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Lee SJ, Bong JH, Jung J, Sung JS, Kang MJ, Jose J, Pyun JC. Screening of biotin-binding F V-antibodies from autodisplayed F V-library on E. coli outer membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338627. [PMID: 34088371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate FV-antibodies with biotin-binding activity from a FV-antibody library that was successfully screened on the outer membrane of E. coli. The aims were achieved by (1) preparing a library of FV-antibodies on the outer membrane of E. coli using autodisplay technology, (2) screening the FV-antibodies with biotin-binding activity from the FV-antibody library, and (3) synthesizing peptides (molecular weight of several kDa) from the biotin-binding amino acid sequence of FV-antibodies. An FV-antibody library with a diversity of 1.7 × 105 clones was prepared on the outer membrane of E. coli, using a surface display method called autodisplay technology. For the screening of biotin-binding FV-antibodies, the fluorescence-labeled biotin was introduced into the library, and the target E. coli with biotin-binding activity were screened using flow cytometry. For the screened E. coli clones, the binding affinity (KD) of Fv-antibodies against biotin was calculated and the binding properties of the screened FV-antibody were analyzed through competition assay with a synthetic peptide having the biotin-like activity. From the FRET experiment with the synthetic peptide corresponding to the CDR3 region of the screened Fv-antibody, the biotin-binding activity of the screened FV-antibody was proved to be originated from the CDR3. Finally, the applicability of the biotin-binding domain was demonstrated through the co-expression with a protein called Z-domain with antibody binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hong Bong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Xiong H, Zhang X, Chen X, Liu Y, Duan J, Huang C. High expression of ISG20 predicts a poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:255-261. [PMID: 33896836 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most malignant hematopoietic system diseases. Interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20 (ISG20) is a protein induced by interferons or double-stranded RNA, which is associated with poor prognosis in several malignant tumors. However its expression in AML is unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of ISG20 in AML and its prognostic significance. METHODS The expression of ISG20 in AML patients was analyzed by GEPIA database, detected by qRT-PCR and their prognosis was followed-up. Chi-square test was used to identify the association between ISG20 expression and clinical characteristics of the patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to draw survival curves and Cox regression analysis to confirm the independent prognostic factors of AML patients. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that whether to receive treatment, karyotype, and ISG20 expression were related to overall survival time of AML patients (P< 0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that whether to receive treatment (HR = 0.248, 95% CI = 0.076-0.808, P= 0.021) and high expression of ISG20 (HR = 4.266, 95% CI = 1.118-16.285, P= 0.034) were independent unfavorable prognostic factors for AML patients. CONCLUSION The high expression of ISG20 acts as a poor prognosis indicator in AML patients.
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Gao M, Lin Y, Liu X, Li Y, Zhang C, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Guo Z. ISG20 promotes local tumor immunity and contributes to poor survival in human glioma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1534038. [PMID: 30713788 PMCID: PMC6343791 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1534038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has confirmed that a mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene occurs early in gliomagenesis and contributes to suppressed immunity. The present study aimed to determine the candidate genes associated with IDH mutation status that could serve as biomarkers of immune suppression for improved prognosis prediction. Clinical information and RNA-seq gene expression data were collected for 932 glioma samples from the CGGA and TCGA databases, and differentially expressed genes in both lower-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM) samples were identified according to IDH mutation status. Only one gene, interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20 (ISG20), with reduced expression in IDH mutant tumors, demonstrated significant prognostic value. ISG20 expression level significantly increased with increasing tumor grade, and its high expression was associated with a poor clinical outcome. Moreover, increased ISG20 expression was associated with increased infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils, and suppressed adaptive immune response. ISG20 expression was also positively correlated with PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 expression, along with the levels of several chemokines. We conclude that ISG20 is a useful biomarker to identify IDH-mediated immune processes in glioma and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zongze Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Gu H, Zheng Y. Role of ND10 nuclear bodies in the chromatin repression of HSV-1. Virol J 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 