1
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Rodriguez C, Ramlaoui D, Gasca B, Azis A, Leal C, Lopez C, Merzcord V, McManus KS, Jo J, Cazorla SI, Subils T, Tuttobene MR, Salzameda NT, Bonomo RA, Actis LA, Raya R, Ramirez MS. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244 secreted metabolites display killing and antibiotic synergistic activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306273. [PMID: 38941324 PMCID: PMC11213291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing increase in the number of serious infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) is challenging our society. Despite efforts to discover novel therapeutic options, few antibiotics targeting MDR have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lactic acid bacteria have emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative due to their demonstrated ability to combat MDR pathogens in vitro. Our previous co-culture studies showed Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244 as having a potent killing effect against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains. Here we report that cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) samples obtained from Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 cultures incubated at different times display antimicrobial activity against 43 different pathogens, including CRAB, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenemase Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC)-positive strains. Furthermore, transwell and ultrafiltration analyses together with physical and chemical/biochemical tests showed that Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 secretes a <3 kDa metabolite(s) whose antimicrobial activity is not significantly impaired by mild changes in pH, temperature and various enzymatic treatments. Furthermore, sensitivity and time-kill assays showed that the bactericidal activity of the Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 metabolite(s) enhances the activity of some current FDA approved antibiotics. We hypothesize that this observation could be due to the effects of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 metabolite(s) on cell morphology and the enhanced transcriptional expression of genes coding for the phenylacetate (PAA) and histidine catabolic Hut pathways, metal acquisition and biofilm formation, all of which are associated with bacterial virulence. Interestingly, the extracellular presence of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 induced the transcription of the gene coding for the CidA/LgrA protein, which is involved in programmed cell death in some bacteria. Overall, the findings presented in this report underscore the promising potential of the compound(s) released by Lcb. rhamnosus CRL2244 as an alternative and/or complementary option to treat infections caused by A. baumannii as well as other MDR bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Dema Ramlaoui
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Briea Gasca
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Adiba Azis
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Camila Leal
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Christina Lopez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Vyanka Merzcord
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Kirsten S. McManus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, CSUF, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, CSUF, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Silvia I. Cazorla
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Tomás Subils
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos de Rosario (IPROBYQ, CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marisel R. Tuttobene
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicholas T. Salzameda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, CSUF, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service and GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Raúl Raya
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF) Fullerton, CA, United States of America
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2
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Bowden LC, Finlinson J, Jones B, Berges BK. Beyond the double helix: the multifaceted landscape of extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1400648. [PMID: 38903938 PMCID: PMC11188362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1400648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus forms biofilms consisting of cells embedded in a matrix made of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Biofilm-associated infections are difficult to treat and can promote antibiotic resistance, resulting in negative healthcare outcomes. eDNA within the matrix contributes to the stability, growth, and immune-evasive properties of S. aureus biofilms. eDNA is released by autolysis, which is mediated by murein hydrolases that access the cell wall via membrane pores formed by holin-like proteins. The eDNA content of S. aureus biofilms varies among individual strains and is influenced by environmental conditions, including the presence of antibiotics. eDNA plays an important role in biofilm development and structure by acting as an electrostatic net that facilitates protein-cell and cell-cell interactions. Because of eDNA's structural importance in biofilms and its ubiquitous presence among S. aureus isolates, it is a potential target for therapeutics. Treatment of biofilms with DNase can eradicate or drastically reduce them in size. Additionally, antibodies that target DNABII proteins, which bind to and stabilize eDNA, can also disperse biofilms. This review discusses the recent literature on the release, structure, and function of eDNA in S. aureus biofilms, in addition to a discussion of potential avenues for targeting eDNA for biofilm eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradford K. Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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3
