1
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Sedarat Z, Taylor-Robinson AW. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines. Pathogens 2024; 13:392. [PMID: 38787244 PMCID: PMC11124246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world's human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedarat
- Cellular & Molecular Research Centre, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8813833435, Iran;
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 67000, Vietnam
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
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2
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Wu G, Wang D, Xiong F, Wang Q, Liu W, Chen J, Chen Y. The emerging roles of CEACAM6 in human cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:27. [PMID: 38240103 PMCID: PMC10836497 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)‑related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) is a cell adhesion protein of the CEA family of glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol anchored cell surface glycoproteins. A wealth of research has demonstrated that CEACAM6 is generally upregulated in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, non‑small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer and other cancers and promotes tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. The transcriptional expression of CEACAM6 is regulated by various factors, including the CD151/TGF‑β1/Smad3 axis, microRNA (miR)‑146, miR‑26a, miR‑29a/b/c, miR‑128, miR‑1256 and DNA methylation. In addition, the N‑glycosylation of CEACAM6 protein at Asn256 is mediated by α‑1,6‑mannosylglycoptotein 6‑β‑N‑acetylglucosaminyltransferase. In terms of downstream signaling pathways, CEACAM6 promotes tumor proliferation by increasing levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin‑dependent kinase 4 proteins. CEACAM6 can activate the ERK1/2/MAPK or SRC/focal adhesion kinase/PI3K/AKT pathways directly or through EGFR, leading to stimulation of tumor proliferation, invasion, migration, resistance to anoikis and chemotherapy, as well as angiogenesis. This article provides a review of the expression pattern, biological function and relationship with prognosis of CEACAM6 in cancer. In summary, CEACAM6 may be a valuable diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for human cancers exhibiting overexpression of CEACAM6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Wu
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Liu
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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3
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Kuiper JWP, Gregg HL, Schüber M, Klein J, Hauck CR. Controling the cytoskeleton during CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151384. [PMID: 38215579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, an innate defense mechanism of multicellular animals, is initiated by specialized surface receptors. A phagocytic receptor expressed by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes, the major professional phagocytes in our body, is one of the fastest evolving human proteins implying a special role in human biology. This receptor, CEACAM3, is a member of the CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecule (CEACAM) family and dedicated to the immediate recognition and rapid internalization of human-restricted pathogens. In this focused contribution, we will review the special adaptations of this protein, which co-evolves with different species of mucosa-colonizing bacteria. While the extracellular Immunoglobulin-variable (IgV)-like domain recognizes various bacterial adhesins, an Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif (ITAM)-like sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of CEACAM3 constitutes the central signaling hub to trigger actin rearrangements needed for efficient phagocytosis. A major emphasis of this review will be placed on recent findings, which have revealed the multi-level control of this powerful phagocytic device. As tyrosine phosphorylation and small GTPase activity are central for CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis, the counterregulation of CEACAM3 activity involves the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase J (PTPRJ) as well as the Rac-GTP scavenging protein Cyri-B. Interference with such negative regulatory circuits has revealed that CEACAM3-mediated phagocytosis can be strongly enhanced. In principle, the knowledge gained by studying CEACAM3 can be applied to other phagocytic systems and opens the door to treatments, which boost the phagocytic capacity of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena L Gregg
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Meike Schüber
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jule Klein
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof R Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Germany.
