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Sheban D, Shani T, Maor R, Aguilera-Castrejon A, Mor N, Oldak B, Shmueli MD, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Bayerl J, Hebert J, Viukov S, Chen G, Kacen A, Krupalnik V, Chugaeva V, Tarazi S, Rodríguez-delaRosa A, Zerbib M, Ulman A, Masarwi S, Kupervaser M, Levin Y, Shema E, David Y, Novershtern N, Hanna JH, Merbl Y. SUMOylation of linker histone H1 drives chromatin condensation and restriction of embryonic cell fate identity. Mol Cell 2021; 82:106-122.e9. [PMID: 34875212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of the early embryonic program is underlined by tight regulation of the chromatin. Yet, how the chromatin is organized to prohibit the reversal of the developmental program remains unclear. Specifically, the totipotency-to-pluripotency transition marks one of the most dramatic events to the chromatin, and yet, the nature of histone alterations underlying this process is incompletely characterized. Here, we show that linker histone H1 is post-translationally modulated by SUMO2/3, which facilitates its fixation onto ultra-condensed heterochromatin in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Upon SUMOylation depletion, the chromatin becomes de-compacted and H1 is evicted, leading to totipotency reactivation. Furthermore, we show that H1 and SUMO2/3 jointly mediate the repression of totipotent elements. Lastly, we demonstrate that preventing SUMOylation on H1 abrogates its ability to repress the totipotency program in ESCs. Collectively, our findings unravel a critical role for SUMOylation of H1 in facilitating chromatin repression and desolation of the totipotent identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoud Sheban
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tom Shani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Roey Maor
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Nofar Mor
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bernardo Oldak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Merav D Shmueli
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Jonathan Bayerl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jakob Hebert
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergey Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Guoyun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Kacen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Valeriya Chugaeva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shadi Tarazi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Mirie Zerbib
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Ulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Solaiman Masarwi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Meital Kupervaser
- De Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, INCPM, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- De Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, INCPM, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Efrat Shema
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael David
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noa Novershtern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Kaiser F, Kubaczka C, Graf M, Langer N, Langkabel J, Arévalo L, Schorle H. Choice of factors and medium impinge on success of ESC to TSC conversion. Placenta 2019; 90:128-137. [PMID: 32056544 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first lineage separation in mammalian development occurs when totipotent cells of the zygote give rise to the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. The lineages are strictly separated by an epigenetic barrier. In vitro derivatives of these lineages embryonic stem cells (ESC) and trophoblast stem cells (TSC) are used to study the requirements needed to overcome the barrier in ESC to TSC conversion approaches. METHODS Different combinations of TSC transcription factors were induced in ESC for three days. Cells were kept in TS medium with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or the chemically defined TX medium. Obtained cells were analysed for OCT4 levels, TSC surface marker levels, expression of TSC markers and methylation status of Elf5, Oct4 and Nanog promoters. Further, long-term culture stability and in vitro and in vivo differentiation was tested. RESULTS Overexpression of Gata3, Eomes, Tfap2c, Ets2 and Cdx2 in ESC resulted in induction of TSC fate. Overexpression of Cdx2 or four factors (Gata3, Eomes, Tfap2c and Ets2) resulted in complete conversion only when cells were cultured in TX medium. The obtained induced TSC (iTSC) display characteristics of bona fide TSC in terms of marker expression and promoter methylation patterns. The generated converted cells were shown to display self-renewal and to be capable to differentiate into TSC derivatives in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Gata3, Eomes, Tfap2c, Ets2 and Cdx2 overexpression in ESC resulted in stable iTSC fate independent of culture conditions. For four factors or Cdx2 alone, TX medium is required for complete TSC conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kaiser
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Kubaczka
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monika Graf
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Langer
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Langkabel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Arévalo
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany.
