1
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Park JY, Abekura F, Cho SH. GM1a ganglioside-binding domain peptide inhibits host adhesion and inflammatory response of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-B in HCT-8 cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16835. [PMID: 37803175 PMCID: PMC10558473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of illness and death but has no effective therapy. The heat-labile enterotoxin LT is a significant virulence factor produced by ETEC. The heat-labile enterotoxin-B (LT-B) subunit may enter host cells by binding to monosialotetrahexosylganglioside-a (GM1a), a monosialoganglioside found on the plasma membrane surface of animal epithelial cells. This research was conducted to develop conformationally comparable peptides to the carbohydrate epitope of GM1a for the treatment of ETEC. We used the LT-B subunit to select LT-B-binding peptides that structurally resemble GM1a. The ganglioside microarray and docking simulations were used to identify three GM1a ganglioside-binding domain (GBD) peptides based on LT-B recognition. Peptides had an inhibiting effect on the binding of LT-B to GM1a. The binding capacity, functional inhibitory activity, and in vitro effects of the GBD peptides were evaluated using HCT-8 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, to evaluate the feasibility of deploying GBD peptides to combat bacterial infections. KILSYTESMAGKREMVIIT was the most efficient peptide in inhibiting cellular absorption of LT-B in cells. Our findings offer compelling evidence that GM1a GBD-like peptides might act as new therapeutics to inhibit LT-B binding to epithelial cells and avoid the subsequent physiological consequences of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lie KCM, Bonturi CR, Salu BR, de Oliveira JR, Bonini Galo M, Paiva PMG, Correia MTDS, Oliva MLV. Impairment of SK-MEL-28 Development-A Human Melanoma Cell Line-By the Crataeva tapia Bark Lectin and Its Sequence-Derived Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10617. [PMID: 37445794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is difficult to treat with chemotherapy, prompting the need for new treatments. Protease inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates as tumor cell proteases promote metastasis. Researchers have developed a chimeric form of the Bauhinia bauhinioides kallikrein inhibitor, rBbKIm, which has shown negative effects on prostate tumor cell lines DU145 and PC3. Crataeva tapia bark lectin, CrataBL, targets sulfated oligosaccharides in glycosylated proteins and has also demonstrated deleterious effects on prostate and glioblastoma tumor cells. However, neither rBbKIm nor its derived peptides affected the viability of SK-MEL-28, a melanoma cell line, while CrataBL decreased viability by over 60%. Two peptides, Pep. 26 (Ac-Q-N-S-S-L-K-V-V-P-L-NH2) and Pep. 27 (Ac-L-P-V-V-K-L-S-S-N-Q-NH2), were also tested. Pep. 27 suppressed cell migration and induced apoptosis when combined with vemurafenib, while Pep. 26 inhibited cell migration and reduced nitric oxide and the number of viable cells. Vemurafenib, a chemotherapy drug used to treat melanoma, was found to decrease the release of interleukin 8 and PDGF-AB/BB cytokines and potentiated the effects of proteins and peptides in reducing these cytokines. These findings suggest that protease inhibitors may be effective in blocking melanoma cells and highlight the potential of CrataBL and its derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Ramalho Bonturi
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ramos Salu
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Bonini Galo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
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3
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Eshun GB, Crapo HA, Yazgan I, Cronmiller L, Sadik OA. Sugar-Lectin Interactions for Direct and Selective Detection of Escherichia coli Bacteria Using QCM Biosensor. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:337. [PMID: 36979549 PMCID: PMC10046022 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a safety concern in the preservation and quality of green leafy vegetables. Sugar-lectin interactions provide a reliable, specific, and effective sensing platform for the detection of bacteria as compared to the tedious conventional plate counting technique. Herein, we present the synthesis of 4-(N-mannosyl) benzoic acid (4-NMBA) and 4-thiophenyl-N-mannose (4-TNM) via a two-step reductive amination for the detection of E. coli using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor. The 4-NMBA was synthesized with mannose and para-aminobenzoic (4-PBA), while the 4-TNM was synthesized with mannose and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AHP) using water and acetic acid in a 1:1 ratio. The resultant structure of mannose derivatives (4-NMBA and 4-TNM) was characterized and confirmed using analytical tools, such as Mass Spectrometer, SEM, and FTIR. The choice of ligands (mannose derivatives) is ascribed to the specific recognition of mannose to the FimH lectin of the type 1 pilus of E. coli. Furthermore, the 4-PBA and 4-AHP conjugated to mannose increase the ligand affinity to FimH lectins. The setup of the QCM biosensor was composed of modification of the crystal surface and the covalent attachment of ligands for the detection of E. coli. The piezoelectric effect (frequency shift of the quartz) was proportional to the change in mass added to the gold crystal surface. Both the 4-NMBA- and 4-TNM-coated QCM sensors had a limit of detection of 3.7 CFU/mL and 6.6 CFU/mL with a sensitivity of 2.56 × 103 ng/mL and 8.99 × 10-5 ng/mL, respectively, within the dynamic range of 103 to 106 CFU/mL. This study demonstrates the application of ligand-coated QCM biosensors as a cost-effective, simple, and label-free technology for monitoring pathogenic bacteria via molecular interactions on crystal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddi B. Eshun
- Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Heather A. Crapo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies & Environmental Sustainability (CREATES), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Idris Yazgan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies & Environmental Sustainability (CREATES), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Lauren Cronmiller
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies & Environmental Sustainability (CREATES), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Omowunmi A. Sadik
- Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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4
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Brewer RC, Lanz TV, Hale CR, Sepich-Poore GD, Martino C, Swafford AD, Carroll TS, Kongpachith S, Blum LK, Elliott SE, Blachere NE, Parveen S, Fak J, Yao V, Troyanskaya O, Frank MO, Bloom MS, Jahanbani S, Gomez AM, Iyer R, Ramadoss NS, Sharpe O, Chandrasekaran S, Kelmenson LB, Wang Q, Wong H, Torres HL, Wiesen M, Graves DT, Deane KD, Holers VM, Knight R, Darnell RB, Robinson WH, Orange DE. Oral mucosal breaks trigger anti-citrullinated bacterial and human protein antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq8476. [PMID: 36812347 PMCID: PMC10496947 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is more common in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have detectable anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), implicating oral mucosal inflammation in RA pathogenesis. Here, we performed paired analysis of human and bacterial transcriptomics in longitudinal blood samples from RA patients. We found that patients with RA and periodontal disease experienced repeated oral bacteremias associated with transcriptional signatures of ISG15+HLADRhi and CD48highS100A2pos monocytes, recently identified in inflamed RA synovia and blood of those with RA flares. The oral bacteria observed transiently in blood were broadly citrullinated in the mouth, and their in situ citrullinated epitopes were targeted by extensively somatically hypermutated ACPAs encoded by RA blood plasmablasts. Together, these results suggest that (i) periodontal disease results in repeated breaches of the oral mucosa that release citrullinated oral bacteria into circulation, which (ii) activate inflammatory monocyte subsets that are observed in inflamed RA synovia and blood of RA patients with flares and (iii) activate ACPA B cells, thereby promoting affinity maturation and epitope spreading to citrullinated human antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Tobias V. Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