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4
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Saberi S, Shans N, Ghaffari S, Esmaeili M, Mohammadi M. The role of CEACAMs versus integrins in Helicobacter pylori CagA translocation: a systematic review. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105246. [PMID: 37926369 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of Helicobacter pylori CagA into host cells was long believed to occur through the integrin cell surface receptors. However, the role of CEACAM receptors has recently been highlighted, instead. Here, we have categorized the existing experimental evidence according to whether deletion, upregulation, downregulation, or inhibition of the target ligands (T4SS or HopQ) or receptors (integrins or CEACAMs), result in alterations in CagA phosphorylation, cell elongation, or IL-8 production. According to our analysis, the statistics favor the essence of most of the T4SS constituents and the involvement of HopQ adhesin in all three functions. Concerning the integrin family, the collected data is controversial, but yielding towards it being dispensable or involved in CagA translocation. Yet, regarding cell elongation, more events are showing β1 integrin being involved, than αvβ4 being inhibitory. Concerning IL-8 secretion, again there are more events showing α5, β1 and β6 integrins to be involved, than those showing inhibitory roles for β1, β4 and β6 integrins. Finally, CEACAM 1, 3, and 5 are identified as mostly essential or involved in CagA phosphorylation, whereasCEACAM 4, 7, and 8 are found dispensable and CEACAM6 is under debate. Conversely, CEACAM1, 5 and 6 appear mostly dispensable for cell elongation. Noteworthy is the choice of cell type, bacterial strain, multiplicity and duration of infection, as well as the sensitivity of the detection methods, all of which can affect the variably obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Shans
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Ghaffari
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Götz L, Rueckschloss U, Balk G, Pfeiffer V, Ergün S, Kleefeldt F. The role of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295232. [PMID: 38077351 PMCID: PMC10704240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), also known as CD66a, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. CEACAM1 was shown to be a prognostic marker in patients suffering from cancer. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical evidence linking CEACAM1 to tumorigenicity and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss potential CEACAM1-based mechanisms that may affect cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Götz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Rueckschloss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gözde Balk
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Pfeiffer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kleefeldt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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6
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Wang Y, Han W, Wang N, Han M, Ban M, Dai J, Dong Y, Sun T, Xu J. The role of microbiota in the development and treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1224669. [PMID: 37841431 PMCID: PMC10572359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1224669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomach was once considered a sterile organ until the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (HP). With the application of high-throughput sequencing technology and macrogenomics, researchers have identified fungi and fivemajor bacterial phyla within the stomachs of healthy individuals. These microbial communities exert regulatory influence over various physiological functions, including energy metabolism and immune responses. HP is a well-recognized risk factor for gastric cancer, significantly altering the stomach's native microecology. Currently, numerous studies are centered on the mechanisms by which HP contributes to gastric cancer development, primarily involving the CagA oncoprotein. However, aside from exogenous infections such as HP and EBV, certain endogenous dysbiosis can also lead to gastric cancer through multiple mechanisms. Additionally, gut microbiota and its metabolites significantly impact the development of gastric cancer. The role of microbial therapies, including diet, phages, probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, in treating gastric cancer should not be underestimated. This review aims to study the mechanisms involved in the roles of exogenous pathogen infection and endogenous microbiota dysbiosis in the development of gastric cancer. Also, we describe the application of microbiota therapy in the treatment and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengzhen Han
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kanghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Jianying Dai
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuesheng Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Department of Breast Medicine 1, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- Department of Oncology Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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7
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Innate immune activation and modulatory factors of Helicobacter pylori towards phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102301. [PMID: 36933362 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an intriguing obligate host-associated human pathogen with a specific host interaction biology, which has been shaped by thousands of years of host-pathogen coevolution. Molecular mechanisms of interaction of H. pylori with the local immune cells in the human system are less well defined than epithelial cell interactions, although various myeloid cells, including neutrophils and other phagocytes, are locally present or attracted to the sites of infection and interact with H. pylori. We have recently addressed the question of novel bacterial innate immune stimuli, including bacterial cell envelope metabolites, that can activate and modulate cell responses via the H. pylori Cag type IV secretion system. This review article gives an overview of what is currently known about the interaction modes and mechanisms of H. pylori with diverse human cell types, with a focus on bacterial metabolites and cells of the myeloid lineage including phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells.
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8
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CEACAMS 1, 5, and 6 in disease and cancer: interactions with pathogens. Genes Cancer 2023; 14:12-29. [PMID: 36741860 PMCID: PMC9891707 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CEA family comprises 18 genes and 11 pseudogenes located at chromosome 19q13.2 and is divided into two main groups: cell surface anchored CEA-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) and the secreted pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSGs). CEACAMs are highly glycosylated cell surface anchored, intracellular, and intercellular signaling molecules with diverse functions, from cell differentiation and transformation to modulating immune responses associated with infection, inflammation, and cancer. In this review, we explore current knowledge surrounding CEACAM1, CEACAM5, and CEACAM6, highlight their pathological significance in the areas of cancer biology, immunology, and inflammatory disease, and describe the utility of murine models in exploring questions related to these proteins.
