazzo ML. Genomic characterization of variants on mycolic acid metabolism genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105107. [PMID: 34634381 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a complex cell wall containing mycolic acids (MA), which play an important role in pathogenesis, virulence, and survival by protecting the cell against harsh environments. Studies have shown that genes encoding enzymes involved in MA synthesis are essential to mycobacterial functionality. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing to evaluate mutations in genes related to MA metabolism in M. tuberculosis isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients of the Florianópolis Metropolitan Area, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and assessed associations with clinical, epidemiological, and genotypic data. The mutations Rv3057c Asp112Ala (104/151), Rv3720 His70Arg (104/151), and Rv3802c Val50Phe (105/151) were identified in about 69% of the isolates and were related to the LAM lineage. SIT 216/LAM5 (13.2%, 20/151) had the highest frequency and presented the mutations accD2 Lys23Glu, kasA Gly269Ser, mmaA4 Asn165Ser, otsB1 Asp617Asn, Rv3057c Asp112Ala, Rv3720 His70Arg, Rv3802c Val50Phe, and tgs4 Ala216Glu. All SIT 73/T isolates (6.6%, 10/151) showed a characteristic and exclusive gene mutation pattern: amiD Rv3376 3790075G > A, fbpA-aftB 4266941G > A, echA11 Asn220fs, and otsB2 Ser110Arg. SITs 20/LAM1, 64/LAM6, 50/H3, 137/X2, and 119/X1 were also related to specific mutations. SITs from the LAM lineage differed in mutation profile from those of the T, Haarlem, and X lineages. Isolates from patients who had treatment failure showed mutations that do not seem to have a pattern related to this outcome. It was possible to identify a broad repertoire of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to MA metabolism in M. tuberculosis isolates. This study also described, for the first time, the variability between different SITs/sublineages of Lineage 4 circulating in Florianópolis Metropolitan Area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Freitas Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Scheffer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mirela Verza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CDCT), Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos André Schörner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hartmann Barazzetti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Darcita Buerger Rovaris
- Setor de Bacteriologia da Tuberculose, Laboratório Central do Estado de Santa Catarina (LACEN-SC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Bazzo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Microbiologia e Sorologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grinter R, Greening C. Cofactor F420: an expanded view of its distribution, biosynthesis and roles in bacteria and archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab021. [PMID: 33851978 PMCID: PMC8498797 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and archaea produce the redox cofactor F420. F420 is structurally similar to the cofactors FAD and FMN but is catalytically more similar to NAD and NADP. These properties allow F420 to catalyze challenging redox reactions, including key steps in methanogenesis, antibiotic biosynthesis and xenobiotic biodegradation. In the last 5 years, there has been much progress in understanding its distribution, biosynthesis, role and applications. Whereas F420 was previously thought to be confined to Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota, new evidence indicates it is synthesized across the bacterial and archaeal domains, as a result of extensive horizontal and vertical biosynthetic gene transfer. F420 was thought to be synthesized through one biosynthetic pathway; however, recent advances have revealed variants of this pathway and have resolved their key biosynthetic steps. In parallel, new F420-dependent biosynthetic and metabolic processes have been discovered. These advances have enabled the heterologous production of F420 and identified enantioselective F420H2-dependent reductases for biocatalysis. New research has also helped resolve how microorganisms use F420 to influence human and environmental health, providing opportunities for tuberculosis treatment and methane mitigation. A total of 50 years since its discovery, multiple paradigms associated with F420 have shifted, and new F420-dependent organisms and processes continue to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sundararajan S, Muniyan R. Latent tuberculosis: interaction of virulence factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6181-6196. [PMID: 34351540 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prominent health concern worldwide. Besides extensive research and vaccinations available, attempts to control the pandemic are cumbersome due to the complex physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Alongside the emergence of drug-resistant TB, latent TB has worsened the condition. The tubercle bacilli are unusually behaved and successful with its strategies to modulate genes to evade host immune system and persist within macrophages. Under latent/unfavorable conditions, Mtb conceals itself from immune system and modulates its genes. Among many intracellular modulated genes, important are those involved in cell entry, fatty acid degradation, mycolic acid synthesis, phagosome acidification inhibition, inhibition of phagosome-lysosome complex