1
|
Liu J, Chen K, Wu W, Pang Z, Zhu D, Yan X, Wang B, Qiu J, Fang Z. GRP78 exerts antiviral function against influenza A virus infection by activating the IFN/JAK-STAT signaling. Virology 2024; 600:110249. [PMID: 39303344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral respiratory infection that causes mild to severe illness in humans and animals. Current studies show that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) can exert crucial functions during viral infection; however, the mechanism by which GRP78 regulates influenza A virus (IAV) infection remains unclear. In the present study, we found that IAV infection increased GRP78 expression. Overexpression of GRP78 significantly inhibited IAV replication, as indicated by reduced viral mRNA levels, protein levels, and viral titers. Mechanistically, Type I interferon (IFN) response signaling is upregulated during IAV infection by GRP78. Further study showed that GRP78 interacts with tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) and enhances its phosphorylation, thereby activating downstream STAT1/2 and antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important mechanism by which GRP78 exerts in innate antiviral effect in IAV infection. This mechanism could be used as a therapeutic target for anti-influenza treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Kanghong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Wenjiao Wu
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Zefen Pang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dandong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Xiukui Yan
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Bangqi Wang
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
| | - Jianxiang Qiu
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
| | - Zhixin Fang
- The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo R, Liu H, Su R, Mao Q, Zhao M, Zhang H, Mu J, Zhao N, Wang Y, Hao Y. Tanreqing injection inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes: An integrated pharmacological study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118159. [PMID: 38677572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tanreqing injection (TRQ) is widely used, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection used in China to treat respiratory infections. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TRQ can protect against influenza viruses. However, the mechanism by which TRQ inhibits influenza viruses remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of TRQ inhibition by the influenza virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of TRQ. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to define differential proteins related to TRQ inhibition of viruses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed for functional annotation. For experimental validation, we established an in vitro model of the influenza virus infection by infecting A549 cells with the virus. The detection of the signaling pathway was carried out through qPCR, western blotting,and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Fifty one components were identified using UPLC/Q-TOF MS. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of TRQ on influenza virus replication in vitro. Ninety nine differentially expressed proteins related to the inhibitory effect of TRQ were identified using iTRAQ. KEGG functional enrichment analysis showed that the TRQ may inhibit influenza virus replication by affecting autophagy. Through network analysis, 29 targets were selected as major targets, and three key targets, HSPA5, PARP1, and GAPDH, may be the TRQ targets affecting autophagy. In vitro experiments showed that TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by interfering with the expression and localization of STX17 and VAMP8 proteins, thereby promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. CONCLUSION TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. We additionally established potential gene and protein targets which are affected by TRQ. Therefore, our findings provide new therapeutic targets and a foundation further studies on influenza treatment with TRQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China; Union Stem Cell & Gene Engineering Co., Ltd, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rina Su
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qin Mao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengfan Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingwei Mu
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ningbo Zhao
- Shanghai Kaibao Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yu Hao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun C, Pan Q, Du M, Zheng J, Bai M, Sun W. Decoding the roles of heat shock proteins in liver cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 75:81-92. [PMID: 38182465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies, characterized by insidious onset and high propensity for metastasis and recurrence. Apart from surgical resection, there are no effective curative methods for HCC in recent years, due to resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Heat shock proteins (HSP) play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and normal organism development as molecular chaperones for intracellular proteins. Both basic research and clinical data have shown that HSPs are crucial participants in the HCC microenvironment, as well as the occurrence, development, metastasis, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in various malignancies, particularly liver cancer. This review aims to discuss the molecular mechanisms and potential clinical value of HSPs in HCC, which may provide new insights for HSP-based therapeutic interventions for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Organ Transplantation, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Du