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Rojas EM, Zhang H, Velu SE, Wu H. Tetracyclic homoisoflavanoid (+)-brazilin: a natural product inhibits c-di-AMP-producing enzyme and Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0241823. [PMID: 38591917 PMCID: PMC11064632 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02418-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The tenacious biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans are resistant to conventional antibiotics and current treatments. There is a growing need for novel therapeutics that selectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms while preserving the normal oral microenvironment. Previous studies have shown that increased levels of cyclic di-AMP, an important secondary messenger synthesized by diadenylate cyclase (DAC), favored biofilm formation in S. mutans. Thus, targeting S. mutans DAC is a novel strategy to inhibit S. mutans biofilms. We screened a small NCI library of natural products using a fluorescence detection assay. (+)-Brazilin, a tetracyclic homoisoflavanoid found in the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan, was identified as one of the 11 "hits," with the greatest reduction (>99%) in fluorescence at 100 µM. The smDAC inhibitory profiles of the 11 "hits" established by a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography assay revealed that (+)-brazilin had the most enzymatic inhibitory activity (87% at 100 µM) and was further studied to determine its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 25.1 ± 0.98 µM). (+)-Brazilin non-competitively inhibits smDAC's enzymatic activity (Ki = 140.0 ± 27.13 µM), as determined by a steady-state Michaelis-Menten kinetics assay. In addition, (+)-brazilin's binding profile with smDAC (Kd = 11.87 µM) was illustrated by a tyrosine intrinsic fluorescence quenching assay. Furthermore, at low micromolar concentrations, (+)-brazilin selectively inhibited the biofilm of S. mutans (IC50 = 21.0 ± 0.60 µM) and other oral bacteria. S. mutans biofilms were inhibited by a factor of 105 in colony-forming units when treated with 50 µM (+)-brazilin. In addition, a significant dose-dependent reduction in extracellular DNA and glucan levels was evident by fluorescence microscopy imaging of S. mutans biofilms exposed to different concentrations of (+)-brazilin. Furthermore, colonization of S. mutans on a representative model of enamel using suspended hydroxyapatite discs showed a >90% reduction with 50 µM (+)-brazilin. In summary, we have identified a drug-like natural product inhibitor of S. mutans biofilm that not only binds to smDAC but can also inhibit the function of smDAC. (+)-Brazilin could be a good candidate for further development as a potent therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.IMPORTANCEThis study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of potential therapeutic options for combating cariogenic biofilms produced by Streptococcus mutans. The research delves into the use of (+)-brazilin, a natural product, as a potent inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans' diadenylate cyclase (smDAC), an enzyme crucial in the formation of biofilms. The study establishes (+)-brazilin as a non-competitive inhibitor of smDAC while providing initial insights into its binding mechanism. What makes this finding even more promising is that (+)-brazilin does not limit its inhibitory effects to S. mutans alone. Instead, it demonstrates efficacy in hindering biofilms in other oral bacteria as well. The broader spectrum of anti-biofilm activity suggests that (+)-brazilin could potentially serve as a versatile tool in a natural product-based treatment for combating a range of conditions caused by resilient biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Rojas
- School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Division of Biomaterial & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sadanandan E. Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Biomaterial & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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4
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Guo H, Lei T, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Ji Y. New Insights into the Biological Functions of Essential TsaB/YeaZ Protein in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38786122 PMCID: PMC11117223 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
TsaB/YeaZ represents a promising target for novel antibacterial agents due to its indispensable role in bacterial survival, high conservation within bacterial species, and absence of eukaryotic homologs. Previous studies have elucidated the role of the essential staphylococcal protein, TsaB/YeaZ, in binding DNA to mediate the transcription of the ilv-leu operon, responsible for encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids-namely isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). However, the regulation of ILV biosynthesis does not account for the essentiality of TsaB/YeaZ for bacterial growth. In this study, we investigated the impact of TsaB/YeaZ depletion on bacterial morphology and gene expression profiles using electron microscopy and deep transcriptomic analysis, respectively. Our results revealed significant alterations in bacterial size and surface smoothness upon TsaB/YeaZ depletion. Furthermore, we pinpointed specific genes and enriched biological pathways significantly affected by TsaB/YeaZ during the early and middle exponential phases and early stationary phases of growth. Crucially, our research uncovered a regulatory role for TsaB/YeaZ in bacterial autolysis. These discoveries offer fresh insights into the multifaceted biological functions of TsaB/YeaZ within S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Guo
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China; (H.G.)
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (T.L.)
| | - Junshu Yang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (T.L.)
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China; (H.G.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China; (H.G.)
| | - Yinduo Ji
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (T.L.)