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9
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Nguyen QA, Schmitt L, Mejías-Luque R, Gerhard M. Effects of Helicobacter pylori adhesin HopQ binding to CEACAM receptors in the human stomach. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113478. [PMID: 36891299 PMCID: PMC9986547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has developed several strategies using its diverse virulence factors to trigger and, at the same time, limit the host's inflammatory responses in order to establish a chronic infection in the human stomach. One of the virulence factors that has recently received more attention is a member of the Helicobacter outer membrane protein family, the adhesin HopQ, which binds to the human Carcinoembryonic Antigen-related Cell Adhesion Molecules (CEACAMs) on the host cell surface. The HopQ-CEACAM interaction facilitates the translocation of the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), an important effector protein of H. pylori, into host cells via the Type IV secretion system (T4SS). Both the T4SS itself and CagA are important virulence factors that are linked to many aberrant host signaling cascades. In the last few years, many studies have emphasized the prerequisite role of the HopQ-CEACAM interaction not only for the adhesion of this pathogen to host cells but also for the regulation of cellular processes. This review summarizes recent findings about the structural characteristics of the HopQ-CEACAM complex and the consequences of this interaction in gastric epithelial cells as well as immune cells. Given that the upregulation of CEACAMs is associated with many H. pylori-induced gastric diseases including gastritis and gastric cancer, these data may enable us to better understand the mechanisms of H. pylori's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonard Schmitt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Fuchs S, Gong R, Gerhard M, Mejías-Luque R. Immune Biology and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:83-115. [PMID: 38231216 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogen, which affects more than 40% of the global population. It colonizes the human stomach and persists in its host for several decades or even a lifetime, if left untreated. The persistent infection has been linked to various gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and an increased risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori infection triggers a strong immune response directed against the bacterium associated with the infiltration of innate phagocytotic immune cells and the induction of a Th1/Th17 response. Even though certain immune cells seem to be capable of controlling the infection, the host is unable to eliminate the bacteria as H. pylori has developed remarkable immune evasion strategies. The bacterium avoids its killing through innate recognition mechanisms and manipulates gastric epithelial cells and immune cells to support its persistence. This chapter focuses on the innate and adaptive immune response induced by H. pylori infection, and immune evasion strategies employed by the bacterium to enable persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Department Preclinical Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Trogerstraße 30, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Zhang L, Chen X, Ren B, Zhou X, Cheng L. Helicobacter pylori in the Oral Cavity: Current Evidence and Potential Survival Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113646. [PMID: 36362445 PMCID: PMC9657019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is transmitted primarily through the oral–oral route and fecal–oral route. The oral cavity had therefore been hypothesized as an extragastric reservoir of H. pylori, owing to the presence of H. pylori DNA and particular antigens in distinct niches of the oral cavity. This bacterium in the oral cavity may contribute to the progression of periodontitis and is associated with a variety of oral diseases, gastric eradication failure, and reinfection. However, the conditions in the oral cavity do not appear to be ideal for H. pylori survival, and little is known about its biological function in the oral cavity. It is critical to clarify the survival strategies of H. pylori to better comprehend the role and function of this bacterium in the oral cavity. In this review, we attempt to analyze the evidence indicating the existence of living oral H. pylori, as well as potential survival strategies, including the formation of a favorable microenvironment, the interaction between H. pylori and oral microorganisms, and the transition to a non-growing state. Further research on oral H. pylori is necessary to develop improved therapies for the prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Inhibitory and Injury-Protection Effects of O-Glycan on Gastric Epithelial Cells Infected with Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0039322. [PMID: 36190255 PMCID: PMC9584294 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00393-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important pathogen that can cause gastric cancer. Multiple adhesion molecules mediated H. pylori adherence to cells is the initial step in the infection of host cells. H. pylori cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (CGT) recognizes and extracts cholesterol from cell membranes to destroy lipid raft structure, further promotes H. pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells. O-Glycan, a substance secreted by the deep gastric mucosa, can competitively inhibit CGT activity and may serve as an important factor to prevent H. pylori colonization in the deep gastric mucosa. However, the inhibitory and injury-protection effects of O-Glycan against H. pylori infection has not been well investigated. In this study, we found that O-Glycan significantly inhibited the relative urease content in the coinfection system. In the presence of O-glycan, the injury of GES-1 cells in H. pylori persistent infection model was attenuated and the cell viability was increased. We use fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B (FITC-CTX-B) to detect lipid rafts on gastric epithelial cells and observed that O-glycan can protect H. pylori from damaging lipid raft structures on cell membranes. In addition, transcriptome data showed that O-glycan treatment significantly reduced the activation of inflammatory cancer transformation pathway caused by H. pylori infection. Our results suggest that O-Glycan is able to inhibit H. pylori persistent infection of gastric epithelial cells, reduce the damage caused by H. pylori, and could serve as a potential medicine to treat patients infected with H. pylori.
