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Peoples LM, Isanta-Navarro J, Bras B, Hand BK, Rosenzweig F, Elser JJ, Church MJ. Physiology, fast and slow: bacterial response to variable resource stoichiometry and dilution rate. mSystems 2024:e0077024. [PMID: 38980051 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00770-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms grow despite imbalances in the availability of nutrients and energy. The biochemical and elemental adjustments that bacteria employ to sustain growth when these resources are suboptimal are not well understood. We assessed how Pseudomonas putida KT2440 adjusts its physiology at differing dilution rates (to approximate growth rates) in response to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stress using chemostats. Cellular elemental and biomolecular pools were variable in response to different limiting resources at a slow dilution rate of 0.12 h-1, but these pools were more similar across treatments at a faster rate of 0.48 h-1. At slow dilution rates, limitation by P and C appeared to alter cell growth efficiencies as reflected by changes in cellular C quotas and rates of oxygen consumption, both of which were highest under P- and lowest under C- stress. Underlying these phenotypic changes was differential gene expression of terminal oxidases used for ATP generation that allows for increased energy generation efficiency. In all treatments under fast dilution rates, KT2440 formed aggregates and biofilms, a physiological response that hindered an accurate assessment of growth rate, but which could serve as a mechanism that allows cells to remain in conditions where growth is favorable. Our findings highlight the ways that microorganisms dynamically adjust their physiology under different resource supply conditions, with distinct mechanisms depending on the limiting resource at slow growth and convergence toward an aggregative phenotype with similar compositions under conditions that attempt to force fast growth. IMPORTANCE All organisms experience suboptimal growth conditions due to low nutrient and energy availability. Their ability to survive and reproduce under such conditions determines their evolutionary fitness. By imposing suboptimal resource ratios under different dilution rates on the model organism Pseudomonas putida KT2440, we show that this bacterium dynamically adjusts its elemental composition, morphology, pools of biomolecules, and levels of gene expression. By examining the ability of bacteria to respond to C:N:P imbalance, we can begin to understand how stoichiometric flexibility manifests at the cellular level and impacts the flow of energy and elements through ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Peoples
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
| | - Jana Isanta-Navarro
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedicta Bras
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
| | - Brian K Hand
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James J Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
| | - Matthew J Church
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana, USA
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2
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Michalski J, Cłapa T, Narożna D, Syguda A, van Oostrum P, Reimhult E. Morpholinium-based Ionic Liquids as Potent Antibiofilm and Sensitizing Agents for the Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168627. [PMID: 38795768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Rising antimicrobial resistance is a critical threat to worldwide public health. To address the increasing antibiotic tolerance, diverse antimicrobial agents are examined for their ability to decrease bacterial resistance. One of the most relevant and persistent human pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our study investigates the anti-biofilm and sensitizing activity of 12 morpholinium-based ionic liquids with herbicidal anions on four clinically relevant P. aeruginosa strains. Among all tested compounds, four ionic liquids prevented biofilm formation at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations for all investigated strains. For the first time, we established a hormetic effect on biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa strains subjected to an ionic liquid treatment. Interestingly, while ionic liquids with 4,4-didecylmorpholinium [Dec2Mor]+ are more efficient against planktonic bacteria, 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium [DecEtMor]+ showed more potent inhibition of biofilm formation. Ionic liquids with 4,4-didecylmorpholinium ([Dec2Mor]+) cations even induced biofilm formation by strain 39016 at high concentrations due to flocculation. Morpholinium-based ionic liquids were also shown to enhance the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics from different chemical groups. We demonstrate that this synergy is associated with the mode of action of the antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Michalski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cłapa
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Syguda
- Poznan University of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Peter van Oostrum
- BOKU University, Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Colloid and Biointerface Science, Muthgasse 11-II, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Reimhult
- BOKU University, Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Colloid and Biointerface Science, Muthgasse 11-II, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Şimşek E, Kim K, Lu J, Silver A, Luo N, Lee CT, You L. A 'rich-get-richer' mechanism drives patchy dynamics and resistance evolution in antibiotic-treated bacteria. Mol Syst Biol 2024:10.1038/s44320-024-00046-5. [PMID: 38877321 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in nature often form surface-attached communities that initially comprise distinct subpopulations, or patches. For pathogens, these patches can form at infection sites, persist during antibiotic treatment, and develop into mature biofilms. Evidence suggests that patches can emerge due to heterogeneity in the growth environment and bacterial seeding, as well as cell-cell signaling. However, it is unclear how these factors contribute to patch formation and how patch formation might affect bacterial survival and evolution. Here, we demonstrate that a 'rich-get-richer' mechanism drives patch formation in bacteria exhibiting collective survival (CS) during antibiotic treatment. Modeling predicts that the seeding heterogeneity of these bacteria is amplified by local CS and global resource competition, leading to patch formation. Increasing the dose of a non-eradicating antibiotic treatment increases the degree of patchiness. Experimentally, we first demonstrated the mechanism using engineered Escherichia coli and then demonstrated its applicability to a pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We further showed that the formation of P. aeruginosa patches promoted the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Our work provides new insights into population dynamics and resistance evolution during surface-attached bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Şimşek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kyeri Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Anita Silver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Charlotte T Lee
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Center for Quantitative Biodesign, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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4
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Andrés-Lasheras S, Zaheer R, Jelinski M, McAllister TA. Role of biofilms in antimicrobial resistance of the bacterial bovine respiratory disease complex. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1353551. [PMID: 38933702 PMCID: PMC11199855 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1353551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in chronic, non-responsive bovine respiratory disease (BRD) infections in North American feedlot cattle is observed each fall, a time when cattle are administered multiple antimicrobial treatments for BRD. A number of factors are responsible for BRD antimicrobial treatment failure, with formation of biofilms possibly being one. It is widely accepted that biofilms play a role in chronic infections in humans and it has been hypothesized that they are the default lifestyle of most bacteria. However, research on bacterial biofilms associated with livestock is scarce and significant knowledge gaps exist in our understanding of their role in AMR of the bacterial BRD complex. The four main bacterial species of the BRD complex, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis are able to form biofilms in vitro and there is evidence that at least H. somni retains this ability in vivo. However, there is a need to elucidate whether their biofilm-forming ability contributes to pathogenicity and antimicrobial treatment failure of BRD. Overall, a better understanding of the possible role of BRD bacterial biofilms in clinical disease and AMR could assist in the prevention and management of respiratory infections in feedlot cattle. We review and discuss the current knowledge of BRD bacteria biofilm biology, study methodologies, and their possible relationship to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Lasheras
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Otto SB, Servajean R, Lemopoulos A, Bitbol AF, Blokesch M. Interactions between pili affect the outcome of bacterial competition driven by the type VI secretion system. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2403-2417.e9. [PMID: 38749426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread, kin-discriminatory weapon capable of shaping microbial communities. Due to the system's dependency on contact, cellular interactions can lead to either competition or kin protection. Cell-to-cell contact is often accomplished via surface-exposed type IV pili (T4Ps). In Vibrio cholerae, these T4Ps facilitate specific interactions when the bacteria colonize natural chitinous surfaces. However, it has remained unclear whether and, if so, how these interactions affect the bacterium's T6SS-mediated killing. In this study, we demonstrate that pilus-mediated interactions can be harnessed by T6SS-equipped V. cholerae to kill non-kin cells under liquid growth conditions. We also show that the naturally occurring diversity of pili determines the likelihood of cell-to-cell contact and, consequently, the extent of T6SS-mediated competition. To determine the factors that enable or hinder the T6SS's targeted reduction of competitors carrying pili, we developed a physics-grounded computational model for autoaggregation. Collectively, our research demonstrates that T4Ps involved in cell-to-cell contact can impose a selective burden when V. cholerae encounters non-kin cells that possess an active T6SS. Additionally, our study underscores the significance of T4P diversity in protecting closely related individuals from T6SS attacks through autoaggregation and spatial segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Otto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Servajean
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Lemopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Florence Bitbol