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5
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Yan T, Wang H, Zhang R, Xu Y, Hou Y, Peng Q, Song F. Cell death dependent on holins LrgAB repressed by a novel ArsR family regulator CdsR. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:173. [PMID: 38605001 PMCID: PMC11009283 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell death and survival paradox in various biological processes requires clarification. While spore development causes maternal cell death in Bacillus species, the involvement of other cell death pathways in sporulation remains unknown. Here, we identified a novel ArsR family transcriptional regulator, CdsR, and found that the deletion of its encoding gene cdsR causes cell lysis and inhibits sporulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an ArsR family transcriptional regulator governing cell death. We found that CdsR directly repressed lrgAB expression. Furthermore, lrgAB overexpression resulted in cell lysis without sporulation, akin to the cdsR mutant, suggesting that LrgAB, a holin-like protein, induces cell death in Bacillus spp. The lrgAB mutation increases abnormal cell numbers during spore development. In conclusion, we propose that a novel repressor is vital for inhibiting LrgAB-dependent cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tinglu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanrong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Viering B, Balogh H, Cox CF, Kirpekar OK, Akers AL, Federico VA, Valenzano GZ, Stempel R, Pickett HL, Lundin PM, Blackledge MS, Miller HB. Loratadine Combats Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Modulating Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:232-250. [PMID: 38153409 PMCID: PMC10788911 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has evolved to become resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. New antibiotics are costly to develop and deploy, and they have a limited effective lifespan. Antibiotic adjuvants are molecules that potentiate existing antibiotics through nontoxic mechanisms. We previously reported that loratadine, the active ingredient in Claritin, potentiates multiple cell-wall active antibiotics in vitro and disrupts biofilm formation through a hypothesized inhibition of the master regulatory kinase Stk1. Loratadine and oxacillin combined repressed the expression of key antibiotic resistance genes in the bla and mec operons. We hypothesized that additional genes involved in antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and other cellular pathways would be modulated when looking transcriptome-wide. To test this, we used RNA-seq to quantify transcript levels and found significant effects in gene expression, including genes controlling virulence, antibiotic resistance, metabolism, transcription (core RNA polymerase subunits and sigma factors), and translation (a plethora of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and elongation factor Tu). We further demonstrated the impacts of these transcriptional effects by investigating loratadine treatment on intracellular ATP levels, persister formation, and biofilm formation and morphology. Loratadine minimized biofilm formation in vitro and enhanced the survival of infected Caenorhabditis elegans. These pleiotropic effects and their demonstrated outcomes on MRSA virulence and survival phenotypes position loratadine as an attractive anti-infective against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna
L. Viering
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Halie Balogh
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Chloe F. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Owee K. Kirpekar
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - A. Luke Akers
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Victoria A. Federico
- Department
of Biology, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Gabriel Z. Valenzano
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Robin Stempel
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Hannah L. Pickett
- Department
of Biology, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Pamela M. Lundin
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Heather B. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
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Stephens AC, Banerjee SK, Richardson AR. Specialized phosphate transport is essential for Staphylococcus aureus nitric oxide resistance. mBio 2023; 14:e0245123. [PMID: 37937971 PMCID: PMC10746193 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02451-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen capable of causing a variety of diseases ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to systemic presentations such as sepsis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. For S. aureus to persist as a pathogen in these environments, it must be able to resist the host immune response, including the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (e.g., nitric oxide, NO·). Extensive work from our lab has shown that S. aureus is highly resistant to NO·, especially in the presence of glucose. RNA-seq performed on S. aureus exposed to NO· in the presence and absence of glucose showed a new system important for NO· resistance-phosphate transport. The phosphate transport systems pstSCAB and nptA are both upregulated upon NO·-exposure, particularly in the presence of glucose. Both are key for phosphate transport at an alkaline pH, which the cytosol of S. aureus becomes under NO· stress. Accordingly, the ΔpstSΔnptA mutant is attenuated under NO stress in vitro as well as in macrophage and murine infection models. This work defines a new role in infection for two phosphate transporters in S. aureus and provides insight into the complex system that is NO· resistance in S. aureus.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen capable of causing a wide variety of disease in humans. S. aureus is unique in its ability to resist the host immune response, including the antibacterial compound known as nitric oxide (NO·). We used an RNA-sequencing approach to better understand the impact of NO· on S. aureus in different environments. We discovered that inorganic phosphate transport is induced by the presence of NO·. Phosphate is important for the generation of energy from glucose, a carbon source favored by S. aureus. We show that the absence of these phosphate transporters causes lowered energy levels in S. aureus. We find that these phosphate transporters are essential for S. aureus to grow in the presence of NO· and to cause infection. Our work here contributes significantly to our understanding of S. aureus NO· resistance and provides a new context in which S. aureus phosphate transporters are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C. Stephens