and chaperon protein modulation. Though the study on these genes date back to early times of TB, an insight on their inter-relation within and to newly evolved genes are still required. This review focuses on the findings and discussions on these genes, possible mechanism, credibility as target for novel drugs and repurposed drugs and their interaction that enables Mtb in survival, pathogenesis, resistance and latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Sundararajan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rajiniraja Muniyan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Crotta Asis A, Savoretti F, Cabruja M, Gramajo H, Gago G. Characterization of key enzymes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13257. [PMID: 34168231 PMCID: PMC8225852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) yielding diacylglycerol (DAG), the lipid precursor for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. PAP activity has a key role in the regulation of PA flux towards TAG or glycerophospholipid synthesis. In this work we have characterized two Mycobacterium smegmatis genes encoding for functional PAP proteins. Disruption of both genes provoked a sharp reduction in de novo TAG biosynthesis in early growth phase cultures under stress conditions. In vivo labeling experiments demonstrated that TAG biosynthesis was restored in the ∆PAP mutant when bacteria reached exponential growth phase, with a concomitant reduction of phospholipid synthesis. In addition, comparative lipidomic analysis showed that the ∆PAP strain had increased levels of odd chain fatty acids esterified into TAGs, suggesting that the absence of PAP activity triggered other rearrangements of lipid metabolism, like phospholipid recycling, in order to maintain the wild type levels of TAG. Finally, the lipid changes observed in the ∆PAP mutant led to defective biofilm formation. Understanding the interaction between TAG synthesis and the lipid composition of mycobacterial cell envelope is a key step to better understand how lipid homeostasis is regulated during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Crotta Asis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Franco Savoretti
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Matías Cabruja
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Gago
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma F, Zhou H, Yang Z, Wang C, An Y, Ni L, Liu M, Wang Y, Yu L. Gene expression profile analysis and target gene discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilm. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5123-5134. [PMID: 34125278 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a fatal infectious disease to human health, and the drug tolerance and immune evasion of M. tuberculosis were reported to be related to its biofilm formation; however, the difficulty of M. tuberculosis biofilm culture and its unknown global mechanism impede its further research. Here, we developed a modified in vitro M. tuberculosis biofilm model with shorter culture time. Then we used Illumina RNA-seq technology to determine the global gene expression profile of M. tuberculosis H37Rv biofilms. Over 437 genes are expressed at significantly different levels in biofilm cells than in planktonic cells; among them, 153 were downregulated and 284 were upregulated. Go enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis showed that genes involved in biosynthesis and metabolism of sulfur metabolism, steroid degradation, atrazine degradation, mammalian cell entry protein complex, etc. are involved in M. tuberculosis biofilm cells. Especially, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters Rv1217c and Rv1218c were significantly upregulated in biofilm, whereas efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) piperine and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP) inhibited biofilm formation and the expression of the Rv1217c and Rv1218c genes in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively, indicating Rv1217c and Rv1218c are potential target genes of M. tuberculosis biofilm. This study is the first RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling of M. tuberculosis biofilms and provides insights into a potential strategy for M. tuberculosis biofilm inhibition. KEY POINTS: • Characterize M. tuberculosis transcriptomes in biofilm cells by RNA-seq. • Inhibit the expression of Rv1217c and Rv1218c repressed biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxue Ma
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yanan An
- Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Lihui Ni
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kumari B, Kaur J. Correlation of over-expression of rv1900c with enhanced survival of M. smegmatis under stress conditions: Modulation of cell surface properties. Gene 2021; 791:145720. [PMID: 34019937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has distinct cell wall composition that helps in intracellular survival of bacteria. Rv1900c, a two domain protein, has been grouped in lip gene family. The expression of rv1900c was upregulated under acidic, nutritive and iron stress conditions in M. tuberculosis H37Ra. To investigate the biological effect of Rv1900c in mycobacterium physiology, rv1900c gene was cloned in M. smegmatis, a surrogate host. Its counterpart MSMEG_4477 in M. smegmatis demonstrated 38% protein similarity with Rv1900c. MSMEG_4477 gene was knocked out in M. smegmatis by homologous recombination. rv1900c and MSMEG_4477 