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Plusa B, Hadjantonakis AK. (De)constructing the blastocyst: Lessons in self-organization from the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hong YJ, Hong K, Byun S, Choi HW, Do JT. Reprogramming of Extraembryonic Trophoblast Stem Cells into Embryonic Pluripotent State by Fusion with Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1350-1359. [PMID: 29993328 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotential reprogramming has been examined using various technologies, including nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and direct reprogramming. Many studies have used differentiated cells for reprogramming experiments, and nearly all type of somatic cells can acquire pluripotency. However, within the embryo, other cells types are present in addition to somatic cells. The blastocyst stage embryo consists of two main types of cells, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE). TE cells are the first differentiated form of the totipotent zygote and differ from epiblast cells. Thus, we examined whether extraembryonic cells can be reprogrammed using a cell-cell fusion method. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), which can be obtained from the TE, are known to acquire pluripotency by transcription factor Oct4 overexpression or somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, we demonstrated that TSCs can acquire pluripotent properties by cell fusion with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). TSC-ESC hybrids reactivated Oct4-GFP and displayed self-renewal properties. They expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog, whereas the expression of Cdx2 and Tead4, trophoblast lineage markers, was diminished. Moreover, these cells developed into three germ layers similarly to other pluripotent stem cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that global gene expression patterns of TSC-ESC hybrids are more similar to ESCs than TSCs. Thus, we demonstrated that TSCs successfully complete reprogramming and acquire pluripotency by cell fusion-induced reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seki Byun
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- 2 Department of Animal Science, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- 1 Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ståhlberg A, El-Heliebi A, Sedlmayr P, Kroneis T. Unravelling the biological secrets of microchimerism by single-cell analysis. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:255-264. [PMID: 29028900 PMCID: PMC6063264 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of microchimeric cells is known for >100 years and well documented since decades. Earlier, microchimeric cells were mainly used for cell-based non-invasive prenatal diagnostics during early pregnancy. Microchimeric cells are also present beyond delivery and are associated to various autoimmune diseases, tissue repair, cancer and immune tolerance. All these findings were based on low complexity studies and occasionally accompanied by artefacts not allowing the biological functions of microchimerism to be determined. However, with the recent developments in single-cell analysis, new means to identify and characterize microchimeric cells are available. Cell labelling techniques in combination with single-cell analysis provide a new toolbox to decipher the biology of microchimeric cells at molecular and cellular level. In this review, we discuss how recent developments in single-cell analysis can be applied to determine the role and function of microchimeric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sedlmayr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, Austria
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6
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Gauster M, Maninger S, Siwetz M, Deutsch A, El-Heliebi A, Kolb-Lenz D, Hiden U, Desoye G, Herse F, Prokesch A. Downregulation of p53 drives autophagy during human trophoblast differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1839-1855. [PMID: 29080089 PMCID: PMC5910494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The placental barrier is crucial for the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and is maintained by differentiation and fusion of mononucleated cytotrophoblasts into the syncytiotrophoblast, a process only partially understood. Here transcriptome and pathway analyses during differentiation and fusion of cultured trophoblasts yielded p53 signaling as negative upstream regulator and indicated an upregulation of autophagy-related genes. We further showed p53 mRNA and protein levels decreased during trophoblast differentiation. Reciprocally, autophagic flux increased and cytoplasmic LC3B-GFP puncta became more abundant, indicating enhanced autophagic activity. In line, in human first trimester placenta p53 protein mainly localized to the cytotrophoblast, while autophagy marker LC3B as well as late autophagic compartments were predominantly detectable in the syncytiotrophoblast. Importantly, ectopic overexpression of p53 reduced levels of LC3B-II, supporting a negative regulatory role on autophagy in differentiating trophoblasts. This was also shown in primary trophoblasts and human first trimester placental explants, where pharmacological stabilization of p53 decreased LC3B-II levels. In summary our data suggest that differentiation-dependent downregulation of p53 is a prerequisite for activating autophagy in the syncytiotrophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sabine Maninger
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Siwetz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb-Lenz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, F/03/38, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Watts J, Lokken A, Moauro A, Ralston A. Capturing and Interconverting Embryonic Cell Fates in a Dish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 128:181-202. [PMID: 29477163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the early embryo are totipotent because they will differentiate to produce the fetus and its surrounding extraembryonic tissues. By contrast, embryonic stem (ES) cells are considered to be merely pluripotent because they lack the ability to efficiently produce extraembryonic cell types. The relatively limited developmental potential of ES cells can be explained by the observation that ES cells are derived from the embryo after its cells have already begun to specialize and lose totipotency. Meanwhile, at the time that pluripotent ES cell progenitors are specified, so are the multipotent progenitors of two extraembryonic stem cell types: trophoblast stem (TS) cells and extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells. Notably, all three embryo-derived stem cell types are capable of either self-renewing or differentiating in a lineage-appropriate manner. These three types of embryo-derived stem cell serve as paradigms for defining the genes and pathways that define and maintain unique stem cell identities. Remarkably, some of the mechanisms that maintain the specific developmental potential of each stem cell line do so by preventing conversion to another stem cell fate. This chapter highlights noteworthy studies that have identified the genes and pathways that normally limit the interconversion of stem cell identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Watts