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Ding S, Liang Y, Wang M, Hu R, Song Z, Xu X, Zheng L, Shen Z, Chen C. Less is more: A new strategy combining nanomaterials and PGPB to promote plant growth and phytoremediation in contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134110. [PMID: 38522194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Novel combination strategies of nanomaterials (NMs) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) may facilitate soil remediation and plant growth. However, the efficiency of the NM-PGPB combination and interactions among NMs, PGPB, and plants are still largely unknown. We used multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and zero-valent iron (nZVI) combined with Bacillus sp. PGP5 to enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of Solanum nigrum on heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soil. The NM-PGPB combination showed the best promoting effect on plant growth, which also had synergistic effects on the bioaccumulation of HMs in S. nigrum. The MWCNT-PGP5 combination increased the Cd, Pb, and Zn removal efficiency of S. nigrum by 62.03%, 69.44%, and 61.31%, respectively. The underlining causes of improved plant growth and phytoremediation by NMs-PGPB combination were further elucidated. NM application promoted PGPB survival in soil. Compared with each single application, the combined application minimized disturbance to plant transcription levels and rhizosphere microbial community, resulting in the best performance on soil remediation and plant growth. The NM-PGPB-induced changes in the microbial community and root gene expression were necessary for plant growth promotion. This work reveals the "less is more" advantage of the NM-PGPB combination in soil remediation, providing a new strategy for soil management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinping Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingshuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruoning Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhengguo Song
- Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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7
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Weaver AA, Jia J, Cutri AR, Madukoma CS, Vaerewyck CM, Bohn PW, Shrout JD. Alkyl quinolones mediate heterogeneous colony biofilm architecture that improves community-level survival. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0009524. [PMID: 38564677 PMCID: PMC11025328 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00095-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities exhibit complex self-organization that contributes to their survival. To better understand the molecules that contribute to transforming a small number of cells into a heterogeneous surface biofilm community, we studied acellular aggregates, structures seen by light microscopy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony biofilms using light microscopy and chemical imaging. These structures differ from cellular aggregates, cohesive clusters of cells important for biofilm formation, in that they are visually distinct from cells using light microscopy and are reliant on metabolites for assembly. To investigate how these structures benefit a biofilm community we characterized three recurrent types of acellular aggregates with distinct geometries that were each abundant in specific areas of these biofilms. Alkyl quinolones (AQs) were essential for the formation of all aggregate types with AQ signatures outside the aggregates below the limit of detection. These acellular aggregates spatially sequester AQs and differentiate the biofilm space. However, the three types of aggregates showed differing properties in their size, associated cell death, and lipid content. The largest aggregate type co-localized with spatially confined cell death that was not mediated by Pf4 bacteriophage. Biofilms lacking AQs were absent of localized cell death but exhibited increased, homogeneously distributed cell death. Thus, these AQ-rich aggregates regulate metabolite accessibility, differentiate regions of the biofilm, and promote survival in biofilms.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to cause infection in the immune-compromised. It is well established that P. aeruginosa biofilms exhibit resilience that includes decreased susceptibility to antimicrobial treatment. This work examines the self-assembled heterogeneity in biofilm communities studying acellular aggregates, regions of condensed matter requiring alkyl quinolones (AQs). AQs are important to both virulence and biofilm formation. Aggregate structures described here spatially regulate the accessibility of these AQs, differentiate regions of the biofilm community, and despite their association with autolysis, correlate with improved P. aeruginosa colony biofilm survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Weaver
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jin Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Allison R. Cutri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Chinedu S. Madukoma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Catherine M. Vaerewyck
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua D. Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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8
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Sharma DK, Rajpurohit YS. Multitasking functions of bacterial extracellular DNA in biofilms. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0000624. [PMID: 38445859 PMCID: PMC11025335 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are intricate ecosystems of microbial communities that adhere to various surfaces and are enveloped by an extracellular matrix composed of polymeric substances. Within the context of bacterial biofilms, extracellular DNA (eDNA) originates from cell lysis or is actively secreted, where it exerts a significant influence on the formation, stability, and resistance of biofilms to environmental stressors. The exploration of eDNA within bacterial biofilms holds paramount importance in research, with far-reaching implications for both human health and the environment. An enhanced understanding of the functions of eDNA in biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance could inspire the development of strategies to combat biofilm-related infections and improve the management of antibiotic resistance. This comprehensive review encapsulates the latest discoveries concerning eDNA, encompassing its origins, functions within bacterial biofilms, and significance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Kumar Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Schools of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE—Deemed University), Mumbai, India
| | - Yogendra Singh Rajpurohit
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Schools of Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute (DAE—Deemed University), Mumbai, India
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9
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wu G, Xu X, Cao R, Wan Q, Xu H, Wang J, Huang T, Wen G. The aggregation characteristics of Aspergillus spores under various conditions and the impact on LPUV inactivation: Comparisons with chlorine-based disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121323. [PMID: 38377927 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation is the primary step prior to fungal biofilm development. Understanding the attributes of aggregation is of great significance to better control the emergence of waterborne fungi. In this study, the aggregation of Aspergills spores (A. flavus and A. fumigatus) under various salt, culture medium, and humic acid (HA) conditions was investigated for the first time, and the inactivation via low-pressure ultraviolet (LPUV) upon aggregated Aspergillus spores was also presented. The aggregation efficiency and size of aggregates increased over time and at low salt (NaCl and CaCl2) concentration (10 mM) while decreasing with the continuous increase of salt concentration (100 and 200 mM). Increasing the concentration of culture medium and HA promoted the aggregation of fungal spores. Spores became hydrated, swelled, and secreted more viscous substances during the growth period, which accelerated the aggregation process. Results also suggested that fungal spores aggregated more easily in actual water, posing a high risk of biohazard in real-life scenarios. Inactivation efficiency by LPUV decreased with higher aggregation degrees due to the protection from the damaged spores on the outer layer and the shielding of pigments in the cell wall. Compared to chlorine-based disinfection, the aggregation resulted in the extension of shoulder length yet neglectable change of inactivation rate constant under LPUV treatment. Further investigation of cell membrane integrity and intracellular reactive oxygen species was conducted to elucidate the difference in mechanisms between various techniques. This study provides insight into the understanding and controlling of the aggregation of fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huining Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Iaconis A, De Plano LM, Caccamo A, Franco D, Conoci S. Anti-Biofilm Strategies: A Focused Review on Innovative Approaches. Microorganisms 2024; 12:639. [PMID: 38674584 PMCID: PMC11052202 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm (BF) can give rise to systemic infections, prolonged hospitalization times, and, in the worst case, death. This review aims to provide an overview of recent strategies for the prevention and destruction of pathogenic BFs. First, the main phases of the life cycle of BF and maturation will be described to identify potential targets for anti-BF approaches. Then, an approach acting on bacterial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS), and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix will be introduced and discussed. Finally, bacteriophage-mediated strategies will be presented as innovative approaches against BF inhibition/destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Iaconis
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura Maria De Plano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Caccamo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.I.); (L.M.D.P.); (A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- URT Lab Sens Beyond Nano—CNR-DSFTM, Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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11
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Schapira AJ, Dramé M, Olive C, Marion-Sanchez K. Bacterial viability in dry-surface biofilms in healthcare facilities: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2024; 144:94-110. [PMID: 38029859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are known to live inside architectural structures called biofilms. Though standard biofilms have been studied extensively for more than 50 years, little is known about dry-surface biofilms (DSBs). Since 2012, DSBs have been described in several scientific papers, but basic knowledge about the viability and culturability of bacteria remains limited. AIM To conduct a systematic review to determine whether bacteria inside DSBs are viable, culturable, and enumerable. METHODS Eligible articles had to deal with DSBs containing at least one bacterial species involved in healthcare-associated infections, which developed in actual healthcare environments (in-situ) or with the help of any biofilm model (in-vitro). FINDINGS Twenty-four articles were included in the review. Whereas most of them isolated viable bacteria (87% in situ; 100% in vitro), no in-situ study quantified culturable bacteria in the biofilm per unit area. Conversely, 100% of in-vitro studies cultured the bacteria from controls and 94.4% supplied an enumeration of them. Culturable bacteria also grew after 78% of the cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization protocols tested. Microscopic observations after staining the samples with live/dead fluorescent probes (Baclight®) showed large amounts of viable cells in culture-negative samples. CONCLUSION Our study questions the efficacy of current methods for microbiological monitoring of surfaces, since these methods are only based on bacterial culturability. To improve both surface monitoring and cleaning and disinfection protocols, it is necessary to integrate the concept of DSBs which appears to contain a significant amount of viable but non-culturable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Schapira
- CHU Martinique, Department of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Environment Laboratory, Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique; Paris Cité University, Faculty of Health, Paris, France
| | - M Dramé
- CHU Martinique, Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique; University of the French West Indies, Faculty of Medicine, EpiCliV Research Unit, Martinique
| | - C Olive
- CHU Martinique, Department of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Environment Laboratory, Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique
| | - K Marion-Sanchez
- CHU Martinique, Department of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Environment Laboratory, Fort-de-France Cedex, Martinique; PCCEI, University of Montpellier, University of the Antilles, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France.