27048561 PMCID: PMC4822283 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neurotropic virus that establishes lifelong latent infection in human ganglion sensory neurons. This unique life cycle necessitates an intimate relation between the host defenses and virus counteractions over the long course of infection. Two important aspects of host anti-viral defense, nuclear substructure restriction and epigenetic chromatin regulation, have been intensively studied in the recent years. Upon viral DNA entering the nucleus, components of discrete nuclear bodies termed nuclear domain 10 (ND10), converge at viral DNA and place restrictions on viral gene expression. Meanwhile the infected cell mobilizes its histones and histone-associated repressors to force the viral DNA into nucleosome-like structures and also represses viral transcription. Both anti-viral strategies are negated by various HSV countermeasures. One HSV gene transactivator, infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), is a key player in antagonizing both the ND10 restriction and chromatin repression. On one hand, ICP0 uses its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to target major ND10 components for proteasome-dependent degradation and thereafter disrupts the ND10 nuclear bodies. On the other hand, ICP0 participates in de-repressing the HSV chromatin by changing histone composition or modification and therefore activates viral transcription. Involvement of a single viral protein in two seemingly different pathways suggests that there is coordination in host anti-viral defense mechanisms and also cooperation in viral counteraction strategies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of chromatin regulation and ND10 dynamics in both lytic and latent HSV infection. We focus on the new observations showing that ND10 nuclear bodies play a critical role in cellular chromatin regulation. We intend to find the connections between the two major anti-viral defense pathways, chromatin remodeling and ND10 structure, in order to achieve a better understanding of how host orchestrates a concerted defense and how HSV adapts with and overcomes the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Gu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4117 Biological Science Building, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4117 Biological Science Building, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Ahmadzadeh A, Khodadi E, Shahjahani M, Bertacchini J, Vosoughi T, Saki N. The Role of HDACs as Leukemia Therapy Targets using HDI. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2015; 9:203-14. [PMID: 26865932 PMCID: PMC4748691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the enzymes causing deacetylation of histone and non-histone substrates. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are a family of drugs eliminating the effect of HDACs in malignant cells via inhibition of HDACs. Due to extensive effects upon gene expression through interference with fusion genes and transcription factors, HDACs cause proliferation and migration of malignant cells, inhibiting apoptosis in these cells via tumor suppressor genes. Over expression evaluation of HDACs in leukemias may be a new approach for diagnosis of leukemia, which can present new targets for leukemia therapy. HDIs inhibit HDACs, increase acetylation in histones, cause up- or down regulation in some genes and result in differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in malignant cells via cytotoxic effects. Progress in identification of new HDIs capable of tracking several targets in the cell can result in novel achievements in treatment and increase survival in patients. In this review, we examine the role of HDACs as therapeutic targets in various types of leukemia as well as the role of HDIs in inhibition of HDACs for treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elahe Khodadi
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tina Vosoughi
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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6
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Myosin VI regulates gene pairing and transcriptional pause release in T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1587-93. [PMID: 25770220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502461112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4 T cells differentiate into several effector lineages, which generate a stronger and more rapid response to previously encountered immunological challenges. Although effector function is a key feature of adaptive immunity, the molecular basis of this process is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal regulation of cytokine gene expression in resting and restimulated effector T helper 1 (Th1) cells. We found that the Lymphotoxin (LT)/TNF alleles, which encode TNF-α, were closely juxtaposed shortly after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, when transcription factors are limiting. Allelic pairing required a nuclear myosin, myosin VI, which is rapidly recruited to the LT/TNF locus upon restimulation. Furthermore, transcription was paused at the TNF locus and other related genes in resting Th1 cells and released in a myosin VI-dependent manner following activation. We propose that homologous pairing and myosin VI-mediated transcriptional pause release account for the rapid and efficient expression of genes induced by an external stimulus.
