1
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Lethier M, Huard K, Hons M, Favier A, Brutscher B, Boeri Erba E, Abbott DW, Cusack S, Pellegrini E. Structure shows that the BIR2 domain of E3 ligase XIAP binds across the RIPK2 kinase dimer interface. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201784. [PMID: 37673444 PMCID: PMC10485824 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 is an essential adaptor for NOD signalling and its kinase domain is a drug target for NOD-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, recent work indicates that the phosphorylation activity of RIPK2 is dispensable for signalling and that inhibitors of both RIPK2 activity and RIPK2 ubiquitination prevent the essential interaction between RIPK2 and the BIR2 domain of XIAP, the key RIPK2 ubiquitin E3 ligase. Moreover, XIAP BIR2 antagonists also block this interaction. To reveal the molecular mechanisms involved, we combined native mass spectrometry, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the RIPK2 kinase BIR2 domain complex and validated the interface with in cellulo assays. The structure shows that BIR2 binds across the RIPK2 kinase antiparallel dimer and provides an explanation for both inhibitory mechanisms. It also highlights why phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop is dispensable for signalling while revealing the structural role of RIPK2-K209 residue in the RIPK2-XIAP BIR2 interaction. Our results clarify the features of the RIPK2 conformation essential for its role as a scaffold protein for ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lethier
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Huard
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Hons
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Adrien Favier
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernhard Brutscher
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabetta Boeri Erba
- University Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Cusack
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
| | - Erika Pellegrini
- https://ror.org/01zjc6908 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble, France
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2
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Budroni V, Versteeg GA. Negative Regulation of the Innate Immune Response through Proteasomal Degradation and Deubiquitination. Viruses 2021; 13:584. [PMID: 33808506 PMCID: PMC8066222 DOI: 10.3390/v13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and dynamic activation of the innate immune system is achieved through complex signaling networks regulated by post-translational modifications modulating the subcellular localization, activity, and abundance of signaling molecules. Many constitutively expressed signaling molecules are present in the cell in inactive forms, and become functionally activated once they are modified with ubiquitin, and, in turn, inactivated by removal of the same post-translational mark. Moreover, upon infection resolution a rapid remodeling of the proteome needs to occur, ensuring the removal of induced response proteins to prevent hyperactivation. This review discusses the current knowledge on the negative regulation of innate immune signaling pathways by deubiquitinating enzymes, and through degradative ubiquitination. It focusses on spatiotemporal regulation of deubiquitinase and E3 ligase activities, mechanisms for re-establishing proteostasis, and degradation through immune-specific feedback mechanisms vs. general protein quality control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gijs A. Versteeg
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria;
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3
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Hofmann SR, Girschick L, Stein R, Schulze F. Immune modulating effects of receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2) in autoinflammation and immunity. Clin Immunol 2020; 223:108648. [PMID: 33310070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a kinase that is involved in downstream signaling of nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and 2 sensing bacterial peptidoglycans. RIP2-deficiency or targeting of RIP2 by pharmaceutical inhibitors partially ameliorates inflammatory diseases by reducing pro-inflammatory signaling in response to peptidoglycans. However, RIP2 is widely expressed and interacts with several other proteins suggesting additional functions outside the NOD-signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of RIP2 and its possible role in autoinflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Ruth Hofmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Leonie Girschick
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Schulze
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Heim VJ, Dagley LF, Stafford CA, Hansen FM, Clayer E, Bankovacki A, Webb AI, Lucet IS, Silke J, Nachbur U. A regulatory region on RIPK2 is required for XIAP binding and NOD signaling activity. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50400. [PMID: 32954645 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the intracellular pathogen receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins NOD1 and NOD2 requires receptor interacting kinase 2 (RIPK2), an adaptor kinase that can be targeted for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of how RIPK2 contributes to NOD signaling are not completely understood. We generated FLAG-tagged RIPK2 knock-in mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to study NOD signaling mechanisms at the endogenous level. Using cells from these mice, we were able to generate a detailed map of post-translational modifications on RIPK2. Similar to other reports, we did not detect ubiquitination of RIPK2 lysine 209 during NOD2 signaling. However, using site-directed mutagenesis we identified a new regulatory region on RIPK2, which dictates the crucial interaction with the E3 ligase XIAP and downstream signaling outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin J Heim
