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Wen L, Liu Z, Zhou L, Liu Z, Li Q, Geng B, Xia Y. Bone and Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase 5 (ERK5). Biomolecules 2024; 14:556. [PMID: 38785963 PMCID: PMC11117709 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bones are vital for anchoring muscles, tendons, and ligaments, serving as a fundamental element of the human skeletal structure. However, our understanding of bone development mechanisms and the maintenance of bone homeostasis is still limited. Extracellular signal-related kinase 5 (ERK5), a recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, especially neoplasms. Recent studies have highlighted ERK5's significant role in both bone development and bone-associated pathologies. This review offers a detailed examination of the latest research on ERK5 in different tissues and diseases, with a particular focus on its implications for bone health. It also examines therapeutic strategies and future research avenues targeting ERK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Libo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Qingda Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yayi Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.); (B.G.)
- Orthopedic Clinical Medical Research Center and Intelligent Orthopedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Espinosa-Gil S, Ivanova S, Alari-Pahissa E, Denizli M, Villafranca-Magdalena B, Viñas-Casas M, Bolinaga-Ayala I, Gámez-García A, Faundez-Vidiella C, Colas E, Lopez-Botet M, Zorzano A, Lizcano JM. MAP kinase ERK5 modulates cancer cell sensitivity to extrinsic apoptosis induced by death-receptor agonists. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:715. [PMID: 37919293 PMCID: PMC10622508 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Death receptor ligand TRAIL is a promising cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively trigger extrinsic apoptosis in cancer cells. However, TRAIL-based therapies in humans have shown limitations, mainly due inherent or acquired resistance of tumor cells. To address this issue, current efforts are focussed on dissecting the intracellular signaling pathways involved in resistance to TRAIL, to identify strategies that sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity. In this work, we describe the oncogenic MEK5-ERK5 pathway as a critical regulator of cancer cell resistance to the apoptosis induced by death receptor ligands. Using 2D and 3D cell cultures and transcriptomic analyses, we show that ERK5 controls the proteostasis of TP53INP2, a protein necessary for full activation of caspase-8 in response to TNFα, FasL or TRAIL. Mechanistically, ERK5 phosphorylates and induces ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of TP53INP2, resulting in cancer cell resistance to TRAIL. Concordantly, ERK5 inhibition or genetic deletion, by stabilizing TP53INP2, sensitizes cancer cells to the apoptosis induced by recombinant TRAIL and TRAIL/FasL expressed by Natural Killer cells. The MEK5-ERK5 pathway regulates cancer cell proliferation and survival, and ERK5 inhibitors have shown anticancer activity in preclinical models of solid tumors. Using endometrial cancer patient-derived xenograft organoids, we propose ERK5 inhibition as an effective strategy to sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saska Ivanova
- IRB Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Melek Denizli
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villafranca-Magdalena
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Viñas-Casas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bolinaga-Ayala
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Gámez-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Faundez-Vidiella
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Colas
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology laboratory, Dpt. of Pathology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- IRB Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Tusa I, Menconi A, Tubita A, Rovida E. Pathophysiological Impact of the MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Oxidative Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081154. [PMID: 37190064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, a low increase in the basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for various cellular functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell survival or death, as well as antioxidant capacity. However, if the amount of generated ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity, excessive ROS results in cellular dysfunctions as a consequence of damage to cellular components, including DNA, lipids and proteins, and may eventually lead to cell death or carcinogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (MEK5/ERK5) pathway is frequently involved in oxidative stress-elicited effects. In particular, accumulating evidence identified a prominent role of this pathway in the anti-oxidative response. In this respect, activation of krüppel-like factor 2/4 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 emerged among the most frequent events in ERK5-mediated response to oxidative stress. This review summarizes what is known about the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the response to oxidative stress in pathophysiological contexts within the cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphohematopoietic, urinary and central nervous systems. The possible beneficial or detrimental effects exerted by the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in the above systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Huo R, Huang X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Lin J. Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of interstitial lung disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1139460. [PMID: 37089962 PMCID: PMC10117935 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1139460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by lung injury caused by lung fibroblast proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Different cell signal transduction pathways are activated in response to various proinflammatory or fibrotic cytokines, such as IL-6, and these cytokines are increased in different ILDs. The overexpressed cytokines and growth factors in ILD can activate TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways, promote the activation of immune cells, increase the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors, differentiate fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and promote the occurrence and development of ILD. This finding suggests the importance of signal transduction pathways in patients with ILD. Recent evidence suggests that resveratrol (RSV) attenuates excessive inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad2/3/4, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways and overactivation of immune cells. In this review, advances in lung protection and the underlying mechanisms of RSV are summarized, and the potential efficacy of RSV as a promising treatment option for ILD is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinying Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Mondru AK, Aljasir MA, Alrumayh A, Nithianandarajah GN, Ahmed K, Muller J, Goldring CEP, Wilm B, Cross MJ. VEGF Stimulates Activation of ERK5 in the Absence of C-Terminal Phosphorylation Preventing Nuclear Localization and Facilitating AKT Activation in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:967. [PMID: 36980305 PMCID: PMC10047687 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is critical for normal cardiovascular development. Previous studies have defined a canonical pathway for ERK5 activation, showing that ligand stimulation leads to MEK5 activation resulting in dual phosphorylation of ERK5 on Thr218/Tyr220 residues within the activation loop. ERK5 then undergoes a conformational change, facilitating phosphorylation on residues in the C-terminal domain and translocation to the nucleus where it regulates MEF2 transcriptional activity. Our previous research into the importance of ERK5 in endothelial cells highlighted its role in VEGF-mediated tubular morphogenesis and cell survival, suggesting that ERK5 played a unique role in endothelial cells. Our current data show that in contrast to EGF-stimulated HeLa cells, VEGF-mediated ERK5 activation in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) does not result in C-terminal phosphorylation of ERK5 and translocation to the nucleus, but instead to a more plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localisation. Furthermore, the use of small-molecule inhibitors to MEK5 and ERK5 shows that instead of regulating MEF2 activity, VEGF-mediated ERK5 is important for regulating AKT activity. Our data define a novel pathway for ERK5 activation in endothelial cells leading to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Mondru
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mohammad A. Aljasir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ahmed Alrumayh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Gopika N. Nithianandarajah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Katie Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jurgen Muller
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael J. Cross
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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6
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Yang WS, Caliva MJ, Khadka VS, Tiirikainen M, Matter ML, Deng Y, Ramos JW. RSK1 and RSK2 serine/threonine kinases regulate different transcription programs in cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1015665. [PMID: 36684450 PMCID: PMC9845784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1015665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) are serine threonine kinases comprising four isoforms. The isoforms can have overlapping functions in regulation of migration, invasion, proliferation, survival, and transcription in various cancer types. However, isoform specific differences in RSK1 versus RSK2 functions in gene regulation are not yet defined. Here, we delineate ribosomal S6 kinases isoform-specific transcriptional gene regulation by comparing transcription programs in RSK1 and RSK2 knockout cells using microarray analysis. Microarray analysis revealed significantly different mRNA expression patterns between RSK1 knockout and RSK2 knockout cell lines. Importantly some of these functions have not been previously recognized. Our analysis revealed RSK1 has specific roles in cell adhesion, cell cycle regulation and DNA replication and repair pathways, while RSK2 has specific roles in the immune response and interferon signaling pathways. We further validated that the identified gene sets significantly correlated with mRNA datasets from cancer patients. We examined the functional significance of the identified transcriptional programs using cell assays. In alignment with the microarray analysis, we found that RSK1 modulates the mRNA and protein expression of Fibronectin1, affecting cell adhesion and CDK2, affecting S-phase arrest in the cell cycle, and impairing DNA replication and repair. Under similar conditions, RSK2 showed increased ISG15 transcriptional expression, affecting the immune response pathway and cytokine expression. Collectively, our findings revealed the occurrence of RSK1 and RSK2 specific transcriptional regulation, defining separate functions of these closely related isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Maisel J. Caliva
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Vedbar S. Khadka
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Michelle L. Matter
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Joe W. Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Abstract
The co-chaperone p50/Cdc37 is an important partner for Hsp90, assisting in molecular chaperone activities, particularly with regard to the regulation of protein kinases. Analysis of the structure of Hsp90-Cdc37-kinase complexes demonstrates the way in which Cdc37 interacts with and controls the folding of a large proportion of intracellular protein kinases. This co-chaperone thus stands at the hub of a multitude of intracellular signaling networks. Indeed, the influence of Cdc37 reaches beyond the housekeeping pathways of protein folding into the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes. This co-chaperone has attracted attention as a potential intermediate in carcinogenesis. Cdc37 is an attractive potential target in cancer due to (1) high expression in a number of tumor types and (2) control of multiple signaling pathways. These properties indicate (3) a potential for selectivity due to its elevated expression in malignant cells and (4) robustness, as the co-chaperone may control multiple growth signaling pathways and thus be less prone to evolution of resistance than less versatile oncoproteins. Cdc37 may also be involved in other aspects of pathophysiology and has been shown to be secreted in exosomes. Protein aggregation disorders have been linked to age-related declines in molecular chaperones and co-chaperones. Cdc37 also appears to be a potential agent in longevity due to its links to protein folding and autophagy, and it will be informative to study the role of Cdc37 maintenance/decline in aging organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Prince
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ranok Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sala-Gaston J, Pedrazza L, Ramirez J, Martinez-Martinez A, Rawlins LE, Baple EL, Crosby AH, Mayor U, Ventura F, Rosa JL. HERC2 deficiency activates C-RAF/MKK3/p38 signalling pathway altering the cellular response to oxidative stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:548. [PMID: 36241744 PMCID: PMC9568463 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
HERC2 gene encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in several cellular processes by regulating the ubiquitylation of different protein substrates. Biallelic pathogenic sequence variants in the HERC2 gene are associated with HERC2 Angelman-like syndrome. In pathogenic HERC2 variants, complete absence or marked reduction in HERC2 protein levels are observed. The most common pathological variant, c.1781C > T (p.Pro594Leu), encodes an unstable HERC2 protein. A better understanding of how pathologic HERC2 variants affect intracellular signalling may aid definition of potential new therapies for these disorders. For this purpose, we studied patient-derived cells with the HERC2 Pro594Leu variant. We observed alteration of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways, reflected by increased levels of C-RAF protein and p38 phosphorylation. HERC2 knockdown experiments reproduced the same effects in other human and mouse cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that HERC2 and RAF proteins form molecular complexes, pull-down and proteomic experiments showed that HERC2 regulates C-RAF ubiquitylation and we found out that the p38 activation due to HERC2 depletion occurs in a RAF/MKK3-dependent manner. The displayed cellular response was that patient-derived and other human cells with HERC2 deficiency showed higher resistance to oxidative stress with an increase in the master regulator of the antioxidant response NRF2 and its target genes. This resistance was independent of p53 and abolished by RAF or p38 inhibitors. Altogether, these findings identify the activation of C-RAF/MKK3/p38 signalling pathway in HERC2 Angelman-like syndrome and highlight the inhibition of RAF activity as a potential therapeutic option for individuals affected with these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sala-Gaston
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB), C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pedrazza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB), C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arturo Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB), C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lettie E Rawlins
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Medical Research Centre, RD&E (Wonford) NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Exeter, UK
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Medical Research Centre, RD&E (Wonford) NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Medical Research Centre, RD&E (Wonford) NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB), C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona (UB), C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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9
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The ERK5/NF-κB signaling pathway targets endometrial cancer proliferation and survival. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:524. [PMID: 36123565 PMCID: PMC9485191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common type of gynecologic cancer in women of developed countries. Despite surgery combined with chemo-/radiotherapy regimens, overall survival of patients with high-risk EC tumors is poor, indicating a need for novel therapies. The MEK5-ERK5 pathway is activated in response to growth factors and to different stressors, including oxidative stress and cytokines. Previous evidence supports a role for the MEK5-ERK5 pathway in the pathology of several cancers. We investigated the role of ERK5 in EC. In silico analysis of the PanCancer Atlas dataset showed alterations in components of the MEK5-ERK5 pathway in 48% of EC patients. Here, we show that ERK5 inhibition or silencing decreased EGF-induced EC cell proliferation, and that genetic deletion of MEK5 resulted in EC impaired proliferation and reduced tumor growth capacity in nude mice. Pharmacologic inhibition or ERK5 silencing impaired NF-kB pathway in EC cells and xenografts. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between ERK5 and p65/RELA protein levels in human EC tumor samples. Mechanistically, genetic or pharmacologic impairment of ERK5 resulted in downregulation of NEMO/IKKγ expression, leading to impaired p65/RELA activity and to apoptosis in EC cells and xenografts, which was rescued by NEMO/IKKγ overexpression. Notably, ERK5 inhibition, MEK5 deletion or NF-kB inhibition sensitized EC cells to standard EC chemotherapy (paclitaxel/carboplatin) toxicity, whereas ERK5 inhibition synergized with paclitaxel to reduce tumor xenograft growth in mice. Together, our results suggest that the ERK5-NEMO-NF-κB pathway mediates EC cell proliferation and survival. We propose the ERK5/NF-κB axis as new target for EC treatment.