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7
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Nyamandi VZ, Johnsen VL, Hughey CC, Hittel DS, Khan A, Newell C, Shearer J. Enhanced stem cell engraftment and modulation of hepatic reactive oxygen species production in diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:721-9. [PMID: 23894091 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of dietary-induced obesity (DIO) on stem cell engraftment and the respective therapeutic potential of stem cell engraftment in DIO have not been reported. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of DIO on the survival and efficacy of intravenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration in the conscious C57BL/6 mouse. METHODS Male mice consumed either a chow (CH) or high fat (HF, 60% kcal) diet for 18 weeks and were subsequently treated with MSC over a 6-day period. Key measurements included tissue-specific cell engraftment, glucose and insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. RESULTS MSC administration had no effect on inflammatory markers, glucose, or insulin sensitivity. DIO mice showed increases in MSC engraftment in multiple tissues compared with their CH counterparts. Engraftment was increased in the HF liver where MSC administration attenuated DIO-induced oxidative stress. These liver-specific alterations in HF-MSC were associated with increases in stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which contribute to cell survival and modulate mitochondrial bioenergetics. CONCLUSION Results suggest that MSC administration in DIO promotes engraftment and mitigates hepatic oxidative stress. These data invite further exploration into the therapeutic potential of stem cells for the treatment of DIO oxidative stress in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai Z Nyamandi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Singh S, Pradhan AK, Chakraborty S. SUMO1 negatively regulates the transcriptional activity of EVI1 and significantly increases its co-localization with EVI1 after treatment with arsenic trioxide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2357-68. [PMID: 23770046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the proto-oncogene EVI1 (ecotropic virus integration site1) has been implicated not only in myeloid or lymphoid malignancies but also in colon, ovarian and breast cancers. Despite its importance in oncogenesis, the regulatory factors and mechanisms that potentiate the function of EVI1 and its consequences are partially known. Here we demonstrated that EVI1 is post-translationally modified by SUMO1 at lysine residues 533, 698 and 874. Although both EVI1 and SUMO1 were found to co-localize in nuclear speckles, the sumoylation mutant of EVI1 failed to co-localize with SUMO1. Sumoylation abrogated the DNA binding efficiency of EVI1 and also affected EVI1 mediated transactivation. The SUMO ligase PIASy was found to play a bi-directional role on EVI1, PIASy enhanced EVI1 sumoylation and augmented sumoylated EVI1 mediated repression. PIASy was also found to interact with EVI1 and impaired EVI1 transcriptional activity independent of its ligase activity. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) known to act as an antileukemic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) not only enhanced EVI1 sumoylation but also enhanced the co-localization of EVI1 and SUMO1 in nuclear bodies distinct from PML nuclear bodies. ATO treatment also affected the Bcl-xL protein expression in EVI1 positive cell line. Thus, the results showed that arsenic treatment enhanced EVI1 sumoylation, deregulated Bcl-xL, which eventually may induce apoptosis in EVI1 positive cancer cells. The study for the first time explores and reports sumoylation of EVI1, which plays an essential role in regulating its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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9
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Ching RW, Ahmed K, Boutros PC, Penn LZ, Bazett-Jones DP. Identifying gene locus associations with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies using immuno-TRAP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:325-35. [PMID: 23589495 PMCID: PMC3628506 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Important insights into nuclear function would arise if gene loci physically interacting with particular subnuclear domains could be readily identified. Immunofluorescence microscopy combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (immuno-FISH), the method that would typically be used in such a study, is limited by spatial resolution and requires prior assumptions for selecting genes to probe. Our new technique, immuno-TRAP, overcomes these limitations. Using promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) as a model, we used immuno-TRAP to determine if specific genes localize within molecular dimensions with these bodies. Although we confirmed a TP53 gene-PML NB association, immuno-TRAP allowed us to uncover novel locus-PML NB associations, including the ABCA7 and TFF1 loci and, most surprisingly, the PML locus itself. These associations were cell type specific and reflected the cell's physiological state. Combined with microarrays or deep sequencing, immuno-TRAP provides powerful opportunities for identifying gene locus associations with potentially any nuclear subcompartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan W Ching
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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10