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13
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Cheok YY, Tan GMY, Lee CYQ, Abdullah S, Looi CY, Wong WF. Innate Immunity Crosstalk with Helicobacter pylori: Pattern Recognition Receptors and Cellular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147561. [PMID: 35886908 PMCID: PMC9317022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most successful gastric pathogens that has co-existed with human for centuries. H. pylori is recognized by the host immune system through human pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), which activate downstream signaling pathways. Following bacterial recognition, the first responders of the innate immune system, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, eradicate the bacteria through phagocytic and inflammatory reaction. This review provides current understanding of the interaction between the innate arm of host immunity and H. pylori, by summarizing H. pylori recognition by PRRs, and the subsequent signaling pathway activation in host innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Grace Min Yi Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
| | - Suhailah Abdullah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.Y.C.); (G.M.Y.T.); (C.Y.Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sharndama HC, Mba IE. Helicobacter pylori: an up-to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:33-50. [PMID: 34988937 PMCID: PMC8731681 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an organism associated with ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The latter is one of the most prevalent malignancies and currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The pathogen infects about 50% of the world population, and currently, no treatment ensures its total elimination. There has been an increase in our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori over the years. H. pylori can induce several genetic alterations, express numerous virulence factors, and trigger diverse adaptive mechanisms during its adherence and colonization. For successful colonization and infection establishment, several effector proteins/toxins are released by the organism. Evidence is also available reporting spiral to coccoid transition as a unique tactic H. pylori uses to survive in the host's gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Thus, the virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori are under the control of complex interplay between the virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. Expounding the role of the various virulence factors in H. pylori pathogenesis and clinical outcomes is crucial for vaccine development and in providing and developing a more effective therapeutic intervention. Here we critically reflect on H. pylori infection and delineate what is currently known about the virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifeanyi Elibe Mba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
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15
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Klaile E, Prada Salcedo JP, Klassert TE, Besemer M, Bothe AK, Durotin A, Müller MM, Schmitt V, Luther CH, Dittrich M, Singer BB, Dandekar T, Slevogt H. Antibody ligation of CEACAM1, CEACAM3, and CEACAM6, differentially enhance the cytokine release of human neutrophils in responses to Candida albicans. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104459. [PMID: 34847408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is a healthcare-associated fungal infection with a high mortality rate. Neutrophils, the first line of defense during fungal infections, express the immunoregulatory Candida albicans receptors CEACAM1, CEACAM3, and CEACAM6. We analyzed the effects of specific antibodies on C. albicans-induced neutrophil responses. CEACAM6 ligation by 1H7-4B and to some extent CEACAM1 ligation by B3-17, but not CEACAM3 ligation by 308/3-3, resulted in the immediate release of stored CXCL8 and altered transcriptional responses of the C. albicans-stimulated neutrophils. Integrated network analyses and dynamic simulations of signaling cascades predicted alterations in apoptosis and cytokine secretion. We verified that CEACAM6 ligation enhanced Candida-induced neutrophil apoptosis and increased long-term IL-1β/IL-6 release in responses to C. albicans. CEACAM3 ligation, but not CEACAM1 ligation, increased the long-term release of pro-inflammatory IL-1β/IL-6. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that ligation of CEACAM receptors differentially affects the regulation of C. albicans-induced immune functions in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Klaile
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Juan P Prada Salcedo
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter/Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Tilman E Klassert
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Matthias Besemer
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Anne-Katrin Bothe
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Adrian Durotin
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Mario M Müller
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christian H Luther
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter/Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter/Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Dept. of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter/Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard B Singer
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Biocenter/Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- ZIK Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 10, 07749 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Lettl C, Haas R, Fischer W. Kinetics of CagA type IV secretion by Helicobacter pylori and the requirement for substrate unfolding. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:794-807. [PMID: 34121254 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type IV secretion of effector proteins is an important principle for interaction of human pathogens with their target cells. The corresponding secretion systems may transport a multitude of effector proteins that have to be deployed in the respective spatiotemporal context, or only a single translocated protein, as in the case of the CagA effector protein produced by the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. For a more detailed analysis of the kinetics and mode of action of CagA type IV secretion by H. pylori, we describe here, a novel, highly sensitive split luciferase-based translocation reporter which can be easily adapted to different end-point or real-time measurements. Using this reporter, we showed that H. pylori cells are able to rapidly inject a limited amount of their CagA supply into cultured gastric epithelial cells. We have further employed the reporter system to address the question whether CagA has to be unfolded prior to translocation by the type IV secretion system. We showed that protein domains co-translocated with CagA as protein fusions are more readily tolerated as substrates than in other secretion systems, but also provide evidence that unfolding of effector proteins is a prerequisite for their transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lettl
