1
|
Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Rumack BH, Wallace DP, Jaeschke H. Lack of mitochondrial Cyp2E1 drives acetaminophen-induced ER stress-mediated apoptosis in mouse and human kidneys: Inhibition by 4-methylpyrazole but not N-acetylcysteine. Toxicology 2023; 500:153692. [PMID: 38042273 PMCID: PMC11097675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes liver injury and acute liver failure, as well as acute kidney injury, which is not prevented by the clinical antidote N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The absence of therapeutics targeting APAP-induced nephrotoxicity is due to gaps in understanding the mechanisms of renal injury. APAP metabolism through Cyp2E1 drives cell death in both the liver and kidney. We demonstrate that Cyp2E1 is localized to the proximal tubular cells in mouse and human kidneys. Virtually all the Cyp2E1 in kidney cells is in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), not in mitochondria. By contrast, hepatic Cyp2E1 is in both the ER and mitochondria of hepatocytes. Consistent with this subcellular localization, a dose of 600 mg/kg APAP in fasted C57BL/6J mice induced the formation of APAP protein adducts predominantly in mitochondria of hepatocytes, but the ER of the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. We found that reactive metabolite formation triggered ER stress-mediated activation of caspase-12 and apoptotic cell death in the kidney. While co-treatment with 4-methylpyrazole (4MP; fomepizole) or the caspase inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO prevented APAP-induced cleavage of procaspase-12 and apoptosis in the kidney, treatment with NAC had no effect. These mechanisms are clinically relevant because 4MP but not NAC also significantly attenuated APAP-induced apoptotic cell death in primary human kidney cells. We conclude that reactive metabolite formation by Cyp2E1 in the ER results in sustained ER stress that causes activation of procaspase-12, triggering apoptosis of proximal tubular cells, and that 4MP but not NAC may be an effective antidote against APAP-induced kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stahl-Meyer K, Bilgin M, Holland LKK, Stahl-Meyer J, Kirkegaard T, Petersen NHT, Maeda K, Jäättelä M. Galactosyl- and glucosylsphingosine induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death in cancer cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277058. [PMID: 36409725 PMCID: PMC9678304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isomeric lysosphingolipids, galactosylsphingosine (GalSph) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph), are present in only minute levels in healthy cells. Due to defects in their lysosomal hydrolysis, they accumulate at high levels and cause cytotoxicity in patients with Krabbe and Gaucher diseases, respectively. Here, we show that GalSph and GlcSph induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization, a hallmark of lysosome-dependent cell death, in human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and primary fibroblasts. Supporting lysosomal leakage as a causative event in lysosphingolipid-induced cytotoxicity, treatment of MCF7 cells with lysosome-stabilizing cholesterol prevented GalSph- and GlcSph-induced cell death almost completely. In line with this, fibroblasts from a patient with Niemann-Pick type C disease, which is caused by defective lysosomal cholesterol efflux, were significantly less sensitive to lysosphingolipid-induced lysosomal leakage and cell death. Prompted by the data showing that MCF7 cells with acquired resistance to lysosome-destabilizing cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) were partially resistant to the cell death induced by GalSph and GlcSph, we compared these cell death pathways with each other. Like CADs, GalSph and GlcSph activated the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling pathway, and cAMP-inducing forskolin sensitized cells to cell death induced by low concentrations of lysosphingolipids. Contrary to CADs, lysosphingolipid-induced cell death was independent of lysosomal Ca2+ efflux through P2X purinerigic receptor 4. These data reveal GalSph and GlcSph as lysosome-destabilizing lipids, whose putative use in cancer therapy should be further investigated. Furthermore, the data supports the development of lysosome stabilizing drugs for the treatment of Krabbe and Gaucher diseases and possibly other sphingolipidoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Orphazyme A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mesut Bilgin
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lya K. K. Holland
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MJ); (KM)
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MJ); (KM)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vroom MM, Troncoso-Garcia A, Duscher AA, Foster JS. Modeled microgravity alters apoptotic gene expression and caspase activity in the squid-vibrio symbiosis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:202. [PMID: 35982413 PMCID: PMC9389742 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spaceflight is a novel and profoundly stressful environment for life. One aspect of spaceflight, microgravity, has been shown to perturb animal physiology thereby posing numerous health risks, including dysregulation of normal developmental pathways. Microgravity can also negatively impact the interactions between animals and their microbiomes. However, the effects of microgravity on developmental processes influenced by beneficial microbes, such as apoptosis, remains poorly understood. Here, the binary mutualism between the bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, and the gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, was studied under modeled microgravity conditions to elucidate how this unique stressor alters apoptotic cell death induced by beneficial microbes. Results Analysis of the host genome and transcriptome revealed a complex network of apoptosis genes affiliated with extrinsic/receptor-mediated and intrinsic/stress-induced apoptosis. Expression of apoptosis genes under modeled microgravity conditions occurred earlier and at high levels compared to gravity controls, in particular the expression of genes encoding initiator and executioner caspases. Functional assays of these apoptotic proteases revealed heightened activity under modeled microgravity; however, these increases could be mitigated using caspase inhibitors. Conclusions The outcomes of this study indicated that modeled microgravity alters the expression of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis gene expression and that this process is mediated in part by caspases. Modeled microgravity-associated increases of caspase activity can be pharmacologically inhibited suggesting that perturbations to the normal apoptosis signaling cascade can be mitigated, which may have broader implications for maintaining animal-microbial homeostasis in spaceflight. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02614-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Vroom
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Science Lab, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, 32953, USA
| | - Angel Troncoso-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Science Lab, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, 32953, USA
| | - Alexandrea A Duscher
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Science Lab, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, 32953, USA
| | - Jamie S Foster
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Space Life Science Lab, University of Florida, Merritt Island, FL, 32953, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The AMPK-related kinase NUAK2 suppresses glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and promotes ferroptotic cell death in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:253. [PMID: 35523770 PMCID: PMC9076840 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a caspase-independent form of regulated cell death strongly linked to the accumulation of reactive lipid hydroperoxides. Lipid hydroperoxides are neutralized in cells by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and inhibitors of GPX4 are potent ferroptosis inducers with therapeutic potential in cancer. Here we report that siRNA-mediated silencing of the AMPK-related kinase NUAK2 suppresses cell death by small-molecule inducers of ferroptosis but not apoptosis. Mechanistically we find that NUAK2 suppresses the expression of GPX4 at the RNA level and enhances ferroptosis triggered by GPX4 inhibitors in a manner independent of its kinase activity. NUAK2 is amplified along with MDM4 in a subset of breast cancers, particularly the claudin-low subset, suggesting that this may predict vulnerability to GPX4 inhibitors. These findings identify a novel pathway regulating GPX4 expression as well as ferroptotic sensitivity with potential as a biomarker of breast cancer patients that might respond to GPX4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Alrumaihi