genes, cloned in pVV16, were expressed in the M. smegmatis knockout strain (M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477). Gene knockout significantly altered colony morphology and growth kinetics of M. smegmatis. M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) colonies were less wrinkled and had smooth surface as compared to M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477. The changes were reverted back to normal upon expression of MSMEG_4477 in knockout strain M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). The expression of rv1900c enhanced the biofilm formation and survival of bacteria under various in vitro stresses like acidic, nutritive stress, including lysozyme, SDS and multiple antibiotics treatment in comparison to control. On the other hand the expression of rv1900c decreased the cell wall permeability. The resistance provided by M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477) was comparable to M. smegmatis having vector alone (MS_vec). The lipid content of M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) was observed to be different from M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_1900 (pVV16::rv1900c) was more tolerant to stress conditions in comparison to M. smegmatis ΔMSMEG_4477 (pVV16::MSMEG_4477). Expression of rv1900c enhanced the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Therefore, the present study suggested an association of Rv1900c to the stress tolerance by cell wall modification that might have resulted in enhanced intracellular survival of the mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Niño-Padilla EI, Velazquez C, Garibay-Escobar A. Mycobacterial biofilms as players in human infections: a review. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:410-432. [PMID: 34024206 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1925886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of biofilms in pathogenicity and treatment strategies is often neglected in mycobacterial infections. In recent years, the emergence of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections has necessitated the development of novel prophylactic strategies and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the establishment of chronic infections. More importantly, the question arises whether members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex can form biofilms and contribute to latent tuberculosis and drug resistance because of the long-lasting and recalcitrant nature of its infections. This review discusses some of the molecular mechanisms by which biofilms could play a role in infection or pathological events in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Biofilm formation in the lung contributes to virulence and drug tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1606. [PMID: 33707445 PMCID: PMC7952908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease that displays several features commonly associated with biofilm-associated infections: immune system evasion, antibiotic treatment failures, and recurrence of infection. However, although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can form cellulose-containing biofilms in vitro, it remains unclear whether biofilms are formed during infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate the formation of Mtb biofilms in animal models of infection and in patients, and that biofilm formation can contribute to drug tolerance. First, we show that cellulose is also a structural component of the extracellular matrix of in vitro biofilms of fast and slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria. Then, we use cellulose as a biomarker to detect Mtb biofilms in the lungs of experimentally infected mice and non-human primates, as well as in lung tissue sections obtained from patients with tuberculosis. Mtb strains defective in biofilm formation are attenuated for survival in mice, suggesting that biofilms protect bacilli from the host immune system. Furthermore, the administration of nebulized cellulase enhances the antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid and rifampicin in infected mice, supporting a role for biofilms in phenotypic drug tolerance. Our findings thus indicate that Mtb biofilms are relevant to human tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee C, Bhakta S. The Prospect of Repurposing Immunomodulatory Drugs for Adjunctive Chemotherapy against Tuberculosis: A Critical Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:91. [PMID: 33477812 PMCID: PMC7832907 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health emergency, with an estimated 2 billion people infected across the world, and 1.4 million people dying to this disease every year. Many aspects of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, make this disease difficult for healthcare and laboratory researchers to fight against, such as unique pathophysiology, latent infection and long and complex treatment regimens, thus causing patient non-compliance with the treatment. Development of new drugs is critical for tackling these problems. Repurposing drugs is a promising strategy for generating an effective drug treatment whilst circumventing many of the challenges of conventional drug development. In this regard, the incorporation of immunomodulatory drugs into the standard regimen to potentiate frontline drugs is found to be highly appealing. Drugs of diverse chemical classes and drug categories are increasingly being evidenced to possess antitubercular activity, both in vitro and in vivo. This article explores and discusses the molecular entities that have shown promise in being repurposed for use in anti-TB adjunctive therapy and aims to provide the most up-to-date picture of their progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK;