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jiahe Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han C, Xie Z, Lv Y, Liu D, Chen R. Direct interaction of the molecular chaperone GRP78/BiP with the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein plays a vital role in viral attachment to and infection of culture cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259237. [PMID: 37920471 PMCID: PMC10619984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glucose Regulated Proteins/Binding protein (GRP78/Bip), a representative molecular chaperone, effectively influences and actively participates in the replication processes of many viruses. Little is known, however, about the functional involvement of GRP78 in the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The method of this study are to establish protein interactomes between host cell proteins and the NDV Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, and to systematically investigate the regulatory role of the GRP78-HN protein interaction during the NDV replication cycle. Results Our study revealed that GRP78 is upregulated during NDV infection, and its direct interaction with HN is mediated by the N-terminal 326 amino acid region. Knockdown of GRP78 by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly suppressed NDV infection and replication. Conversely, overexpression of GRP78 resulted in a significant increase in NDV replication, demonstrating its role as a positive regulator in the NDV replication cycle. We further showed that the direct interaction between GRP78 and HN protein enhanced the attachment of NDV to cells, and masking of GRP78 expressed on the cell surface with specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) inhibited NDV attachment and replication. Discussion These findings highlight the essential role of GRP78 in the adsorption stage during the NDV infection cycle, and, importantly, identify the critical domain required for GRP78-HN interaction, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in NDV replication and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Centre of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ziwei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Centre of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Yadi Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Centre of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Centre of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Centre of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
You H, Zhang N, Yu T, Ma L, Li Q, Wang X, Yuan D, Kong D, Liu X, Hu W, Liu D, Kong F, Zheng K, Tang R. Hepatitis B virus X protein promotes MAN1B1 expression by enhancing stability of GRP78 via TRIM25 to facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:992-1004. [PMID: 36635499 PMCID: PMC10006172 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GRP78 has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the clinical relevance, biological functions and related regulatory mechanisms of GRP78 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatoma carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. METHODS The association between GRP78 expression and HBV-related HCC was investigated. The effects of HBV X protein (HBX) on GRP78 and MAN1B1 expression, biological functions of GRP78 and MAN1B1 in HBX-mediated HCC cells and mechanisms related to TRIM25 on GRP78 upregulation to induce MAN1B1 expression in HBX-related HCC cells were examined. RESULTS GRP78 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in HBV-positive HCC. HBX increased MAN1B1 protein expression depending on GRP78, and HBX enhanced the levels of MAN1B1 to promote proliferation, migration and PI3-K/mTOR signalling pathway activation in HCC cells. GRP78 activates Smad4 via its interaction with Smad4 to increase MAN1B1 expression in HBX-expressing HCC cells. TRIM25 enhanced the stability of GRP78 by inhibiting its ubiquitination. HBX binds to GRP78 and TRIM25 and accelerates their interaction of GRP78 and TRIM25, leading to an increase in GRP78 expression. CONCLUSIONS HBX enhances the stability of GRP78 through TRIM25 to increase the expression of MAN1B1 to facilitate tumorigenesis, and we provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying HBV-induced malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory Department, The People's Hospital of Funing, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongchen Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Delong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital, The Affiliate Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital, The Affiliate Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanyun Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Sciences Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi Y, Jin X, Wu S, Liu J, Zhang H, Cai X, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wei J, Luo M, Zhou H, Zhou H, Huang A, Wang D. Release of hepatitis B virions is positively regulated by glucose-regulated protein 78 through direct interaction with preS1. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28271. [PMID: 36321566 PMCID: PMC10107996 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-enveloped particle release. Specifically, we used preS1 as a bait protein to screen host proteins using mass spectroscopy, with the results of immunofluorescence, western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, isothermal titration calorimetry, and pull-down assays identifying glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 as a specific target for preS1 binding. We employed transcriptome sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and particle gel assays to investigate the mechanism of GRP78-mediated positive regulation of HBV-enveloped particle release. Additionally, we performed phage-display, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular-docking assays to assess peptides inhibiting enveloped-particle release. We found that HBV upregulated GRP78 expression in liver cell lines and the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, GRP78 promoted the release of HBV-enveloped particles in vitro and in vivo within an HBV transgenic mouse model. Moreover, we identified interactions of preS1 peptides with GRP78 via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which effectively inhibited its interaction with HBV-enveloped particles and their subsequent release. These findings provide novel insights regarding HBV virion release, and demonstrated that GRP78 interacted with preS1 to positively regulate the release of HBV-enveloped particles, suggesting GRP78 as a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Yubei, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China.,College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forkhead O Transcription Factor 4 Restricts HBV Covalently Closed Circular DNA Transcription and HBV Replication through Genetic Downregulation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha and Epigenetic Suppression of Covalently Closed Circular DNA via Interacting with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein. J Virol 2022; 96:e0054622. [PMID: 35695580 PMCID: PMC9278149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00546-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear located hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) remains the key obstacle to cure chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In our previous investigation, it was found that FoxO4 could inhibit HBV core promoter activity through downregulating the expression of HNF4α. However, the exact mechanisms whereby FoxO4 inhibits HBV replication, especially its effect on cccDNA, remain unclear. Here, our data further revealed that FoxO4 could effectively inhibit cccDNA mediated transcription and HBV replication without affecting cccDNA level. Mechanistic study showed that FoxO4 could cause epigenetic suppression of cccDNA. Although FoxO4-mediated downregulation of HNF4α contributed to inhibiting HBV core promoter activity, it had little effect on cccDNA epigenetic regulation. Further, it was found that FoxO4 could colocalize within promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies and interact with PML. Of note, PML was revealed to be critical for FoxO4-mediated inhibition of cccDNA epigenetic modification and of the following cccDNA transcription and HBV replication. Furthermore, FoxO4 was found to be downregulated in HBV-infected hepatocytes and human liver tissues, and it was negatively correlated with cccDNA transcriptional activity in CHB patients. Together, these findings highlight the role of FoxO4 in suppressing cccDNA transcription and HBV replication via genetic downregulation of HNF4α and epigenetic suppression of cccDNA through interacting with PML. Targeting FoxO4 may present as a new therapeutic strategy against chronic HBV infection. IMPORTANCE HBV cccDNA is a determining factor for viral persistence and the main obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. Strategies that target cccDNA directly are therefore of great importance in controlling persistent HBV infection. In present investigation, we found that FoxO4 could efficiently suppress cccDNA transcription and HBV replication without affecting the level of cccDNA itself. Further, our data revealed that FoxO4 might inhibit cccDNA function via a two-part mechanism: one is to epigenetically suppress cccDNA transcription via interacting with PML, and the other is to inhibit HBV core promoter activity via the genetic downregulation of HNF4α. Of note, HBV might dampen the expression of FoxO4 for its own persistent infection. We propose that manipulation of FoxO4 may present as a potential therapeutic strategy against chronic HBV infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Interindividual variability in transgene mRNA and protein production following adeno-associated virus gene therapy for hemophilia A. Nat Med 2022; 28:789-797. [PMID: 35411075 PMCID: PMC9018415 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Factor VIII gene transfer with a single intravenous infusion of valoctocogene roxaparvovec (AAV5-hFVIII-SQ) has demonstrated clinical benefits lasting 5 years to date in people with severe hemophilia A. Molecular mechanisms underlying sustained AAV5-hFVIII-SQ-derived FVIII expression have not been studied in humans. In a substudy of the phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT02576795), liver biopsy samples were collected 2.6–4.1 years after gene transfer from five participants. Primary objectives were to examine effects on liver histopathology, determine the transduction pattern and percentage of hepatocytes transduced with AAV5-hFVIII-SQ genomes, characterize and quantify episomal forms of vector DNA and quantify transgene expression (hFVIII-SQ RNA and hFVIII-SQ protein). Histopathology revealed no dysplasia, architectural distortion, fibrosis or chronic inflammation, and no endoplasmic reticulum stress was detected in hepatocytes expressing hFVIII-SQ protein. Hepatocytes stained positive for vector genomes, showing a trend for more cells transduced with higher doses. Molecular analysis demonstrated the presence of full-length, inverted terminal repeat-fused, circular episomal genomes, which are associated with long-term expression. Interindividual differences in transgene expression were noted despite similar successful transduction, possibly influenced by host-mediated post-transduction mechanisms of vector transcription, hFVIII-SQ protein translation and secretion. Overall, these results demonstrate persistent episomal vector structures following AAV5-hFVIII-SQ administration and begin to elucidate potential mechanisms mediating interindividual variability. The analysis of liver biopsy samples after AAV gene therapy for hemophilia A reveals normal histology and long-term persistence of the episomal vector, and identifies potential factors contributing to interindividual variability of transgene expression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar R, Haider S. Protein network analysis to prioritize key genes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 12:25-44. [PMID: 34918006 PMCID: PMC8669318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease, progressive nature characterizes by loss of both upper and lower motor neuron functions. One of the major challenge is to understand the mechanism of ALS multifactorial nature. We aimed to explore some key genes related to ALS through bioinformatics methods for its therapeutic intervention. Here, we applied a systems biology approach involving experimentally validated 148 ALS-associated proteins and construct ALS protein-protein interaction network (ALS-PPIN). The network was further statistically analysed and identified bottleneck-hubs. The network is also subjected to identify modules which could have similar functions. The interaction between the modules and bottleneck-hubs provides the functional regulatory role of the ALS mechanism. The ALS-PPIN demonstrated a hierarchical scale-free nature. We identified 17 bottleneck-hubs, in which CDC5L, SNW1, TP53, SOD1, and VCP were the high degree nodes (hubs) in ALS-PPIN. CDC5L was found to control highly cluster modules and play a vital role in the stability of the overall network followed by SNW1, TP53, SOD1, and VCP. HSPA5 and HSPA8 acting as a common connector for CDC5L and TP53 bottleneck-hubs. The functional and disease association analysis showed ALS has a strong correlation with mRNA processing, protein deubiquitination, and neoplasms, nervous system, immune system disease classes. In the future, biochemical investigation of the observed bottleneck-hubs and their interacting partners could provide a further understanding of their role in the pathophysiology of ALS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis protein-protein interaction network (ALS-PPIN) followed a hierarchical scale-free nature. We identified 17 bottleneck-hubs in the ALS-PPIN. Among bottleneck-hubs we found CDC5L, SNW1, TP53, SOD1, and VCP were the high degree nodes (hubs) in the ALS-PPIN. CDC5L is the effective communicator with all five modules in the ALS-PPIN and followed by SNW1 and TP53. Modules are highly associated with various disease classes like neoplasms, nervous systems and others.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALS
- ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- ALS-PPIN
- ALS-PPIN, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Protein-Protein Interaction Network
- ALSoD, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis online database
- BC, Betweenness centrality
- Bn-H, Bottleneck-hub
- Bottleneck-hubs
- CDC5L
- CDC5L, Cell division cycle5-likeprotein
- FUS, Fused in sarcoma
- MCODE, Molecular Complex Detection
- MND, Motor neuron disease
- SMA, Spinal muscular atrophy
- SMN, Survival of motor neuron
- SNW1
- SNW1, SNW domain-containing protein 1
- SOD1
- SOD1, Superoxide dismutase
- TP53
- TP53, Tumor protein p53
- VCP
- VCP, Valosin containing protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Sec-62, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Sec-62, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Zhao R, Wu T, Wang D, Wang B, Pan S, Hu X, Pan Z, Cui H. An Endogenous Retroviral LTR-Derived Long Noncoding RNA lnc-LTR5B Interacts With BiP to Modulate ALV-J Replication in Chicken Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:788317. [PMID: 34912323 PMCID: PMC8667585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.788317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) impairs host genes and facilitates the establishment of chronic infection and the viral life cycle. However, the involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ALV-J infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel chicken lncRNA derived from LTR5B of the ERV-L family (namely lnc-LTR5B), which is significantly downregulated in ALV-J infected cells. lnc-LTR5B was localized in the cytoplasm and was relatively high expressed in the chicken lung and liver. Notably, the replication of ALV-J was inhibited by the overexpression of lnc-LTR5B but enhanced when lnc-LTR5B expression was knocked down. We further confirmed that lnc-LTR5B could bind to the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. Mechanistically, lnc-LTR5B serves as a competing endogenous RNA for BiP, restricting its physical availability. Upon ALV-J infection, the reduction of lnc-LTR5B released BiP, which facilitated its translocation to the cell surface. This is crucial for ALV-J entry as well as pro-survival signaling. In conclusion, we identified an endogenous retroviral LTR-activated lnc-LTR5B that is involved in regulating the cell surface translocation of BiP, and such regulatory machinery can be exploited by ALV-J to complete its life cycle and propagate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Chen