F, Almatroodi SA, Alkurbi MO, Basfar GT, Rahmani AH, Khan AA. Novel Approaches of Dysregulating Lysosome Functions in Cancer Cells by Specific Drugs and Its Nanoformulations: A Smart Approach of Modern Therapeutics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5065-5098. [PMID: 34345172 PMCID: PMC8324981 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s321343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The smart strategy of cancer cells to bypass the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway has led to the discovery of novel anti-cancer approaches including the targeting of lysosomes. Recent discoveries observed that lysosomes perform far beyond just recycling of cellular waste, as these organelles are metabolically very active and mediate several signalling pathways to sense the cellular metabolic status. These organelles also play a significant role in mediating the immune system functions. Thus, direct or indirect lysosome-targeting with different drugs can be considered a novel therapeutic approach in different disease including cancer. Recently, some anticancer lysosomotropic drugs (eg, nortriptyline, siramesine, desipramine) and their nanoformulations have been engineered to specifically accumulate within these organelles. These drugs can enhance lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) or disrupt the activity of resident enzymes and protein complexes, like v-ATPase and mTORC1. Other anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, quinacrine, chloroquine and DQ661 have also been used which act through multi-target points. In addition, autophagy inhibitors, ferroptosis inducers and fluorescent probes have also been used as novel theranostic agents. Several lysosome-specific drug nanoformulations like mixed charge and peptide conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), Au-ZnO hybrid NPs, TPP-PEG-biotin NPs, octadecyl-rhodamine-B and cationic liposomes, etc. have been synthesized by diverse methods. These nanoformulations can target cathepsins, glucose-regulated protein 78, or other lysosome specific proteins in different cancers. The specific targeting of cancer cell lysosomes with drug nanoformulations is quite recent and faces tremendous challenges like toxicity concerns to normal tissues, which may be resolved in future research. The anticancer applications of these nanoformulations have led them up to various stages of clinical trials. Here in this review article, we present the recent updates about the lysosome ultrastructure, its cross-talk with other organelles, and the novel strategies of targeting this organelle in tumor cells as a recent innovative approach of cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad O Alkurbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaiyda Talal Basfar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khatamian N, Soltani M, Shadan B, Neamati A, Tabrizi MH, Hormozi B. Pinus morrisonicola needles essential oil nanoemulsions as a novel strong antioxidant and anticancer agent. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2021.1892760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozhgan Soltani
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shadan
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Neamati
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Bahareh Hormozi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hosseini ES, Nikkhah M, Hamidieh AA, Fearnhead HO, Concordet JP, Hosseinkhani S. The Lumiptosome, an engineered luminescent form of the apoptosome can report cell death by using the same Apaf-1 dependent pathway. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/10/jcs242636. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Detection of the apoptosis signature becomes central in understanding cell death modes. We present here a whole-cell biosensor that detects Apaf-1 association and apoptosome formation using a split-luciferase complementary assay. Fusion of N-terminal (Nluc) and C-terminal (Cluc)-fragments of firefly luciferase to the N-terminus of human Apaf-1 was performed in HEK293 cells by using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This resulted in a luminescent form of the apoptosome that we named ‘Lumiptosome’. During Apaf-1 gene editing, a high number of knock-in events were observed without selection, suggesting that the Apaf-1 locus is important for the integration of exogenous transgenes. Since activation of caspase-9 is directly dependent on the apoptosome formation, measured reconstitution of luciferase activity should result from the cooperative association of Nluc-Apaf-1 and Cluc-Apaf-1. Time-response measurements also confirmed that formation of the apoptosome occurs prior to activation of caspase-3. Additionally, overexpression of the Bcl2 apoptosis regulator in transgenic and normal HEK293 cells confirmed that formation of the Lumiptosome depends on release of cytochrome c. Thus, HEK293 cells that stably express the Lumiptosome can be utilized to screen pro- and anti-apoptotic drugs, and to examine Apaf-1-dependent cellular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, NUI, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Structure et Instabilité des Génomes - INSERM U1154 - CNRS 7196; Laboratoire de Biophysique, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75231, France
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell Therapy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Howard O. Fearnhead
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, NUI, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire Structure et Instabilité des Génomes - INSERM U1154 - CNRS 7196; Laboratoire de Biophysique, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75231, France
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Apoptosome-dependent myotube formation involves activation of caspase-3 in differentiating myoblasts. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32366831 PMCID: PMC7198528 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2, -9, and -3 are reported to control myoblast differentiation into myotubes. This had been previously explained by phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic myoblasts inducing differentiation in neighboring cells. Here we show for the first time that caspase-3 is activated in the myoblasts undergoing differentiation. Using RNAi, we also demonstrate that differentiation requires both cytochrome c and Apaf-1, and by using a new pharmacological approach, we show that apoptosome formation is required. We also show that Bid, whose cleavage links caspase-2 to the mitochondrial death pathway, was required for differentiation, and that the caspase cleavage product, tBid, was generated during differentiation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast differentiation requires caspase-2 activation of the mitochondrial death pathway, and that this occurs in the cells that differentiate. Our data also reveal a hierarchy of caspases in differentiation with caspase-2 upstream of apoptosome activation, and exerting a more profound control of differentiation, while caspases downstream of the apoptosome primarily control cell fusion.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ravindran R, Jaganathan R, Periandavan K. EGCG exerts its protective effect by mitigating the release of lysosomal enzymes in aged rat liver on exposure to high cholesterol diet. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:309-318. [PMID: 31926118 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to test the hypothesis whether the cholesterol loaded lysosomes are capable of mediating lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) during aging and to study the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in preserving the lysosomal membrane stability. Aged rats were fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) and treated with EGCG orally. Serum and tissue lipid status, cholesterol levels in lysosomal fraction, activities of lysosomal enzymes in lysosomal, and cytosolic fractions were measured. Transmission electron microscopic studies (TEM), oil red "O" (ORO) staining, and immunohistochemical analysis of oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) were carried out. Significant increase in serum, tissue lipid profile, and lysosomal cholesterol levels were observed in aged HCD-fed rats with a concomitant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. We also observed a significant increase in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes of aged HCD-fed rats by TEM, ORO, and immunohistochemical staining. Upon treatment with EGCG to aged HCD-fed animals, we found augmented levels of HDL with a concomitant decrease in lysosomal cholesterol levels and other lipoproteins. TEM studies and immunohistochemistry of OxLDL also showed a marked reduction in lipid deposition of hepatocytes. Thus, EGCG has preserved the lysosomal membrane stability in HCD stressed aged rats. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The research article is focused mainly on the effect of EGCG and its capability on mitigating the release of lysosomal enzymes in aged animals fed with HCD. The study signifies the cellular function of the organelle lysosome following administration of aged rats with HCD, which would make the readers to understand the action of EGCG and the interrelationship of both cholesterol and activity of lysosomes when cholesterol is loaded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravindran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, DR ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ravindran Jaganathan