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Che A Stafford
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fynn M Hansen
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elise Clayer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Aleksandra Bankovacki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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5
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Field NS, Moser EK, Oliver PM. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:353-362. [PMID: 32356405 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Chirieleison SM, Rathkey JK, Abbott DW. Unique BIR domain sets determine inhibitor of apoptosis protein-driven cell death and NOD2 complex signal specificity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/539/eaao3964. [PMID: 30018081 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian IAPs, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 and 2 (cIAP1 and cIAP2), play pivotal roles in innate immune signaling and inflammatory homeostasis, often working in parallel or in conjunction at a signaling complex. IAPs direct both nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 (NOD2) signaling complexes and cell death mechanisms to appropriately regulate inflammation. Although it is known that XIAP is critical for NOD2 signaling and that the loss of cIAP1 and cIAP2 blunts NOD2 activity, it is unclear whether these three highly related proteins can compensate for one another in NOD2 signaling or in mechanisms governing apoptosis or necroptosis. This potential redundancy is critically important, given that genetic loss of XIAP causes both very early onset inflammatory bowel disease and X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome 2 (XLP-2) and that the overexpression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 is linked to both carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Given the therapeutic interest in IAP inhibition and the potential toxicities associated with disruption of inflammatory homeostasis, we used synthetic biology techniques to examine the functional redundancies of key domains in the IAPs. From this analysis, we defined the features of the IAPs that enable them to function at overlapping signaling complexes but remain independent and functionally exclusive in their roles as E3 ubiquitin ligases in innate immune and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Chirieleison
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA
| | - Joseph K Rathkey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA.
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7
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de Bruyn M, Vermeire S. NOD2 and bacterial recognition as therapeutic targets for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1123-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Bist P, Cheong WS, Ng A, Dikshit N, Kim BH, Pulloor NK, Khameneh HJ, Hedl M, Shenoy AR, Balamuralidhar V, Malik NBA, Hong M, Neutzner A, Chin KC, Kobayashi KS, Bertoletti A, Mortellaro A, Abraham C, MacMicking JD, Xavier RJ, Sukumaran B. E3 Ubiquitin ligase ZNRF4 negatively regulates NOD2 signalling and induces tolerance to MDP. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15865. [PMID: 28656966 PMCID: PMC5493756 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal regulation of the innate immune receptor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is essential for controlling bacterial infections and inflammatory disorders. Chronic NOD2 stimulation induces non-responsiveness to restimulation, termed NOD2-induced tolerance. Although the levels of the NOD2 adaptor, RIP2, are reported to regulate both acute and chronic NOD2 signalling, how RIP2 levels are modulated is unclear. Here we show that ZNRF4 induces K48-linked ubiquitination of RIP2 and promotes RIP2 degradation. A fraction of RIP2 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it interacts with ZNRF4 under either 55 unstimulated and muramyl dipeptide-stimulated conditions. Znrf4 knockdown monocytes have sustained nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation, and Znrf4 knockdown mice have reduced NOD2-induced tolerance and more effective control of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Our results thus demonstrate E3-ubiquitin ligase ZNRF4-mediated RIP2 degradation as a negative regulatory mechanism of NOD2-induced NF-κB, cytokine and anti-bacterial responses in vitro and in vivo, and identify a ZNRF4-RIP2 axis of fine-tuning NOD2 signalling to promote protective host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bist
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wan Shoo Cheong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Aylwin Ng
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Neha Dikshit
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bae-Hoon Kim
- HHMI, Yale Systems Biology Institute, Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 065207, USA
| | - Niyas Kudukkil Pulloor
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Avinash R. Shenoy
- HHMI, Yale Systems Biology Institute, Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 065207, USA
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Armstrong Rd, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Najib Bin Abdul Malik
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Michelle Hong