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kumar G, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Chemical Tools for Illumination of Tuberculosis Biology, Virulence Mechanisms, and Diagnosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15308-15332. [PMID: 33307693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases and begs the scientific community to up the ante for research and exploration of completely novel therapeutic avenues. Chemical biology-inspired design of tunable chemical tools has aided in clinical diagnosis, facilitated discovery of therapeutics, and begun to enable investigation of virulence mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This Perspective highlights chemical tools specific to mycobacterial proteins and the cell lipid envelope that have furnished rapid and selective diagnostic strategies and provided unprecedented insights into the function of the mycobacterial proteome and lipidome. We discuss chemical tools that have enabled elucidating otherwise intractable biological processes by leveraging the unique lipid and metabolite repertoire of mycobacterial species. Some of these probes represent exciting starting points with the potential to illuminate poorly understood aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis, particularly the host membrane-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403 401, Goa, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vega-Dominguez P, Peterson E, Pan M, Di Maio A, Singh S, Umapathy S, Saini DK, Baliga N, Bhatt A. Biofilms of the non-tuberculous Mycobacterium chelonae form an extracellular matrix and display distinct expression patterns. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100043. [PMID: 32803022 PMCID: PMC7421604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium chelonae is an environmental, non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, capable of causing infections in humans. Biofilm formation is a key strategy used by M. chelonae in colonising niches in the environment and in the host. We studied a water-air interface (pellicle) biofilm of M. chelonae using a wide array of approaches to outline the molecular structure and composition of the biofilm. Scanning electron micrographs showed that M. chelonae biofilms produced an extracellular matrix. Using a combination of biochemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, we showed the matrix to consist of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and eDNA. Glucose was the predominant sugar present in the biofilm matrix, and its relative abundance decreased in late (established) biofilms. RNA-seq analysis of the biofilms showed upregulation of genes involved in redox metabolism. Additionally, genes involved in mycolic acid, other lipid and glyoxylate metabolism were also upregulated in the early biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perla Vega-Dominguez
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Min Pan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak K. Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitin Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Batt SM, Burke CE, Moorey AR, Besra GS. Antibiotics and resistance: the two-sided coin of the mycobacterial cell wall. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100044. [PMID: 32995684 PMCID: PMC7502851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis, is the global leading cause of mortality from an infectious agent. Part of this success relies on the unique cell wall, which consists of a thick waxy coat with tightly packed layers of complexed sugars, lipids and peptides. This coat provides a protective hydrophobic barrier to antibiotics and the host's defences, while enabling the bacterium to spread efficiently through sputum to infect and survive within the macrophages of new hosts. However, part of this success comes at a cost, with many of the current first- and second-line drugs targeting the enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The flip side of this coin is that resistance to these drugs develops either in the target enzymes or the activation pathways of the drugs, paving the way for new resistant clinical strains. This review provides a synopsis of the structure and synthesis of the cell wall and the major current drugs and targets, along with any mechanisms of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Batt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher E. Burke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice R. Moorey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vaca-González A, Flores-Valdez MA, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Camacho-Villegas TA, Pérez-Padilla NA, Burciaga-Flores M, De la Cruz MÁ, Ares MA, Mora-Montes HM, Bravo-Madrigal J, Gaona-Bernal J, Tamez-Castrellón AK. Overexpression of the celA1 gene in BCG modifies surface pellicle, glucosamine content in biofilms, and affects in vivo replication. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 125:102005. [PMID: 33032092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formed in vitro by mycobacteria has been associated with increased antibiotic tolerance as compared with planktonic cells. Cellulose has been identified as a component of DTT-exposed biofilms formed by M. tuberculosis. The celA1 gene of M. tuberculosis encodes a cellulase, which could affect the formation of biofilm by slow-growing mycobacteria. In this work, the celA1 gene of M. tuberculosis was cloned into the integrative pMV361 plasmid and then transformed into M. bovis BCG Pasteur to produce BCG:celA1, to have celA1 expressed from the strong promoter hsp60. We compared planktonic and biofilm growth, possible presence of CelA1 in whole protein extracts, quantitated biofilm, presence of monosaccharides, and bacillary burden in lungs after aerosol infection in BALB/c mice. Differences in the appearance of the surface pellicle and of the biofilm attached to the substrate were observed. In biofilms, we observed a significant decrease of glucosamine in BCG:celA1 compared with BCG:pMV361. Finally, BCG:celA1 had lower viable bacteria than the BCG:pMV361 strain after 24 h and 3 weeks post-infection, but no difference was found at 9 weeks post-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Vaca-González
- Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico
| | - Tanya Amanda Camacho-Villegas
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Areli Pérez-Padilla
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico
| | - Mirna Burciaga-Flores
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, 44270, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Manuel Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Gaona-Bernal
- Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alma Karina Tamez-Castrellón
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xu H, Su Z, Li W, Deng Y, He ZG. MmbR, a master transcription regulator that controls fatty acid β-oxidation genes in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1096-1114. [PMID: 32985741 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unusually high lipid content and a complex lipid profile are the most distinctive features of the mycobacterial cell envelope. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying mycobacterial lipid metabolism is limited, and the major regulators responsible for lipid homeostasis remain to be characterized. Here, we identified MmbR as a novel master regulator that is essential for maintaining lipid homeostasis in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. We found that MmbR controls fatty acid β-oxidation and modulates biofilm formation in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Although MmbR possesses the properties of nucleoid-associated proteins, it acts as a TetR-like transcription factor, directly regulating and intensively repressing the expression of a group of core genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, both long-chain acyl-Coenzyme A and fatty acids appear to regulate the signal molecules modulated by MmbR. The deletion of mmbR led to a significant reduction in intracellular fatty acid content and a decrease in the relative lipid composition of the biofilm. The lack of mmbR led to morphological changes in the mycobacterial colony, defects in biofilm formation and enhanced sensitivity to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Our study is the first to establish a link between the transcriptional regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation genes and lipid homeostasis in mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yimin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Boldrin F, Provvedi R, Cioetto Mazzabò L, Segafreddo G, Manganelli R. Tolerance and Persistence to Drugs: A Main Challenge in the Fight Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1924. [PMID: 32983003 PMCID: PMC7479264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of tuberculosis is extremely long. One of the reasons why Mycobacterium tuberculosis elimination from the organism takes so long is that in particular environmental conditions it can become tolerant to drugs and/or develop persisters able to survive killing even from very high drug concentrations. Tolerance develops in response to a harsh environment exposure encountered by bacteria during infection, mainly due to the action of the immune system, whereas persistence results from the presence of heterogeneous bacterial populations with different degrees of drug sensitivity, and can be induced by exposure to stress conditions. Here, we review the actual knowledge on the stress response mechanisms enacted by M. tuberculosis during infection, which leads to increased drug tolerance or development of a highly drug-resistant subpopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boldrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Greta Segafreddo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