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Kalaiselvi Periandavan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, DR ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Being originally discovered as cellular recycling bins, lysosomes are today recognized as versatile signaling organelles that control a wide range of cellular functions that are essential not only for the well-being of normal cells but also for malignant transformation and cancer progression. In addition to their core functions in waste disposal and recycling of macromolecules and energy, lysosomes serve as an indispensable support system for malignant phenotype by promoting cell growth, cytoprotective autophagy, drug resistance, pH homeostasis, invasion, metastasis, and genomic integrity. On the other hand, malignant transformation reduces the stability of lysosomal membranes rendering cancer cells sensitive to lysosome-dependent cell death. Notably, many clinically approved cationic amphiphilic drugs widely used for the treatment of other diseases accumulate in lysosomes, interfere with their cancer-promoting and cancer-supporting functions and destabilize their membranes thereby opening intriguing possibilities for cancer therapy. Here, we review the emerging evidence that supports the supplementation of current cancer therapies with lysosome-targeting cationic amphiphilic drugs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hsp70 interactions with membrane lipids regulate cellular functions in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:18-30. [PMID: 30710597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Beyond guarding the cellular proteome the major stress inducible heat shock protein Hsp70 has been shown to interact with lipids. Non-cytosolic Hsp70 stabilizes membranes during stress challenges and, in pathophysiological states, facilitates endocytosis, counteracts apoptotic mechanisms, sustains survival pathways or represents a signal that can be recognized by the immune system. Disease-coupled lipid-associated functions of Hsp70 may be targeted via distinct subcellular localizations of Hsp70 itself or its specific interacting lipids. With a special focus on interacting lipids, here we discuss localization-dependent roles of the membrane-bound Hsp70 in the context of its therapeutic potential, particularly in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ross JA, Dungen KV, Bressler KR, Fredriksen M, Khandige Sharma D, Balasingam N, Thakor N. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (eIF5B) provides a critical cell survival switch to glioblastoma cells via regulation of apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:57. [PMID: 30670698 PMCID: PMC6342974 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stress conditions attenuate global mRNA translation via modifications of key eukaryotic initiation factors. However, non-canonical translation initiation mechanisms allow cap-independent translation of certain mRNAs. We have previously demonstrated that eIF5B promotes cap-independent translation of the mRNA encoding the antiapoptotic factor, XIAP, during cellular stress. Here, we show that depletion of eIF5B sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a pathway involving caspases-8, −9, and −7, with no significant effect on cell cycle progression. eIF5B promotes evasion of apoptosis by promoting the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs, encoding the antiapoptotic proteins XIAP, Bcl-xL, cIAP1, and c-FLIPS. We also show that eIF5B promotes translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and suggest that reactive oxygen species contribute to increased apoptosis under conditions of eIF5B depletion. Finally, eIF5B depletion leads to decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that eIF5B represents a regulatory node, allowing cancer cells to evade apoptosis by promoting the translation of pro-survival proteins from IRES-containing mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Keiran Vanden Dungen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kamiko R Bressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Mikayla Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Divya Khandige Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nirujah Balasingam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience (CCBN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada. .,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fog CK, Zago P, Malini E, Solanko LM, Peruzzo P, Bornaes C, Magnoni R, Mehmedbasic A, Petersen NHT, Bembi B, Aerts JFMG, Dardis A, Kirkegaard T. The heat shock protein amplifier arimoclomol improves refolding, maturation and lysosomal activity of glucocerebrosidase. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:142-153. [PMID: 30497978 PMCID: PMC6306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher Disease is caused by mutations of the GBA gene which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid beta-glucosidase (GCase). GBA mutations commonly affect GCase function by perturbing its protein homeostasis rather than its catalytic activity. Heat shock proteins are well known cytoprotective molecules with functions in protein homeostasis and lysosomal function and their manipulation has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for GD. The investigational drug arimoclomol, which is in phase II/III clinical trials, is a well-characterized HSP amplifier and has been extensively clinically tested. Importantly, arimoclomol efficiently crosses the blood-brain-barrier presenting an opportunity to target the neurological manifestations of GD, which remains without a disease-modifying therapy. METHODS We used a range of biological and biochemical in vitro assays to assess the effect of arimoclomol on GCase activity in ex vivo systems of primary fibroblasts and neuronal-like cells from GD patients. FINDINGS We found that arimoclomol induced relevant HSPs such as ER-resident HSP70 (BiP) and enhanced the folding, maturation, activity, and correct cellular localization of mutated GCase across several genotypes including the common L444P and N370S mutations in primary cells from GD patients. These effects where recapitulated in a human neuronal model of GD obtained by differentiation of multipotent adult stem cells. INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate the potential of HSP-targeting therapies in GCase-deficiencies and strongly support the clinical development of arimoclomol as a potential therapeutic option for the neuronopathic forms of GD. FUNDING The research was funded by Orphazyme A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine K Fog
- Orphazyme A/S, Ole Maaloes vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Zago
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Erika Malini
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Peruzzo
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Claus Bornaes
- Orphazyme A/S, Ole Maaloes vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Bembi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caspase-9 CARD : core domain interactions require a properly formed active site. Biochem J 2018; 475:1177-1196. [PMID: 29500231 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-9 is a critical factor in the initiation of apoptosis and as a result is tightly regulated by many mechanisms. Caspase-9 contains a Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain (CARD), which enables caspase-9 to form a tight interaction with the apoptosome, a heptameric activating platform. The caspase-9 CARD has been thought to be principally involved in recruitment to the apoptosome, but its roles outside this interaction have yet to be uncovered. In this work, we show that the CARD is involved in physical interactions with the catalytic core of caspase-9 in the absence of the apoptosome; this interaction requires a properly formed caspase-9 active site. The active sites of caspases are composed of four extremely mobile loops. When the active-site loops are not properly ordered, the CARD and core domains of caspase-9 do not interact and behave independently, like loosely tethered beads. When the active-site loop bundle is properly ordered, the CARD domain interacts with the catalytic core, forming a single folding unit. Taken together, these findings provide mechanistic insights into a new level of caspase-9 regulation, prompting speculation that the CARD may also play a role in the recruitment or recognition of substrate.