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Pan WW, Zhou JJ, Liu XM, Xu Y, Guo LJ, Yu C, Shi QH, Fan HY. Death domain-associated protein DAXX promotes ovarian cancer development and chemoresistance. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13620-30. [PMID: 23539629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.446369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of DAXX in ovarian cancer development and metastasis has not been investigated before now. RESULTS Overexpression of DAXX enhanced ovarian cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration, whereas Daxx depletion had the opposite effects. CONCLUSION DAXX promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance. SIGNIFICANCE ModulatingDAXXmay be an effective strategy for preventing the recurrence and chemoresistance of ovarian cancers. Understanding the genes involved in apoptosis and DNA damage responses may improve therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer. The death domain-associated protein DAXX can be either a pro-apoptotic or an anti-apoptotic factor, depending on the cell type and context. In this study, we found that DAXX was highly expressed in human ovarian surface epithelial tumors but not in granulosa cell tumors. In cultured ovarian cancer cells, DAXX interacted with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and localized to subnuclear domains (so-called PML nuclear bodies). A role for DAXX in ovarian cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and radio/chemoresistance was examined. Overexpression of DAXX enhanced multiple ovarian cancer cell lines' proliferation, colony formation, and migration, whereas Daxx depletion by RNA interference had the opposite effects. When transplanted into nude mice, ovarian cancer cells that overexpressed DAXX displayed enhanced tumorigenesis capability in vivo, whereas Daxx depletion inhibited tumor development. Importantly, Daxx induced tumorigenic transformation of normal ovarian surface epithelial cells. Daxx also protected ovarian cancer cells against x-irradiation- and chemotherapy-induced DNA damage by interacting with PML. Taken together, our results suggest that DAXX is a novel ovarian cancer oncogene that promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Thus, modulating DAXX-PML nuclear body activity may be an effective strategy for preventing the recurrence and chemoresistance of ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Pan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Xue YY, Wang R, Yue YB, Xue JL, Chen JZ. Role and fate of SP100 protein in response to Rep-dependent nonviral integration system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1141-7. [PMID: 22419217 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we studied an AAVS1 site-specific non-viral integration system with a Rep-donor plasmid and a plasmid containing adeno-associated virus integration element. Our earlier study focused on the plasmid vector itself, but the cellular response to the system was still unknown. SP100 is a member of the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. It is involved in many cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation and the cellular intrinsic immune response against viral infection. In this study, we revealed that SP100 inhibited the Rep-dependent nonviral integration. Conversely, transient expression of Rep78 increased the degradation of SP100. This degradation was inhibited by treatment with MG132, an inhibitor of the ubiquitin proteasome. SP100 and Rep78 are both located in the nucleolus, which provides the spatial possibility for their interaction. Rep78 was coimmunoprecipitated with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-SP100 fusion protein but not EGFP, which verified the interaction between Rep78 and SP100. These results have enriched our knowledge about the cellular protein SP100 and Rep-dependent nonviral integration. It may lead to an improvement in the application of Rep-related transgene integration method and in the selection of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bauer DC, Willadsen K, Buske FA, Lê Cao KA, Bailey TL, Dellaire G, Bodén M. Sorting the nuclear proteome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:i7-14. [PMID: 21685104 PMCID: PMC3117375 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motivation: Quantitative experimental analyses of the nuclear interior reveal a morphologically structured yet dynamic mix of membraneless compartments. Major nuclear events depend on the functional integrity and timely assembly of these intra-nuclear compartments. Yet, unknown drivers of protein mobility ensure that they are in the right place at the time when they are needed. Results: This study investigates determinants of associations between eight intra-nuclear compartments and their proteins in heterogeneous genome-wide data. We develop a model based on a range of candidate determinants, capable of mapping the intra-nuclear organization of proteins. The model integrates protein interactions, protein domains, post-translational modification sites and protein sequence data. The predictions of our model are accurate with a mean AUC (over all compartments) of 0.71. We present a complete map of the association of 3567 mouse nuclear proteins with intra-nuclear compartments. Each decision is explained in terms of essential interactions and domains, and qualified with a false discovery assessment. Using this resource, we uncover the collective role of transcription factors in each of the compartments. We create diagrams illustrating the outcomes of a Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Associated with an extensive range of transcription factors, the analysis suggests that PML bodies coordinate regulatory immune responses. Contact:m.boden@uq.edu.au Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis C Bauer
- Queensland Brain Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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13
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Physical and functional interaction between PML and TBX2 in the establishment of cellular senescence. EMBO J 2011; 31:95-109. [PMID: 22002537 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence acts as a potent barrier for tumour initiation and progression. Previous studies showed that the PML tumour suppressor promotes senescence, although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Combining gene expression profiling with chromatin-binding analyses and promoter reporter studies, we identify TBX2, a T-box transcription factor frequently overexpressed in cancer, as a novel and direct PML-repressible E2F-target gene in senescence but not quiescence. Recruitment of PML to the TBX2 promoter is dependent on a functional p130/E2F4 repressor complex ultimately implementing a transcriptionally inactive chromatin environment at the TBX2 promoter. TBX2 repression actively contributes to senescence induction as cells depleted for TBX2 trigger PML pro-senescence function(s) and enter senescence. Reciprocally, elevated TBX2 levels antagonize PML pro-senescence function through direct protein-protein interaction. Collectively, our findings indicate that PML and TBX2 act in an autoregulatory loop to control the effective execution of the senescence program.