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Partner Site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Partner Site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Partner Site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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17
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Zhong Y, Tang L, Deng Q, Jing L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yu F, Ou Y, Guo S, Huang B, Cao H, Huang P, Xu Y. Unraveling the Novel Effect of Patchouli Alcohol Against the Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674560. [PMID: 34149664 PMCID: PMC8206506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term colonization of Helicobacter pylori can cause various gastrointestinal diseases, and its high genetic variability is prone to antibiotic resistance and leads to failure of clinical treatment. Intracellular survival also contributes to the drug tolerance of H. pylori. Patchouli alcohol (PA) shows a highly efficient activity against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo. And this study aims to explore whether PA can reduce the resistance of H. pylori and determine the underlying mechanism. Checkerboard and time–kill bactericidal curve assay reveal that the combination of PA and clarithromycin (CLR) promoted the inhibition and bactericidal effect against H. pylori. Stimulation of CLR leads to the internalization of H. pylori, but PA can effectively inhibit the invasion induced by CLR. Compared with antibiotics, PA remarkably eradicated the intracellular H. pylori, and this intracellular sterilized ability was further improved in combination with antibiotics (CLR and metronidazole). The expression of H. pylori efflux pump genes (hp0605, hp1327, and hp1489) was dose-dependently downregulated by PA. Digital droplet PCR indicated that the H. pylori mutant of A2143G can be inhibited by PA. Cellular uptake and transport assays showed that PA is rapidly absorbed, which promotes its activity against intracellular bacteria. Therefore, PA can act synergistically with CLR as a candidate treatment against drug-resistant H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzun Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyao Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Jing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoju Guo
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection remains one of the most prevalent infections worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality from gastric malignancies and peptic ulcers. This article provides a summary of the microbiology and pathogenesis of this bacterium, emphasizing the complex and protean effects of H pylori on gastric epithelial cells, including stem and progenitor populations, and evasion of host immune defenses. Increasing antibiotic resistance has made management more challenging. This article discusses the appropriate diagnostic modality for different clinical scenarios, and the evolving treatment of H pylori infections, including the use of antibiotic susceptibility testing to aid regimen selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, POB 240, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Akriti Prashar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven F Moss
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, POB 240, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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19
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Faass L, Stein SC, Hauke M, Gapp M, Albanese M, Josenhans C. Contribution of Heptose Metabolites and the cag Pathogenicity Island to the Activation of Monocytes/Macrophages by Helicobacter pylori. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632154. [PMID: 34093525 PMCID: PMC8174060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori activates human epithelial cells by a particular combination of mechanisms, including NOD1 and ALPK1-TIFA activation. These mechanisms are characterized by a strong participation of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island, which forms a type IV secretion system (CagT4SS) that enables the bacteria to transport proteins and diverse bacterial metabolites, including DNA, glycans, and cell wall components, into human host cells. Building on previous findings, we sought to determine the contribution of lipopolysaccharide inner core heptose metabolites (ADP-heptose) in the activation of human phagocytic cells by H. pylori. Using human monocyte/macrophage-like Thp-1 cells and human primary monocytes and macrophages, we were able to determine that a substantial part of early phagocytic cell activation, including NF-κB activation and IL-8 production, by live H. pylori is triggered by bacterial heptose metabolites. This effect was very pronounced in Thp-1 cells exposed to bacterial purified lysates or pure ADP-heptose, in the absence of other bacterial MAMPs, and was significantly reduced upon TIFA knock-down. Pure ADP-heptose on its own was able to strongly activate Thp-1 cells and human primary monocytes/macrophages. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Thp-1 cells co-incubated with live H. pylori or pure ADP-heptose confirmed a signature of ADP-heptose-dependent transcript activation in monocyte/macrophages. Bacterial enzyme-treated lysates (ETL) and pure ADP-heptose–dependent activation differentiated monocytes into macrophages of predominantly M1 type. In Thp-1 cells, the active CagT4SS was less required for the heptose-induced proinflammatory response than in epithelial cells, while active heptose biosynthesis or pure ADP-heptose was required and sufficient for their early innate response and NF-κB activation. The present data suggest that early activation and maturation of incoming and resident phagocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages) in the H. pylori–colonized stomach strongly depend on bacterial LPS inner core heptose metabolites, also with a significant contribution of an active CagT4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Faass