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Keh-Chuang Chin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Koichi S. Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Centre, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - John D. MacMicking
- HHMI, Yale Systems Biology Institute, Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 065207, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bindu Sukumaran
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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9
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Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Chirieleison SM, Kertesy SB, Abbott DW. Synthetic Biology Reveals the Uniqueness of the RIP Kinase Domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4291-7. [PMID: 27045108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The RIP kinases (RIPKs) play an essential role in inflammatory signaling and inflammatory cell death. However, the function of their kinase activity has been enigmatic, and only recently has kinase domain activity been shown to be crucial for their signal transduction capacity. Despite this uncertainty, the RIPKs have been the subject of intense pharmaceutical development with a number of compounds currently in preclinical testing. In this work, we seek to determine the functional redundancy between the kinase domains of the four major RIPK family members. We find that although RIPK1, RIPK2, and RIPK4 are similar in that they can all activate NF-κB and induce NF-κB essential modulator ubiquitination, only RIPK2 is a dual-specificity kinase. Domain swapping experiments showed that the RIPK4 kinase domain could be converted to a dual-specificity kinase and is essentially indistinct from RIPK2 in biochemical and molecular activity. Surprisingly, however, replacement of RIPK2's kinase domain with RIPK4's did not complement a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 signaling or gene expression induction defect in RIPK2(-/-) macrophages. These findings suggest that RIPK2's kinase domain is functionally unique compared with other RIPK family members and that pharmacologic targeting of RIPK2 can be separated from the other RIPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Chirieleison
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sylvia B Kertesy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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11
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Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 213:1-13. [PMID: 26712804 PMCID: PMC4710203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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12
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Upadhyay A, Amanullah A, Chhangani D, Mishra R, Mishra A. Selective multifaceted E3 ubiquitin ligases barricade extreme defense: Potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:138-59. [PMID: 26247845 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and regular performance of Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Autophagy continuously eliminate deleterious accumulation of nonnative protiens. In cellular quality control system, E3 ubiquitin ligases are significant employees for defense mechanism against abnormal toxic proteins. Few findings indicate that lack of functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases can be a causative factor of neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration, cancer and ageing. However, the detailed molecular pathomechanism implying E3 ubiquitin ligases in cellular functions in multifactorial disease conditions are not well understood. This article systematically represents the unique characteristics, molecular nature, and recent developments in the knowledge of neurobiological functions of few crucial E3 ubiquitin ligases. Here, we review recent literature on the roles of E6-AP, HRD1 and ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligases in the neuro-pathobiological mechanisms, with precise focus on the processes of neurodegeneration, and thereby propose new lines of potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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13
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Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
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14
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Canning P, Ruan Q, Schwerd T, Hrdinka M, Maki JL, Saleh D, Suebsuwong C, Ray S, Brennan PE, Cuny GD, Uhlig HH, Gyrd-Hansen M, Degterev A, Bullock AN. Inflammatory Signaling by NOD-RIPK2 Is Inhibited by Clinically Relevant Type II Kinase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1174-84. [PMID: 26320862 PMCID: PMC4579271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RIPK2 mediates pro-inflammatory signaling from the bacterial sensors NOD1 and NOD2, and is an emerging therapeutic target in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We observed that cellular RIPK2 can be potently inhibited by type II inhibitors that displace the kinase activation segment, whereas ATP-competitive type I inhibition was only poorly effective. The most potent RIPK2 inhibitors were the US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs ponatinib and regorafenib. Their mechanism of action was independent of NOD2 interaction and involved loss of downstream kinase activation as evidenced by lack of RIPK2 autophosphorylation. Notably, these molecules also blocked RIPK2 ubiquitination and, consequently, inflammatory nuclear factor κB signaling. In monocytes, the inhibitors selectively blocked NOD-dependent tumor necrosis factor production without affecting lipopolysaccharide-dependent pathways. We also determined the first crystal structure of RIPK2 bound to ponatinib, and identified an allosteric site for inhibitor development. These results highlight the potential for type II inhibitors to treat indications of RIPK2 activation as well as inflammation-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Qui Ruan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Matous Hrdinka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jenny L Maki