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Program in Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Graduate Program in Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alyson Lokken
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra Moauro
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Graduate Program in Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Amy Ralston
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Program in Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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8
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Kubaczka C, Kaiser F, Schorle H. Breaking the first lineage barrier – many roads to trophoblast stem cell fate. Placenta 2017; 60 Suppl 1:S52-S56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Rhee C, Kim J, Tucker HO. Transcriptional Regulation of the First Cell Fate Decision. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY & REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 1:102. [PMID: 29658952 PMCID: PMC5897107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the first cell fate decision has chosen is a fascinating biological question that was received consider attention over the last decade. Numerous transcription factors are required, and many have been shown to have essential roles in this process. Here we reexamine the function that transcription factors play primarily in the mouse-the model system most thoroughly examined in this process. We address how the first embryonic lineage is established and maintained, with a particular emphasis on subsequent trophectoderm development and the role of the recently established Arid3a transcription factor in this process. In addition, we review relevant aspects of embryonic stem cell reprogramming into trophoblast stem cells -the equivalent of the epiblast (inner cell mass) and the establishment of induced trophoblast stem cells-the in vitro equivalent of the trophectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haley O. Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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10
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Latos PA, Hemberger M. From the stem of the placental tree: trophoblast stem cells and their progeny. Development 2017; 143:3650-3660. [PMID: 27802134 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) retain the capacity to self-renew indefinitely and harbour the potential to differentiate into all trophoblast subtypes of the placenta. Recent studies have shown how signalling cascades integrate with transcription factor circuits to govern the fine balance between TSC self-renewal and differentiation. In addition, breakthroughs in reprogramming strategies have enabled the generation of TSCs from fibroblasts, opening up exciting new avenues that may allow the isolation of this stem cell type from other species, notably humans. Here, we review these recent advances in light of their importance for understanding placental pathologies and developing personalised medicine approaches for pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anna Latos
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK .,Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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11
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Talbot NC, Sparks WO, Phillips CE, Ealy AD, Powell AM, Caperna TJ, Garrett WM, Donovan DM, Blomberg LA. Bovine trophectoderm cells induced from bovine fibroblasts with induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming factors. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:468-485. [PMID: 28332752 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen independent induced bovine trophectroderm (iBT) cell lines were established by reprogramming bovine fetal liver-derived fibroblasts after viral-vector transduction with either six or eight factors, including POU5F1 (OCT4), KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, LIN28, SV40 large T antigen, and hTERT. Light- and electron-microscopy analysis showed that the iBT cells had epithelial cell morphology typical of bovine trophectoderm cells. Reverse-transcription-PCR assays indicated that all of the cell lines expressed interferon-tau (IFNT) at passages 1 or 2. At later passages (≥ passage 8), however, immunoblot and antiviral activity assays revealed that more than half of the iBT cell lines had stopped expressing IFNT. Messenger RNAs specific to trophectoderm differentiation and function were found in the iBT cell lines, and 2-dimensional-gel analysis for cellular proteins showed an expression pattern similar to that of trophectoderm cell lines derived from bovine blastocysts. Integration of some of the human reprogramming factors, including POU5F1, KLF4, SOX2, MYC, NANOG, and LIN28, were detected by PCR, but their transcription was mostly absent in the iBT cell lines. Gene expression assessment of endogenous bovine reprogramming factor orthologs revealed endogenous bLIN28 and bMYC transcripts in all; bSOX2 and bNANOG in none; and bKLF4 and bPOU5F1 in less than half of the iBT cell lines. These results demonstrate that bovine trophectoderm can be induced via reprogramming factor expression from bovine liver-derived fibroblasts, although other fibroblast populations-e.g., derived from fetal thigh tissue-may produce similar results, albeit at lower frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Talbot
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wendy O Sparks
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Caitlin E Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Anne M Powell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Caperna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - David M Donovan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Le Ann Blomberg
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
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12