Collapse
|
16
|
Han J, Goldstein LA, Hou W, Chatterjee S, Burns TF, Rabinowich H. HSP90 inhibition targets autophagy and induces a CASP9-dependent resistance mechanism in NSCLC. Autophagy 2018; 14:958-971. [PMID: 29561705 PMCID: PMC6103412 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1434471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has emerged as a resistance mechanism to anticancer drug treatments that induce metabolic stress. Certain tumors, including a subset of KRAS-mutant NSCLCs have been shown to be addicted to autophagy, and potentially vulnerable to autophagy inhibition. Currently, autophagy inhibition is being tested in the clinic as a therapeutic component for tumors that utilize this degradation process as a drug resistance mechanism. The current study provides evidence that HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibition diminishes the expression of ATG7, thereby impeding the cellular capability of mounting an effective autophagic response in NSCLC cells. Additionally, an elevation in the expression level of CASP9 (caspase 9) prodomain in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells surviving HSP90 inhibition appears to serve as a cell survival mechanism. Initial characterization of this survival mechanism suggests that the altered expression of CASP9 is mainly ATG7 independent; it does not involve the apoptotic activity of CASP9; and it localizes to a late endosomal and pre-lysosomal phase of the degradation cascade. HSP90 inhibitors are identified here as a pharmacological approach for targeting autophagy via destabilization of ATG7, while an induced expression of CASP9, but not its apoptotic activity, is identified as a resistance mechanism to the cellular stress brought about by HSP90 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Leslie A Goldstein
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Wen Hou
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Suman Chatterjee
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Timothy F Burns
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Phosphorylation by protein kinase A disassembles the caspase-9 core. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1025-1039. [PMID: 29352269 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases, the cysteine proteases which facilitate the faithful execution of apoptosis, are tightly regulated by a number of mechanisms including phosphorylation. In response to cAMP, PKA phosphorylates caspase-9 at three sites preventing caspase-9 activation, and suppressing apoptosis progression. Phosphorylation of caspase-9 by PKA at the functionally relevant site Ser-183 acts as an upstream block of the apoptotic cascade, directly inactivating caspase-9 by a two-stage mechanism. First, Ser-183 phosphorylation prevents caspase-9 self-processing and directly blocks substrate binding. In addition, Ser-183 phosphorylation breaks the fundamental interactions within the caspase-9 core, promoting disassembly of the large and small subunits. This occurs despite Ser-183 being a surface residue distal from the interface between the large and small subunits. This phosphorylation-induced disassembly promotes the formation of ordered aggregates around 20 nm in diameter. Similar aggregates of caspase-9 have not been previously reported. This two-stage regulatory mechanism for caspase-9 has likewise not been reported previously but may be conserved across the caspases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mozdoori N, Safarian S, Sheibani N. Augmentation of the cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles by MTCP conjugation: Non-canonical apoptosis and autophagy induction in human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:949-959. [PMID: 28576071 PMCID: PMC6018014 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles are very toxic, but their agglomeration reduces their lethal cytotoxic effects. Here we tested the hypothesis that conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles via Meso-Tetra (4-Carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin (MTCP) could provide electrostatic or steric stabilization of ZnO nanoparticles and increase their cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxicity and cell death induction were assessed using two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468). The MTT results indicated that the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles was significantly increased upon MTCP conjugation. Annexin/PI and real time RT-PCR results demonstrated that the ZnO-MTCP nanoparticles induced cell death via different non-canonical pathways that are under ca2+ control. Calcium signaling could regulate lysosomal dependent apoptosis and death autophagy, and killing of the two selected types of breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Mozdoori
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Safarian
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synergistic Antitumour Properties of viscumTT in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4874280. [PMID: 28791312 PMCID: PMC5534308 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4874280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous mistletoe extracts from the European mistletoe (Viscum album) contain mainly mistletoe lectins and viscotoxins as cytotoxic compounds. Lipophilic triterpene acids, which do not occur in conventional mistletoe preparations, were solubilised with β-cyclodextrins. The combination of an aqueous extract (viscum) and a triterpene-containing extract (TT) recreated a whole mistletoe extract (viscumTT). These extracts were tested on rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo with regard to anticancer effects. Viscum and viscumTT inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis effectively in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and ex vivo, whereas TT showed only moderate inhibitory effects. viscumTT proved to be more effective than the single extracts and displayed a synergistic effect in vitro and a stronger effect in vivo. viscumTT induced apoptosis via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of CASP8 and CASP9. CASP10 inhibitor inhibited apoptosis effectively, emphasising the importance of CASP10 in viscumTT-induced apoptosis. Additionally, viscumTT changed the ratio of apoptosis-associated proteins by downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins such as XIAP and BIRC5, thus shifting the balance towards apoptosis. viscumTT effectively reduced tumour volume in patient-derived xenografts in vivo and may be considered a promising substance for rhabdomyosarcoma therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bidovec K, Božič J, Dolenc I, Turk B, Turk V, Stoka V. Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Induced Apoptosis in U937 Cells Promotes Cathepsin D‐Independent Stefin B Degradation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4813-4820. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bidovec
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| | - Janja Božič
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| | - Iztok Dolenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Center of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of ProteinsLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologyUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| | - Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural BiologyJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana SI‐1000Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chang CT, Korivi M, Huang HC, Thiyagarajan V, Lin KY, Huang PJ, Liu JY, Hseu YC, Yang HL. Inhibition of ROS production, autophagy or apoptosis signaling reversed the anticancer properties of Antrodia salmonea in triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Lysosomes, the major membrane-bound degradative organelles, have a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes are the terminal compartments in the endocytic pathway, though they display highly dynamic behaviors, fusing with each other and with late endosomes in the endocytic pathway, and with the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis and for wound repair. After fusing with late endosomes, lysosomes are reformed from the resulting hybrid organelles through a process that involves budding of a nascent lysosome, extension of the nascent lysosome from the hybrid organelle, while remaining connected by a membrane bridge, and scission of the membrane bridge to release the newly formed lysosome. The newly formed lysosomes undergo cycles of homotypic fusion and fission reactions to form mature lysosomes. In this study, we used a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans to identify six regulators of lysosome biology. We show that these proteins function in different steps of lysosome biology, regulating lysosome formation, lysosome fusion, and lysosome degradation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JH, Kim Y, Yoon YE, Kim YJ, Oh SG, Jang JH, Kim E. Development of efficient adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery system with a phytoactive material for targeting human melanoma cells. N Biotechnol 2017; 37:194-199. [PMID: 28179151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We exploited the emerging potential of gene therapy strategies to design a powerful therapeutic system that combines two key components-AAV vector and [6]-gingerol. In this study, we created an AAV2 construct expressing the proapoptotic