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Srijon K. Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ren M, Qin Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Shi H. Effects of fermentation chamber temperature on microbes and quality of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6469-6485. [PMID: 37665370 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The natural fermentation of cigar tobacco leaves usually utilizes natural temperature and humidity for fermentation. Cigars produced in China are often fermented in winter, and the low environmental temperatures can lead to slow heating of the tobacco stack, affecting the cigar tobacco leaves quality. This study aimed to determine the minimum chamber temperature required to initiate the process of fermentation for cigar tobacco leaves and to explore the impact of temperature on the microbial community of tobacco leaves. Here, the cigar variety "Dexue 1" were subjected to stacking fermentation under three temperature parameters (20 ℃, 27 ℃, 34 ℃). With an increase in environmental temperature, the temperature inside the stack of cigar leaves increased significantly, the protein, total sugar, starch, and total alkaloid content in fermented tobacco leaves decreased, and the aroma components and amino acid content increased. Microbial richness and community diversity associated with fermented tobacco were highest at chamber temperatures of above 27 ℃. The relative abundance of Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus was significantly negatively correlated with protein, alkaloids, total sugar, and starch, and positively correlated with amino acids and aroma components. Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be responsible for the degradation of macromolecular substances and the conversion of favorable aromatic substances, thus improving the tobacco leaves quality. This study demonstrated that increasing the fermentation chamber temperature above 27 ℃ was conductive to raising the inner-stack temperature, increased microbial diversity and aromatic quality, reduced the strength and irritation, and extremely enhanced the overall quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves. KEY POINTS: • The environmental temperature of the fermentation chamber has a significant impact on the quality of tobacco • Temperature > 27 ℃ can initiate the process of cigar tobacco leaves fermentation and increase inner-stack temperature and microbial diversity and abundance • Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be related to the degradation of macromolecular substances and the transformation of aromatic substances, thereby improving the quality of tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Ren
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanqing Qin
- Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company, Chengdu, 600041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Deyang Branch of Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company, Deyang, 618400, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hongzhi Shi
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China.
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9
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Rodriguez C, Ramlaoui D, Georgeos N, Gasca B, Leal C, Subils T, Tuttobene MR, Sieira R, Salzameda NT, Bonomo RA, Raya R, Ramirez MS. Antimicrobial activity of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244 and its impact on the phenotypic and transcriptional responses in carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14323. [PMID: 37653052 PMCID: PMC10471627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a recognized nosocomial pathogen with limited antibiotic treatment options. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a promising therapeutic alternative. Here we studied the antibacterial properties of a collection of LAB strains using phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis against A. baumannii clinical strains. One strain, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244, demonstrated a potent inhibitory capacity on A. baumannii with a significant killing activity. Scanning electron microscopy images showed changes in the morphology of A. baumannii with an increased formation of outer membrane vesicles. Significant changes in the expression levels of a wide variety of genes were also observed. Interestingly, most of the modified genes were involved in a metabolic pathway known to be associated with the survival of A. baumannii. The paa operon, Hut system, and fatty acid degradation were some of the pathways that were induced. The analysis reveals the impact of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 on A. baumannii response, resulting in bacterial stress and subsequent cell death. These findings highlight the antibacterial properties of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 and its potential as an alternative or complementary strategy for treating infections. Further exploration and development of LAB as a treatment option could provide valuable alternatives for combating CRAB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Dema Ramlaoui
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF), 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Nardin Georgeos
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF), 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Briea Gasca
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF), 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Camila Leal
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Tomás Subils
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos de Rosario (IPROBYQ, CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marisel R Tuttobene
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Sieira
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas T Salzameda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, CSUF, Fullerton, USA
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Research Service and GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biochemistry, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Raúl Raya
- Centro de Referencia Para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton (CSUF), 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA.