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Nettersheim D, Schorle H. The plasticity of germ cell cancers and its dependence on the cellular microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1463-1467. [PMID: 28244655 PMCID: PMC5543455 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the understanding of germ cell cancer (GCC) pathogenesis is based on a model, where seminomas and non‐seminomas represent distinct entities although originating from a common precursor termed germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Embryonal carcinomas (ECs), the stem cell population of the non‐seminomas, is pluri‐ to totipotent and able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, giving rise to teratomas or tumours mimicking extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas). With regard to gene expression, (epi)genetics and histology, seminomas are highly similar to GCNIS and primordial germ cells, but limited in development. It remains elusive, whether this block in differentiation is controlled by cell intrinsic mechanisms or by signals from the surrounding microenvironment. Here, we reviewed the recent literature emphasizing the plasticity of GCCs, especially of seminomas. We propose that this plasticity is controlled by the microenvironment, allowing seminomas to transit into an EC or mixed non‐seminoma and vice versa. We discuss several mechanisms and routes of reprogramming that might be responsible for this change in the cell fate. We finally integrate this plasticity into a new model of GCC pathogenesis, allowing for an alternative view on the dynamics of GCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Garg V, Morgani S, Hadjantonakis AK. Capturing Identity and Fate Ex Vivo: Stem Cells from the Mouse Blastocyst. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:361-400. [PMID: 27475857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, three molecularly, morphologically, and spatially distinct lineages are formed, the embryonic epiblast, the extraembryonic primitive endoderm, and the trophectoderm. Stem cell lines representing each of these lineages have now been derived and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in culture, providing an unlimited source of material to study the interplay of tissue-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in these fundamental cell fate decisions. Here we outline our current understanding of the derivation, maintenance, and properties of these in vitro stem cell models representing the preimplantation embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.
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14
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Liu J, Luo X, Xu Y, Gu J, Tang F, Jin Y, Li H. Single-stranded DNA binding protein Ssbp3 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into trophoblast-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:79. [PMID: 27236334 PMCID: PMC4884356 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic factors and extrinsic signals which control unlimited self-renewal and developmental pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been extensively investigated. However, a much smaller number of factors involved in extra-embryonic trophoblast differentiation from ESCs have been studied. In this study, we investigated the role of the single-stranded DNA binding protein, Ssbp3, for the induction of trophoblast-like differentiation from mouse ESCs. METHODS Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were carried out through overexpression or knockdown of Ssbp3 in mouse ESCs under self-renewal culture conditions. Expression levels of pluripotency and lineage markers were detected by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. The global gene expression profile in Ssbp3-overexpressing cells was determined by affymetrix microarray. Gene ontology and pathway terms were analyzed and further validated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The methylation status of the Elf5 promoter in Ssbp3-overexpressing cells was detected by bisulfite sequencing. The trophoblast-like phenotype induced by Ssbp3 was also evaluated by teratoma formation and early embryo injection assays. RESULTS Forced expression of Ssbp3 in mouse ESCs upregulated expression levels of lineage-associated genes, with trophoblast cell markers being the highest. In contrast, depletion of Ssbp3 attenuated the expression of trophoblast lineage marker genes induced by downregulation of Oct4 or treatment with BMP4 and bFGF in ESCs. Interestingly, global gene expression profiling analysis indicated that Ssbp3 overexpression did not significantly alter the transcript levels of pluripotency-associated transcription factors. Instead, Ssbp3 promoted the expression of early trophectoderm transcription factors such as Cdx2 and activated MAPK/Erk1/2 and TGF-β pathways. Furthermore, overexpression of Ssbp3 reduced the methylation level of the Elf5 promoter and promoted the generation of teratomas with internal hemorrhage, indicative of the presence of trophoblast cells. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies Ssbp3, a single-stranded DNA binding protein, as a regulator for mouse ESCs to differentiate into trophoblast-like cells. This finding is helpful to understand the regulatory networks for ESC differentiation into extra-embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinlong Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Present address: KU Leuven Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yanli Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junjie Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Life Science Building A, Room 1328, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Life Science Building A, Room 1328, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Life Science Building A, Room 1328, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Life Science Building A, Room 1328, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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Prudhomme J, Morey C. Epigenesis and plasticity of mouse trophoblast stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:757-74. [PMID: 26542801 PMCID: PMC11108370 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of the placenta in supporting a healthy pregnancy is mostly ensured by the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage that acts as the interface between the maternal and the foetal compartments. The diverse trophoblast cell subtypes that form the placenta originate from a single layer of stem cells that emerge from the embryo when the earliest cell fate decisions are occurring. Recent studies show that these trophoblast stem cells exhibit extensive plasticity as they are capable of differentiating down multiple pathways and are easily converted into embryonic stem cells in vitro. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms and control of the epigenesis of mouse trophoblast stem cells through a comparison with the corresponding mechanisms in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. To illustrate some of the more striking manifestations of the epigenetic plasticity of mouse trophoblast stem cells, we discuss them within the context of two paradigms of epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the imprinted gene expression of specific loci and the process of X-chromosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prudhomme
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Murine, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Céline Morey
- CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, 75013, Paris, France.