| | - Caryn R. Hale
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Austin D. Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas S. Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Kongpachith
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Lisa K. Blum
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Serra E. Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nathalie E. Blachere
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - John Fak
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vicky Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Mayu O. Frank
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michelle S. Bloom
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Alejandro M. Gomez
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Radhika Iyer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Orr Sharpe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Lindsay B. Kelmenson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Heidi Wong
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Mark Wiesen
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert B. Darnell
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Dana E. Orange
- Rockefeller University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY 10075, USA
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5
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Aloor A, Aradhya R, Venugopal P, Gopalakrishnan Nair B, Suravajhala R. Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants: A path to infection and recovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115335. [PMID: 36328134 PMCID: PMC9621623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycan is an essential molecule that controls and drives life in a precise direction. The paucity of research in glycobiology may impede the significance of its role in the pandemic guidelines. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated, with 22 putative N-glycosylation sites and 17 potential O-glycosylation sites discovered thus far. It is the anchor point to the host cell ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2, and many other host proteins that can be recognized by their immune system; hence, glycosylation is considered the primary target of vaccine development. Therefore, it is essential to know how this surface glycan plays a role in viral entry, infection, transmission, antigen, antibody responses, and disease progression. Although the vaccines are developed and applied against COVID-19, the proficiency of the immunizations is not accomplished with the current mutant variations. The role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2 with respect to other putative cell glycan receptors and the significance of glycan in host cell immunity in COVID-19 are discussed in this paper. Hence, the molecular signature of the glycan in the coronavirus infection can be incorporated into the mainstream therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Aloor
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Rajaguru Aradhya
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Parvathy Venugopal
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Renuka Suravajhala
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
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6
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Park JY, Kim CH, Cho SH. Glycan-Adhering Lectins and Experimental Evaluation of a Lectin FimH Inhibitor in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 Strain EDL933. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179931. [PMID: 36077327 PMCID: PMC9455959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tried to develop a FimH inhibitor that inhibits adhesion of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) on the epithelium of human intestine during the initial stage of infections. Using a T7 phage display method with a reference strain, EHEC EDL933, FimH was selected as an adherent lectin to GM1a and Gb3 glycans. In order to detect the ligand binding domain (LBD) of FimH, we used a docking simulation and found three binding site sequences of FimH, i.e., P1, P2, and P3. Among Gb3 mimic peptides, P2 was found to have the strongest binding strength. Moreover, in vitro treatment with peptide P2 inhibited binding activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we conducted confirmation experiments through several strains isolated from patients in Korea, EHEC NCCP15736, NCCP15737, and NCCP15739. In addition, we analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the predicted FimH lectin-like adhesins to construct a lectin-glycan interaction (LGI). We selected 70 recently differentiated strains from the phylogenetic tree of 2240 strains with Shiga toxin in their genome. We can infer EHEC strains dynamically evolved but FimH was conserved during the evolution time according to the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, FimH could be a reliable candidate of drug target in terms of evolution. We examined how pathogen lectins interact with host glycans early in infection in EDL933 as well as several field strains and confirmed that glycan-like peptides worked as an initial infection inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sung Kyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-913-4899
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7
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Neu TR, Kuhlicke U. Matrix glycoconjugate characterization in multispecies biofilms and bioaggregates from the environment by means of fluorescently-labeled lectins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:940280. [PMID: 36003926 PMCID: PMC9395170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.940280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental biofilms represent a complex mixture of different microorganisms. Their identity is usually analyzed by means of nucleic acid-based techniques. However, these biofilms are also composed of a highly complex extracellular matrix produced by the microbes within a particular biofilm system. The biochemical identity of this extracellular matrix remains in many cases an intractable part of biofilms and bioaggregates. Consequently, there is a need for an approach that will give access to the fully hydrated structure of the extracellular matrix or at least a major part of it. A crucial compound of the matrix identified as carbohydrate-based polymers represents major structural and functional constituents. These glycoconjugates can be characterized by using fluorescently-labeled lectins in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The lectin approach is defined previously, as fluorescence lectin barcoding (FLBC) and fluorescence lectin-binding analysis (FLBA), where FLBC is equal to the screening of a particular sample with all the commercially available lectins and FLBA is the actual analysis of the matrix throughout an experiment with a selected panel of lectins. As the application of immune-based techniques in environmental biofilm systems is impossible, the lectin approach is currently the only option for probing lectin-specific glycoconjugates in complex biofilms and bioaggregates. From all the commercially available lectins tested, the lectins such as AAL, HAA, WGA, ConA, IAA, HPA, and LEA showed the highest binding efficiency. Furthermore, 20 of the overall lectins tested showed an intermediate signal intensity, nevertheless very useful for the assessment of matrix glycoconjugates. With the data compiled, we shall virtually shed more light on the dark matter of the extracellular matrix and their 3-dimensional distribution in environmental biofilm systems. The results will be helpful in future studies with a focus on the extracellular matrix glycoconjugates present in environmental microbial communities.