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12
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Greenwald MA, Meinig SL, Plott LM, Roca C, Higgs MG, Vitko NP, Markovetz MR, Rouillard KR, Carpenter J, Kesimer M, Hill DB, Schisler JC, Wolfgang MC. Mucus polymer concentration and in vivo adaptation converge to define the antibiotic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during chronic lung infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572620. [PMID: 38187602 PMCID: PMC10769284 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The airway milieu of individuals with muco-obstructive airway diseases (MADs) is defined by the accumulation of dehydrated mucus due to hyperabsorption of airway surface liquid and defective mucociliary clearance. Pathological mucus becomes progressively more viscous with age and disease severity due to the concentration and overproduction of mucin and accumulation of host-derived extracellular DNA (eDNA). Respiratory mucus of MADs provides a niche for recurrent and persistent colonization by respiratory pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa , which is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in MADs. Despite high concentration inhaled antibiotic therapies and the absence of antibiotic resistance, antipseudomonal treatment failure in MADs remains a significant clinical challenge. Understanding the drivers of antibiotic recalcitrance is essential for developing more effective treatments that eradicate persistent infections. The complex and dynamic environment of diseased airways makes it difficult to model antibiotic efficacy in vitro . We aimed to understand how mucin and eDNA concentrations, the two dominant polymers in respiratory mucus, alter the antibiotic tolerance of P. aeruginosa . Our results demonstrate that polymer concentration and molecular weight affect P. aeruginosa survival post antibiotic challenge. Polymer-driven antibiotic tolerance was not explicitly associated with reduced antibiotic diffusion. Lastly, we established a robust and standardized in vitro model for recapitulating the ex vivo antibiotic tolerance of P. aeruginosa observed in expectorated sputum across age, underlying MAD etiology, and disease severity, which revealed the inherent variability in intrinsic antibiotic tolerance of host-evolved P. aeruginosa populations. Importance Antibiotic treatment failure in Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic lung infections is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, illustrating the clinical challenge of bacterial infection control. Understanding the underlying infection environment, as well as the host and bacterial factors driving antibiotic tolerance and the ability to accurately recapitulate these factors in vitro , is crucial for improving antibiotic treatment outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that increasing concentration and molecular weight of mucin and host eDNA drive increased antibiotic tolerance to tobramycin. Through systematic testing and modeling, we identified a biologically relevant in vitro condition that recapitulates antibiotic tolerance observed in ex vivo treated sputum. Ultimately, this study revealed a dominant effect of in vivo evolved bacterial populations in defining inter-subject ex vivo antibiotic tolerance and establishes a robust and translatable in vitro model for therapeutic development.
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13
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Tong CY, Lim SL, Chua MX, Derek CJC. Uncovering the role of algal organic matter biocoating on Navicula incerta cell deposition and biofilm formation. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252213. [PMID: 37695682 PMCID: PMC10496527 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous natural biofilm concentrates microalgal biomass on solid supports. However, the biofilm is frequently susceptible to exfoliation upon nutrient deficiency, particularly found in aged biofilm. Therefore, this study highlights a novel biofilm cultivation technique by pre-depositing the algal organic matters from marine diatom, Navicula incerta onto microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane to further strengthen the biofilm developed. Due to the improvement in membrane surface roughness and hydrophobicity, cells adhered most abundantly to soluble extrapolymeric substances-coated (sEPS) (76× 106± 16× 106 cells m-2), followed by bounded EPS-coated (57.67× 106± 0.33× 106 cells m-2), internally organic matter (IOM)-coated (39.00× 106± 5.19× 106 cells m-2), and pristine control the least (6.22× 106± 0.77× 106 cells m-2) at 24th h. Surprisingly, only bEPS-coated membrane demonstrated an increase in cell adhesion toward the end of the experiment at 72 h. The application of the bio-coating has successfully increased the rate of cell attachment by at least 45.3% upon inoculation and achieved as high as 89.9% faster attachment at 72 hours compared to the pristine control group. Soluble polysaccharides and proteins might be carried along by the cells adhering onto membranes hence resulting in a built up of EPS hydrophobicity (>70% in average on bio-coated membranes) over time as compared with pristine (control) that only recorded an average of approximately 50% hydrophobicity. Interestingly, cells grown on bio-coated membranes accumulated more internally bounded polysaccharides, though bio-coating had no discernible impact on the production of both externally and internally bounded protein. The collective findings of this study reveal the physiological alterations of microalgal biofilms cultured on bio-coated membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Y. Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Li Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mei Xia Chua
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C. J. C. Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Bano S, Hassan N, Rafiq M, Hassan F, Rehman M, Iqbal N, Ali H, Hasan F, Kang YQ. Biofilms as Battlefield Armor for Bacteria against Antibiotics: Challenges and Combating Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2595. [PMID: 37894253 PMCID: PMC10609369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities, which are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Notably, bacteria in biofilms display a set of 'emergent properties' that vary considerably from free-living bacterial cells. Biofilms help bacteria to survive under multiple stressful conditions such as providing immunity against antibiotics. Apart from the provision of multi-layered defense for enabling poor antibiotic absorption and adaptive persistor cells, biofilms utilize their extracellular components, e.g., extracellular DNA (eDNA), chemical-like catalase, various genes and their regulators to combat antibiotics. The response of biofilms depends on the type of antibiotic that comes into contact with biofilms. For example, excessive production of eDNA exerts resistance against cell wall and DNA targeting antibiotics and the release of antagonist chemicals neutralizes cell membrane inhibitors, whereas the induction of protein and folic acid antibiotics inside cells is lowered by mutating genes and their regulators. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of biofilm-based resistance to various antibiotic classes in bacteria and genes responsible for biofilm development, and the key role of quorum sensing in developing biofilms and antibiotic resistance is also discussed. In this review, we also highlight new and modified techniques such as CRISPR/Cas, nanotechnology and bacteriophage therapy. These technologies might be useful to eliminate pathogens residing in biofilms by combating biofilm-induced antibiotic resistance and making this world free of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bano
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Noor Hassan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Hassan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
- The Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ying-Qian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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15
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Krishnan A, Rajendran R, Damodaran D, Manmadhan SK, Krishnan V. Long-term changes in thickness, live/dead bacterial ratio, and mineral content in biofilm on ceramic and stainless steel orthodontic attachments. J Orofac Orthop 2023; 84:251-258. [PMID: 36820892 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-023-00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fixed orthodontic appliances induce biofilm deposition, which harbors a microbial population harmful to the periodontal health of the individual. The present study evaluated the changes in thickness, live/dead bacterial ratio, and mineral content in dental biofilm over 6 months in patients with either stainless steel or ceramic orthodontic attachments. METHODS Eighty patients who require fixed orthodontic appliance treatment with first premolar extraction for correcting their malocclusion were selected and bonded with either stainless steel or ceramic orthodontic attachments on the buccal side. The attached buttons were retrieved at different periods-1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. They were stained and visualized through confocal microscopy to detect biofilm thickness and the ratio of live/dead bacteria. X‑ray diffraction was used to identify the presence of calcium and phosphorous. RESULTS Ceramic attachments showed a greater increase in biofilm thickness in comparison to stainless steel attachments except in the initial 1‑week evaluation. A higher live/dead bacterial ratio was observed in stainless steel attachments than in their ceramic counterparts at all four evaluation periods. Both stainless steel and ceramic surfaces exhibited the presence of mineral deposition (calcium and phosphorous) at all periods. CONCLUSIONS More biofilm adhesion was observed over ceramic surfaces than over stainless steel orthodontic attachments. Stainless steel attachments exhibited biofilm with a higher live/dead bacterial ratio than their ceramic counterparts at all evaluation periods. The presence of calcium and phosphorous in the adhered biofilm, pointing toward its calcification process, was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Krishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Rahul Rajendran
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Damodaran
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sreelekshmi K Manmadhan
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Krishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
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16
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Dallalana ES, Monteiro RM, Oliveira VDC, Bim FL, Bim LL, Castro DT, Macedo AP, Watanabe E. The long-term effect of sub-boiling water on dental unit waterlines and its ability to control cross-contamination in dentistry. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:700-707. [PMID: 37612094 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of water at high temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane and on biofilm removal, aiming for its applicability in dental unit waterlines. The evaluations were carried out after simulating a 1-year period of daily immersion and measured changes in color, microhardness, surface roughness, and tensile strength before and after reproducing a disinfection protocol. For antibiofilm activity measurement, fragments of waterline were contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and submitted to the disinfection protocols. Relative to effects on the physical and mechanical properties, immersion in water at 60°C did not promote changes in color and tensile strength. However, lower values were observed for microhardness and increased values for surface roughness. Regarding antibiofilm action, water at 60°C significantly reduced the microbial load and promoted substantial changes in cells morphology. In conclusion, disinfection with water at 60°C demonstrated possible application in controlling cross-contamination in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Silva Dallalana
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Rachel Maciel Monteiro
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Viviane de Cássia Oliveira
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Felipe Lazarini Bim
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Lucas Lazarini Bim
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | | | - Ana Paula Macedo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - Evandro Watanabe
- Human Exposome and Infectious Diseases Network (HEID), School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
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17
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Grayton QE, Nguyen HK, Broberg CA, Ocampo J, Nagy SG, Schoenfisch MH. Biofilm Dispersal, Reduced Viscoelasticity, and Antibiotic Sensitization via Nitric Oxide-Releasing Biopolymers. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1730-1741. [PMID: 37566512 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared to planktonic bacteria, biofilms are notoriously difficult to eradicate due to their inherent protection against the immune response and antimicrobial agents. Inducing biofilm dispersal to improve susceptibility to antibiotics is an attractive therapeutic avenue for eradicating biofilms. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous antibacterial agent, has previously been shown to induce biofilm dispersal, but with limited understanding of the effects of NO-release properties. Herein, the antibiofilm effects of five promising NO-releasing biopolymer candidates were studied by assessing dispersal, changes in biofilm viscoelasticity, and increased sensitization to tobramycin after treatment with NO. A threshold level of NO was needed to achieve biofilm dispersal, with longer-releasing systems requiring lower concentrations. The most positively charged NO-release systems (from the presence of primary amines) led to the greatest reduction in viscoelasticity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Co-treatment of tobramycin with the NO-releasing biopolymer greatly decreased the dose of tobramycin required to eradicate tobramycin-susceptible and -resistant biofilms in both cellular and tissue models.