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Zhao
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Pan
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Hu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hengmi Cui
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics and College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Multiple regulatory roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112005. [PMID: 34426262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a basic cellular stress response that maintains cellular protein homeostasis under endogenous or exogenous stimuli, which depends on the stimulus, its intensity, and action time. The ER produces a corresponding cascade reaction for crosstalk of adaptive and/or pro-death regulation with other organelles. Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Viral hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and steatohepatitis are closely related to the occurrence and development of HCC, and ER stress has gradually been shown to be a major mechanism. Moreover, an increasing need for protein and lipid products and relative deficiencies of oxygen and nutrients for rapid proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are undoubtedly involved. Therefore, to fully and comprehensively understand the regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the occurrence and progression of HCC is of vital importance to explore its pathogenesis and develop novel anti-cancer strategies. METHODOLOGY We searched for relevant publications in the PubMed databases using the keywords "Endoplasmic reticulum stress", "hepatocellular carcinoma" in last five years,and present an overview of the current knowledge that links ER stress and HCC, which includes carcinogenesis, progression, and anti-cancer strategies, and propose directions of future research. RESULT ER stress were confirmed to be multiple regulators or effectors of cancer, which also be confirmed to drive tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Targeting ER stress signaling pathway and related molecules could play a critical role for anti-HCC and has become a research hotspot for anti-cancer in recent years. CONCLUSION ER stress are critical for the processes of the tumorigenesis and progression of tumors. For HCC, ER stress was associated with tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance, targeting ER stress has emerged as a potential anti-tumor strategy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shahriari Felordi M, Memarnejadian A, Najimi M, Vosough M. Is There any Alternative Receptor for SARS-CoV-2? CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:247-250. [PMID: 34096226 PMCID: PMC8181318 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) in association with type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) is
considered the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2. However, considering the clinical complications of COVID-19 in different
organs, there is no strong association between the abundance of ACE2/TMPRSS2 co-expression and clinical features
of the disease and the severity of complications. Since SARS-CoV-2 affects certain organs that lack or have low
expression of ACE2/TMPRSS2, it may be possible that the virus employs other receptors for colonization and entry.
Based on recent studies, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) can be a potential alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2
entry. In this letter, supporting evidence proposed GRP78 as an alternative receptor in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Shahriari Felordi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hepatocyte steatosis inhibits hepatitis B virus secretion via induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:2481-2491. [PMID: 33983562 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hepatocyte steatosis on hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication and HBV-related antigen secretion are incompletely understood. The aims of this study are to explore the effects and mechanism of hepatocyte steatosis on HBV replication and secretion. Stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid (OA) were used to induce HepG2.2.15 cell steatosis in this study. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (p-PERK), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) were detected by Western blotting (WB). HBV DNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg in the supernatant were determined by real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular HBV DNA, HBsAg level, and HBV RNA were measured by real-time fluorescent PCR, WB, and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, respectively. The results showed that SA and OA significantly increased intracellular lipid droplets and triglyceride levels. SA and OA significantly induced GRP78, p-PERK, and p-eIF2α expressions from 24 to 72 h. 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) alleviated ER stress induced by SA. SA promoted intracellular HBsAg and HBV DNA accumulation; however, it inhibited the transcript of HBV 3.5 kb mRNA and S mRNA. The secretion of HBsAg and HBV DNA inhibited by SA or OA could be partially restored by pretreatment with PBA but not by inhibiting GRP78 expression with siRNA. Hepatocyte steatosis inhibits HBsAg and HBV DNA secretion via induction of ER stress in hepatocytes, but not via induction of GRP78.