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8
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Cohen LJ, Han SM, Lau P, Guisado D, Liang Y, Nakashige TG, Ali T, Chiang D, Rahman A, Brady SF. Unraveling function and diversity of bacterial lectins in the human microbiome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3101. [PMID: 35661736 PMCID: PMC9166713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which commensal organisms affect human physiology remain poorly understood. Lectins are non-enzymatic carbohydrate binding proteins that all organisms employ as part of establishing a niche, evading host-defenses and protecting against pathogens. Although lectins have been extensively studied in plants, bacterial pathogens and human immune cells for their role in disease pathophysiology and as therapeutics, the role of bacterial lectins in the human microbiome is largely unexplored. Here we report on the characterization of a lectin produced by a common human associated bacterium that interacts with myeloid cells in the blood and intestine. In mouse and cell-based models, we demonstrate that this lectin induces distinct immunologic responses in peripheral and intestinal leukocytes and that these responses are specific to monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Our analysis of human microbiota sequencing data reveal thousands of unique sequences that are predicted to encode lectins, many of which are highly prevalent in the human microbiome yet completely uncharacterized. Based on the varied domain architectures of these lectins we predict they will have diverse effects on the human host. The systematic investigation of lectins in the human microbiome should improve our understanding of human health and provide new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sun M Han
- Department of Medicine, Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pearson Lau
- Department of Medicine, Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Guisado
- Department of Medicine, Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toshiki G Nakashige
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thamina Ali
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Chiang
- Division of Internal Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean F Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Bagel A, Sergentet D. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Milk Fat Globules. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030496. [PMID: 35336072 PMCID: PMC8953591 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic Gram-negative bacteria. While raw milk cheese consumption is healthful, contamination with pathogens such as STEC can occur due to poor hygiene practices at the farm level. STEC infections cause mild to serious symptoms in humans. The raw milk cheese-making process concentrates certain milk macromolecules such as proteins and milk fat globules (MFGs), allowing the intrinsic beneficial and pathogenic microflora to continue to thrive. MFGs are surrounded by a biological membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which has a globally positive health effect, including inhibition of pathogen adhesion. In this review, we provide an update on the adhesion between STEC and raw MFGs and highlight the consequences of this interaction in terms of food safety, pathogen detection, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bagel
- ‘Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment’ Research Team, Université de Lyon, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research), VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France;
| | - Delphine Sergentet
- ‘Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment’ Research Team, Université de Lyon, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne Lyon, CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research), VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France;
- Laboratoire d’Etudes des Microorganismes Alimentaires Pathogènes-French National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli Including Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (NRL-STEC), VetAgro Sup—Campus Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l’Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Systemic Lectin-Glycan Interaction of Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031451. [PMID: 35163392 PMCID: PMC8835900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and host cells, such as plants and animals, have carbohydrate chains and lectins that reciprocally recognize one another. In hosts, the defense system is activated upon non-self-pattern recognition of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These are present in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Glycan-based PAMPs are bound to a class of lectins that are widely distributed among eukaryotes. The first step of bacterial infection in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen's lectin-like proteins to the outer membrane surfaces of host cells, which are composed of glycans. Microbes and hosts binding to each other specifically is of critical importance. The adhesion factors used between pathogens and hosts remain unknown; therefore, research is needed to identify these factors to prevent intestinal infection or treat it in its early stages. This review aims to present a vision for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases by identifying the role of the host glycans in the immune response against pathogenic intestinal bacteria through studies on the lectin-glycan interaction.
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Kumar M, Gupta G, Varghese T, Srivastava PP, Gupta S. Preparation and characterization of glucose-conjugated super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (G-SPIONs) for removal of Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from water. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1768-1783. [PMID: 35038205 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present research was conducted to prepare efficient G-SPIONs by co-precipitation to remove Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from the aqueous solution. The synthesized G-SPIONs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, DLS, FEG-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, and VSM analysis. The results showed that the synthesized G-SPIONs had super-paramagnetic properties (58.31 emu/g) and spherical shape (16 ± 3 nm). The antibacterial activity was assessed in sterilized distilled water at different G-SPIONs concentrations viz. 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120, and 240 mg/L against E. tarda and A. hydrophila with various bacterial loads viz. 1 × 103 , 1 × 104 , 1 × 105 , 1 × 106 , and 1 × 107 CFU/ml at different time intervals 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. At a lower bacterial load of E. tarda and A. hydrophila 1 × 103 -1 × 104 CFU/ml, 100% bacterial load was removed by 15 min exposure with NPs concentration 6-48 mg/L and 1.5-6 mg/L, respectively. Cent percent bacterial removal was observed in both the bacterial species even at higher bacterial load (1 × 105 -1 × 107 CFU/ml) by increasing exposure time (15-60 min) and nanoparticle concentration as well (24-240 mg/L). At an initial bacterial load of E. tarda and A. hydrophila (1 × 103 -1 × 107 CFU/ml), the EC50 ranged between 0.01-6.51 mg/L and 0.02-3.84 mg/L, respectively, after 15-60 min exposure. Thus, it is concluded that the antibacterial effect of G-SPIONs depends on concentration and exposure time. Hence, G-SPIONs can be used as an antibacterial/biocidal agent to treat Edwardsiellosis and Aeromonosis disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Kumar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Gyandeep Gupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Tincy Varghese
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Subodh Gupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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12
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Townsend SD. Call for Papers: Glycoscience in Infectious Diseases. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2946-2947. [PMID: 34644044 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Willaert RG, Kayacan Y, Devreese B. The Flo Adhesin Family. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111397. [PMID: 34832553 PMCID: PMC8621652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in the infection of fungal pathogens in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissue cells or abiotic surfaces such as catheters and implants. One of the main players involved in this are the expressed cell wall adhesins. Here, we review the Flo adhesin family and their involvement in the adhesion of these yeasts during human infections. Firstly, we redefined the Flo adhesin family based on the domain architectures that are present in the Flo adhesins and their functions, and set up a new classification of Flo adhesins. Next, the structure, function, and adhesion mechanisms of the Flo adhesins whose structure has been solved are discussed in detail. Finally, we identified from Pfam database datamining yeasts that could express Flo adhesins and are encountered in human infections and their adhesin architectures. These yeasts are discussed in relation to their adhesion characteristics and involvement in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2629-1846
| | - Yeseren Kayacan
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Devreese
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Gent University (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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14
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Dos Santos Souza I, Ziveri J, Bouzinba-Segard H, Morand P, Bourdoulous S. Meningococcus, this famous unknown. C R Biol 2021; 344:127-143. [PMID: 34213851 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for two devastating forms of invasive diseases: purpura fulminans and meningitis. Since the first description of the epidemic nature of the illness at the dawn of the nineteenth century, the scientific knowledge of meningococcal infection has increased greatly. Major advances have been made in the management of the disease with the advent of antimicrobial therapy and the implementation of meningococcal vaccines. More recently, an extensive knowledge has been accumulated on meningococcal interaction with its human host, revealing key processes involved in disease progression and new promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dos Santos Souza