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Coon BG, Timalsina S, Astone M, Zhuang ZW, Fang J, Han J, Themen J, Chung M, Yang-Klingler YJ, Jain M, Hirschi KK, Yamamato A, Trudeau LE, Santoro M, Schwartz MA. A mitochondrial contribution to anti-inflammatory shear stress signaling in vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202109144. [PMID: 35695893 PMCID: PMC9198948 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, results from converging inflammatory, metabolic, and biomechanical factors. Arterial lesions form at sites of low and disturbed blood flow but are suppressed by high laminar shear stress (LSS) mainly via transcriptional induction of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2). We therefore performed a whole genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify genes required for LSS induction of Klf2. Subsequent mechanistic investigation revealed that LSS induces Klf2 via activation of both a MEKK2/3-MEK5-ERK5 kinase module and mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondrial calcium and ROS signaling regulate assembly of a mitophagy- and p62-dependent scaffolding complex that amplifies MEKK-MEK5-ERK5 signaling. Blocking the mitochondrial pathway in vivo reduces expression of KLF2-dependent genes such as eNOS and inhibits vascular remodeling. Failure to activate the mitochondrial pathway limits Klf2 expression in regions of disturbed flow. This work thus defines a connection between metabolism and vascular inflammation that provides a new framework for understanding and developing treatments for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Coon
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sushma Timalsina
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Matteo Astone
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Zhen W. Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer Fang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jinah Han
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jurgen Themen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Minhwan Chung
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Mukesh Jain
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ai Yamamato
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, CNS Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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11
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Millson SH, Truman AW, Piper PW. Hsp90 and phosphorylation of the Slt2(Mpk1) MAP kinase activation loop are essential for catalytic, but not non-catalytic, Slt2-mediated transcription in yeast. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:295-304. [PMID: 35420390 PMCID: PMC9106771 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In yeast, the Slt2(Mpk1) stress-activated protein kinase directs the activation of two transcription factors, Rlm1 and Swi4/Swi6, in response to cell wall stress. Rlm1 is activated through a phosphorylation by Slt2, whereas the Swi4/Swi6 activation is noncatalytic and triggered by the binding of phosphorylated forms of both Slt2 and a catalytically inactive pseudokinase (Mlp1). Previous studies have delineated a role for the molecular chaperone Hsp90 in the activation of Slt2, but the involvement of Hsp90 in these events of catalytic versus non-catalytic cell integrity signaling has remained elusive. In cells lacking Mlp1, the Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol was found to inhibit the Slt2-mediated catalytic activation of Rlm1, but not the noncatalytic activation of Swi4/Swi6. Mutation of residues in the TEY motif of the Slt2 activation loop strongly impacted both Hsp90 binding and Rlm1-mediated transcription. In contrast, many of these same mutations had only modest effects on Swi4/6 (Slt2-mediated, non-catalytic) transcription, although one that blocked both the Slt2:Hsp90 interaction and Rlm1-mediated transcription (E191G) triggered a hyperactivation of Swi4/6. Taken together, our results cement the importance of the Slt2 activation loop for both the binding of Hsp90 by Slt2 and the catalytic activation of cell integrity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Millson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Peter W Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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12
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Clinical Significance and Regulation of ERK5 Expression and Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020348. [PMID: 35053510 PMCID: PMC8773716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a unique kinase among MAPKs family members, given its large structure characterized by the presence of a unique C-terminal domain. Despite increasing data demonstrating the relevance of the ERK5 pathway in the growth, survival, and differentiation of normal cells, ERK5 has recently attracted the attention of several research groups given its relevance in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Accumulating evidence reported its role in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we explore the gene expression profile of ERK5 among cancers correlated with its clinical impact, as well as the prognostic value of ERK5 and pERK5 expression levels in tumors. We also summarize the importance of ERK5 in the maintenance of a cancer stem-like phenotype and explore the major known contributions of ERK5 in the tumor-associated microenvironment. Moreover, although several questions are still open concerning ERK5 molecular regulation, different ERK5 isoforms derived from the alternative splicing process are also described, highlighting the potential clinical relevance of targeting ERK5 pathways.