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu J, Wei C, He J, Zhang L, Zhou J, Balaji KS, Shen S, Peng J, Sharma A, Fu J. Evaluation and characterization of HSPA5 (GRP78) expression profiles in normal individuals and cancer patients with COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:897-910. [PMID: 33767597 PMCID: PMC7975696 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.54055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HSPA5 (BiP, GRP78) has been reported as a potential host-cell receptor for SARS-Cov-2, but its expression profiles on different tissues including tumors, its susceptibility to SARS-Cov-2 virus and severity of its adverse effects on malignant patients are unclear. In the current study, HSPA5 has been found to be expressed ubiquitously in normal tissues and significantly increased in 14 of 31 types of cancer tissues. In lung cancer, mRNA levels of HSPA5 were 253-fold increase than that of ACE2. Meanwhile, in both malignant tumors and matched normal samples across almost all cancer types, mRNA levels of HSPA5 were much higher than those of ACE2. Higher expression of HSPA5 significantly decreased patient overall survival (OS) in 7 types of cancers. Moreover, systematic analyses found that 7.15% of 5,068 COVID-19 cases have malignant cancer coincidental situations, and the rate of severe events of COVID-19 patients with cancers present a higher trend than that for all COVID-19 patients, showing a significant difference (33.33% vs 16.09%, p<0.01). Collectively, these data imply that the tissues with high HSPA5 expression, not low ACE2 expression, are susceptible to be invaded by SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, this study not only indicates the clinical significance of HSPA5 in COVID-19 disease and cancers, but also provides potential clues for further medical treatments and managements of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Shiyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangzhou Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Amrish Sharma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Junjiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen H, Mu M, Liu Q, Hu H, Tian C, Zhang G, Li Y, Yang F, Lin S. Hepatocyte Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Secretion and Delays Intracellular Hepatitis B Virus Clearance After Entecavir Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:589040. [PMID: 33614671 PMCID: PMC7890007 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.589040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and the antiviral effect of entecavir (ETV). Methods: Thapsigargin (TG) and stearic acid (SA) were used to induce ER stress in HepG2.2.15 cells and HepAD38 cells that contained an integrated HBV genome, while ETV was used to inhibit HBV replication. The expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (p-eIF2α) were measured by western blotting. Intracellular HBV DNA was determined by qPCR; HBsAg by western blotting; HBV RNA by real-time RT-qPCR; HBsAg and HBeAg in supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and HBV DNA in supernatants by qPCR. Results: TG and SA induced ER stress in HepG2.2.15 cells and HepAD38 cells from 12 to 48 h post treatment. However, 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) partly alleviated the TG-induced ER stress. Moreover, TG inhibited HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA secretion from 12 to 48 h, while different concentrations of SA inhibited HBsAg and HBV DNA secretion at 48 h. TG promoted intracellular HBV DNA and HBsAg accumulation and the transcription of the HBV 3.5-kb mRNA and S mRNA. PBA treatment restored the secretion of HBsAg and HBV DNA. Finally, ER stress accelerated extracellular HBV DNA clearance but delayed intracellular HBV DNA clearance after ETV treatment. Conclusions: Hepatocyte ER stress promoted intracellular HBV DNA and HBsAg accumulation by inhibiting their secretion. Our study also suggested that hepatocyte ER stress delayed intracellular HBV DNA clearance after ETV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Maoyuan Mu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qichuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Han Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Caiyun Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangwan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shide Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|