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18
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Paletti Rovey MF, Sotelo JP, Carezzano ME, Huallpa C, Oliva MDLM. Hexanic extract of Achyrocline satureioides: antimicrobial activity and in vitro inhibitory effect on mechanisms related to the pathogenicity of Paenibacillus larvae. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1379-1391. [PMID: 36809600 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paenibacillus larvae is a spore-forming bacillus, the most important bacterial pathogen of honeybee larvae and the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB). Control measures are limited and represent a challenge for both beekeepers and researchers. For this reason, many studies focus on the search for alternative treatments based on natural products. AIM The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the hexanic extract (HE) of Achyrocline satureioides on P. larvae and the inhibitory activity on some mechanisms related to pathogenicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the HE was determined by the broth microdilution technique and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by the microdrop technique. Swimming and swarming motility was evaluated in plates with 0.3 and 0.5% agar, respectively. Biofilm formation was evaluated and quantified by the Congo red and crystal violet method. The protease activity was evaluated by the qualitative technique on skim milk agar plates. RESULTS It was determined that the MIC of the HE on four strains of P. larvae ranged between 0.3 and 9.37 µg/ml and the MBC between 1.17 and 150 µg/ml. On the other hand, sub-inhibitory concentrations of the HE were able to decrease swimming motility, biofilm formation and the proteases production of P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Paletti Rovey
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jesica Paola Sotelo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Evangelina Carezzano
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Huallpa
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Oliva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kragh KN, Tolker-Nielsen T, Lichtenberg M. The non-attached biofilm aggregate. Commun Biol 2023; 6:898. [PMID: 37658117 PMCID: PMC10474055 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms have conventionally been perceived as dense bacterial masses on surfaces, following the five-step model of development. Initial biofilm research focused on surface-attached formations, but detached aggregates have received increasing attention in the past decade due to their pivotal role in chronic infections. Understanding their nature sparked fervent discussions in biofilm conferences and scientific literature. This review consolidates current insights on non-attached aggregates, offering examples of their occurrence in nature and diseases. We discuss their formation and dispersion mechanisms, resilience to antibiotics and immune-responses, drawing parallels to surface-attached biofilms. Moreover, we outline available in vitro models for studying non-attached aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper N Kragh
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Lichtenberg
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Nucci A, Rocha EPC, Rendueles O. Latent evolution of biofilm formation depends on life-history and genetic background. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:53. [PMID: 37537176 PMCID: PMC10400614 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to one environment can often generate phenotypic and genotypic changes which impact the future ability of an organism to thrive in other environmental conditions. In the context of host-microbe interactions, biofilm formation can increase survival rates in vivo upon exposure to stresses, like the host's immune system or antibiotic therapy. However, how the generic process of adaptation impacts the ability to form biofilm and how it may change through time has seldomly been studied. To do so, we used a previous evolution experiment with three strains of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex, in which we specifically did not select for biofilm formation. We observed that changes in the ability to form biofilm happened very fast at first and afterwards reverted to ancestral levels in many populations. Biofilm changes were associated to changes in population yield and surface polysaccharide production. Genotypically, mutations in the tip adhesin of type III fimbriae (mrkD) or the fim switch of type I fimbriae were shaped by nutrient availability during evolution, and their impact on biofilm formation was dependent on capsule production. Analyses of natural isolates revealed similar mutations in mrkD, suggesting that such mutations also play an important role in adaptation outside the laboratory. Our work reveals that the latent evolution of biofilm formation, and its temporal dynamics, depend on nutrient availability, the genetic background and other intertwined phenotypic and genotypic changes. Ultimately, it suggests that small differences in the environment can alter an organism's fate in more complex niches like the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Nucci
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo P C Rocha
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Olaya Rendueles
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR3525, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, F-75015, Paris, France.
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21
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Melaugh G, Martinez VA, Baker P, Hill PJ, Howell PL, Wozniak DJ, Allen RJ. Distinct types of multicellular aggregates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa liquid cultures. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:52. [PMID: 37507436 PMCID: PMC10382557 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms suspended multicellular aggregates when cultured in liquid media. These aggregates may be important in disease, and/or as a pathway to biofilm formation. The polysaccharide Psl and extracellular DNA (eDNA) have both been implicated in aggregation, but previous results depend strongly on the experimental conditions. Here we develop a quantitative microscopy-based method for assessing changes in the size distribution of suspended aggregates over time in growing cultures. For exponentially growing cultures of P. aeruginosa PAO1, we find that aggregation is mediated by cell-associated Psl, rather than by either eDNA or secreted Psl. These aggregates arise de novo within the culture via a growth process that involves both collisions and clonal growth, and Psl non-producing cells do not aggregate with producers. In contrast, we find that stationary phase (overnight) cultures contain a different type of multicellular aggregate, in which both eDNA and Psl mediate cohesion. Our findings suggest that the physical and biological properties of multicellular aggregates may be very different in early-stage vs late-stage bacterial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Melaugh
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| | - Vincent A Martinez
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
| | - Preston J Hill
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rosalind J Allen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07745, Germany
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22
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Chekli Y, Stevick RJ, Kornobis E, Briolat V, Ghigo JM, Beloin C. Escherichia coli Aggregates Mediated by Native or Synthetic Adhesins Exhibit Both Core and Adhesin-Specific Transcriptional Responses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0069023. [PMID: 37039668 PMCID: PMC10269875 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00690-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can rapidly tune their physiology and metabolism to adapt to environmental fluctuations. In particular, they can adapt their lifestyle to the close proximity of other bacteria or the presence of different surfaces. However, whether these interactions trigger transcriptomic responses is poorly understood. We used a specific setup of E. coli strains expressing native or synthetic adhesins mediating bacterial aggregation to study the transcriptomic changes of aggregated compared to nonaggregated bacteria. Our results show that, following aggregation, bacteria exhibit a core response independent of the adhesin type, with differential expression of 56.9% of the coding genome, including genes involved in stress response and anaerobic lifestyle. Moreover, when aggregates were formed via a naturally expressed E. coli adhesin (antigen 43), the transcriptomic response of the bacteria was more exaggerated than that of aggregates formed via a synthetic adhesin. This suggests that the response to aggregation induced by native E. coli adhesins could have been finely tuned during bacterial evolution. Our study therefore provides insights into the effect of self-interaction in bacteria and allows a better understanding of why bacterial aggregates exhibit increased stress tolerance. IMPORTANCE The formation of bacterial aggregates has an important role in both clinical and ecological contexts. Although these structures have been previously shown to be more resistant to stressful conditions, the genetic basis of this stress tolerance associated with the aggregate lifestyle is poorly understood. Surface sensing mediated by different adhesins can result in various changes in bacterial physiology. However, whether adhesin-adhesin interactions, as well as the type of adhesin mediating aggregation, affect bacterial cell physiology is unknown. By sequencing the transcriptomes of aggregated and nonaggregated cells expressing native or synthetic adhesins, we characterized the effects of aggregation and adhesin type on E. coli physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankel Chekli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca J. Stevick
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
- Plate-forme Technologique Biomics—Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Briolat
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
- Plate-forme Technologique Biomics—Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
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23
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Mhade S, Kaushik KS. Tools of the Trade: Image Analysis Programs for Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy Studies of Biofilms and Considerations for Their Use by Experimental Researchers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20163-20177. [PMID: 37332792 PMCID: PMC10268615 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) is the bedrock of the microscopic visualization of biofilms. Previous applications of CLSM in biofilm studies have largely focused on observations of bacterial or fungal elements of biofilms, often seen as aggregates or mats of cells. However, the field of biofilm research is moving beyond qualitative observations alone, toward the quantitative analysis of the structural and functional features of biofilms, across clinical, environmental, and laboratory conditions. In recent times, several image analysis programs have been developed to extract and quantify biofilm properties from confocal micrographs. These tools not only vary in their scope and relevance to the specific biofilm features under study but also with respect to the user interface, compatibility with operating systems, and raw image requirements. Understanding these considerations is important when selecting tools for quantitative biofilm analysis, including at the initial experimental stages of image acquisition. In this review, we provide an overview of image analysis programs for confocal micrographs of biofilms, with a focus on tool selection and image acquisition parameters that are relevant for experimental researchers to ensure reliability and compatibility with downstream image processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeya Mhade
- Department
of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Department
of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Pune 411007, India
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24
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Klein EM, Knoll MT, Gescher J. Microbe-Anode Interactions: Comparing the impact of genetic and material engineering approaches to improve the performance of microbial electrochemical systems (MES). Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1179-1202. [PMID: 36808480 PMCID: PMC10221544 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) are a highly versatile platform technology with a particular focus on power or energy production. Often, they are used in combination with substrate conversion (e.g., wastewater treatment) and production of value-added compounds via electrode-assisted fermentation. This rapidly evolving field has seen great improvements both technically and biologically, but this interdisciplinarity sometimes hampers overseeing strategies to increase process efficiency. In this review, we first briefly summarize the terminology of the technology and outline the biological background that is essential for understanding and thus improving MES technology. Thereafter, recent research on improvements at the biofilm-electrode interface will be summarized and discussed, distinguishing between biotic and abiotic approaches. The two approaches are then compared, and resulting future directions are discussed. This mini-review therefore provides basic knowledge of MES technology and the underlying microbiology in general and reviews recent improvements at the bacteria-electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina M. Klein
- Institute of Technical MicrobiologyUniversity of Technology HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Melanie T. Knoll
- Institute of Technical MicrobiologyUniversity of Technology HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Institute of Technical MicrobiologyUniversity of Technology HamburgHamburgGermany
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25