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13
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The Potential of Hsp90 in Targeting Pathological Pathways in Cardiac Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121373. [PMID: 34945845 PMCID: PMC8709342 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that interacts with up to 10% of the proteome. The extensive involvement in protein folding and regulation of protein stability within cells makes Hsp90 an attractive therapeutic target to correct multiple dysfunctions. Many of the clients of Hsp90 are found in pathways known to be pathogenic in the heart, ranging from transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) signaling to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), Gs and Gq g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and calcium (Ca2+) signaling. These pathways can therefore be targeted through modulation of Hsp90 activity. The activity of Hsp90 can be targeted through small-molecule inhibition. Small-molecule inhibitors of Hsp90 have been found to be cardiotoxic in some cases however. In this regard, specific targeting of Hsp90 by modulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) emerges as an attractive strategy. In this review, we aim to address how Hsp90 functions, where Hsp90 interacts within pathological pathways, and current knowledge of small molecules and PTMs known to modulate Hsp90 activity and their potential as therapeutics in cardiac diseases.
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14
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Gámez-García A, Bolinaga-Ayala I, Yoldi G, Espinosa-Gil S, Diéguez-Martínez N, Megías-Roda E, Muñoz-Guardiola P, Lizcano JM. ERK5 Inhibition Induces Autophagy-Mediated Cancer Cell Death by Activating ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742049. [PMID: 34805151 PMCID: PMC8600073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process that preserves cellular homeostasis by mediating the lysosomal degradation of virtually any component of the cytoplasm. Autophagy is a key instrument of cellular response to several stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cancer cells have developed high dependency on autophagy to overcome the hostile tumor microenvironment. Thus, pharmacological activation or inhibition of autophagy is emerging as a novel antitumor strategy. ERK5 is a novel member of the MAP kinase family that is activated in response to growth factors and different forms of stress. Recent work has pointed ERK5 as a major player controlling cancer cell proliferation and survival. Therefore small-molecule inhibitors of ERK5 have shown promising therapeutic potential in different cancer models. Here, we report for the first time ERK5 as a negative regulator of autophagy. Thus, ERK5 inhibition or silencing induced autophagy in a panel of human cancer cell lines with different mutation patterns. As reported previously, ERK5 inhibitors (ERK5i) induced apoptotic cancer cell death. Importantly, we found that autophagy mediates the cytotoxic effect of ERK5i, since ATG5ˉ/ˉ autophagy-deficient cells viability was not affected by these compounds. Mechanistically, ERK5i stimulated autophagic flux independently of the canonical regulators AMPK or mTORC1. Moreover, ERK5 inhibition resulted in ER stress and activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways. Specifically, ERK5i induced expression of the ER luminal chaperone BiP (a hallmark of ER stress), the UPR markers CHOP and ATF4, and the spliced form of XBP1. Pharmacological inhibition of UPR with chemical chaperone TUDC, or ATF4 silencing, resulted in impaired ERK5i-mediated UPR, autophagy and cytotoxicity. Overall, our results suggest that ERK5 inhibition induces autophagy-mediated cancer cell death by activating ER stress. Since ERK5 inhibition sensitizes cancer cells and tumors to chemotherapy, future work will determine the relevance of UPR and autophagy in the combined use of chemotherapy and ERK5i to tackle Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gámez-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bolinaga-Ayala
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Diéguez-Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Megías-Roda
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Small molecule ERK5 kinase inhibitors paradoxically activate ERK5 signalling: be careful what you wish for…. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1859-1875. [PMID: 32915196 PMCID: PMC7609025 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ERK5 is a protein kinase that also contains a nuclear localisation signal and a transcriptional transactivation domain. Inhibition of ERK5 has therapeutic potential in cancer and inflammation and this has prompted the development of ERK5 kinase inhibitors (ERK5i). However, few ERK5i programmes have taken account of the ERK5 transactivation domain. We have recently shown that the binding of small molecule ERK5i to the ERK5 kinase domain stimulates nuclear localisation and paradoxical activation of its transactivation domain. Other kinase inhibitors paradoxically activate their intended kinase target, in some cases leading to severe physiological consequences highlighting the importance of mitigating these effects. Here, we review the assays used to monitor ERK5 activities (kinase and transcriptional) in cells, the challenges faced in development of small molecule inhibitors to the ERK5 pathway, and classify the molecular mechanisms of paradoxical activation of protein kinases by kinase inhibitors.