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16
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Conversion of embryonic stem cells into extraembryonic lineages by CRISPR-mediated activators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19648. [PMID: 26782778 PMCID: PMC4726097 DOI: 10.1038/srep19648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged CRISPR/Cas9 technique has opened a new perspective on readily editing specific genes. When combined with transcription activators, it can precisely manipulate endogenous gene expression. Here, we enhanced the expression of endogenous Cdx2 and Gata6 genes by CRISPR-mediated activators, thus mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were directly converted into two extraembryonic lineages, i.e., typical trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and extraembryonic endoderm cells (XENCs), which exhibited characters of TSC or XENC derived from the blastocyst extraembryonic lineages such as cell morphology, specific gene expression, and differentiation ability in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that the cell fate can be effectively manipulated by directly activating of specific endogenous gene expression with CRISPR-mediated activator.
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17
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Kubaczka C, Senner C, Cierlitza M, Araúzo-Bravo M, Kuckenberg P, Peitz M, Hemberger M, Schorle H. Direct Induction of Trophoblast Stem Cells from Murine Fibroblasts. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:557-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Sebban S, Buganim Y. Nuclear Reprogramming by Defined Factors: Quantity Versus Quality. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:65-75. [PMID: 26437595 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly converted cells holds great promise in regenerative medicine. However, after in-depth studies of the murine system, we know that the current methodologies to produce these cells are not ideal and mostly yield cells of poor quality that might hold a risk in therapeutic applications. In this review we address the duality found in the literature regarding the use of 'quality' as a criterion for the clinic. We discuss the elements that influence reprogramming quality, and provide evidence that safety and functionality are directly linked to cell quality. Finally, because most of the available data come from murine systems, we speculate about what aspects can be applied to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Sebban
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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19
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Kim D, Park S, Jung YG, Roh S. In vitro culture of stem-like cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer bovine embryos of the Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14071. [PMID: 25966803 DOI: 10.1071/rd14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We established and maintained somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo-derived stem-like cells (SCNT-eSLCs) from the traditional Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo (Bos taurus coreanae). Each SCNT blastocyst was placed individually on a feeder layer with culture medium containing three inhibitors of differentiation (3i). Primary colonies formed after 2-3 days of culture and the intact colonies were passaged every 5-6 days. The cells in each colony showed embryonic stem cell-like morphologies with a distinct boundary and were positive to alkaline phosphatase staining. Immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses also confirmed that these colonies expressed pluripotent markers. The colonies were maintained over 50 passages for more than 270 days. The cells showed normal karyotypes consisting of 60 chromosomes at Passage 50. Embryoid bodies were formed by suspension culture to analyse in vitro differentiation capability. Marker genes representing the differentiation into three germ layers were expressed. Typical embryonal carcinoma was generated after injecting cells under the testis capsule of nude mice, suggesting that the cultured cells may also have the potential of in vivo differentiation. In conclusion, we generated eSLCs from SCNT bovine embryos, using a 3i system that sustained stemness, normal karyotype and pluripotency, which was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo differentiation.