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Danish Saleh
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Soumya Ray
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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15
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Perez JM, Chirieleison SM, Abbott DW. An IκB Kinase-Regulated Feedforward Circuit Prolongs Inflammation. Cell Rep 2015; 12:537-44. [PMID: 26190110 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of NF-κB signaling causes immunodeficiency, whereas inhibition of NF-κB can be efficacious in treating chronic inflammatory disease. Inflammatory NF-κB signaling must therefore be tightly regulated, and although many mechanisms to downregulate NF-κB have been elucidated, there have only been limited studies demonstrating positive feedforward regulation of NF-κB signaling. In this work, we use a bioinformatic and proteomic approach to discover that the IKK family of proteins can phosphorylate the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH, a critical downregulator of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation. Phosphorylation of ITCH by IKKs leads to impaired ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and prolongs NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Since genetic loss of ITCH mirrors IKK-induced ITCH phosphorylation, we further show that the ITCH(-/-) mouse's spontaneous lung inflammation and subsequent death can be delayed when TNF signaling is genetically deleted. This work identifies a new positive feedforward regulation of NF-κB activation that drives inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Perez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Steven M Chirieleison
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Luk SUI, Xue H, Cheng H, Lin D, Gout PW, Fazli L, Collins CC, Gleave ME, Wang Y. The BIRC6 gene as a novel target for therapy of prostate cancer: dual targeting of inhibitors of apoptosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6896-908. [PMID: 25071009 PMCID: PMC4196171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistance, the major challenge in the management of advanced prostate cancer, is in part based on resistance to apoptosis. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family is thought to play key roles in survival and drug resistance of cancer via inhibition of apoptosis. Of the IAP family members, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP and survivin are known to be up-regulated in prostate cancer. BIRC6, a much less studied IAP member, was recently shown to be elevated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the present study, we showed a correlation between elevated BIRC6 expression in clinical prostate cancer specimens and poor patient prognostic factors, as well as co-upregulation of certain IAP members. In view of this, we designed antisense oligonucleotides that simultaneously target BIRC6 and another co-upregulated IAP member (dASOs). Two dASOs, targeting BIRC6+cIAP1 and BIRC6+survivin, showed substantial inhibition of CRPC cells proliferation, exceeding that obtained with single BIRC6 targeting. The growth inhibition was associated with increased apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of NFkB activation. Moreover, treatment with both dASOs led to significantly lower viable tumor volume in vivo, without major host toxicity. This study shows that BIRC6-based dual IAP-targeting ASOs represent potential novel therapeutic agents against advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ue Iris Luk
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Pedersen J, LaCasse EC, Seidelin JB, Coskun M, Nielsen OH. Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) regulate intestinal immunity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:652-65. [PMID: 25282548 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members, notably cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP, are critical and universal regulators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mediated survival, inflammatory, and death signaling pathways. Furthermore, IAPs mediate the signaling of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1/NOD2 and other intracellular NOD-like receptors in response to bacterial pathogens. These pathways are important to the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inactivating mutations in the X-chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) gene causes an immunodeficiency syndrome, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 2 (XLP2), in which 20% of patients develop severe intestinal inflammation. In addition, 4% of males with early-onset IBD also have inactivating mutations in XIAP. Therefore, the IAPs play a greater role in gut homeostasis, immunity and IBD development than previously suspected, and may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie Pedersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Eric C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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18