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Sides MD, Block GJ, Chadwick RW, Shan B, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Epstein - Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 suppresses reporter activity through modulation of promyelocytic leukemia protein-nuclear bodies. Virol J 2011; 8:461. [PMID: 21975125 PMCID: PMC3204298 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) has been shown to increase the expression of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and the immunofluorescent intensity of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs). PML NBs have been implicated in the modulation of transcription and the association of reporter plasmids with PML NBs has been implicated in repression of reporter activity. Additionally, repression of various reporters in the presence of LMP1 has been noted. This study demonstrates that LMP1 suppresses expression of reporter activity in a dose responsive manner and corresponds with the LMP1 induced increase in PML NB intensity. Disruption of PML NBs with arsenic trioxide or a PML siRNA restores reporter activity. These data offer an explanation for previously conflicting data on LMP1 signaling and calls attention to the possibility of false-positives and false-negatives when using reporter assays as a research tool in cells expressing LMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sides
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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15
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Sides MD, Block GJ, Shan B, Esteves KC, Lin Z, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Arsenic mediated disruption of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies induces ganciclovir susceptibility in Epstein-Barr positive epithelial cells. Virology 2011; 416:86-97. [PMID: 21605886 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs) have been implicated in host immune response to viral infection. PML NBs are targeted for degradation during reactivation of herpes viruses, suggesting that disruption of PML NB function supports this aspect of the viral life cycle. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) has been shown to suppress EBV reactivation. Our finding that LMP1 induces PML NB immunofluorescence intensity led to the hypothesis that LMP1 may modulate PML NBs as a means of maintaining EBV latency. Increased PML protein and morphometric changes in PML NBs were observed in EBV infected alveolar epithelial cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Treatment with low dose arsenic trioxide disrupted PML NBs, induced expression of EBV lytic proteins, and conferred ganciclovir susceptibility. This study introduces an effective modality to induce susceptibility to ganciclovir in epithelial cells with implications for the treatment of EBV associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Sides
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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16
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Cuchet D, Sykes A, Nicolas A, Orr A, Murray J, Sirma H, Heeren J, Bartelt A, Everett RD. PML isoforms I and II participate in PML-dependent restriction of HSV-1 replication. J Cell Sci 2010; 124:280-91. [PMID: 21172801 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.075390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic antiviral resistance mediated by constitutively expressed cellular proteins is one arm of defence against virus infection. Promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs, also known as ND10) contribute to host restriction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication via mechanisms that are counteracted by viral regulatory protein ICP0. ND10 assembly is dependent on PML, which comprises several different isoforms, and depletion of all PML isoforms decreases cellular resistance to ICP0-null mutant HSV-1. We report that individual expression of PML isoforms I and II partially reverses the increase in ICP0-null mutant HSV-1 plaque formation that occurs in PML-depleted cells. This activity of PML isoform I is dependent on SUMO modification, its SUMO interaction motif (SIM), and each element of its TRIM domain. Detailed analysis revealed that the punctate foci formed by individual PML isoforms differ subtly from normal ND10 in terms of composition and/or Sp100 modification. Surprisingly, deletion of the SIM motif from PML isoform I resulted in increased colocalisation with other major ND10 components in cells lacking endogenous PML. Our observations suggest that complete functionality of PML is dependent on isoform-specific C-terminal sequences acting in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Cuchet
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, UK
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17
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Junk DNA enhances pEI-based non-viral gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Role of herpes simplex virus ICP0 in the transactivation of genes introduced by infection or transfection: a reappraisal. J Virol 2010; 84:4222-8. [PMID: 20164233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02585-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ICP0, a promiscuous transactivator that enhances the expression of genes introduced by infection or transfection, functions in both nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear functions include degradation and dispersal of ND10 bodies and suppression of silencing of viral DNA. Subsequently, ICP0 shifts to the cytoplasm. Transfection of DNA prior to infection has no effect on the localization of ICP0 in cells that are efficient expressers of transgenes (e.g., Vero and HEK293) but results in delayed cytoplasmic localization of ICP0 in cells (e.g., HEp-2 and HEL) that are poor transgene expressers. Here, we examined by real-time PCR (qPCR) the accumulation of a transgene and of viral gI mRNAs in Vero or HEp-2 cells that were transfected and then infected with wild-type or DeltaICP0 mutant viruses. The accumulation of transgene mRNA was unaffected by a DeltaICP0 mutant, gradually increased in HEp-2 cells, but increased and then decreased in Vero cells infected with wild-type virus. In both cell lines, accumulation of gI mRNA increased with time and was less affected by the transfected DNA in Vero cells than in HEp-2 cells. The relative kinetics of mRNA accumulation reflected continued synthesis and degradation of the transgene and gI mRNAs. We conclude that the role of ICP0 is to render the DNA templates introduced by transfection or infection accessible by transcriptional factors, that the two cell lines differ with respect to the transcription-ready status of entering foreign DNA in the nucleus, and that ICP0 is not per se the recruiter of transcriptional factors to the accessible DNA templates.