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Malviya J, Alameri AA, Al-Janabi SS, Fawzi OF, Azzawi AL, Obaid RF, Alsudani AA, Alkhayyat AS, Gupta J, Mustafa YF, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Metabolomic profiling of bacterial biofilm: trends, challenges, and an emerging antibiofilm target. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:212. [PMID: 37256458 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-related infections substantially contribute to bacterial illnesses, with estimates indicating that at least 80% of such diseases are linked to biofilms. Biofilms exhibit unique metabolic patterns that set them apart from their planktonic counterparts, resulting in significant metabolic reprogramming during biofilm formation. Differential glycolytic enzymes suggest that central metabolic processes are markedly different in biofilms and planktonic cells. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is highly expressed in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm progenitors, indicating that changes in glycolysis activity play a role in biofilm development. Notably, an important consideration is a correlation between elevated cyclic di-guanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) activity and biofilm formation in various bacteria. C-di-GMP plays a critical role in maintaining the persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by regulating alginate production, a significant biofilm matrix component. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that S. aureus biofilm development is initiated by several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates in a FnbA-dependent manner. Finally, Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6P) boosts the phosphorylation of histidine-containing protein (HPr) by increasing the activity of HPr kinase, enhancing its interaction with CcpA, and resulting in biofilm development through polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) accumulation and icaADBC transcription. Therefore, studying the metabolic changes associated with biofilm development is crucial for understanding the complex mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and identifying potential targets for intervention. Accordingly, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in metabolomic profiling of biofilms, including emerging trends, prevailing challenges, and the identification of potential targets for anti-biofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ameer A Alameri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Saif S Al-Janabi
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Ramadi, Iraq
| | | | | | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali A Alsudani
- College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ameer S Alkhayyat
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, U. P., India
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Zanzan M, Achemchem F, Hamadi F, Latrache H, Elmoslih A, Mimouni R. Anti-adherence Activity of Monomicrobial and Polymicrobial Food-Derived Enterococcus spp. Biofilms Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:216. [PMID: 37198525 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus species are commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract and can also be isolated from traditional food products. They are used as probiotics in animals and less often in humans. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and anti-adhesive activities of twelve food-origin Enterococcus spp. biofilms on stainless steel AISI 316 L against foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes CECT4032, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC25922. The antimicrobial and co-aggregation abilities of Enterococcus spp. were evaluated using spots-agar test and spectrophotometry aggregation assay, respectively. The anti-adhesive activity of selected strains on pathogenic bacteria was tested using serial dilution technique. Enterococci strains in planktonic mode showed strong inhibition activity against different pathogens tested with a significant difference in co-aggregation capacity. Moreover, L. monocytogenes and E. coli presented a low auto-aggregation rate compared to P. aeruginosa, which showed an amount of 11.25%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that biofilm biomass of Enterococcus spp. increased after 10 days. The thick layer of enterococci biofilms on AISI 316 L caused a low adhesion of L. monocytogenes, resulting in a reduction of approximately 2.8 log CFU/cm² for some selected strains. Additionally, Enterococcus monocultures' biofilms were more efficient than polymicrobial cultures (a cocktail of enterococci strains) in controlling pathogen adhesion. These results indicate that monocultures of Enterococcus spp. biofilms could be used to prevent the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria on AISI 316 L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Zanzan
- Bioprocess and Environment Group, LASIME Laboratory, Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Vegetal Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Fouad Achemchem
- Bioprocess and Environment Group, LASIME Laboratory, Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Fatima Hamadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Vegetal Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hassan Latrache
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abdelkhaleq Elmoslih
- Bioprocess and Environment Group, LASIME Laboratory, Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Rachida Mimouni
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Vegetal Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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27
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Young E, Melaugh G, Allen RJ. Active layer dynamics drives a transition to biofilm fingering. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37024470 PMCID: PMC10079924 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of spatial organisation in biofilm growth is one of the most fundamental topics in biofilm biophysics and microbiology. It has long been known that growing biofilms can adopt smooth or rough interface morphologies, depending on the balance between nutrient supply and microbial growth; this 'fingering' transition has been linked with the average width of the 'active layer' of growing cells at the biofilm interface. Here we use long-time individual-based simulations of growing biofilms to investigate in detail the driving factors behind the biofilm-fingering transition. We show that the transition is associated with dynamical changes in the active layer. Fingering happens when gaps form in the active layer, which can cause local parts of the biofilm interface to pin, or become stationary relative to the moving front. Pinning can be transient or permanent, leading to different biofilm morphologies. By constructing a phase diagram for the transition, we show that the controlling factor is the magnitude of the relative fluctuations in the active layer thickness, rather than the active layer thickness per se. Taken together, our work suggests a central role for active layer dynamics in controlling the pinning of the biofilm interface and hence biofilm morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Young
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Melaugh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J Allen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom.
- Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Buchaer Strasse 6, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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28
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Lee SH, Secchi E, Kang PK. Rapid formation of bioaggregates and morphology transition to biofilm streamers induced by pore-throat flows. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2204466120. [PMID: 36989304 PMCID: PMC10083537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204466120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaggregates are condensed porous materials comprising microbes, organic and inorganic matters, and water. They are commonly found in natural and engineered porous media and often cause clogging. Despite their importance, the formation mechanism of bioaggregates in porous media systems is largely unknown. Through microfluidic experiments and direct numerical simulations of fluid flow, we show that the rapid bioaggregation is driven by the interplay of the viscoelastic nature of biomass and hydrodynamic conditions at pore throats. At an early stage, unique flow structures around a pore throat promote the biomass attachment at the throat. Then, the attached biomass fluidizes when the shear stress at the partially clogged pore throat reaches a critical value. After the fluidization, the biomass is displaced and accumulated in the expansion region of throats forming bioaggregates. We further find that such criticality in shear stress triggers morphological changes in bioaggregates from rounded- to streamer-like shapes. This knowledge was used to control the clogging of throats by tuning the flow conditions: When the shear stress at the throat exceeded the critical value, clogging was prevented. The bioaggregation process did not depend on the detailed pore-throat geometry, as we reproduced the same dynamics in various pore-throat geometries. This study demonstrates that pore-throat structures, which are ubiquitous in porous media systems, induce bioaggregation and can lead to abrupt disruptions in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter K. Kang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
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29
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Khan FF, Sohail A, Ghazanfar S, Ahmad A, Riaz A, Abbasi KS, Ibrahim MS, Uzair M, Arshad M. Recent Innovations in Non-dairy Prebiotics and Probiotics: Physiological Potential, Applications, and Characterization. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:239-263. [PMID: 36063353 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-dairy sources of prebiotics and probiotics impart various physiological functions in the prevention and management of chronic metabolic disorders, therefore nutraceuticals emerged as a potential industry. Extraction of prebiotics from non-dairy sources is economical and easily implemented. Waste products during food processing, including fruit peels and fruit skins, can be utilized as a promising source of prebiotics and considered "Generally Recognized As Safe" for human consumption. Prebiotics from non-dairy sources have a significant impact on gut microbiota and reduce the population of pathogenic bacteria. Similarly, next-generation probiotics could also be isolated from non-dairy sources. These sources have considerable potential and can give novel strains of probiotics, which can be the replacement for dairy sources. Such strains isolated from non-dairy sources have good probiotic properties and can be used as therapeutic. This review will elaborate on the potential non-dairy sources of prebiotics and probiotics, their characterization, and significant physiological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasiha Fayyaz Khan
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences (IFNS), Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Sohail
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences (IFNS), Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agriculture Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Asif Ahmad
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences (IFNS), Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Aayesha Riaz
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Department of Parasitology & Microbiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Sarfraz Abbasi
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences (IFNS), Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Ibrahim
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences (IFNS), Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS), Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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30
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Sójka O, Keskin D, van der Mei HC, van Rijn P, Gagliano MC. Nanogel-based coating as an alternative strategy for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:121-134. [PMID: 36946276 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2190023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation and detachment in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can lead to several operational issues. Here, an alternative biofilm control strategy of limiting bacterial adhesion by application of a poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide)-based nanogel coating on DWDS pipe walls was investigated. The nanogel coatings were successfully deposited on surfaces of four polymeric pipe materials commonly applied in DWDS construction. Nanogel-coated and non-coated pipe materials were characterized in terms of their surface hydrophilicity and roughness. Four DWDS relevant bacterial strains, representing Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas, were used to evaluate the anti-adhesive performance of the coating in 4 h adhesion and 24 h biofilm assays. The presence of the nanogel coating resulted in adhesion reduction up to 97%, and biofilm reduction up to 98%, compared to non-coated surfaces. These promising results motivate further investigation of nanogel coatings as a strategy for biofilm prevention in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sójka
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Damla Keskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliano
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
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31
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eDNA Provides a Scaffold for Autoaggregation of B. subtilis in Bacterioplankton Suspension. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020332. [PMID: 36838297 PMCID: PMC9966259 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-binding of bacterial cells, or autoaggregation, is, together with surface colonization, one of the first steps in the formation of a mature biofilm. In this work, the autoaggregation of B. subtilis in dilute bacterial suspensions was studied. The dynamics of cell lysis, eDNA release, and bacterial autoaggregate assembly were determined and related to the spatial autocorrelation of bacterial cells in dilute planktonic bacterial suspensions. The non-random distribution of cells was associated with an eDNA network, which stabilized the initial bacterial cell-cell aggregates. Upon the addition of DNase I, the aggregates were dispersed. The release of eDNA during cell lysis allows for the entrapment of bacterial drifters at a radius several times the size of the dying bacteria. The size of bacterial aggregates increased from 2 to about 100 μm in diameter in dilute bacterial suspensions. The results suggest that B. subtilis cells form previously unnoticed continuum of autoaggregate structures during planktonic growth.