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia C Stein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hauke
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gapp
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Virology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,DZIF, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Gu SY, Cao XJ, Feng Y, Wei QQ, Liang JQ, Xie LM, Liu YL, Feng HY, Guo XG. Identification of hub genes and signaling pathways related to gastric cells infected by Helicobacter pylori. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104932. [PMID: 33964417 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen involved in several gastroduodenal diseases, whose infection mechanisms have not been completely confirmed. To study the specific mechanism of gastropathy caused by H. pylori, we analyzed the gene microarray of gastric mucosa and gastric cells infected by H. pylori through bioinformatics analysis. METHODS We downloaded GSE60427 and GSE74492 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and identified the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) through R software. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was applied to establish a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Cytoscape was used to identify the top seven hub genes. Besides, we also constructed the gene-microRNA(gene-miRNA) interaction through the miRTarBase v8.0 database by using the NetworkAnalyst tool. RESULTS One hundred and fifteen DEGs were screened out, with 54 genes up-regulated and 61 genes down-regulated, among which seven hub genes, including "IGF1R," "APOE," "IRS1," "ATF3," "LCN2," "IL2RG," and "PI3," were considered as the main regulatory proteins in gastric cells when infected by H. pylori. CONCLUSION In this study, hub genes and related signal enrichment pathways of gastropathy infected by H. pylori were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis based on the GSE60427 and GSE74492 datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xun-Jie Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Nanshan School, Guangzhou Medical University, Jingxiu Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qing-Qian Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Min Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ye-Ling Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hui-Yin Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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21
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van Sorge NM, Bonsor DA, Deng L, Lindahl E, Schmitt V, Lyndin M, Schmidt A, Nilsson OR, Brizuela J, Boero E, Sundberg EJ, van Strijp JAG, Doran KS, Singer BB, Lindahl G, McCarthy AJ. Bacterial protein domains with a novel Ig-like fold target human CEACAM receptors. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106103. [PMID: 33522633 PMCID: PMC8013792 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is the major cause of neonatal sepsis in humans. A critical step to infection is adhesion of bacteria to epithelial surfaces. GBS adhesins have been identified to bind extracellular matrix components and cellular receptors. However, several putative adhesins have no host binding partner characterised. We report here that surface-expressed β protein of GBS binds to human CEACAM1 and CEACAM5 receptors. A crystal structure of the complex showed that an IgSF domain in β represents a novel Ig-fold subtype called IgI3, in which unique features allow binding to CEACAM1. Bioinformatic assessment revealed that this newly identified IgI3 fold is not exclusively present in GBS but is predicted to be present in adhesins from other clinically important human pathogens. In agreement with this prediction, we found that CEACAM1 binds to an IgI3 domain found in an adhesin from a different streptococcal species. Overall, our results indicate that the IgI3 fold could provide a broadly applied mechanism for bacteria to target CEACAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Medical Microbiology,Infection Prevention and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial MeningitisAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel A Bonsor
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology & MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsScience for Life LaboratoryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Institute of AnatomyMedical Faculty, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mykola Lyndin
- Institute of AnatomyMedical Faculty, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Department of PathologySumy State UniversitySumyUkraine
| | - Alexej Schmidt
- Department of Medical BiosciencesUmeå UniversityPathology, UmeåSweden
| | - Olof R Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Medical MicrobiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jaime Brizuela
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elena Boero
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human VirologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of BiochemistryEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Immunology & MicrobiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Bernhard B Singer
- Institute of AnatomyMedical Faculty, University Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Gunnar Lindahl
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Medical MicrobiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Applied MicrobiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Alex J McCarthy
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
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22