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, France
| | - Jason Ziveri
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, France
| | - Haniaa Bouzinba-Segard
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, France
| | - Philippe Morand
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, France
| | - Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, France
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15
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Lee KM, Kim CH, Kim JH, Kim SS, Cho SH. e-Membranome: A Database for Genome-Wide Analysis of Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Proteins. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:501-507. [PMID: 32520685 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200610105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lectin-like adhesins of enteric bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli are an attractive target for vaccine or drug development. Here, we have developed e-Membranome as a database of genome-wide putative adhesins in Escherichia coli (E. coli). METHODS The outer membrane adhesins were predicted from the annotated genes of Escherichia coli strains using the PSORTb program. Further analysis was performed using Interproscan and the String database. The candidate proteins can be investigated for homology modeling of the Three-Dimensional (3D) structure (I-TASSER version 5.1), epitope region (ABCpred), and the glycan array. RESULTS e-Membranome is implemented using the Django (version 2.2.5) framework. The Web Application Server Apache Tomcat 6.0 is integrated into the platform on Ubuntu Linux (version 16.04). MySQL database (version 5.7) is used as a database engine. The information on homology model of the 3D structure, epitope region, and affinity information from the glycan array will be stored in the e- Membranome database. As a case study, we performed a genome-wide screening of outer membraneembedded proteins from the annotated genes of E. coli using the e-Membranome pipeline. CONCLUSION This platform is expected to be a valuable resource for advancing research of outer membrane proteins for the construction of lectin-glycan interaction network of E. coli. In addition, the e- Membranome pipeline can be extended to other similar biological systems that need to address hostpathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang M Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung S Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
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16
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Structural Basis of Ligand Selectivity by a Bacterial Adhesin Lectin Involved in Multispecies Biofilm Formation. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00130-21. [PMID: 33824212 PMCID: PMC8092209 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00130-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins are key virulence factors that are essential for the pathogen-host interaction and biofilm formation that cause most infections. Many of the adhesin-driven cell-cell interactions are mediated by lectins. Carbohydrate recognition by lectins governs critical host-microbe interactions. MpPA14 (Marinomonas primoryensis PA14 domain) lectin is a domain of a 1.5-MDa adhesin responsible for a symbiotic bacterium-diatom interaction in Antarctica. Here, we show that MpPA14 binds various monosaccharides, with l-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine being the strongest ligands (dissociation constant [Kd], ∼150 μM). High-resolution structures of MpPA14 with 15 different sugars bound elucidated the molecular basis for the lectin’s apparent binding promiscuity but underlying selectivity. MpPA14 mediates strong Ca2+-dependent interactions with the 3,4-diols of l-fucopyranose and glucopyranoses, and it binds other sugars via their specific minor isomers. Thus, MpPA14 only binds polysaccharides like branched glucans and fucoidans with these free end groups. Consistent with our findings, adhesion of MpPA14 to diatom cells was selectively blocked by l-fucose, but not by N-acetyl galactosamine. The MpPA14 lectin homolog present in a Vibrio cholerae adhesin was produced and was shown to have the same sugar binding preferences as MpPA14. The pathogen’s lectin was unable to effectively bind the diatom in the presence of fucose, thus demonstrating the antiadhesion strategy of blocking infection via ligand-based antagonists.
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17
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Kellman BP, Lewis NE. Big-Data Glycomics: Tools to Connect Glycan Biosynthesis to Extracellular Communication. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:284-300. [PMID: 33349503 PMCID: PMC7954846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Characteristically, cells must sense and respond to environmental cues. Despite the importance of cell-cell communication, our understanding remains limited and often lacks glycans. Glycans decorate proteins and cell membranes at the cell-environment interface, and modulate intercellular communication, from development to pathogenesis. Providing further challenges, glycan biosynthesis and cellular behavior are co-regulating systems. Here, we discuss how glycosylation contributes to extracellular responses and signaling. We further organize approaches for disentangling the roles of glycans in multicellular interactions using newly available datasets and tools, including glycan biosynthesis models, omics datasets, and systems-level analyses. Thus, emerging tools in big data analytics and systems biology are facilitating novel insights on glycans and their relationship with multicellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Higdon SM, Huang BC, Bennett AB, Weimer BC. Identification of Nitrogen Fixation Genes in Lactococcus Isolated from Maize Using Population Genomics and Machine Learning. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122043. [PMID: 33419343 PMCID: PMC7768417 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sierra Mixe maize is a landrace variety from Oaxaca, Mexico, that utilizes nitrogen derived from the atmosphere via an undefined nitrogen fixation mechanism. The diazotrophic microbiota associated with the plant’s mucilaginous aerial root exudate composed of complex carbohydrates was previously identified and characterized by our group where we found 23 lactococci capable of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) without containing any of the proposed essential genes for this trait (nifHDKENB). To determine the genes in Lactococcus associated with this phenotype, we selected 70 lactococci from the dairy industry that are not known to be diazotrophic to conduct a comparative population genomic analysis. This showed that the diazotrophic lactococcal genomes were distinctly different from the dairy isolates. Examining the pangenome followed by genome-wide association study and machine learning identified genes with the functions needed for BNF in the maize isolates that were absent from the dairy isolates. Many of the putative genes received an ‘unknown’ annotation, which led to the domain analysis of the 135 homologs. This revealed genes with molecular functions needed for BNF, including mucilage carbohydrate catabolism, glycan-mediated host adhesion, iron/siderophore utilization, and oxidation/reduction control. This is the first report of this pathway in this organism to underpin BNF. Consequently, we proposed a model needed for BNF in lactococci that plausibly accounts for BNF in the absence of the nif operon in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Higdon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.M.H.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Bihua C. Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alan B. Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.M.H.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
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20
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Tang JSJ, Schade K, Tepper L, Chea S, Ziegler G, Rosencrantz RR. Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Glycosylamines Synthesis Based on a Statistical Design of Experiments Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:E5121. [PMID: 33158070 PMCID: PMC7663175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans carry a vast range of functions in nature. Utilizing their properties and functions in form of polymers, coatings or glycan derivatives for various applications makes the synthesis of modified glycans crucial. Since amines are easy to modify for subsequent reactions, we investigated regioselective amination conditions of different saccharides. Amination reactions were performed according to Kochetkov and Likhoshertov and accelerated by microwave irradiation. We optimized the synthesis of glycosylamines for N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, d-lactose, d-glucuronic acid and l-(-)-fucose using the design of experiments (DoE) approach. DoE enables efficient optimization with limited number of experimental data. A DoE software generated a set of experiments where reaction temperature, concentration of carbohydrate, nature of aminating agent and solvent were investigated. We found that the synthesis of glycosylamines significantly depends on the nature of the carbohydrate and on the reaction temperature. There is strong indication that high temperatures are favored for the amination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Sing Julia Tang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco) Biotechnology, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.S.J.T.); (K.S.); (S.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kristin Schade
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco) Biotechnology, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.S.J.T.); (K.S.); (S.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lucas Tepper
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sany Chea
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco) Biotechnology, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.S.J.T.); (K.S.); (S.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gregor Ziegler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco) Biotechnology, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.S.J.T.); (K.S.); (S.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ruben R. Rosencrantz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Biofunctionalized Materials and (Glyco) Biotechnology, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.S.J.T.); (K.S.); (S.C.); (G.Z.)