la Cruz MAD, Ares MA, Rodríguez-Valverde D, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Flores-Valdez MA, Núñez IDC, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Lira-Chávez J, Rodríguez-Campos J, Bravo-Madrigal J. Transcriptional and Mycolic Acid Profiling in Mycobacterium bovis BCG In Vitro Show an Effect for c-di-GMP and Overlap between Dormancy and Biofilms. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:811-821. [PMID: 32238759 PMCID: PMC9728378 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces mycolic acids which are relevant for persistence, recalcitrance to antibiotics and defiance to host immunity. c-di-GMP is a second messenger involved in transition from planktonic cells to biofilms, whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). The transcriptional regulator dosR, is involved in response to low oxygen, a condition likely happening to a subset of cells within biofilms. Here, we found that in M. bovis BCG, expression of both BCG1416c and BCG1419c genes, which code for a DGC and a PDE, respectively, decreased in both stationary phase and during biofilm production. The kasA, kasB, and fas genes, which are involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, were induced in biofilm cultures, as was dosR, therefore suggesting an inverse correlation in their expression compared with that of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. The relative abundance within trehalose dimycolate (TDM) of α-mycolates decreased during biofilm maturation, with methoxy mycolates increasing over time, and keto species remaining practically stable. Moreover, addition of synthetic c-di-GMP to mid-log phase BCG cultures reduced methoxy mycolates, increased keto species and practically did not affect α-mycolates, showing a differential effect of c-di-GMP on keto- and methoxy-mycolic acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Valverde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Corresponding authors Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Iris Denisse Cota Núñez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jonahtan Lira-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C, Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rv2037c, a stress induced conserved hypothetical protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a phospholipase: Role in cell wall modulation and intracellular survival. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:817-835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
45
|
Moopanar K, Mvubu NE. Lineage-specific differences in lipid metabolism and its impact on clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 146:104250. [PMID: 32407863 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is the causative agent of TB and its incidences has been on the rise since 1993. Lipid metabolism is an imperative metabolic process, which grants M. tb the ability to utilize host-derived lipids as a secondary source of nutrition during infection. In addition to degrading host lipids, M. tb is proficient at using lipids, such as cholesterol, to facilitate its entry into macrophages. Mycolic acids, constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall, offer protection and aid in persistence of the bacterium. These are effectively synthesized using a complex fatty acid synthase system. Many pathogenesis studies have reported differences in lipid-metabolism of clinical strains of M. tb that belongs to diverse lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). East-Asian and Euro-American lineages possess "unique" cell wall-associated lipids compared to the less transmissible Ethiopian lineage, which may offer these lineages a competitive advantage. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the complexities among the MTBC lineages with lipid metabolism and their impact on virulence, transmissibility and pathogenesis. Thus, this review provides an insight into lipid metabolism in various lineages of the MTBC and their impact on virulence and persistence during infection, as this may provide critical insight into developing novel therapeutics to combat TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Moopanar
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - N E Mvubu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Discovery of a novel dehydratase of the fatty acid synthase type II critical for ketomycolic acid biosynthesis and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2112. [PMID: 32034201 PMCID: PMC7005898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid synthase type II (FAS-II) multienzyme system builds the main chain of mycolic acids (MAs), important lipid pathogenicity factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Due to their original structure, the identification of the (3 R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratases, HadAB and HadBC, of Mtb FAS-II complex required in-depth work. Here, we report the discovery of a third dehydratase protein, HadDMtb (Rv0504c), whose gene is non-essential and sits upstream of cmaA2 encoding a cyclopropane synthase dedicated to keto- and methoxy-MAs. HadDMtb deletion triggered a marked change in Mtb keto-MA content and size distribution, deeply impacting the production of full-size molecules. Furthermore, abnormal MAs, likely generated from 3-hydroxylated intermediates, accumulated. These data strongly suggest that HadDMtb catalyzes the 3-hydroxyacyl dehydratation step of late FAS-II elongation cycles during keto-MA biosynthesis. Phenotyping of Mtb hadD deletion mutant revealed the influence of HadDMtb on the planktonic growth, colony morphology and biofilm structuration, as well as on low temperature tolerance. Importantly, HadDMtb has a strong impact on Mtb virulence in the mouse model of infection. The effects of the lack of HadDMtb observed both in vitro and in vivo designate this protein as a bona fide target for the development of novel anti-TB intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
47
|