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20
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Ogawa H, Watanabe H, Fukuda A, Kono T. Deficiency of genomic reprogramming in trophoblast stem cells following nuclear transfer. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:115-23. [PMID: 25826724 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the genomic reprogrammability of trophoblast stem (TS) cells using a nuclear transfer technique, we produced TS cloned embryos using five TS cell lines from three strains of mice (ICR, B6D2F1, and B6CBF1) as donors and observed developmental ability during preimplantation development. The developmental rates of the TS cloned embryos that developed to the two-cell, four- to eight-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages were 58-83%, 0-38.6%, 0-21.3%, and 0-15.9%, respectively, indicating that more than 50% of TS cloned embryos arrested at the two-cell stage. These TS cloned two-cell embryos were expressed low level of Dappa3 (also known as PGC7/Stella), indicating that zygotic gene activation (ZGA) was disrupted in these embryos. However, a small portion of the TS cloned embryos (0-15.9%) reached the blastocyst stage. In these TS cloned blastocysts, the numbers of trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cells were 31.9 ± 4.6 and 12.1 ± 3.0, respectively, which were not significantly different from those in the fertilized embryos. In addition, the gene expression analysis showed that Oct3/4, and Cdx2, which are ICM- and TE-specific marker genes, respectively, and Dppa3, and Hdac1, which are zygotic gene activation-related genes, were expressed in TS cloned blastocysts at the same levels as in the fertilized blastocysts. These results indicate that although TS cloned embryos are able to differentiate into ICM cells, the genomic reprogrammability of TS cells is very low following nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Ogawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture , Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
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21
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Blij S, Parenti A, Tabatabai-Yazdi N, Ralston A. Cdx2 efficiently induces trophoblast stem-like cells in naïve, but not primed, pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1352-65. [PMID: 25625326 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse pluripotent stem cell lines have been derived from the mouse, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). While all are pluripotent, these cell lines differ in terms of developmental origins, morphology, gene expression, and signaling, indicating that multiple pluripotent states exist. Whether and how the pluripotent state influences the cell line's developmental potential or the competence to respond to differentiation cues could help optimize directed differentiation protocols. To determine whether pluripotent stem cell lines differ in developmental potential, we compared the capacity of mouse ESCs, iPSCs, ECCs, and EpiSCs to form trophoblast. ESCs do not readily differentiate into trophoblast, but overexpression of the trophoblast-expressed transcription factor, CDX2, leads to efficient differentiation to trophoblast and to formation of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) in the presence of fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) and Heparin. Interestingly, we found that iPSCs and ECCs could both give rise to TSC-like cells following Cdx2 overexpression, suggesting that these cell lines are equivalent in developmental potential. By contrast, EpiSCs did not give rise to TSCs following Cdx2 overexpression, indicating that EpiSCs are no longer competent to respond to CDX2 by differentiating to trophoblast. In addition, we noted that culturing ESCs in conditions that promote naïve pluripotency improved the efficiency with which TSC-like cells could be derived. This work demonstrates that CDX2 efficiently induces trophoblast in more naïve than in primed pluripotent stem cells and that the pluripotent state can influence the developmental potential of stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Blij
- 1Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Anthony Parenti
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Neeloufar Tabatabai-Yazdi
- 1Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Amy Ralston
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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22
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Cambuli F, Murray A, Dean W, Dudzinska D, Krueger F, Andrews S, Senner CE, Cook SJ, Hemberger M. Epigenetic memory of the first cell fate decision prevents complete ES cell reprogramming into trophoblast. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5538. [PMID: 25423963 PMCID: PMC4263130 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic (ES) and trophoblast (TS) stem cells reflect the first, irrevocable cell fate decision in development that is reinforced by distinct epigenetic lineage barriers. Nonetheless, ES cells can seemingly acquire TS-like characteristics upon manipulation of lineage-determining transcription factors or activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) pathway. Here we have interrogated the progression of reprogramming in ES cell models with regulatable Oct4 and Cdx2 transgenes or conditional Erk1/2 activation. Although trans-differentiation into TS-like cells is initiated, lineage conversion remains incomplete in all models, underpinned by the failure to demethylate a small group of TS cell genes. Forced expression of these non-reprogrammed genes improves trans-differentiation efficiency, but still fails to confer a stable TS cell phenotype. Thus, even ES cells in ground-state pluripotency cannot fully overcome the boundaries that separate the first cell lineages but retain an epigenetic memory of their ES cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cambuli
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Alexander Murray
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Wendy Dean
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Dominika Dudzinska
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Felix Krueger