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17
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Paudel R, Fusi L, Schmidt M. The MEK5/ERK5 Pathway in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147594. [PMID: 34299213 PMCID: PMC8303459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MEK5/ERK5 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) cascade is a unique signaling module activated by both mitogens and stress stimuli, including cytokines, fluid shear stress, high osmolarity, and oxidative stress. Physiologically, it is mainly known as a mechanoreceptive pathway in the endothelium, where it transduces the various vasoprotective effects of laminar blood flow. However, it also maintains integrity in other tissues exposed to mechanical stress, including bone, cartilage, and muscle, where it exerts a key function as a survival and differentiation pathway. Beyond its diverse physiological roles, the MEK5/ERK5 pathway has also been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, where it has recently emerged as a major escape route, sustaining tumor cell survival and proliferation under drug stress. In addition, MEK5/ERK5 dysfunction may foster cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Here, we highlight the importance of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in health and disease, focusing on its role as a protective cascade in mechanical stress-exposed healthy tissues and its function as a therapy resistance pathway in cancers. We discuss the perspective of targeting this cascade for cancer treatment and weigh its chances and potential risks when considering its emerging role as a protective stress response pathway.
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18
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Hoang VT, Matossian MD, Ucar DA, Elliott S, La J, Wright MK, Burks HE, Perles A, Hossain F, King CT, Browning VE, Bursavich J, Fang F, Del Valle L, Bhatt AB, Cavanaugh JE, Flaherty PT, Anbalagan M, Rowan BG, Bratton MR, Nephew KP, Miele L, Collins-Burow BM, Martin EC, Burow ME. ERK5 Is Required for Tumor Growth and Maintenance Through Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1164. [PMID: 32850332 PMCID: PMC7416559 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members regulate diverse cellular processes involved in tumor initiation and progression, yet the role of ERK5 in cancer biology is not fully understood. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a clinical challenge due to the aggressive nature of the disease and a lack of targeted therapies. ERK5 signaling contributes to drug resistance and metastatic progression through distinct mechanisms, including activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). More recently a role for ERK5 in regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been proposed, and here we investigated the necessity of ERK5 in TNBC tumor formation. Depletion of ERK5 expression using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in MDA-MB-231 and Hs-578T cells resulted in loss of mesenchymal features, as observed through gene expression profile and cell morphology, and suppressed TNBC cell migration. In vivo xenograft experiments revealed ERK5 knockout disrupted tumor growth kinetics, which was restored using high concentration Matrigel™ and ERK5-ko reduced expression of the angiogenesis marker CD31. These findings implicated a role for ERK5 in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and matrix integrity. RNA-sequencing analyses demonstrated downregulation of matrix-associated genes, integrins, and pro-angiogenic factors in ERK5-ko cells. Tissue decellularization combined with cryo-SEM and interrogation of biomechanical properties revealed that ERK5-ko resulted in loss of key ECM fiber alignment and mechanosensing capabilities in breast cancer xenografts compared to parental wild-type cells. In this study, we identified a novel role for ERK5 in tumor growth kinetics through modulation of the ECM and angiogenesis axis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T. Hoang
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Margarite D. Matossian
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Deniz A. Ucar
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Steven Elliott
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jacqueline La
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Maryl K. Wright
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hope E. Burks
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Aaron Perles
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Connor T. King
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Valentino E. Browning
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jacob Bursavich
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Akshita B. Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jane E. Cavanaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick T. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Brian G. Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Melyssa R. Bratton
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Core, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Bridgette M. Collins-Burow
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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19
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HSP90 Inhibition and Modulation of the Proteome: Therapeutical Implications for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155286. [PMID: 32722485 PMCID: PMC7432830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a catastrophic disease with poor outcomes and limited pharmacological approaches. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been recently involved in the wound-healing pathological response that leads to collagen deposition in patients with IPF and its inhibition represents an exciting drug target against the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Under physiological conditions, HSP90 guarantees proteostasis through the refolding of damaged proteins and the degradation of irreversibly damaged ones. Additionally, its inhibition, by specific HSP90 inhibitors (e.g., 17 AAG, 17 DAG, and AUY-922) has proven beneficial in different preclinical models of human disease. HSP90 inhibition modulates a complex subset of kinases and interferes with intracellular signaling pathways and proteome regulation. In this review, we evaluated the current evidence and rationale for the use of HSP90 inhibitors in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, discussed the intracellular pathways involved, described the limitations of the current understanding and provided insights for future research.