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19
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Block GJ, Ohkouchi S, Fung F, Frenkel J, Gregory C, Pochampally R, DiMattia G, Sullivan DE, Prockop DJ. Multipotent stromal cells are activated to reduce apoptosis in part by upregulation and secretion of stanniocalcin-1. Stem Cells 2009; 27:670-681. [PMID: 19267325 DOI: 10.1002/stem.20080742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to reduce apoptosis in injured cells by secretion of paracrine factors, but these factors were not fully defined. We observed that coculture of MSCs with previously UV-irradiated fibroblasts reduced apoptosis of the irradiated cells, but fresh MSC conditioned medium was unable reproduce the effect. Comparative microarray analysis of MSCs grown in the presence or absence of UV-irradiated fibroblasts demonstrated that the MSCs were activated by the apoptotic cells to increase synthesis and secretion of stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1), a peptide hormone that modulates mineral metabolism and has pleiotrophic effects that have not been fully characterized. We showed that STC-1 was required but not sufficient for reduction of apoptosis of UV-irradiated fibroblasts. In contrast, we demonstrated that MSC-derived STC-1 was both required and sufficient for reduction of apoptosis of lung cancer epithelial cells made apoptotic by incubation at low pH in hypoxia. Our data demonstrate that STC-1 mediates the antiapoptotic effects of MSCs in two distinct models of apoptosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Block
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Shinya Ohkouchi
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - France Fung
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Joshua Frenkel
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Carl Gregory
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Radhika Pochampally
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Gabriel DiMattia
- London Regional Cancer Program and the Dept. of Oncology, Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario
| | - Deborah E Sullivan
- Tulane University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans LA, 70112
| | - Darwin J Prockop
- Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112
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20
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Multipotent Stromal Cells Are Activated to Reduce Apoptosis in Part by Upregulation and Secretion of Stanniocalcin-1. Stem Cells 2009. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Induction of cellular stress overcomes the requirement of herpes simplex virus type 1 for immediate-early protein ICP0 and reactivates expression from quiescent viral genomes. J Virol 2008; 82:11775-83. [PMID: 18799580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01273-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutants impaired in the activities of the structural protein VP16 and the immediate-early (IE) proteins ICP0 and ICP4 establish a quiescent infection in human fibroblasts, with most cells retaining an inactive, repressed viral genome for sustained periods in culture. To date, the quiescent state has been considered stable, since it has been reversed only by provision of herpesviral proteins, such as ICP0, not by alteration of the cell physiological state. We report that the interaction of HSV-1 with human fibroblasts can be altered significantly by transient treatment of cultures with sodium arsenite, an inducer of heat shock and oxidative stress, or gramicidin D, a toxin that selectively permeabilizes cell membranes, prior to infection. These regimens stimulated gene expression from IE-deficient HSV-1 mutants in a promoter sequence-independent manner and also overcame the replication defect of ICP0-null mutants. Reactivation of gene expression from quiescent HSV-1 genomes and the resumption of virus replication were observed following addition of arsenite or gramicidin D to cultures. Both agents induced reorganization of nuclear domain 10 structures, the sites of quiescent genomes, but appeared to do so through different mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the physiological state of the cell is important in determining the outcome of infection with IE-deficient HSV-1 and show novel methods for reactivating quiescent HSV-1 in fibroblasts with a high efficiency.
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22
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Salomoni P, Ferguson BJ, Wyllie AH, Rich T. New insights into the role of PML in tumour suppression. Cell Res 2008; 18:622-40. [PMID: 18504460 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PML gene is involved in the t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), which generates the oncogenic fusion protein PML (promyelocytic leukaemia protein)-retinoic acid receptor alpha. The PML protein localises to a subnuclear structure called the PML nuclear domain (PML-ND), of which PML is the essential structural component. In APL, PML-NDs are disrupted, thus implicating these structures in the pathogenesis of this leukaemia. Unexpectedly, recent studies indicate that PML and the PML-ND play a tumour suppressive role in several different types of human neoplasms in addition to APL. Because of PML's extreme versatility and involvement in multiple cellular pathways, understanding the mechanisms underlying its function, and therefore role in tumour suppression, has been a challenging task. In this review, we attempt to critically appraise the more recent advances in this field and propose new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salomoni
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road Box 138, Leicester, LE 9HN, UK.