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21
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Martin H, Somers T, Dwyer M, Robson R, Pfeffer FM, Bjornsson R, Krämer T, Kavanagh K, Velasco-Torrijos T. Scaffold diversity for enhanced activity of glycosylated inhibitors of fungal adhesion. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1386-1401. [PMID: 34095846 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent fungal pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections. It binds to glycans at the surface of epithelial cells and initiates infection. This process can be blocked by synthetic carbohydrates that mimic the structure of cell surface glycans. Herein we report the evaluation of a series of divalent glycosides featuring aromatic (benzene, squaramide) and bicyclic aliphatic (norbornene) scaffolds, with the latter being the first examples of their kind as small molecule anti-adhesion glycoconjugates. Galactosides 1 and 6, built on an aromatic core, were most efficient inhibitors of adhesion of C. albicans to buccal epithelial cells, displacing up to 36% and 48%, respectively, of yeast already attached to epithelial cells at 138 μM. Remarkably, cis-endo-norbornene 21 performed comparably to benzene-core derivatives. Conformational analysis reveals a preference for compounds 1 and 21 to adopt folded conformations. These results highlight the potential of norbornenes as a new class of aliphatic scaffolds for the synthesis of anti-adhesion compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlei Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Tara Somers
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Mathew Dwyer
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Ryan Robson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Frederick M Pfeffer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland .,The Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland.,The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Trinidad Velasco-Torrijos
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland .,The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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22
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Cho SH, Lee KM, Kim CH, Kim SS. Construction of a Lectin-Glycan Interaction Network from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains by Multi-omics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082681. [PMID: 32290560 PMCID: PMC7215717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC infection begins with bacterial adherence to the host intestine via lectin-like adhesins that bind to the intestinal wall. However, EHEC-related lectin–glycan interactions (LGIs) remain unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide investigation of putative adhesins to construct an LGI network. We performed microarray-based transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with E. coli EDL933. Using PSORTb-based analysis, potential outer-membrane-embedded adhesins were predicted from the annotated genes of 318 strains. Predicted proteins were classified using TMHMM v2.0, SignalP v5.0, and LipoP v1.0. Functional and protein–protein interaction analyses were performed using InterProScan and String databases, respectively. Structural information of lectin candidate proteins was predicted using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) and Spatial Epitope Prediction of Protein Antigens (SEPPA) tools based on 3D structure and B-cell epitopes. Pathway analysis returned 42,227 Gene Ontology terms; we then selected 2585 lectin candidate proteins by multi-omics analysis and performed homology modeling and B-cell epitope analysis. We predicted a total of 24,400 outer-membrane-embedded proteins from the genome of 318 strains and integrated multi-omics information into the genomic information of the proteins. Our integrated multi-omics data will provide a useful resource for the construction of LGI networks of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kang Mo Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
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Abstract
Yeast resistance to antifungal drugs is a major public health issue. Fungal adhesion onto the host mucosal surface is still a partially unknown phenomenon that is modulated by several actors among which fibronectin plays an important role. Targeting the yeast adhesion onto the mucosal surface could lead to potentially highly efficient treatments. In this work, we explored the effect of fibronectin on the nanomotion pattern of different Candida albicans strains by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomotion detection and correlated the cellular oscillations to the yeast adhesion onto epithelial cells. Preliminary results demonstrate that strongly adhering strains reduce their nanomotion activity upon fibronectin exposure whereas low adhering Candida remain unaffected. These results open novel avenues to explore cellular reactions upon exposure to stimulating agents and possibly to monitor in a rapid and simple manner adhesive properties of C. albicans.
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24
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Receptor recognition by meningococcal type IV pili relies on a specific complex N-glycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2606-2612. [PMID: 31964828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919567117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are frequently based on the binding of lectin-like adhesins to specific glycan determinants exposed on host cell receptors. These interactions confer species-specific recognition and tropism for particular host tissues and represent attractive antibacterial targets. However, the wide structural diversity of carbohydrates hampers the characterization of specific glycan determinants. Here, we characterized the receptor recognition of type IV pili (Tfp), a key adhesive factor present in numerous bacterial pathogens, using Neisseria meningitidis as a model organism. We found that meningococcal Tfp specifically recognize a triantennary sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine-containing N-glycan exposed on the human receptor CD147/Basigin, while fucosylated derivatives of this N-glycan impaired bacterial adhesion. Corroborating the inhibitory role of fucosylation on receptor recognition, adhesion of the meningococcus on nonhuman cells expressing human CD147 required prior defucosylation. These findings reveal the molecular basis of the selective receptor recognition by meningococcal Tfp and thereby, identify a potential antibacterial target.