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20
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Ferguson FM, Nabet B, Raghavan S, Liu Y, Leggett AL, Kuljanin M, Kalekar RL, Yang A, He S, Wang J, Ng RWS, Sulahian R, Li L, Poulin EJ, Huang L, Koren J, Dieguez-Martinez N, Espinosa S, Zeng Z, Corona CR, Vasta JD, Ohi R, Sim T, Kim ND, Harshbarger W, Lizcano JM, Robers MB, Muthaswamy S, Lin CY, Look AT, Haigis KM, Mancias JD, Wolpin BM, Aguirre AJ, Hahn WC, Westover KD, Gray NS. Discovery of a selective inhibitor of doublecortin like kinase 1. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:635-643. [PMID: 32251410 PMCID: PMC7246176 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin like kinase 1 (DCLK1) is an understudied kinase that is upregulated in a wide range of cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, little is known about its potential as a therapeutic target. We used chemoproteomic profiling and structure-based design to develop a selective, in vivo-compatible chemical probe of the DCLK1 kinase domain, DCLK1-IN-1. We demonstrate activity of DCLK1-IN-1 against clinically relevant patient-derived PDAC organoid models and use a combination of RNA-sequencing, proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis to reveal that DCLK1 inhibition modulates proteins and pathways associated with cell motility in this context. DCLK1-IN-1 will serve as a versatile tool to investigate DCLK1 biology and establish its role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur M Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alan L Leggett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miljan Kuljanin
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radha L Kalekar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuning He
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond W S Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rita Sulahian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emily J Poulin
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jost Koren
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Therapeutic Innovation Center Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nora Dieguez-Martinez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular & Institut de Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio Espinosa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular & Institut de Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- NDBio Therapeutics Inc, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wayne Harshbarger
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- GSK Vaccines, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular & Institut de Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Senthil Muthaswamy
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Therapeutic Innovation Center Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Muñoz-Guardiola P, Casas J, Megías-Roda E, Solé S, Perez-Montoyo H, Yeste-Velasco M, Erazo T, Diéguez-Martínez N, Espinosa-Gil S, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Yoldi G, Abad JL, Segura MF, Moran T, Romeo M, Bosch-Barrera J, Oaknin A, Alfón J, Domènech C, Fabriàs G, Velasco G, Lizcano JM. The anti-cancer drug ABTL0812 induces ER stress-mediated cytotoxic autophagy by increasing dihydroceramide levels in cancer cells. Autophagy 2020; 17:1349-1366. [PMID: 32397857 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1761651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABTL0812 is a first-in-class small molecule with anti-cancer activity, which is currently in clinical evaluation in a phase 2 trial in patients with advanced endometrial and squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (NCT03366480). Previously, we showed that ABTL0812 induces TRIB3 pseudokinase expression, resulting in the inhibition of the AKT-MTORC1 axis and macroautophagy/autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. However, the precise molecular determinants involved in the cytotoxic autophagy caused by ABTL0812 remained unclear. Using a wide range of biochemical and lipidomic analyses, we demonstrated that ABTL0812 increases cellular long-chain dihydroceramides by impairing DEGS1 (delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1) activity, which resulted in sustained ER stress and activated unfolded protein response (UPR) via ATF4-DDIT3-TRIB3 that ultimately promotes cytotoxic autophagy in cancer cells. Accordingly, pharmacological manipulation to increase cellular dihydroceramides or incubation with exogenous dihydroceramides resulted in ER stress, UPR and autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. Importantly, we have optimized a method to quantify mRNAs in blood samples from patients enrolled in the ongoing clinical trial, who showed significant increased DDIT3 and TRIB3 mRNAs. This is the first time that UPR markers are reported to change in human blood in response to any drug treatment, supporting their use as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for compounds that activate ER stress in humans. Finally, we found that MTORC1 inhibition and dihydroceramide accumulation synergized to induce autophagy and cytotoxicity, phenocopying the effect of ABTL0812. Given the fact that ABTL0812 is under clinical development, our findings support the hypothesis that manipulation of dihydroceramide levels might represents a new therapeutic strategy to target cancer.Abbreviations: 4-PBA: 4-phenylbutyrate; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATG: autophagy related; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; Cer: ceramide; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DEGS1: delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1; dhCer: dihydroceramide; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HSPA5: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; THC: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; TRIB3: tribbles pseudokinase 3; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; UPR: unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain; Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD) ISCII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Megías-Roda
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Solé
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Tatiana Erazo
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Diéguez-Martínez
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death and Metabolism Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Abad
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain; Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD) ISCII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel F Segura
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Moran
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), Badalona, Spain
| | - Margarita Romeo
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), Badalona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Oaknin
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Alfón
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Domènech
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain; Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD) ISCII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Departament De Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular and Institut De Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Erazo T, Espinosa-Gil S, Diéguez-Martínez N, Gómez N, Lizcano JM. SUMOylation Is Required for ERK5 Nuclear Translocation and ERK5-Mediated Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062203. [PMID: 32209980 PMCID: PMC7139592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase ERK5 contains an N-terminal kinase domain and a unique C-terminal tail including a nuclear localization signal and a transcriptional activation domain. ERK5 is activated in response to growth factors and stresses and regulates transcription at the nucleus by either phosphorylation or interaction with transcription factors. MEK5-ERK5 pathway plays an important role regulating cancer cell proliferation and survival. Therefore, it is important to define the precise molecular mechanisms implicated in ERK5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling. We previously described that the molecular chaperone Hsp90 stabilizes and anchors ERK5 at the cytosol and that ERK5 nuclear shuttling requires Hsp90 dissociation. Here, we show that MEK5 or overexpression of Cdc37—mechanisms that increase nuclear ERK5—induced ERK5 Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO)-2 modification at residues Lys6/Lys22 in cancer cells. Furthermore, mutation of these SUMO sites abolished the ability of ERK5 to translocate to the nucleus and to promote prostatic cancer PC-3 cell proliferation. We also show that overexpression of the SUMO protease SENP2 completely abolished endogenous ERK5 nuclear localization in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. These results allow us to propose a more precise mechanism: in response to MEK5 activation, ERK5 SUMOylation favors the dissociation of Hsp90 from the complex, allowing ERK5 nuclear shuttling and activation of the transcription.