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Claire E. Senner
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Myriam Hemberger
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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23
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Zhi Y, Jia G, Gerelchimeg B, Shi-chao L, Yan-shuang M, Zhong-hua L. Lentivirus Mediated Gene Manipulation in Trophectoderm of Porcine Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1006-8104(14)60067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Duan L, Wang Z, Shen J, Shan Z, Shen X, Wu Y, Sun R, Li T, Yuan R, Zhao Q, Bai G, Gu Y, Jin L, Lei L. Comparison of reprogramming genes in induced pluripotent stem cells and nuclear transfer cloned embryos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:548-60. [PMID: 24828831 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most effective reprogramming methods, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are widely used in biological research and regenerative medicine, yet the mechanism that reprograms somatic cells to totipotency remains unclear and thus reprogramming efficiency is still low. Microarray technology has been employed in analyzing the transcriptomes changes during iPS reprogramming. Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain enough DNA from SCNT reconstructed embryos to take advantage of this technology. In this study, we aimed to identify critical genes from the transcriptional profile for iPS reprogramming and compared expression levels of these genes in SCNT reprogramming. By integrating gene expression information from microarray databases and published studies comparing somatic cells with either miPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we obtained two lists of co-upregulated genes. The gene ontology (GO) enriched analysis of these two lists demonstrated that the reprogramming process is associated with numerous biological processes. Specifically, we selected 32 genes related to heterochromatin, embryonic development, and cell cycle from our co-upregulated gene datasets and examined the gene expression level in iPSCs and SCNT embryos by qPCR. The results revealed that some reprogramming related genes in iPSCs were also expressed in SCNT reprogramming. We established the network of gene interactions that occur with genes differentially expressed in iPS and SCNT reprogramming and then performed GO analysis on the genes in the network. The network genes function in chromatin organization, heterochromatin, transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle. Further researches to improve reprogramming efficiency, especially in SCNT, will focus on functional studies of these selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Harbin, China
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25
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Derivation and maintenance of murine trophoblast stem cells under defined conditions. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:232-42. [PMID: 24527396 PMCID: PMC3923226 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are in vitro equivalents to the precursor cells of the placenta. TSCs are cultured in serum-rich medium with fibroblast growth factor 4, heparin, and embryonic-fibroblast-conditioned medium. Here, we developed a simple medium consisting of ten chemically defined ingredients for culture of TSCs on Matrigel or synthetic substrates, named TX medium. Gene expression and DNA methylation profiling demonstrated the faithful propagation of expression profiles and epigenomic characteristics of TSCs cultured in TX. Further, TX medium supported the de novo derivation of TSC lines. Finally, TSCs cultured in TX differentiate into all derivatives of the trophectodermal lineage in vitro, give rise to hemorrhagic lesions in nude mice, and chimerize the placenta, indicating that they retained all hallmarks of TSCs. TX media formulation no longer requires fetal bovine serum and conditioned medium, which facilitates and standardizes the culture of this extraembryonic lineage.
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26
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Carey TS, Choi I, Wilson CA, Floer M, Knott JG. Transcriptional reprogramming and chromatin remodeling accompanies Oct4 and Nanog silencing in mouse trophoblast lineage. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:219-29. [PMID: 24059348 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse blastocysts, CDX2 plays a key role in silencing Oct4 and Nanog expression in the trophectoderm (TE) lineage. However, the underlying transcriptional and chromatin-based changes that are associated with CDX2-mediated repression are poorly understood. To address this, a Cdx2-inducible mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line was utilized as a model system. Induction of Cdx2 expression resulted in a decrease in Oct4/Nanog expression, an increase in TE markers, and differentiation into trophoblast-like stem (TS-like) cells within 48 to 120 h. Consistent with the down-regulation of Oct4 and Nanog transcripts, a time-dependent increase in CDX2 binding and a decrease in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and OCT4 binding was observed within 48 h (P<0.05). To test whether transcriptionally active epigenetic marks were erased during differentiation, histone H3K9/14 acetylation and two of its epigenetic modifiers were evaluated. Accordingly, a significant decrease in histone H3K9/14 acetylation and loss of p300 and HDAC1 binding at the Oct4 and Nanog regulatory elements was observed by 48 h. Accompanying these changes, there was a significant increase in total histone H3 and a loss of chromatin accessibility at both the Oct4 and Nanog regulatory elements (P<0.05), indicative of chromatin remodeling. Lastly, DNA methylation analysis revealed that methylation did not occur at Oct4 and Nanog until 96 to 120 h after induction of CDX2. In conclusion, our results show that silencing of Oct4 and Nanog is facilitated by sequential changes in transcription factor binding, histone acetylation, chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation at core regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Carey
- 1 Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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27