protein BIM, which uses HSPG as its primary receptor, to target HSPG-overexpressing melanoma cells. This combination treatment showed promising results in vitro, inducing apoptosis in human melanoma cells. This new platform technology will make a significant contribution to numerous therapeutic applications, most notably for melanoma, including overcoming resistance to conventional anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Skin Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Geun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Skin Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gómez-Sintes R, Ledesma MD, Boya P. Lysosomal cell death mechanisms in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:150-168. [PMID: 26947122 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradative organelles essential for cell homeostasis that regulate a variety of processes, from calcium signaling and nutrient responses to autophagic degradation of intracellular components. Lysosomal cell death is mediated by the lethal effects of cathepsins, which are released into the cytoplasm following lysosomal damage. This process of lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin release is observed in several physiopathological conditions and plays a role in tissue remodeling, the immune response to intracellular pathogens and neurodegenerative diseases. Many evidences indicate that aging strongly influences lysosomal activity by altering the physical and chemical properties of these organelles, rendering them more sensitive to stress. In this review we focus on how aging alters lysosomal function and increases cell sensitivity to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, both in physiological conditions and age-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
PIG7 promotes leukemia cell chemosensitivity via lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4841-59. [PMID: 26716897 PMCID: PMC4826247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PIG7 localizes to lysosomal membrane in leukemia cells. Our previous work has shown that transduction of pig7 into a series of leukemia cell lines did not result in either apoptosis or differentiation of most tested cell lines. Interestingly, it did significantly sensitize these cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, we further investigated the mechanism underlying pig7-induced improved sensitivity of acute leukemia cells to chemotherapy. Our results demonstrated that the sensitization effect driven by exogenous pig7 was more effective in drug-resistant leukemia cell lines which had lower endogenous pig7 expression. Overexpression of pig7 did not directly activate the caspase apoptotic pathway, but decreased the lysosomal stability. The expression of pig7 resulted in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and lysosomal protease (e.g. cathepsin B, D, L) release. Moreover, we also observed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) induced by pig7. Some autophagy markers such as LC3I/II, ATG5 and Beclin-1, and necroptosis maker MLKL were also stimulated. However, intrinsic antagonism such as serine/cysteine protease inhibitors Spi2A and Cystatin C prevented downstream effectors from triggering leukemia cells, which were only on the "verge of apoptosis". When combined with chemotherapy, LMP increased and more proteases were released. Once this process was beyond the limit of intrinsic antagonism, it induced programmed cell death cooperatively via caspase-independent and caspase-dependent pathways.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chiellini F, Dinucci D, Bartoli C, Piras AM, Chiellini E. Intracellular Fate Investigation of Bio-Eliminable Polymeric Nanoparticles by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911507084821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This is a study of the in vitro cytotoxicity and intracellular fate of poly[(glycylglycinemethacrylamide)-co-N-(2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide y)] bio-eliminable polymer samples and relative nanoparticles in Balb/c 3T3 cloned A31 mouse embryo fibroblasts cell line by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitating the polymers with fluorescein labeled human serum albumin (HSA-FITC) as the fluorescent probe and as the model protein drug. The toxicity of the polymers containing 25, 50 and 100%, respectively, of (glycylglycinemethacrylamide) x (GGMA) was investigated in terms of cytoskeleton morphology by exposing cells to various concentrations of polymers for 24 h. Under normal culture conditions, fibroblast cells exhibit characteristic spreading and shape, however, when the cell cultures were subjected to chemical, metabolic or physical stress, their morphology changed reducing their visibility. The polymers with the lower glycine content exert a lower toxicity even at high concentrations [8.5mg/mL]. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was determined by incubating fibroblasts with HSA-FITC loaded particles and HSA-FITC alone at three different time points. The results indicate that nanoparticles were up-taken by the cells in a time dependent fashion. Preliminary evaluation of the intracellular fate of the prepared nanoparticles indicate their possible lysosomal escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiellini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via Livornese 1291, 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy
| | - Dinuccio Dinucci
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via Livornese 1291, 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy
| | - Cristina Bartoli
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via Livornese 1291, 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Piras
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via Livornese 1291, 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy
| | - Emo Chiellini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications (BIOlab), UdR INSTM Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa Via Livornese 1291, 56010 S. Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aits S, Kricker J, Liu B, Ellegaard AM, Hämälistö S, Tvingsholm S, Corcelle-Termeau E, Høgh S, Farkas T, Holm Jonassen A, Gromova I, Mortensen M, Jäättelä M. Sensitive detection of lysosomal membrane permeabilization by lysosomal galectin puncta assay. Autophagy 2016; 11:1408-24. [PMID: 26114578 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) contributes to tissue involution, degenerative diseases, and cancer therapy. Its investigation has, however, been hindered by the lack of sensitive methods. Here, we characterize and validate the detection of galectin puncta at leaky lysosomes as a highly sensitive and easily manageable assay for LMP. LGALS1/galectin-1 and LGALS3/galectin-3 are best suited for this purpose due to their widespread expression, rapid translocation to leaky lysosomes and availability of high-affinity antibodies. Galectin staining marks individual leaky lysosomes early during lysosomal cell death and is useful when defining whether LMP is a primary or secondary cause of cell death. This sensitive method also reveals that cells can survive limited LMP and confirms a rapid formation of autophagic structures at the site of galectin puncta. Importantly, galectin staining detects individual leaky lysosomes also in paraffin-embedded tissues allowing us to demonstrate LMP in tumor xenografts in mice treated with cationic amphiphilic drugs and to identify a subpopulation of lysosomes that initiates LMP in involuting mouse mammary gland. The use of ectopic fluorescent galectins renders the galectin puncta assay suitable for automated screening and visualization of LMP in live cells and animals. Thus, the lysosomal galectin puncta assay opens up new possibilities to study LMP in cell death and its role in other cellular processes such as autophagy, senescence, aging, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Aits
- a Cell Death and Metabolism Unit; Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease; Danish Cancer Society Research Center ; Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu F, Chen Z, Wang B, Jin Z, Hou Y, Ma S, Liu X. The role of lysosome in cell death regulation. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1427-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
29
|
Jäättelä M, Nylandsted J. Quantification of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization by Cytosolic Cathepsin and β-N-Acetyl-Glucosaminidase Activity Measurements. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:1017-23. [PMID: 26527764 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot086165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death involving lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is an alternative cell death pathway induced under various cellular conditions and by numerous cytotoxic stimuli. The method presented here to quantify LMP takes advantage of the detergent digitonin, which creates pores in cellular membranes by replacing cholesterol. The difference in cholesterol content between the plasma membrane (high) and lysosomal membrane (low) allows titration of digitonin to a concentration that permeabilizes the plasma membrane but leaves lysosomal membranes intact. The extent of LMP is determined by measuring the cytosolic activity of lysosomal hydrolases (e.g., cysteine cathepsins) and/or β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase in the digitonin-extracted cytoplasm and comparing it to the total cellular enzyme activity. Digitonin extraction of the cytosol can be combined with precipitation of protein and/or western blot analysis for detection of lysosomal proteins (e.g., cathepsins).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja Jäättelä