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32
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Hennes M, Bender N, Cronenberg T, Welker A, Maier B. Collective polarization dynamics in bacterial colonies signify the occurrence of distinct subpopulations. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001960. [PMID: 36652440 PMCID: PMC9847958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential in bacterial systems has been shown to be dynamic and tightly related to survivability at the single-cell level. However, little is known about spatiotemporal patterns of membrane potential in bacterial colonies and biofilms. Here, we discovered a transition from uncorrelated to collective dynamics within colonies formed by the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In freshly assembled colonies, polarization is heterogeneous with instances of transient and uncorrelated hyper- or depolarization of individual cells. As colonies reach a critical size, the polarization behavior transitions to collective dynamics: A hyperpolarized shell forms at the center, travels radially outward, and halts several micrometers from the colony periphery. Once the shell has passed, we detect an influx of potassium correlated with depolarization. Transient hyperpolarization also demarks the transition from volume to surface growth. By combining simulations and the use of an alternative electron acceptor for the respiratory chain, we provide strong evidence that local oxygen gradients shape the collective polarization dynamics. Finally, we show that within the hyperpolarized shell, tolerance against aminoglycoside antibiotics increases. These findings highlight that the polarization pattern can signify the differentiation into distinct subpopulations with different growth rates and antibiotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hennes
- Institute for Biological Physics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (MH); (BM)
| | - Niklas Bender
- Institute for Biological Physics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tom Cronenberg
- Institute for Biological Physics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Welker
- Institute for Biological Physics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Berenike Maier
- Institute for Biological Physics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (MH); (BM)
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33
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Chávez-Jacobo VM, Becerra-Rivera VA, Guerrero G, Dunn MF. The Sinorhizobium meliloti NspS-MbaA system affects biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production and motility in response to specific polyamines. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001293. [PMID: 36748569 PMCID: PMC9993111 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that specific polyamines (PAs) present in the extracellular environment markedly affect extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation and motility in Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm8530. We hypothesized that extracellular PA signals were sensed and transduced by the NspS and MbaA proteins, respectively, which are homologs of the PA-sensing, c-di-GMP modulating NspS-MbaA proteins described in Vibrio cholerae. Here we show that the decrease in biofilm formation and EPS production in the quorum-sensing (QS)-deficient S. meliloti wild-type strain 1021 in cultures containing putrescine or spermine did not occur in a 1021 nspS mutant (1021 nspS). The transcriptional expression of nspS in strain 1021 was significantly increased in cultures containing either of these polyamines, but not by exogenous cadaverine, 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), spermidine (Spd) or norspermidine (NSpd). Cell aggregation in liquid cultures did not differ markedly between strain 1021 and 1021 nspS in the presence or absence of PAs. The S. meliloti QS-proficient Rm8530 wild-type and nspS mutant (Rm8530 nspS) produced similar levels of biofilm under control conditions and 3.2- and 2.2-fold more biofilm, respectively, in cultures with NSpd, but these changes did not correlate with EPS production. Cells of Rm8530 nspS aggregated from two- to several-fold more than the wild-type in cultures without PAs or in those containing Spm. NSpd, Spd and DAP differently affected swimming and swarming motility in strains 1021 and Rm8530 and their respective nspS mutants. nspS transcription in strain Rm8530 was greatly reduced by exogenous Spm. Bioinformatic analysis revealed similar secondary structures and functional domains in the MbaA proteins of S. meliloti and V. cholerae, while their NspS proteins differed in some residues implicated in polyamine recognition in the latter species. NspS-MbaA homologs occur in a small subset of soil and aquatic bacterial species that commonly interact with eukaryotes. We speculate that the S. meliloti NspS-MbaA system modulates biofilm formation, EPS production and motility in response to environmental or host plant-produced PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Chávez-Jacobo
- Programa en Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Víctor A Becerra-Rivera
- Programa en Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Guerrero
- Unidad de Análisis Bioinformáticos, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa en Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
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Jeong Y, Kong W, Lu T, Irudayaraj J. Soft hydrogel-shell confinement systems as bacteria-based bioactuators and biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114809. [PMID: 36274428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered (GE) bacteria were utilized for developing functional systems upon confinement within a restricted space. Use of natural soft hydrogel such as alginate, gelatin, and agarose, have been investigated as promising approaches to design functional architectures. Nevertheless, a challenge is to develop functional microenvironments that support biofilm-like confinement in a relevant three-dimensional (3D) format for long-term studies. We demonstrate a natural soft hydrogel bioactuator based on alginate core-shell structures (0.25-2 mm core and 50-300 μm shell thickness) that enables 3D microbial colonization upon confinement with high cell density. Specially, our study evaluates the efficiency of bacteria-functional system by recapitulating various GE bacteria which can produce common reporter proteins, to demonstrate their actuator functions as well as dynamic pair-wise interactions. The structural design of the hydrogel can endure continued growth of various bacteria colonies within the confined space for over 10 days. The total amount of cellular biomass upon hydrogel-shell confinement was increased 5-fold compared to conventional techniques without hydrogel-shell. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity increased 3.8-fold and bioluminescence signal by 8-fold compared to the responses from conventional hydrogel systems. The conceptualized platform and our workflow represent a reliable strategy with core-shell structures to develop artificial hydrogel habitats as bacteria-based functional systems for bioactuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wentao Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Lichtenberg M, Kvich L, Larsen SLB, Jakobsen TH, Bjarnsholt T. Inoculum Concentration Influences Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenotype and Biofilm Architecture. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0313122. [PMID: 36354337 PMCID: PMC9769529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03131-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In infections, bacterial cells are often found as relatively small multicellular aggregates characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of phenotype, genotype, and growth rates depending on their surrounding microenvironment. Many laboratory models fail to mimic these characteristics, and experiments are often initiated from planktonic bacteria given optimal conditions for rapid growth without concerns about the microenvironmental characteristics during biofilm maturation. Therefore, we investigated how the initial bacterial concentration (henceforth termed the inoculum) influences the microenvironment during initial growth and how this affects the sizes and distribution of developed aggregates in an embedded biofilm model-the alginate bead biofilm model. Following 24 h of incubation, the viable biomass was independent of starting inoculum but with a radically different microenvironment which led to differences in metabolic activity depending on the inoculum. The inoculum also affected the number of cells surviving treatment with the antibiotic tobramycin, where the highest inoculum showed higher survival rates than the lowest inoculum. The change in antibiotic tolerance was correlated with cell-specific RNA content and O2 consumption rates, suggesting a direct role of metabolic activity. Thus, the starting number of bacteria results in different phenotypic trajectories governed by different microenvironmental characteristics, and we demonstrate some of the possible implications of such physiological gradients on the outcome of in vitro experiments. IMPORTANCE Biofilm aggregates grown in the alginate bead biofilm model bear resemblance to features of in vivo biofilms. Here, we show that changing the initial concentration of bacteria in the biofilm model leads to widely different behavior of the bacteria following an incubation period. This difference is influenced by the local conditions experienced by the bacteria during growth, which impact their response to antibiotic treatment. Our study provides a framework for manipulating aggregate sizes in in vitro biofilm models. It underlines the importance of how experiments are initiated, which can profoundly impact the outcomes and interpretation of microbiological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Lichtenberg
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kvich