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Jaboulay C, Godeux AS, Doublet P, Vianney A. Regulatory Networks of the T4SS Control: From Host Cell Sensing to the Biogenesis and the Activity during the Infection. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166892. [PMID: 33636165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of effectors, DNA or proteins, that hijack host cell processes to the benefit of bacteria is a mechanism widely used by bacterial pathogens. It is achieved by complex effector injection devices, the secretion systems, among which Type 4 Secretion Systems (T4SSs) play a key role in bacterial virulence of numerous animal and plant pathogens. Considerable progress has recently been made in the structure-function analyses of T4SSs. Nevertheless, the signals and processes that trigger machine assembly and activity during infection, as well as those involved in substrate recognition and transfer, are complex and still poorly understood. In this review, we aim at summarizing the last updates of the knowledge on signaling pathways that regulate the biogenesis and the activity of T4SSs in important bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jaboulay
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team: Legionella pathogenesis), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - A S Godeux
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team: Horigene), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - P Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team: Legionella pathogenesis), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - A Vianney
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team: Legionella pathogenesis), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
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23
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Abstract
The original strategies developed by Helicobacter pylori to persistently colonise its host and to deregulate its cellular functions make this bacterium an outstanding model to study host-pathogen interaction and the mechanisms responsible for bacterial-induced carcinogenesis. During the last year, significant results were obtained on the role of bacterial factors essential for gastric colonisation such as spiral shape maintenance, orientation through chemotaxis and the formation of bacteria clonal population islands inside the gastric glands. Particularities of the H pylori cell surface, a structure important for immune escape, were demonstrated. New insights in the bacterial stress response revealed the importance of DNA methylation-mediated regulation. Further findings were reported on H pylori components that mediate natural transformation and mechanisms of bacterial DNA horizontal transfer which maintain a high level of H pylori genetic variability. Within-host evolution was found to be niche-specific and probably associated with physiological differences between the antral and oxyntic gastric mucosa. In addition, with the progress of CryoEM, high-resolution structures of the major virulence factors, VacA and CagT4SS, were obtained. The use of gastric organoid models fostered research revealing, preferential accumulation of bacteria at the site of injury during infection. Several studies further characterised the role of CagA in the oncogenic properties of H pylori, identifying the activation of novel CagA-dependent pathways, leading to the promotion of genetic instabilities, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and finally carcinogenesis. Recent studies also highlight that microRNA-mediated regulation and epigenetic modifications, through DNA methylation, are key events in the H pylori-induced tumorigenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Denic
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Eliette Touati
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
| | - Hilde De Reuse
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, UMR CNRS 2001, Unité Pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
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25
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Fischer W, Tegtmeyer N, Stingl K, Backert S. Four Chromosomal Type IV Secretion Systems in Helicobacter pylori: Composition, Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1592. [PMID: 32754140 PMCID: PMC7366825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori is genetically highly diverse and a major risk factor for the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. During evolution, H. pylori has acquired multiple type IV secretion systems (T4SSs), and then adapted for various purposes. These T4SSs represent remarkable molecular transporter machines, often associated with an extracellular pilus structure present in many bacteria, which are commonly composed of multiple structural proteins spanning the inner and outer membranes. By definition, these T4SSs exhibit central functions mediated through the contact-dependent conjugative transfer of mobile DNA elements, the contact-independent release and uptake of DNA into and from the extracellular environment as well as the secretion of effector proteins in mammalian host target cells. In recent years, numerous features on the molecular functionality of these T4SSs were disclosed. H. pylori encodes up to four T4SSs on its chromosome, namely the Cag T4SS present in the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), the ComB system, as well as the Tfs3 and Tfs4 T4SSs, some of which exhibit unique T4SS functions. The Cag T4SS facilitates the delivery of the CagA effector protein and pro-inflammatory signal transduction through translocated ADP-heptose and chromosomal DNA, while various structural pilus proteins can target host cell receptors such as integrins or TLR5. The ComB apparatus mediates the import of free DNA from the extracellular milieu, whereas Tfs3 may accomplish the secretion or translocation of effector protein CtkA. Both Tfs3 and Tfs4 are furthermore presumed to act as conjugative DNA transfer machineries due to the presence of tyrosine recombinases with cognate recognition sequences, conjugational relaxases, and potential origins of transfer (oriT) found within the tfs3 and tfs4 genome islands. In addition, some extrachromosomal plasmids, transposons and phages have been discovered in multiple H. pylori isolates. The genetic exchange mediated by DNA mobilization events of chromosomal genes and plasmids combined with recombination events could account for much of the genetic diversity found in H. pylori. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge on the four T4SSs and the involved mechanisms with consequences for H. pylori adaptation to the hostile environment in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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