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Groth-Pedersen L, Jäättelä M, Nylandsted J. A Method to Monitor Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization by Immunocytochemistry. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:904-907. [PMID: 26430254 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot086181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death involving lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is a common phenomenon--more the rule than the exception under various cytotoxic stimuli and stressful cellular conditions. The protocol presented here is based on immunocytochemical staining of cathepsin B or L to visualize translocation from the lysosomal lumen to the cytosol. In healthy cells, cathepsins appear in localized punctate structures representing intact lysosomes, whereas LMP results in a diffuse staining pattern throughout the cytoplasm. LMP can be triggered upstream, downstream, or independently of the classical apoptotic death pathway involving mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Co-staining with antibodies recognizing the active form of Bax allows investigation of the order of events between LMP and MOMP in death signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Groth-Pedersen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the field of nucleic acid delivery is the design of delivery vehicles with attributes that render them safe as well as efficient in transfection. To this end, polycationic vectors have been intensely investigated with native polyethylenimines (PEIs) being the gold standard. PEIs are highly efficient transfectants, but depending on their architecture and size they induce cytotoxicity through different modes of cell death pathways. Here, we briefly review dynamic and integrated cell death processes and pathways, and discuss considerations in cell death assay design and their interpretation in relation to PEIs and PEI-based engineered vectors, which are also translatable for the design and studying the safety of other transfectants.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gatti L, Cassinelli G, Zaffaroni N, Lanzi C, Perego P. New mechanisms for old drugs: Insights into DNA-unrelated effects of platinum compounds and drug resistance determinants. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 20:1-11. [PMID: 26003720 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platinum drugs have been widely used for the treatment of several solid tumors. Although DNA has been recognized as the primary cellular target for these agents, there are unresolved issues concerning their effects and the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor efficacy. These cytotoxic agents interact with sub-cellular compartments other than the nucleus. Here, we review how such emerging phenomena contribute to the pharmacologic activity as well as to drug resistance phenotypes. DNA-unrelated effects of platinum drugs involve alterations at the plasma membrane and in endo-lysosomal compartments. A direct interaction with the mitochondria also appears to be implicated in drug-induced cell death. Moreover, the pioneering work of a few groups has shown that platinum drugs can act on the tumor microenvironment as well, and potentiate antitumor activity of the immune system. These poorly understood aspects of platinum drug activity sites may be harnessed to enhance their antitumor efficacy. A complete understanding of DNA-unrelated effects of platinum compounds might reveal new aspects of drug resistance allowing the implementation of the antitumor therapeutic efficacy of platinum compound-based regimens and minimization of their toxic side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gatti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42/via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miller A, Schafer J, Upchurch C, Spooner E, Huynh J, Hernandez S, McLaughlin B, Oden L, Fares H. Mucolipidosis type IV protein TRPML1-dependent lysosome formation. Traffic 2015; 16:284-97. [PMID: 25491304 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that undergo cycles of fusion and fission with themselves and with other organelles. Following fusion with late endosomes to form hybrid organelles, lysosomes are reformed as discrete organelles. This lysosome reformation or formation is a poorly understood process that has not been systematically analyzed and that lacks known regulators. In this study, we quantitatively define the multiple steps of lysosome formation and identify the first regulator of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Life Sciences South Room 531, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Methods for the quantification of lysosomal membrane permeabilization: a hallmark of lysosomal cell death. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 126:261-85. [PMID: 25665450 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal cell death is triggered by lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and subsequent release of lysosomal hydrolases from the lysosomal lumen into the cytosol. Once released into the cytosol, the lysosomal cathepsin proteases act as executioner proteases for the subsequent cell death-either autonomously without caspase activation or in concert with the classical apoptotic machinery. Lysosomal cell death usually remains functional in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells and thus holds great potential as a therapeutic strategy for circumventing apoptosis deficiency in cancers. Notably, lysosomal cell death also plays an important role in normal physiology, e.g., during the regression of the mammary gland. Here we present four complementary methods for the quantification and visualization of LMP during the onset of death: (1) enzymatic activity measurements of released lysosomal hydrolases in the cytosol after digitonin extraction, (2) direct visualization of LMP by monitoring the release of fluorescent dextran from lysosomes into the cytosol, (3) immunocytochemistry to detect cathepsins released into the cytosol, and (4) detection of the translocation of galectins to damaged lysosomes. The methods presented here can ideally be combined as needed to provide solid evidence for LMP after a given cytotoxic stimuli.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
In a majority of pathophysiological settings, cell death is not accidental - it is controlled by a complex molecular apparatus. Such a system operates like a computer: it receives several inputs that inform on the current state of the cell and the extracellular microenvironment, integrates them and generates an output. Thus, depending on a network of signals generated at specific subcellular sites, cells can respond to stress by attemptinwg to recover homeostasis or by activating molecular cascades that lead to cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Here, we discuss the mechanisms whereby cellular compartments - including the nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton and cytosol - sense homeostatic perturbations and translate them into a cell-death-initiating signal.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ingemann L, Kirkegaard T. Lysosomal storage diseases and the heat shock response: convergences and therapeutic opportunities. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2198-210. [PMID: 24837749 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r048090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes play a vital role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the recycling of cell constituents, a key metabolic function which is highly dependent on the correct function of the lysosomal hydrolases and membrane proteins, as well as correct membrane lipid stoichiometry and composition. The critical role of lysosomal functionality is evident from the severity of the diseases in which the primary lesion is a genetically defined loss-of-function of lysosomal hydrolases or membrane proteins. This group of diseases, known as lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), number more than 50 and are associated with severe neurodegeneration, systemic disease, and early death, with only a handful of the diseases having a therapeutic option. Another key homeostatic system is the metabolic stress response or heat shock response (HSR), which is induced in response to a number of physiological and pathological stresses, such as protein misfolding and aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, elevated temperature, viral infections, and various acute traumas. Importantly, the HSR and its cardinal members of the heat shock protein 70 family has been shown to protect against a number of degenerative diseases, including severe diseases of the nervous system. The cytoprotective actions of the HSR also include processes involving the lysosomal system, such as cell death, autophagy, and protection against lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and have shown promise in a number of LSDs. This review seeks to describe the emerging understanding of the interplay between these two essential metabolic systems, the lysosomes and the HSR, with a particular focus on their potential as a therapeutic target for LSDs.