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Louise Borregaard Larsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Holm Jakobsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang Z, Zeng Y, Cheng K, Cai Z, Zhou J. The quorum sensing system of Novosphingobium sp. ERN07 regulates aggregate formation that promotes cyanobacterial growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158354. [PMID: 36041622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial aggregates play key roles in cyanobacterial blooms. Being a bacterial communication mechanism, quorum sensing (QS) synchronizes gene expression in a density-dependent manner and regulates bacterial physiological behavior. However, the regulatory role of QS in the formation of cyanobacteria-associated bacterial aggregates remains poorly understood. Here, we present insight into the role of QS in regulating bacterial aggregate formation in a representative bacterial strain, Novosphingobium sp. ERN07, which was isolated from Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu. A biosensor assay showed that ERN07 exhibits significant AHL-producing capacity. Biochemical and microscopic analysis revealed that this strain possesses the ability to form aggregated communities. Gene knockout experiments indicated that the AHL-mediated QS system positively regulates bacterial aggregation. The aggregated communities possess the ability to enhance the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), alter EPS composition ratios, and affect biofilm formation. The addition of aggregated substances also has a significant growth-promoting effect on M. aeruginosa. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the aggregated substances positively regulate photosynthetic efficiency and energy metabolism of M. aeruginosa. These findings show that QS can mediate the aggregation phenotype and associated substrate spectrum composition, contributing to a better understanding of microalgal-bacterial interactions and mechanisms of Microcystis bloom maintenance in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Keke Cheng
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Synergy between pH- and hypoxia-responsiveness in antibiotic-loaded micelles for eradicating mature, infectious biofilms. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:559-571. [PMID: 36243368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-loaded PEG/PAE-based micelles are frequently considered for eradicating infectious biofilms. At physiological pH, PEG facilitates transport through blood. Near an acidic infection-site, PAE becomes protonated causing micellar targeting to a biofilm. However, micellar penetration and accumulation is confined to the surface region of a biofilm. Especially matured biofilms also possess hypoxic regions. We here designed dual-responsive PEG/PAE-b-P(Lys-NBCF) micelles, responding to both acidity and low oxygen-saturation level in matured biofilms. Dual, pH- and hypoxia-responsive micelles targeted and accumulated evenly over the depth of 7- to 14-days old biofilms. Delineation demonstrated that pH-responsiveness was responsible for targeting of the infection-site and accumulation of micelles in the surface region of the biofilm. Hypoxia-responsiveness caused deep penetration in the biofilm. Dual, pH- and hypoxia-responsive micelles loaded with ciprofloxacin yielded more effective, synergistic eradication of 10-days old, matured Staphylococcus aureus biofilms underneath an abdominal imaging-window in living mice than achieved by ciprofloxacin in solution or single, pH- or hypoxia responsive micelles loaded with ciprofloxacin. Also, wound-healing after removal of window and its frame proceeded fastest after tail-vein injection of ciprofloxacin-loaded, dual, pH- and hypoxia-responsive micelles. Concluding, pH- and hypoxia-responsiveness are both required for eradicating mature biofilms and advancing responsive antibiotic nanocarriers to clinical application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: pH-responsive antibiotic nanocarriers have emerged as a possible new strategy to prevent antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections from becoming the leading cause of death. In this paper, we show that commonly studied, pH-responsive micellar nanocarriers merely allow self-targeting to an infectious biofilm, but do not penetrate deeply into the biofilm. The dual-responsive (acidic pH- and hypoxia) antibiotic-loaded micelles designed here not only self-target to an infectious biofilm, but also penetrate deeply. The in vitro and in vivo advantages of dual-responsive nanocarriers are most obvious when studied in infectious biofilms grown for 10 viz a viz the 2 days, usually applied in the literature. Significantly, clinical treatment of bacterial infection usually starts more than 2 days after appearance of the first symptoms.
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Biofilms and Benign Colonic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214259. [PMID: 36430737 PMCID: PMC9698058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The colon has a very large surface area that is covered by a dense mucus layer. The biomass in the colon includes 500-1000 bacterial species at concentrations of ~1012 colony-forming units per gram of feces. The intestinal epithelial cells and the commensal bacteria in the colon have a symbiotic relationship that results in nutritional support for the epithelial cells by the bacteria and maintenance of the optimal commensal bacterial population by colonic host defenses. Bacteria can form biofilms in the colon, but the exact frequency is uncertain because routine methods to undertake colonoscopy (i.e., bowel preparation) may dislodge these biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms represent a complex community that includes living and dead bacteria and an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and exogenous debris in the colon. The formation of biofilms occurs in benign colonic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. The development of a biofilm might serve as a marker for ongoing colonic inflammation. Alternatively, the development of biofilms could contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders by providing sanctuaries for pathogenic bacteria and reducing the commensal bacterial population. Therapeutic approaches to patients with benign colonic diseases could include the elimination of biofilms and restoration of normal commensal bacteria populations. However, these studies will be extremely difficult unless investigators can develop noninvasive methods for measuring and identifying biofilms. These methods that might include the measurement of quorum sensing molecules, measurement of bile acids, and identification of bacteria uniquely associated with biofilms in the colon.
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Sinclair P, Brackley CA, Carballo-Pacheco M, Allen RJ. Model for Quorum-Sensing Mediated Stochastic Biofilm Nucleation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:198102. [PMID: 36399746 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.198102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Surface-attached bacterial biofilms cause disease and industrial biofouling, as well as being widespread in the natural environment. Density-dependent quorum sensing is one of the mechanisms implicated in biofilm initiation. Here we present and analyze a model for quorum-sensing triggered biofilm initiation. In our model, individual, planktonic bacteria adhere to a surface, proliferate, and undergo a collective transition to a biofilm phenotype. This model predicts a stochastic transition between a loosely attached, finite layer of bacteria near the surface and a growing biofilm. The transition is governed by two key parameters: the collective transition density relative to the carrying capacity and the immigration rate relative to the detachment rate. Biofilm initiation is complex, but our model suggests that stochastic nucleation phenomena may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sinclair
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A Brackley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Martín Carballo-Pacheco
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J Allen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Buchaer Strasse 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Preparation of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous mats incorporating graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle hybrid composite by electrospinning method for potential antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Dhekane R, Mhade S, Kaushik KS. Adding a new dimension: Multi-level structure and organization of mixed-species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in a 4-D wound microenvironment. Biofilm 2022; 4:100087. [PMID: 36324526 PMCID: PMC9618786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms in wounds typically consist of aggregates of bacteria, most often Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, in close association with each other and the host microenvironment. Given this, the interplay across host and microbial elements, including the biochemical and nutrient profile of the microenvironment, likely influences the structure and organization of wound biofilms. While clinical studies, in vivo and ex vivo model systems have provided insights into the distribution of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in wounds, they are limited in their ability to provide a detailed characterization of biofilm structure and organization across the host-microbial interface. On the other hand, biomimetic in vitro systems, such as host cell surfaces and simulant media conditions, albeit reductionist, have been shown to support the co-existence of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms, with species-dependent localization patterns and interspecies interactions. Therefore, composite in vitro models that bring together key features of the wound microenvironment could provide unprecedented insights into the structure and organization of mixed-species biofilms. We have built a four-dimensional (4-D) wound microenvironment consisting of a 3-D host cell scaffold of co-cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, and an in vitro wound milieu (IVWM); the IVWM provides the fourth dimension that represents the biochemical and nutrient profile of the wound infection state. We leveraged this 4-D wound microenvironment, in comparison with biofilms in IVWM alone and standard laboratory media, to probe the structure of mixed-species P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms across multiple levels of organization such as aggregate dimensions and biomass thickness, species co-localization and spatial organization within the biomass, overall biomass composition and interspecies interactions. In doing so, the 4-D wound microenvironment platform provides multi-level insights into the structure of mixed-species biofilms, which we incorporate into the current understanding of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus organization in the wound bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Dhekane
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Shreeya Mhade
- Department of Bioinformatics, Guru Nanak Khalsa College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Autonomous), Mumbai, India
| | - Karishma S. Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India,Corresponding author.