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Rodriguez C, Ramlaoui D, Georgeos N, Gasca B, Leal C, Subils T, Tuttobene MR, Sieira R, Salzameda NT, Bonomo RA, Raya R, Ramirez MS. Phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid bacteria on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244 an alternative strategy to overcome resistance?". RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3151881. [PMID: 37503046 PMCID: PMC10371144 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3151881/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a recognized nosocomial pathogen with limited antibiotic treatment options. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a promising therapeutic alternative. Here we studied the antibacterial properties of a collection of LAB strains using phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis against A. baumannii clinical strains. One strain, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRL 2244, demonstrated a potent inhibitory capacity on A. baumannii with a significant killing activity. Scanning electron microscopy images showed changes in the morphology of A. baumannii with an increased formation of outer membrane vesicles. Significant changes in the expression levels of a wide variety of genes were also observed. Interestingly, most of the modified genes were involved in a metabolic pathway known to be associated with the survival of A. baumannii . The paa operon, Hut system, and fatty acid degradation were some of the pathways that were induced. The analysis reveals the impact of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 on A. baumannii response, resulting in bacterial stress and subsequent cell death. These findings highlight the antibacterial properties of Lcb. rhamnosus CRL 2244 and its potential as an alternative or complementary strategy for treating infections. Further exploration and development of LAB as a treatment option could provide valuable alternatives for combating CRAB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dema Ramlaoui
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton
| | - Nardin Georgeos
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton
| | - Briea Gasca
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton
| | - Camila Leal
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET
| | - Tomás Subils
- Instituto de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Químicos de Rosario (IPROBYQ, CONICET-UNR)
| | | | | | - Nicholas T Salzameda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton
| | - Robert A Bonomo
- Research Service and GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Raúl Raya
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), CONICET
| | - María Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton
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11
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Qin J, Yu L, Peng F, Ye X, Li G, Sun C, Cheng F, Peng C, Xie X. Tannin extracted from Penthorum chinense Pursh, a potential drug with antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1134207. [PMID: 37465024 PMCID: PMC10351983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1134207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen. Due to the widespread use and abuse of antibiotics, various drug-resistant strains of S. aureus have emerged, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being the most prevalent. Bacterial biofilm is a significant contributor to bacterial infection and drug resistance. Consequently, bacterial biofilm formation has emerged as a therapeutic strategy. In this study, the chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of tannins isolated from Penthorum chinense Pursh (TPCP) were investigated. In vitro, TPCP exhibited antimicrobial properties. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA were 156.25 and 312.5 μg/mL, and 312.5 and 625 μg/mL, respectively. According to the growth curves, TPCP significantly inhibited the growth of MSSA and MRSA. The results of the crystal violet biofilm assay in conjunction with confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that TPCP destroyed preformed MSSA and MRSA biofilms. TPCP significantly decreased the secretion of exopolysaccharides and extracellular DNA. Subsequently, the mechanism was investigated using RT-PCR. Examining the expression of icaA, cidA, sigB, agrA, and sarA genes in MRSA, we discovered that TPCP inhibited biofilm formation by affecting the quorum-sensing system in bacteria. Our study demonstrates that TPCP exerts antibacterial effects by disrupting the formation of bacterial biofilms, suggesting that TPCP has clinical potential as a novel antibacterial agent for the prevention and treatment of MSSA and MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gangmin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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The Burden of Survivors: How Can Phage Infection Impact Non-Infected Bacteria? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032733. [PMID: 36769055 PMCID: PMC9917116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The contemporary understanding of complex interactions in natural microbial communities and the numerous mechanisms of bacterial communication challenge the classical concept of bacteria as unicellular organisms. Microbial populations, especially those in densely populated habitats, appear to behave cooperatively, coordinating their reactions in response to different stimuli and behaving as a quasi-tissue. The reaction of such systems to viral infection is likely to go beyond each cell or species tackling the phage attack independently. Bacteriophage infection of a fraction of the microbial community may also exert an influence on the physiological state and/or phenotypic features of those cells that have not yet had direct contact with the virus or are even intrinsically unable to become infected by the particular virus. These effects may be mediated by sensing the chemical signals released by lysing or by infected cells as well as by more indirect mechanisms.
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CidA and LrgA: a "Hole" Lot More than Programmed Cell Death. mBio 2022; 13:e0076122. [PMID: 35608302 PMCID: PMC9239161 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00761-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What do programmed cell death (PCD) and carbohydrate metabolism by-product transport have in common? Intriguingly, both processes involve the cidABC and lrgAB operons in the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Previously, CidA and LrgA have been studied in the context of programmed cell death, but a second function in overflow metabolism is increasingly evident. New work from J. L. Endres, S. S. Chaudhari, X. Zhang, J. Prahlad, et al. (mBio 13:e02827-21, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02827-21) combining a lysis cassette, mutagenesis, and classic microbiology demonstrates that CidA and LrgA function as holins to support endolysin-induced lysis. But that's not all-the lrgAB operon also facilitates pyruvate uptake during microaerobic and anaerobic growth. This commentary highlights the main findings from this work and places them in context of the literature to date. Finally, as these proteins are highly conserved and carry out disparate functions of great importance, it is tempting to speculate future work will elucidate the link between S. aureus lysis and pyruvate metabolism.
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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