Collapse
|
37
|
Han J, Hou W, Goldstein LA, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Rabinowich H. A Complex between Atg7 and Caspase-9: A NOVEL MECHANISM OF CROSS-REGULATION BETWEEN AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6485-6497. [PMID: 24362031 PMCID: PMC3945314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cross-talk mechanisms between autophagy and apoptosis have been identified, in which certain co-regulators are shared, allowing the same protein to participate in these opposing processes. Our studies suggest that caspase-9 is a novel co-regulator of apoptosis and autophagy and that its caspase catalytic activity is dispensable for its autophagic role. We provide evidence that caspase-9 facilitates the early events leading to autophagosome formation; that it forms a complex with Atg7; that Atg7 is not a direct substrate for caspase-9 proteolytic activity; and that, depending on the cellular context, Atg7 represses the apoptotic capability of caspase-9, whereas the latter enhances the Atg7-mediated formation of light chain 3-II. The repression of caspase-9 apoptotic activity is mediated by its direct interaction with Atg7, and it is not related to the autophagic function of Atg7. We propose that the Atg7·caspase-9 complex performs a dual function of linking caspase-9 to the autophagic process while keeping in check its apoptotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Leslie A Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Eno CO, Zhao G, Venkatanarayan A, Wang B, Flores ER, Li C. Noxa couples lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis during oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:26-37. [PMID: 23770082 PMCID: PMC3816129 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The exact roles of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis are not completely understood. Here, we first studied the temporal relation between LMP and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) during the initial stage of apoptosis caused by the oxidative stress inducer H2O2. Despite its essential role in mediating apoptosis, the expression of the BH3-only Bcl-2 protein Noxa was dispensable for LMP. In contrast, MOMP was dependent on Noxa expression and occurred downstream of LMP. When lysosomal membranes were stabilized by the iron-chelating agent desferrioxamine, H2O2-induced increase in DNA damage, Noxa expression, and subsequent apoptosis were abolished by the inhibition of LMP. Importantly, LMP-induced Noxa expression increase was mediated by p53 and seems to be a unique feature of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Finally, exogenous iron loading recapitulated the effects of H2O2 on the expression of BH3-only Bcl-2 proteins. Overall, these data reveal a Noxa-mediated signaling pathway that couples LMP with MOMP and ultimate apoptosis during oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colins O Eno
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Avinashnarayan Venkatanarayan
- Genes and Development Program, Metastasis Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Elsa R Flores
- Genes and Development Program, Metastasis Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chi Li
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Lysosomes serve as the cellular recycling centre and are filled with numerous hydrolases that can degrade most cellular macromolecules. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and the consequent leakage of the lysosomal content into the cytosol leads to so-called "lysosomal cell death". This form of cell death is mainly carried out by the lysosomal cathepsin proteases and can have necrotic, apoptotic or apoptosis-like features depending on the extent of the leakage and the cellular context. This article summarizes our current knowledge on lysosomal cell death with an emphasis on the upstream mechanisms that lead to lysosomal membrane permeabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Aits
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Cell Death and Metabolism, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Choi SY, Lee-Kwon W, Lee HH, Lee JH, Sanada S, Kwon HM. Multiple cell death pathways are independently activated by lethal hypertonicity in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1011-20. [PMID: 23986196 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00384.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When hypertonicity is imposed with sufficient intensity and acuteness, cells die. Here we investigated the cellular pathways involved in death using a cell line derived from renal epithelium. We found that hypertonicity rapidly induced activation of an intrinsic cell death pathway-release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9-and an extrinsic pathway-activation of caspase-8. Likewise, a lysosomal pathway of cell death characterized by partial lysosomal rupture and release of cathepsin B from lysosomes to the cytosol was also activated. Relationships among the pathways were examined using specific inhibitors. Caspase inhibitors did not affect cathepsin B release into the cytosol by hypertonicity. In addition, cathepsin B inhibitors and caspase inhibitors did not affect hypertonicity-induced cytochrome c release, suggesting that the three pathways were independently activated. Combined inhibition of caspases and cathepsin B conferred significantly more protection from hypertonicity-induced cell death than inhibition of caspase or cathepsin B alone, indicating that all the three pathways contributed to the hypertonicity-induced cell death. Similar pattern of sensitivity to the inhibitors was observed in two other cell lines derived from renal epithelia. We conclude that multiple cell death pathways are independently activated early in response to lethal hypertonic stress in renal epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Youn Choi
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea; and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Huai J, Vögtle FN, Jöckel L, Li Y, Kiefer T, Ricci JE, Borner C. TNFα-induced lysosomal membrane permeability is downstream of MOMP and triggered by caspase-mediated NDUFS1 cleavage and ROS formation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4015-25. [PMID: 23788428 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When NF-κB activation or protein synthesis is inhibited, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) can induce apoptosis through Bax- and Bak-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) leading to caspase-3 activation. Additionally, previous studies have implicated lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as early steps of TNFα-induced apoptosis. However, how these two events connect to MOMP and caspase-3 activation has been largely debated. Here, we present the novel finding that LMP induced by the addition of TNFα plus cycloheximide (CHX), the release of lysosomal cathepsins and ROS formation do not occur upstream but downstream of MOMP and require the caspase-3-mediated cleavage of the p75 NDUFS1 subunit of respiratory complex I. Both a caspase non-cleavable p75 mutant and the mitochondrially localized antioxidant MitoQ prevent LMP mediated by TNFα plus CHX and partially interfere with apoptosis induction. Moreover, LMP is completely blocked in cells deficient in both Bax and Bak, Apaf-1, caspase-9 or both caspase-3 and -7. Thus, after MOMP, active caspase-3 exerts a feedback action on complex I to produce ROS. ROS then provoke LMP, cathepsin release and further caspase activation to amplify TNFα apoptosis signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisen Huai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Artemisinin induces A549 cell apoptosis dominantly via a reactive oxygen species-mediated amplification activation loop among caspase-9, -8 and -3. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1201-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
43
|