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Tigno-Aranjuez JT, Benderitter P, Rombouts F, Deroose F, Bai X, Mattioli B, Cominelli F, Pizarro TT, Hoflack J, Abbott DW. In vivo inhibition of RIPK2 kinase alleviates inflammatory disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29651-64. [PMID: 25213858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIPK2 kinase transduces signaling downstream of the intracellular peptidoglycan sensors NOD1 and NOD2 to promote a productive inflammatory response. However, excessive NOD2 signaling has been associated with numerous diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sarcoidosis and inflammatory arthritis, making pharmacologic inhibition of RIPK2 an appealing strategy. In this work, we report the generation, identification, and evaluation of novel RIPK2 specific inhibitors. These compounds potently inhibit the RIPK2 tyrosine kinase activity in in vitro biochemical assays and cellular assays, as well as effectively reduce RIPK2-mediated effects in an in vivo peritonitis model. In conjunction with the development of these inhibitors, we have also defined a panel of genes whose expression is regulated by RIPK2 kinase activity. Such RIPK2 activation markers may serve as a useful tool for predicting settings likely to benefit from RIPK2 inhibition. Using these markers and the FDA-approved RIPK2 inhibitor Gefitinib, we show that pharmacologic RIPK2 inhibition drastically improves disease in a spontaneous model of Crohn Disease-like ileitis. Furthermore, using novel RIPK2-specific inhibitors, we show that cellular recruitment is inhibited in an in vivo peritonitis model. Altogether, the data presented in this work provides a strong rationale for further development and optimization of RIPK2-targeted pharmaceuticals and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Benderitter
- Oncodesign S.A., 20, Rue Jean Mazen, B.P. 27 627, 21 076 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Deroose
- Asclepia Outsourcing Solutions, Damvalleistraat 49, B-9070 Destelbergen, Belgium
| | - XiaoDong Bai
- RNA Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973, and
| | - Benedetta Mattioli
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Jan Hoflack
- Oncodesign S.A., 20, Rue Jean Mazen, B.P. 27 627, 21 076 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Derek W Abbott
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973,
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19
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Damgaard RB, Fiil BK, Speckmann C, Yabal M, zur Stadt U, Bekker-Jensen S, Jost PJ, Ehl S, Mailand N, Gyrd-Hansen M. Disease-causing mutations in the XIAP BIR2 domain impair NOD2-dependent immune signalling. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1278-95. [PMID: 23818254 PMCID: PMC3944466 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) is an essential ubiquitin ligase for pro-inflammatory signalling downstream of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD)-1 and -2 pattern recognition receptors. Mutations in XIAP cause X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type-2 (XLP2), an immunodeficiency associated with a potentially fatal deregulation of the immune system, whose aetiology is not well understood. Here, we identify the XIAP baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR)2 domain as a hotspot for missense mutations in XLP2. We demonstrate that XLP2-BIR2 mutations severely impair NOD1/2-dependent immune signalling in primary cells from XLP2 patients and in reconstituted XIAP-deficient cell lines. XLP2-BIR2 mutations abolish the XIAP-RIPK2 interaction resulting in impaired ubiquitylation of RIPK2 and recruitment of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) to the NOD2-complex. We show that the RIPK2 binding site in XIAP overlaps with the BIR2 IBM-binding pocket and find that a bivalent Smac mimetic compound (SMC) potently antagonises XIAP function downstream of NOD2 to limit signalling. These findings suggest that impaired immune signalling in response to NOD1/2 stimulation is a general defect in XLP2 and demonstrate that the XIAP BIR2-RIPK2 interaction may be targeted pharmacologically to modulate inflammatory signalling. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type-2 is an immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in the XIAP gene. BIR2 domain mutations in patients impair RIPK2 binding and NOD2-dependent innate immune signaling, explaining some of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Disease Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Jun JC, Cominelli F, Abbott DW. RIP2 activity in inflammatory disease and implications for novel therapeutics. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:927-32. [PMID: 23794710 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0213109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of NOD2 and RIP2 in inflammatory disease has been paradoxical. Whereas loss-of-function NOD2 polymorphisms cause CD, a granulomatous disease of the gastrointestinal tract, gain-of-function mutations cause EOS-a granulomatous disease primarily affecting the skin, joints, and eyes. Thus, gain-of-function mutations and loss-of-function polymorphisms cause granulomatous inflammatory disease, only in different anatomic locations. The situation is complicated further by the fact that WT NOD2 and WT RIP2 activity has been implicated in diseases such as asthma, inflammatory arthritis and MS. This article reviews the role that the NOD2:RIP2 complex plays in inflammatory disease, with an emphasis on the inhibition of this signaling pathway as a novel pharmaceutical target in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice C Jun
- 1.Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Wolstein Research Bldg., 2103 Cornell Rd., Room 6532, Cleveland, OH 44122, USA.
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22
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Menning M, Kufer TA. A role for the Ankyrin repeat containing protein Ankrd17 in Nod1- and Nod2-mediated inflammatory responses. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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