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, He Y, Sun Z, Cai W, Lv Y, Jiang L, Li Q, Zhu S, Li W, Ye C, Wu B, Xue Y, Chen H, Cai H, Chen T. Murine SIGNR1 (CD209b) Contributes to the Clearance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli During Urinary Tract Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:457. [PMID: 31998663 PMCID: PMC6965063 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, is a major causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, the molecular mechanisms of how UPEC causes infections have not been determined. Recent studies indicated that certain enteric Gram-negative bacteria interact with and hijack innate immune receptors DC-SIGN (CD209a) and SIGNR1 (CD209b), often expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, leading to dissemination and infection. It was not known whether UPEC could utilize DC-SIGN receptors to promote its infection and dissemination similarly to the enteric pathogens. The results of this study reveal that UPEC interacts with CD209-expressing macrophages and transfectants. This interaction is inhibited by anti-CD209 antibody, indicating that CD209s are receptors for UPEC. Additionally, in contrast to the results of previous studies, mice lacking SIGNR1 are more susceptible to infection of this uropathogen, leading to prolonged bacterial persistence. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the innate immune receptor CD209s participate in the clearance of UPEC during UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxia He
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yin Lv
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sizhe Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenglin Ye
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicong Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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García Caballero G, Kaltner H, Kutzner TJ, Ludwig AK, Manning JC, Schmidt S, Sinowatz F, Gabius HJ. How galectins have become multifunctional proteins. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:509-539. [PMID: 31922250 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Having identified glycans of cellular glycoconjugates as versatile molecular messages, their recognition by sugar receptors (lectins) is a fundamental mechanism within the flow of biological information. This type of molecular interplay is increasingly revealed to be involved in a wide range of (patho)physiological processes. To do so, it is a vital prerequisite that a lectin (and its expression) can develop more than a single skill, that is the general ability to bind glycans. By studying the example of vertebrate galectins as a model, a total of five relevant characteristics is disclosed: i) access to intra- and extracellular sites, ii) fine-tuned gene regulation (with evidence for co-regulation of counterreceptors) including the existence of variants due to alternative splicing or single nucleotide polymorphisms, iii) specificity to distinct glycans from the glycome with different molecular meaning, iv) binding capacity also to peptide motifs at different sites on the protein and v) diversity of modular architecture. They combine to endow these lectins with the capacity to serve as multi-purpose tools. Underscoring the arising broad-scale significance of tissue lectins, their numbers in terms of known families and group members have steadily grown by respective research that therefore unveiled a well-stocked toolbox. The generation of a network of (ga)lectins by evolutionary diversification affords the opportunity for additive/synergistic or antagonistic interplay in situ, an emerging aspect of (ga)lectin functionality. It warrants close scrutiny. The realization of the enormous potential of combinatorial permutations using the five listed features gives further efforts to understand the rules of functional glycomics/lectinomics a clear direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fred Sinowatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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27
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McQuillan AM, Byrd-Leotis L, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Natural and Synthetic Sialylated Glycan Microarrays and Their Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:88. [PMID: 31572731 PMCID: PMC6753469 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This focused chapter serves as a short survey of glycan microarrays that are available with sialylated glycans, including both defined and shotgun arrays, their generation, and their utility in studying differential binding interactions to sialylated compounds, highlighting N-glycolyl (Gc) modified sialylated compounds. A brief discussion of binding interactions by lectins, antibodies, and viruses, and their relevance that have been observed with sialylated glycan microarrays is presented, as well as a discussion of cross-comparisons of array platforms and efforts to centralize and standardize the glycan microarray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M. McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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28
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Rehman T, Yin L, Latif MB, Chen J, Wang K, Geng Y, Huang X, Abaidullah M, Guo H, Ouyang P. Adhesive mechanism of different Salmonella fimbrial adhesins. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103748. [PMID: 31521802 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a serious threat to human and animal health. Salmonella adhesion to the host cell is an initial and most crucial step in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis. Many factors are involved in the adhesion process of Salmonella infection. Fimbriae are one of the most important factors in the adhesion of Salmonella. The Salmonella fimbriae are assembled in three types of assembly pathways: chaperon-usher, nucleation-precipitation, and type IV fimbriae. These assembly pathways lead to multiple types of fimbriae. Salmonella fimbriae bind to host cell receptors to initiate adhesion. So far, many receptors have been identified, such as Toll-like receptors. However, several receptors that may be involved in the adhesive mechanism of Salmonella fimbriae are still un-identified. This review aimed to summarize the types of Salmonella fimbriae produced by different assembly pathways and their role in adhesion. It also enlisted previously discovered receptors involved in adhesion. This review might help readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of Salmonella fimbriae, their role in adhesion, and recently developed strategies to counter Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Rehman
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jiehao Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Muhammad Abaidullah
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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29
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Uprety T, Spurlin BB, Antony L, Sreenivasan C, Young A, Li F, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and characterization of a stable bovine intestinal sub-epithelial myofibroblast cell line from ileum of a young calf. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:533-547. [PMID: 31183683 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal sub-epithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) are mesenchymal cells that do not express cytokeratin but express α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin. Despite being cells with diverse functions, there is a paucity of knowledge about their origin and functions primarily due to the absence of a stable cell line. Although myofibroblast in vitro models for human, mouse, and pig are available, there is no ISEMF cell line available from young calves. We isolated and developed an ileal ISEMF cell line from a 2-d-old calf that expressed α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin but no cytokeratin indicating true myofibroblast cells. To overcome replicative senescence, we immortalized primary cells with SV40 large T antigen. We characterized and compared both primary and immortalized ileal ISEMF cells for surface glycan and Toll-like-receptor (TLR) expression by lectin-binding assay and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay respectively. SV40 immortalization significantly decreased surface lectin binding for lectins GSL-I, PHA-L, ECL, Jacalin, Con-A, LCA, and LEL. Both cell types expressed TLRs 1-9 and showed no significant differences in TLR expression. Thus, these cells can be useful in vitro model to study ISEMF's origin, physiology, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brionna B Spurlin
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alan Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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30
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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31
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Willaert RG. Adhesins of Yeasts: Protein Structure and Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040119. [PMID: 30373267 PMCID: PMC6308950 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of yeast cells to adhere to other cells or substrates is crucial for many yeasts. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can switch from a unicellular lifestyle to a multicellular one. A crucial step in multicellular lifestyle adaptation is self-recognition, self-interaction, and adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Infectious yeast diseases such as candidiasis are initiated by the adhesion of the yeast cells to host cells. Adhesion is accomplished by adhesin proteins that are attached to the cell wall and stick out to interact with other cells or substrates. Protein structures give detailed insights into the molecular mechanism of adhesin-ligand interaction. Currently, only the structures of a very limited number of N-terminal adhesion domains of adhesins have been solved. Therefore, this review focuses on these adhesin protein families. The protein architectures, protein structures, and ligand interactions of the flocculation protein family of S. cerevisiae; the epithelial adhesion family of C. glabrata; and the agglutinin-like sequence protein family of C. albicans are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G Willaert
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), IJRG VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Research Group Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department Bioscience Engineering, University Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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32
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Inhibition of adherence of the yeast Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells by synthetic aromatic glycoconjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 160:82-93. [PMID: 30321803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which induces superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Adherence to host tissue is critical to its ability to colonise and infect the host. The work presented here describes the synthesis of a small library of aromatic glycoconjugates (AGCs) and their evaluation as inhibitors of C. albicans adherence to exfoliated buccal epithelial cells (BECs). We identified a divalent galactoside, ligand 2a, capable of displacing over 50% of yeast cells already attached to the BECs. Fluorescence imaging indicates that 2a may bind to structural components of the fungal cell wall.