Yacobi-Sharon K, Namdar Y, Arama E. Alternative germ cell death pathway in Drosophila involves HtrA2/Omi, lysosomes, and a caspase-9 counterpart. Dev Cell 2013; 25:29-42. [PMID: 23523076 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In both flies and mammals, almost one-third of the newly emerging male germ cells are spontaneously eliminated before entering meiosis. Here, we show that in Drosophila, germ cell death (GCD) involves the initiator caspase Dronc independently of the apoptosome and the main executioner caspases. Electron microscopy of dying germ cells revealed mixed morphologies of apoptosis and necrosis. We further show that the lysosomes and their catabolic enzymes, but not macroautophagy, are involved in the execution of GCD. We then identified, in a screen, the Parkinson's disease-associated mitochondrial protease, HtrA2/Omi, as an important mediator of GCD, acting mainly through its catalytic activity rather than by antagonizing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Concomitantly, other mitochondrial-associated factors were also implicated in GCD, including Pink1 (but not Parkin), the Bcl-2-related proteins, and endonuclease G, which establish the mitochondria as central mediators of GCD. These findings uncover an alternative developmental cell death pathway in metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Yacobi-Sharon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yamashima T. Reconsider Alzheimer's disease by the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'--a perspective review. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:1-23. [PMID: 23499711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by slowly progressive neuronal death, but its molecular cascade remains elusive for over 100 years. Since accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (also called granulo-vacuolar degenerations) represents one of the pathologic hallmarks of degenerating neurons in AD, a causative connection between autophagy failure and neuronal death should be present. The aim of this perspective review is at considering such underlying mechanism of AD that age-dependent oxidative stresses may affect the autophagic-lysosomal system via carbonylation and cleavage of heat-shock protein 70.1 (Hsp70.1). AD brains exhibit gradual but continual ischemic insults that cause perturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis, calpain activation, amyloid β deposition, and oxidative stresses. Membrane lipids such as linoleic and arachidonic acids are vulnerable to the cumulative oxidative stresses, generating a toxic peroxidation product 'hydroxynonenal' that can carbonylate Hsp70.1. Recent data advocate for dual roles of Hsp70.1 as a molecular chaperone for damaged proteins and a guardian of lysosomal integrity. Accordingly, impairments of lysosomal autophagy and stabilization may be driven by the calpain-mediated cleavage of carbonylated Hsp70.1, and this causes lysosomal permeabilization and/or rupture with the resultant release of the cell degradation enzyme, cathepsins (calpain-cathepsin hypothesis). Here, the author discusses three topics; (1) how age-related decrease in lysosomal and autophagic activities has a causal connection to programmed neuronal necrosis in sporadic AD, (2) how genetic factors such as apolipoprotein E and presenilin 1 can facilitate lysosomal destabilization in the sequential molecular events, and (3) whether a single cascade can simultaneously account for implications of all players previously reported. In conclusion, Alzheimer neuronal death conceivably occurs by the similar 'calpain-hydroxynonenal-Hsp70.1-cathepsin cascade' with ischemic neuronal death. Blockade of calpain and/or extra-lysosomal cathepsins as well as scavenging of hydroxynonenal would become effective AD therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsumori Yamashima
- Department of Restorative Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The endocytic pathway is a system specialized for the uptake of compounds from the cell microenvironment for their degradation. It contains an arsenal of hydrolases, including proteases, which are normally enclosed in membrane-bound organelles, but if released to the cytosol can initiate apoptosis signaling pathways. Endogenous and exogenous compounds have been identified that can mediate destabilization of lysosomal membranes, and it was shown that lysosomal proteases are not only able to initiate apoptotic signaling but can also amplify the apoptotic pathways initiated in other cellular compartments. The endocytic pathway also receives cargo destined for degradation via the autophagic pathway. By recycling energy and biosynthetic substrates, and by degrading damaged organelles and molecules, the endocytic system assists the autophagic system in resisting apoptotic stimuli. Steps leading to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and subsequent triggering of cell death as well as the therapeutic potential of intervention in lysosomal membrane permeabilization will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urška Repnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Amplification activation loop between caspase-8 and -9 dominates artemisinin-induced apoptosis of ASTC-a-1 cells. Apoptosis 2012; 17:600-11. [PMID: 22434375 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although caspases have been demonstrated to be involved in artemisinin (ARTE)-induced apoptosis, their exact functions are not well understood. The aim of this report is to explore the roles of caspase-8, -9 and -3 during ARTE-induced apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma (ASTC-a-1) cells. ARTE treatment induces a rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS-dependent apoptosis as well as the activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3 via time- and dose-dependent fashion. Of upmost importance, inhibition of caspase-8 or -9, but not caspase-3, almost completely blocks the ARTE-induced not only activation of the caspase-8, -9 and -3 but also apoptosis. In addition, the apoptotic process triggered by ARTE does not involve the Bid cleavage, tBid translocation, significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Moreover, silencing Bax/Bak does not prevent the ATRE-induced cell death as well as the activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3. Collectively, our data firstly demonstrate that ARTE triggers a ROS-mediated positive feedback amplification activation loop between caspase-8 and -9 independent of mitochondria, which dominantly mediated the ARTE-induced apoptosis via a caspase-3-independent apoptotic pathway in ASTC-a-1 cells. Our findings imply a potential to develop new derivatives from artemisinin to effectively initiate the amplification activation loop of caspases.
Collapse
|
47
|
Sancho-Martínez SM, Prieto-García L, Prieto M, López-Novoa JM, López-Hernández FJ. Subcellular targets of cisplatin cytotoxicity: An integrated view. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:35-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
48
|
Development of high content imaging methods for cell death detection in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:593-604. [PMID: 22896035 PMCID: PMC3447146 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM) are being investigated as a new source of cardiac cells for drug safety assessment. We developed a novel scalable high content microscopy-based method for the detection of cell death in hPSC-CM that can serve for future predictive in vitro cardio-toxicological screens. Using rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (RVNC) or hPSC-CM, assays for nuclear remodelling, mitochondrial status, apoptosis and necrosis were designed using a combination of fluorescent dyes and antibodies on an automated microscopy platform. This allowed the observation of a chelerythrine-induced concentration-dependent apoptosis to necrosis switch and time-dependent progression of early apoptotic cells towards a necrotic-like phenotype. Susceptibility of hPSC-CM to chelerythrine-stimulated apoptosis varied with time after differentiation, but at most time points, hPSC-CM were more resistant than RVNC. This simple and scalable humanized high-content assay generates accurate cardiotoxicity profiles that can serve as a base for further assessment of cardioprotective strategies and drug safety.
Collapse
|
49
|
Česen MH, Pegan K, Spes A, Turk B. Lysosomal pathways to cell death and their therapeutic applications. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1245-51. [PMID: 22465226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are the major cell digestive organelles that were discovered over 50 years ago. They contain a number of hydrolases that help them to degrade intracellular and extracellular material delivered. Among the hydrolases, the cathepsins, a group of proteases enclosed in the lysosomes, have a major role. About a decade ago, the cathepsins were found to participate in apoptosis. Following their release into the cytosol, they cleave Bid and degrade antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, thereby triggering the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, with the lysosomal membrane permeabilization being the critical step in this pathway. Lysosomal dysfunction is linked with several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, thereby providing a potential for therapeutic applications. In this review lysosomes and lysosomal proteases involvement in apoptosis and their possible pharmaceutical targeting are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maruša Hafner Česen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu H, Yoshimoto T, Imajo-Ohmi S, Dazortsava M, Mathivanan A, Yamashima T. Why are hippocampal CA1 neurons vulnerable but motor cortex neurons resistant to transient ischemia? J Neurochem 2012; 120:574-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|