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23
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Gao C, Cheng X, Lam M, Liu Y, Liu Q, Chang KS, Kao HY. Signal-dependent regulation of transcription by histone deacetylase 7 involves recruitment to promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3020-7. [PMID: 18463162 PMCID: PMC2441690 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-11-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) are dynamic subnuclear compartments that play roles in several cellular processes, including apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 7 is a potent corepressor that inhibits transcription by myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factors. We show here that endogenous HDAC7 and PML interact and partially colocalize in PML NBs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha treatment recruits HDAC7 to PML NBs and enhances association of HDAC7 with PML in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Consequently, TNF-alpha promotes dissociation of HDAC7 from MEF2 transcription factors and the promoters of MEF2 target genes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-10, leading to accumulation of MMP-10 mRNA. Conversely, knockdown of PML enhances the association between HDAC7 and MEF2 and decreases MMP-10 mRNA accumulation. Accordingly, ectopic expression of PML recruits HDAC7 to PML NBs and leads to activation of MEF2 reporter activity. Notably, small interfering RNA knockdown of PML decreases basal and TNF-alpha-induced MMP-10 mRNA accumulation. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which PML sequesters HDAC7 to relieve repression and up-regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhuo Gao
- *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Xiwen Cheng
- *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Minh Lam
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Yu Liu
- *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Qing Liu
- *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Kun-Sang Chang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
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24
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Nuclear functions in space and time: Gene expression in a dynamic, constrained environment. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1960-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Nucleolar localization and dynamic roles of flap endonuclease 1 in ribosomal DNA replication and damage repair. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4310-9. [PMID: 18443037 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00200-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information available on the biochemical functions and our recent findings of its roles in genome stability and cancer avoidance of the structure-specific flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1), its cellular compartmentalization and dynamics corresponding to its involvement in various DNA metabolic pathways are not yet elucidated. Several years ago, we demonstrated that FEN1 migrates into the nucleus in response to DNA damage and under certain cell cycle conditions. In the current paper, we found that FEN1 is superaccumulated in the nucleolus and plays a role in the resolution of stalled DNA replication forks formed at the sites of natural replication fork barriers. In response to UV irradiation and upon phosphorylation, FEN1 migrates to nuclear plasma to participate in the resolution of UV cross-links on DNA, most likely employing its concerted action of exonuclease and gap-dependent endonuclease activities. Based on yeast complementation experiments, the mutation of Ser(187)Asp, mimicking constant phosphorylation, excludes FEN1 from nucleolar accumulation. The replacement of Ser(187) by Ala, eliminating the only phosphorylation site, retains FEN1 in nucleoli. Both of the mutations cause UV sensitivity, impair cellular UV damage repair capacity, and decline overall cellular survivorship.
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26
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Burris CA, de Silva S, Narrow WC, Casey AE, Lotta LT, Federoff HJ, Bowers WJ. Hexamethylene bisacetamide leads to reduced helper virus-free HSV-1 amplicon expression titers via suppression of ICP0. J Gene Med 2008; 10:152-64. [PMID: 18058952 PMCID: PMC2440655 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived amplicon vector has evolved into a promising gene transfer platform for widespread DNA delivery in gene replacement strategies and vaccine development given its ease of molecular manipulation, large transgene capacity, and transduction efficiencies of numerous cell types in vivo. The recent development of helper virus-free packaging methodologies bodes well for this vector system in its eventual implementation as a clinically viable therapeutic modality. For realization of clinical application, efforts have been made to enhance yields and quality of helper-free amplicon stocks. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), a hybrid polar compound that exhibits stimulatory activity of HSV-1 immediate-early gene expression, has been employed as a standard reagent in helper virus-free packaging given its purported mode of action on virus gene expression kinetics. Unexpectedly, we have found that HMBA exhibits no titer-enhancing activity; in contrast, the compound enhances the proportion of amplicon virions that are non-expressive. Omission of HMBA during vector packaging led to a marked reduction in the ratios of vector genome-transducing to transgene-expressing virions. This effect was neither packaging-cell-specific nor amplicon-promoter-dependent. Analysis of resultant vector stocks indicated amplicon genome replication/concatenation was unaffected, but the level of particle-associated ICP0 was reduced in stocks packaged in the presence of HMBA. Inclusion of a co-transfected, ICP0-expressing plasmid into the packaging process led to significant rescue of amplicon expression titers, indicating that regulation of ICP0 concentrations is critical for maintenance of the amplicon genome expressive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark A Burris
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Abstract