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The biofilm life cycle: expanding the conceptual model of biofilm formation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:608-620. [PMID: 35922483 PMCID: PMC9841534 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are often defined as communities of surface-attached bacteria and are typically depicted with a classic mushroom-shaped structure characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, it has become evident that this is not how all biofilms develop, especially in vivo, in clinical and industrial settings, and in the environment, where biofilms often are observed as non-surface-attached aggregates. In this Review, we describe the origin of the current five-step biofilm development model and why it fails to capture many aspects of bacterial biofilm physiology. We aim to present a simplistic developmental model for biofilm formation that is flexible enough to include all the diverse scenarios and microenvironments where biofilms are formed. With this new expanded, inclusive model, we hereby introduce a common platform for developing an understanding of biofilms and anti-biofilm strategies that can be tailored to the microenvironment under investigation.
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Lichtenberg M, Kragh KN, Fritz B, Kirkegaard JB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Bjarnsholt T. Cyclic-di-GMP signaling controls metabolic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Tillander JAN, Rilby K, Svensson Malchau K, Skovbjerg S, Lindberg E, Rolfson O, Trobos M. Treatment of periprosthetic joint infections guided by minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) in addition to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): protocol for a prospective randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058168. [PMID: 36109038 PMCID: PMC9478849 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are disastrous complications for patients and costly for healthcare organisations. They may promote bacterial resistance due to the extensive antibiotic use necessary in the PJI treatment. The PJI incidence is estimated to be 1%-3%, but the absolute numbers worldwide are high and increasing as large joint arthroplasties are performed by the millions each year. Current treatment algorithms, based on implant preserving surgery or full revision followed by a semitailored antibiotic regimen for no less than 2-3 months, lead to infection resolution in approximately 60% and 90%, respectively. Antibiotic choice is currently guided by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of free-living bacteria and not of bacteria in biofilm growth mode. Biofilm assays with relatively rapid output for the determination of minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) have previously been developed but their clinical usefulness have not been established. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This single-blinded, two-arm randomised study of hip or knee staphylococcal PJI will evaluate 6-week standard of care (MIC guided), or an alternative antibiotic regimen according to an MBEC-guided-based decision algorithm. Sixty-four patients with a first-time PJI treated according to the debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention principle will be enrolled at a single tertiary orthopaedic centre (Sahlgrenska University Hospital). Patients will receive 14 days of standard parenteral antibiotics before entering the comparative study arms. The primary outcome measurement is the proportion of changes in antimicrobial regimen from first-line treatment dependent on randomisation arm. Secondary endpoints are unresolved infection, how microbial properties including biofilm abilities and emerging antimicrobial resistance correlate to infection outcomes, patient reported outcomes and costs with a 12-month follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Approval is received from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, no 2020-01471 and the Swedish Medical Products Agency, EudraCT, no 2020-003444-80. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04488458.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan A N Tillander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Rilby
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Svensson Malchau
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Susann Skovbjerg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Erika Lindberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ola Rolfson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg, Sweden
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Franco D, Calabrese G, Guglielmino SPP, Conoci S. Metal-Based Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Mechanisms and Biomedical Application. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091778. [PMID: 36144380 PMCID: PMC9503339 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to the search for new antibacterial agents capable of overcoming the resistance problem. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. The most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications are metal and metal oxide NPs, due to their intrinsic antibacterial activity. Although NPs show interesting antibacterial properties, the mechanisms underlying their action are still poorly understood, limiting their use in clinical applications. In this review, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial activity of metal and metal oxide NPs will be provided, relating their efficacy to: (i) bacterial strain; (ii) higher microbial organizations (biofilm); (iii) and physico-chemical properties of NPs. In addition, bacterial resistance strategies will be also discussed to better evaluate the feasibility of the different treatments adopted in the clinical safety fields. Finally, a wide analysis on recent biomedical applications of metal and metal oxide NPs with antibacterial activity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Salvatore Pietro Paolo Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemistry ‘‘Giacomo Ciamician’’, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- LabSense Beyond Nano, URT Department of Physic, National Research Council (CNR), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Hall-Stoodley L, McCoy KS. Biofilm aggregates and the host airway-microbial interface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:969326. [PMID: 36081767 PMCID: PMC9445362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.969326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular microbial aggregates that can be associated with host mucosal epithelia in the airway, gut, and genitourinary tract. The host environment plays a critical role in the establishment of these microbial communities in both health and disease. These host mucosal microenvironments however are distinct histologically, functionally, and regarding nutrient availability. This review discusses the specific mucosal epithelial microenvironments lining the airway, focusing on: i) biofilms in the human respiratory tract and the unique airway microenvironments that make it exquisitely suited to defend against infection, and ii) how airway pathophysiology and dysfunctional barrier/clearance mechanisms due to genetic mutations, damage, and inflammation contribute to biofilm infections. The host cellular responses to infection that contribute to resolution or exacerbation, and insights about evaluating and therapeutically targeting airway-associated biofilm infections are briefly discussed. Since so many studies have focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) or on Haemophilus influenzae in the context of upper and lower respiratory diseases, these bacteria are used as examples. However, there are notable differences in diseased airway microenvironments and the unique pathophysiology specific to the bacterial pathogens themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Luanne Hall-Stoodley,
| | - Karen S. McCoy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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Greenwald MA, Wolfgang MC. The changing landscape of the cystic fibrosis lung environment: From the perspective of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 65:102262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Young E, Allen RJ. Lineage dynamics in growing biofilms: Spatial patterns of standing vs. de novo diversity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:915095. [PMID: 35966660 PMCID: PMC9363821 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.915095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms show high phenotypic and genetic diversity, yet the mechanisms underlying diversity generation and maintenance remain unclear. Here, we investigate how spatial patterns of growth activity within a biofilm lead to spatial patterns of genetic diversity. Using individual-based computer simulations, we show that the active layer of growing cells at the biofilm interface controls the distribution of lineages within the biofilm, and therefore the patterns of standing and de novo diversity. Comparing biofilms of equal size, those with a thick active layer retain more standing diversity, while de novo diversity is more evenly distributed within the biofilm. In contrast, equal-sized biofilms with a thin active layer retain less standing diversity, and their de novo diversity is concentrated at the top of the biofilm, and in fewer lineages. In the context of antimicrobial resistance, biofilms with a thin active layer may be more prone to generate lineages with multiple resistance mutations, and to seed new resistant biofilms via sloughing of resistant cells from the upper layers. Our study reveals fundamental "baseline" mechanisms underlying the patterning of diversity within biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Young
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J. Allen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Investigating Dual-Species Candida auris and Staphylococcal Biofilm Antiseptic Challenge. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070931. [PMID: 35884184 PMCID: PMC9312070 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris can persistently colonize human skin, alongside a diverse bacterial microbiome. In this study we aimed to investigate the efficacy of antiseptic activities on dual-species interkingdom biofilms containing staphylococci to determine if antiseptic tolerance was negatively impacted by dual-species biofilms. Chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were able to significantly reduce biofilm viable cell counts following exposure at 2%, 10%, and 3%, respectively. Notably, H2O2-treated biofilms were able to significantly recover and considerably repopulate following treatment. Fortunately, inter-kingdom interactions in dual-species biofilms of C. auris and staphylococci did not increase the tolerance of C. auris against antiseptics in vitro. These data indicate mixed infections are manageable with chlorhexidine and povidone iodine, but caution should be exercised in the consideration of H2O2.
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Jacques M, Malouin F. One Health-One Biofilm. Vet Res 2022; 53:51. [PMID: 35799278 PMCID: PMC9264708 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are structured clusters of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that are attached to a biotic or abiotic surface. This structure protects bacteria from hostile environmental conditions. There are also accumulating reports about bacterial aggregates associated but not directly adherent to surfaces. Interestingly, these bacterial aggregates exhibit many of the same phenotypes as surface-attached biofilms. Surface-attached biofilms as well as non-attached aggregates are ubiquitous and found in a wide variety of natural and clinical settings. This strongly suggests that biofilm/aggregate formation is important at some steps in the bacterial lifecycle. Biofilm/aggregate formation might therefore be important for some bacterial species for persistence within their host or their environment, while for other bacterial species it might be more important for persistence in the environment between infection of different individuals or even between infection of different hosts (humans or animals). This is strikingly similar to the One Health concept which recognizes that the health and well-being of humans, animals and the environment are intricately linked. We would like to propose that within this One Health concept, the One Biofilm concept also exists, where biofilm/aggregate formation in humans, animals and the environment are also intricately linked. Biofilm/aggregates could represent the unifying factor underneath the One Health concept. The One Biofilm concept would support that biofilm/aggregate formation might be important for persistence during infection but might as well be even more important for persistence in the environment and for transmission between different individuals/different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Jacques
- Regroupement de Recherche pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+lait), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada. .,Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - François Malouin
- Regroupement de Recherche pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+lait), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
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