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Bermejo-Alvarez P, Ramos-Ibeas P, Gutierrez-Adan A. Solving the "X" in embryos and stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1215-24. [PMID: 22309156 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a complex epigenetic process that ensures that most X-linked genes are expressed equally for both sexes. Female eutherian mammals inactivate randomly the maternal or paternal inherited X-chromosome early in embryogenesis, whereas the extra-embryonic tissues experience an imprinting XCI that results in the inactivation of the paternal X-chromosome in mice. Although the phenomenon was initially described 40 years ago, many aspects remain obscure. In the last 2 years, some trademark publications have shed new light on the ongoing debate regarding the timing and mechanism of imprinted or random XCI. It has been observed that XCI is not accomplished at the blastocyst stage in bovines, rabbits, and humans, contrasting with the situation reported in mice, the standard model. All the species present 2 active X-chromosomes (Xa) in the early epiblast of the blastocyst, the cellular source for embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this perspective, it would make sense to expect an absence of XCI in undifferentiated ESCs, but human ESCs are highly heterogeneous for this parameter and the presence of 2 Xa has been proposed as a true hallmark of ground-state pluripotency and a quality marker for female ESCs. Similarly, XCI reversal in female induced pluripotent stem cells is a key reprogramming event on the path to achieve the naïve pluripotency, and key pluripotency regulators can interact directly or indirectly with Xist. Finally, the presence of 2 Xa may lead to a sex-specific transcriptional regulation resulting in sexual dimorphism in reprogramming and differentiation.
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28
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Kuckenberg P, Kubaczka C, Schorle H. The role of transcription factor Tcfap2c/TFAP2C in trophectoderm development. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25:12-20. [PMID: 22560121 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge regarding the genetic and epigenetic programmes governing specification, maintenance and differentiation of the extraembryonic lineage has advanced substantially. Establishment and analysis of mice deficient in genes implicated in trophoblast lineage and the option to generate and manipulate murine stem cell lines from the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm in vitro represent major advances. The activating enhancer binding protein 2 (AP2) family of transcription factors is expressed during mammalian development and in certain malignant diseases. This article summarizes the data regarding expression and function of murine Tcfap2 and human TFAP2 in extraembryonic development and differentiation. It also presents a model integrating Tcfap2c into the framework of trophoblast development and highlights the requirement of Tcfap2c to maintain trophoblast stem cells. With regard to human trophoblast cell-lineage restriction, the role of TFAP2C in lineage specification and maintenance is speculated upon. Furthermore, an overview of target genes of AP2 in mouse and human affecting placenta development and function is provided and the evidence suggesting that defects in regulating TFAP2 members might contribute to placental defects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuckenberg
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany
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29
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Abstract
This review summarises current knowledge about the specification, commitment and maintenance of the trophoblast lineage in mice and cattle. Results from gene expression studies, in vivo loss-of-function models and in vitro systems using trophoblast and embryonic stem cells have been assimilated into a model seeking to explain trophoblast ontogeny via gene regulatory networks. While trophoblast differentiation is quite distinct between cattle and mice, as would be expected from their different modes of implantation, recent studies have demonstrated that differences arise much earlier during trophoblast development.
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30
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Payer B, Lee JT, Namekawa SH. X-inactivation and X-reactivation: epigenetic hallmarks of mammalian reproduction and pluripotent stem cells. Hum Genet 2011; 130:265-80. [PMID: 21667284 PMCID: PMC3744832 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation is an epigenetic hallmark of mammalian development. Chromosome-wide regulation of the X-chromosome is essential in embryonic and germ cell development. In the male germline, the X-chromosome goes through meiotic sex chromosome inactivation, and the chromosome-wide silencing is maintained from meiosis into spermatids before the transmission to female embryos. In early female mouse embryos, X-inactivation is imprinted to occur on the paternal X-chromosome, representing the epigenetic programs acquired in both parental germlines. Recent advances revealed that the inactive X-chromosome in both females and males can be dissected into two elements: repeat elements versus unique coding genes. The inactive paternal X in female preimplantation embryos is reactivated in the inner cell mass of blastocysts in order to subsequently allow the random form of X-inactivation in the female embryo, by which both Xs have an equal chance of being inactivated. X-chromosome reactivation is regulated by pluripotency factors and also occurs in early female germ cells and in pluripotent stem cells, where X-reactivation is a stringent marker of naive ground state pluripotency. Here we summarize recent progress in the study of X-inactivation and X-reactivation during mammalian reproduction and development as well as in pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Payer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeannie T. Lee
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi H. Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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