Banerjee SK, Lata S, Sharma AK, Bagchi S, Kumar M, Sahu SK, Sarkar D, Gupta P, Jana K, Gupta UD, Singh R, Saha S, Basu J, Kundu M. The sensor kinase MtrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates hypoxic survival and establishment of infection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19862-19876. [PMID: 31653701 PMCID: PMC6937564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired two-component systems (TCSs), having a sensor kinase (SK) and a cognate response regulator (RR), enable the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis to respond to the external environment and to persist within its host. Here, we inactivated the SK gene of the TCS MtrAB, mtrB, generating the strain ΔmtrB We show that mtrB loss reduces the bacterium's ability to survive in macrophages and increases its association with autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Notably, the ΔmtrB strain was markedly defective in establishing lung infection in mice, with no detectable lung pathology following aerosol challenge. ΔmtrB was less able to withstand hypoxic and acid stresses and to form biofilms and had decreased viability under hypoxia. Transcriptional profiling of ΔmtrB by gene microarray analysis, validated by quantitative RT-PCR, indicated down-regulation of the hypoxia-associated dosR regulon, as well as genes associated with other pathways linked to adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the host environment. Using in vitro biochemical assays, we demonstrate that MtrB interacts with DosR (a noncognate RR) in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that MtrB enhances the binding of DosR to the hspX promoter, suggesting an unexpected role of MtrB in DosR-regulated gene expression in M. tuberculosis Taken together, these findings indicate that MtrB functions as a regulator of DosR-dependent gene expression and in the adaptation of M. tuberculosis to hypoxia and the host environment. We propose that MtrB may be exploited as a chemotherapeutic target against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suruchi Lata
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Shreya Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | | - Debasree Sarkar
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra 282004, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dulberger CL, Rubin EJ, Boutte CC. The mycobacterial cell envelope - a moving target. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 18:47-59. [PMID: 31728063 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the leading cause of death due to infection, has a dynamic and immunomodulatory cell envelope. The cell envelope structurally and functionally varies across the length of the cell and during the infection process. This variability allows the bacterium to manipulate the human immune system, tolerate antibiotic treatment and adapt to the variable host environment. Much of what we know about the mycobacterial cell envelope has been gleaned from model actinobacterial species, or model conditions such as growth in vitro, in macrophages and in the mouse. In this Review, we combine data from different experimental systems to build a model of the dynamics of the mycobacterial cell envelope across space and time. We describe the regulatory pathways that control metabolism of the cell wall and surface lipids in M. tuberculosis during growth and stasis, and speculate about how this regulation might affect antibiotic susceptibility and interactions with the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Dulberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara C Boutte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Biofilm Growth Is Genetically Linked to Drug Tolerance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01213-19. [PMID: 31501144 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01213-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis spontaneously grows at the air-medium interface, forming pellicle biofilms, which harbor more drug-tolerant persisters than planktonic cultures. The underlying basis for increased persisters in M. tuberculosis biofilms is unknown. Using a transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) approach, we show here that multiple genes that are necessary for fitness of M. tuberculosis cells within biofilms, but not in planktonic cultures, are also implicated in tolerance of bacilli to a diverse set of stressors and antibiotics. Thus, development of M. tuberculosis biofilms appears to be associated with an enrichment of population, in which challenging growth conditions within biofilm architecture select for cells that maintain intrinsic tolerance to exogenous stresses, including antibiotic exposure. We further observed that the intrinsic drug tolerance of constituent cells of a biofilm determines the frequency of persisters. These findings together allow us to propose that the selection of elite cells during biofilm development promotes the frequency of persisters. Furthermore, probing the possibility that the population enrichment is an outcome of unique environment within biofilms, we demonstrate biofilm-specific induction in the synthesis of isonitrile lipopeptide (INLP). Mutation analysis indicates that INLP is necessary for the architecture development of M. tuberculosis biofilms. In summary, this study offers an insight into persistence of M. tuberculosis biofilms under antibiotic exposure, while identifying INLP as a potential biomarker for further investigation of this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kaur J, Kaur J. Rv0518, a nutritive stress inducible GDSL lipase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, enhanced intracellular survival of bacteria by cell wall modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:180-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|