Our understanding of sub-nuclear organisation is largely based on fluorescence and electron microscopy methods. Conventional electron microscopy, which depends on heavy atom contrast agents, provides excellent contrast of condensed chromatin and some sub-nuclear structures such as the nucleolus. Unfortunately, other components, 10-nm chromatin fibres for example, do not contrast well. Electron spectroscopic imaging partially overcomes this limitation. In particular, phosphorus and nitrogen mapping provide sufficient contrast and resolution to visualise 10-nm chromatin fibres, while providing an opportunity to distinguish protein-based from nucleic acid-based supramolecular structures, such as the cores of nuclear bodies. Electron spectroscopic imaging, therefore, offers an approach to address many questions related to the functional organisation of the interior of the cell nucleus, which is illustrated in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Ahmed
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU, Ronkainen PHA, Ihalainen TO, Niskanen EA, Häkkinen M, Salminen M, Kulomaa MS, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ, Vihinen-Ranta M. Baculovirus-mediated immediate-early gene expression and nuclear reorganization in human cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:667-81. [PMID: 18042259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), has the ability to transduce mammalian cell lines without replication. The general objective of this study was to detect the transcription and expression of viral immediate-early genes in human cells and to examine the interactions between viral components and subnuclear structures. Viral capsids were seen in large, discrete foci in nuclei of both dividing and non-dividing human cells. Concurrently, the transcription of viral immediate-early transregulator genes (ie-1, ie-2) and translation of IE-2 protein were detected. Quantitative microscopy imaging and analysis showed that virus transduction altered the size of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies, which are suggested to be involved in replication and transcription of various viruses. Furthermore, altered distribution of the chromatin marker Draq5 and histone core protein (H2B) in transduced cells indicated that the virus was able to induce remodelling of the host cell chromatin. To conclude, this study shows that the non-replicative insect virus, baculovirus and its proteins can induce multiple changes in the cellular machinery of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna P Laakkonen
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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29
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Messaoudi L, Yang YG, Kinomura A, Stavreva DA, Yan G, Bortolin-Cavaillé ML, Arakawa H, Buerstedde JM, Hainaut P, Cavaillé J, Takata M, Van Dyck E. Subcellular distribution of human RDM1 protein isoforms and their nucleolar accumulation in response to heat shock and proteotoxic stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6571-87. [PMID: 17905820 PMCID: PMC2095821 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The RDM1 gene encodes a RNA recognition motif (RRM)-containing protein involved in the cellular response to the anti-cancer drug cisplatin in vertebrates. We previously reported a cDNA encoding the full-length human RDM1 protein. Here, we describe the identification of 11 human cDNAs encoding RDM1 protein isoforms. This repertoire is generated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing and differential usage of two translational start sites, resulting in proteins with long or short N-terminus and a great diversity in the exonic composition of their C-terminus. By using tagged proteins and fluorescent microscopy, we examined the subcellular distribution of full-length RDM1 (renamed RDM1alpha), and other RDM1 isoforms. We show that RDM1alpha undergoes subcellular redistribution and nucleolar accumulation in response to proteotoxic stress and mild heat shock. In unstressed cells, the long N-terminal isoforms displayed distinct subcellular distribution patterns, ranging from a predominantly cytoplasmic to almost exclusive nuclear localization, suggesting functional differences among the RDM1 proteins. However, all isoforms underwent stress-induced nucleolar accumulation. We identified nuclear and nucleolar localization determinants as well as domains conferring cytoplasmic retention to the RDM1 proteins. Finally, RDM1 null chicken DT40 cells displayed an increased sensitivity to heat shock, compared to wild-type (wt) cells, suggesting a function for RDM1 in the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Messaoudi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Aiko Kinomura
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Diana A. Stavreva
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Gonghong Yan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Line Bortolin-Cavaillé
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Buerstedde
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Jérome Cavaillé
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Minoru Takata
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France, Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan 734-8553, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, LBME-CNRS UMR 5099 - IFR 109, Université Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France and Institute for Molecular Radiobiology, GSF, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany
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Nakahara T, Lambert PF. Induction of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) oncogenic domains (PODs) by papillomavirus. Virology 2007; 366:316-29. [PMID: 17543368 PMCID: PMC2777652 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia oncogenic domains (PODs), also called nuclear domain 10 (ND10), are subnuclear structures that have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes as well as the life cycle of DNA viruses including papillomaviruses. In order to investigate the interplay between papillomaviruses and PODs, we analyzed the status of PODs in organotypic raft cultures of human keratinocytes harboring HPV genome that support the differentiation-dependent HPV life cycle. The number of PODs per nucleus was increased in the presence of HPV genomes selectively within the poorly differentiated layers but was absent in the terminally differentiated layers of the stratified epithelium. This increase in PODs was correlated with an increase in abundance of post-translationally modified PML protein. Neither the E2-dependent transcription nor viral DNA replication was reliant upon the presence of PML. Implications of these findings in terms of HPV's interaction with its host are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F Lambert
- corresponding author : Paul F Lambert, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Ave., Madison, WI53706, USA, tel. 608-262-8533, fax 608-2622824,
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