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33
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Timmermans B, De Las Peñas A, Castaño I, Van Dijck P. Adhesins in Candida glabrata. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E60. [PMID: 29783771 PMCID: PMC6023314 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is causing more and more problems in hospitals, as this species shows an intrinsic antifungal drug resistance or rapidly becomes resistant when challenged with antifungals. C. glabrata only grows in the yeast form, so it is lacking a yeast-to-hyphae switch, which is one of the main virulence factors of C. albicans. An important virulence factor of C. glabrata is its capacity to strongly adhere to many different substrates. To achieve this, C. glabrata expresses a large number of adhesin-encoding genes and genome comparisons with closely related species, including the non-pathogenic S. cerevisiae, which revealed a correlation between the number of adhesin-encoding genes and pathogenicity. The adhesins are involved in the first steps during an infection; they are the first point of contact with the host. For several of these adhesins, their importance in adherence to different substrates and subsequent biofilm formation was demonstrated in vitro or in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of C. glabrata adhesins during adhesion and biofilm formation both, under in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Timmermans
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, C.P., San Luis Potosí 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Irene Castaño
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, C.P., San Luis Potosí 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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34
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Lipke PN. What We Do Not Know about Fungal Cell Adhesion Molecules. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020059. [PMID: 29772751 PMCID: PMC6023273 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been extensive research on structure and function of fungal cell adhesion molecules, but the most of the work has been about adhesins in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These yeasts are members of a single ascomycete order, and adhesion molecules from the six other fungal phyla are only sparsely described in the literature. In these other phyla, most of the research is at the cellular level, rather than at the molecular level, so there has been little characterization of the adhesion molecules themselves. A catalog of known adhesins shows some common features: high Ser/Thr content, tandem repeats, N- and O-glycosylations, GPI anchors, dibasic sequence motifs, and potential amyloid-forming sequences. However, none of these features is universal. Known ligands include proteins and glycans on homologous cells and host cells. Existing and novel tools can exploit the availability of genome sequences to identify and characterize new fungal adhesins. These include bioinformatics tools and well-established yeast surface display models, which could be coupled with an adhesion substrate array. Thus, new knowledge could be exploited to answer key questions in fungal ecology, animal and plant pathogenesis, and roles of biofilms in infection and biomass turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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35
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Cai L, Gu Z, Zhong J, Wen D, Chen G, He L, Wu J, Gu Z. Advances in glycosylation-mediated cancer-targeted drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1126-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Hobbs JK, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB. Glycan-metabolizing enzymes in microbe-host interactions: the Streptococcus pneumoniae paradigm. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3865-3897. [PMID: 29608212 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the upper airways; however, it is also an accomplished pathogen capable of causing life-threatening diseases. To colonize and cause invasive disease, this bacterium relies on a complex array of factors to mediate the host-bacterium interaction. The respiratory tract is rich in functionally important glycoconjugates that display a vast range of glycans, and, thus, a key component of the pneumococcus-host interaction involves an arsenal of bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes to depolymerize these glycans and carbohydrate transporters to import the products. Through the destruction of host glycans, the glycan-specific metabolic machinery deployed by S. pneumoniae plays a variety of roles in the host-pathogen interaction. Here, we review the processing and metabolism of the major host-derived glycans, including N- and O-linked glycans, Lewis and blood group antigens, proteoglycans, and glycogen, as well as some dietary glycans. We discuss the role of these metabolic pathways in the S. pneumoniae-host interaction, speculate on the potential of key enzymes within these pathways as therapeutic targets, and relate S. pneumoniae as a model system to glycan processing in other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne K Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Cui F, Xu Y, Wang R, Liu H, Chen L, Zhang Q, Mu X. Label-free impedimetric glycan biosensor for quantitative evaluation interactions between pathogenic bacteria and mannose. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 103:94-98. [PMID: 29287240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of infectious diseases, it was important to study the selective recognition and interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host cells. In this paper, a novel electrochemical impedance biosensor was proposed, in which the Man/MUA-MH/Au sensing surface (Man: mannose; MUA: 11-mercapto eleven acid; MH: 6-mercapto hexanol) was fabricated and was of good biologically active and stability. The capture capacity of the designed sensing surface for S. typhimurium ATCC14028, E. coli JM109 and E. coli DH5α were characterized by Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). According to Randless equivalent circuit and the Frumkin isotherm model, electron transfer impedance (Ret) was obtained and the binding affinity of the three bacteria and Man was calculated. It was shown that the sensing surface had a better binding affinity for S. typhimurium ATCC14028 with KADS(S.T.) = 2.16 × 106 CFU/mL. The impedance normalized value NIC (S.T.-Man) was of a good linear relationship with the logarithm of bacterial concentration (R2 = 0.96) in the range of 50-1000 CFU/mL. The detection limit was 50 CFU/mL. Meanwhile, the E. coli JM109 which expresses type 1 fimbriae was also adsorbed on the designed sensing surface with KADS(JM109) = 5.84 × 103 CFU/mL. It was illustrated that the novel electrochemical impedance biosensor could be more rapid and reliable for studying interactions between pathogen and glycan, and it was also perspective for a new point-of-care diagnostic tool for evaluating the pathogenicity bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Technology & System of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Renjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Technology & System of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Technology & System of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Chongqing institute for food and drug control, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaojing Mu
- Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Technology & System of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; International R & D center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Shi Z, Li WW, Tang Y, Cheng LJ. A Novel Molecular Model of Plant Lectin-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1625-1629. [PMID: 28768938 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant lectin, a class of highly diverse non-immune origin and carbohydrate-binding proteins, has been reported to specially induce cancer cell through programmed cell death (PCD) pathways (apoptosis and/or autophagy), shedding lights on screening promising anti-cancer candidate agent for further therapeutic trials. However, the complicated molecular mechanisms by which plant lectins induced the programmed death of tumor cells, have not yet been fully clarified. Here, we summarized a novel model, based on vast amount of research, by which plant lectins eliminate various types of cancer cells via three major pathways, including a) direct ribosome inactivating, b) endocytosis-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and c) sugar-containing receptors binding. A better understanding of the role of plant lectins played and further elucidation of the strategies targeting PCD would provide a new clue for the applications and modifications of plant lectin as a potential anti-cancer agent from bench to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shi
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University
| | | | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Abstract
Within the mammalian urinary tract uropathogenic bacteria face many challenges, including the shearing flow of urine, numerous antibacterial molecules, the bactericidal effects of phagocytes, and a scarcity of nutrients. These problems may be circumvented in part by the ability of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and several other uropathogens to invade the epithelial cells that line the urinary tract. By entering host cells, uropathogens can gain access to additional nutrients and protection from both host defenses and antibiotic treatments. Translocation through host cells can facilitate bacterial dissemination within the urinary tract, while the establishment of stable intracellular bacterial populations may create reservoirs for relapsing and chronic urinary tract infections. Here we review the mechanisms and consequences of host cell invasion by uropathogenic bacteria, with consideration of the defenses that are brought to bear against facultative intracellular pathogens within the urinary tract. The relevance of host cell invasion to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in human patients is also assessed, along with some of the emerging treatment options that build upon our growing understanding of the infectious life cycle of uropathogenic E. coli and other uropathogens.
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Neu TR, Kuhlicke U. Fluorescence Lectin Bar-Coding of Glycoconjugates in the Extracellular Matrix of Biofilm and Bioaggregate Forming Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5010005. [PMID: 28208623 PMCID: PMC5374382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilm systems are defined as interface-associated microorganisms embedded into a self-produced matrix. The extracellular matrix represents a continuous challenge in terms of characterization and analysis. The tools applied in more detailed studies comprise extraction/chemical analysis, molecular characterization, and visualisation using various techniques. Imaging by laser microscopy became a standard tool for biofilm analysis, and, in combination with fluorescently labelled lectins, the glycoconjugates of the matrix can be assessed. By employing this approach a wide range of pure culture biofilms from different habitats were examined using the commercially available lectins. From the results, a binary barcode pattern of lectin binding can be generated. Furthermore, the results can be fine-tuned and transferred into a heat map according to signal intensity. The lectin barcode approach is suggested as a useful tool for investigating the biofilm matrix characteristics and dynamics at various levels, e.g. bacterial cell surfaces, adhesive footprints, individual microcolonies, and the gross biofilm or bio-aggregate. Hence fluorescence lectin bar-coding (FLBC) serves as a basis for a subsequent tailor-made fluorescence lectin-binding analysis (FLBA) of a particular biofilm. So far, the lectin approach represents the only tool for in situ characterization of the glycoconjugate makeup in biofilm systems. Furthermore, lectin staining lends itself to other fluorescence techniques in order to correlate it with cellular biofilm constituents in general and glycoconjugate producers in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Neu
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Kuhlicke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Bultman KM, Kowalski CH, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus virulence through the lens of transcription factors. Med Mycol 2016; 55:24-38. [PMID: 27816905 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA), most commonly caused by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, occurs in immune compromised individuals. The ability of A. fumigatus to proliferate in a multitude of environments is hypothesized to contribute to its pathogenicity and virulence. Transcription factors (TF) have long been recognized as critical proteins for fungal pathogenicity, as many are known to play important roles in the transcriptional regulation of pathways implicated in virulence. Such pathways include regulation of conidiation and development, adhesion, nutrient acquisition, adaptation to environmental stress, and interactions with the host immune system among others. In both murine and insect models of IA, TF loss of function in A. fumigatus results in cases of hyper- and hypovirulence as determined through host survival, fungal burden, and immune response analyses. Consequently, the study of specific TFs in A. fumigatus has revealed important insights into mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence. Although in vitro studies have identified virulence-related functions of specific TFs, the full picture of their in vivo functions remain largely enigmatic and an exciting area of current research. Moreover, the vast majority of TFs remain to be characterized and studied in this important human pathogen. Here in this mini-review we provide an overview of selected TFs in A. fumigatus and their contribution to our understanding of this important human pathogen's pathogenicity and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Bultman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Caitlin H Kowalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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Abstract
The recent article “Lectin-Glycan Interaction Network-Based Identification of Host Receptors of Microbial Pathogenic Adhesins” by Ielasi et al. describes a new development in microbial carbohydrate analysis [Ielasi FS, Alioscha-Perez M, Donohue D, Claes S, Sahli H, Schols D, Willaert RG, mBio 7(4):e00584-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00584-16]. Specific carbohydrate ligands have been identified from the patterns of lectin binding to oligosaccharides printed on a chip. The new technique links the output to a comprehensive glycan database and offers a number of data visualization options. The graphs highlight the occurrence of potential ligands, organized by organism, tissue, and patterns of association with disease states. The analysis has successfully predicted novel glycoprotein ligands for microbial lectins, including an interaction of E. coli FimH with HIV gp120.
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