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23
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Targeted Avenues for Cancer Treatment: The MEK5-ERK5 Signaling Pathway. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:394-407. [PMID: 32277933 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years have passed since extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) and its upstream activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MEK5), first emerged onto the cancer research scene. Although we have come a long way in defining the liaison between dysregulated MEK5-ERK5 signaling and the pathogenesis of epithelial and nonepithelial malignancies, selective targeting of this unique pathway remains elusive. Here, we provide an updated review of the existing evidence for a correlation between aberrant MEK5-ERK5 (phospho)proteomic/transcriptomic profiles, aggressive cancer states, and poor patient outcomes. We then focus on emerging insights from preclinical models regarding the relevance of upregulated ERK5 activity in promoting tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance, undifferentiated traits, and immunosuppression, highlighting the opportunities, prospects, and challenges of selectively blocking this cascade for antineoplastic treatment and chemosensitization.
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24
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Beyond Kinase Activity: ERK5 Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling as a Novel Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030938. [PMID: 32023850 PMCID: PMC7038028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in human pathology is underlined by the relevance of abnormalities of MAPK-related signaling pathways to a number of different diseases, including inflammatory disorders and cancer. One of the key events in MAPK signaling, especially with respect to pro-proliferative effects that are crucial for the onset and progression of cancer, is MAPK nuclear translocation and its role in the regulation of gene expression. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is the most recently discovered classical MAPK and it is emerging as a possible target for cancer treatment. The bigger size of ERK5 when compared to other MAPK enables multiple levels of regulation of its expression and activity. In particular, the phosphorylation of kinase domain and C-terminus, as well as post-translational modifications and chaperone binding, are involved in ERK5 regulation. Likewise, different mechanisms control ERK5 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, underscoring the key role of ERK5 in the nuclear compartment. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in ERK5 trafficking between cytoplasm and nucleus, and discuss how these processes might be exploited to design new strategies for cancer treatment.
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25
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Jaffré F, Miller CL, Schänzer A, Evans T, Roberts AE, Hahn A, Kontaridis MI. Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Reveal Aberrant Extracellular Regulated Kinase 5 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2 Signaling Concomitantly Promote Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in RAF1-Associated Noonan Syndrome. Circulation 2019; 140:207-224. [PMID: 31163979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.037227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 90% of individuals with Noonan syndrome (NS) with mutations clustered in the CR2 domain of RAF1 present with severe and often lethal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The signaling pathways by which NS RAF1 mutations promote HCM remain elusive, and so far, there is no known treatment for NS-associated HCM. METHODS We used patient-derived RAF1S257L/+ and CRISPR-Cas9-generated isogenic control inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes to model NS RAF1-associated HCM and to further delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. RESULTS We show that mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes phenocopy the pathology seen in hearts of patients with NS by exhibiting hypertrophy and structural defects. Through pharmacological and genetic targeting, we identify 2 perturbed concomitant pathways that, together, mediate HCM in RAF1 mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Hyperactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), but not extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, causes myofibrillar disarray, whereas the enlarged cardiomyocyte phenotype is a direct consequence of increased extracellular regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling, a pathway not previously known to be involved in NS. RNA-sequencing reveals genes with abnormal expression in RAF1 mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and identifies subsets of genes dysregulated by aberrant MEK1/2 or ERK5 pathways that could contribute to the NS-associated HCM. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of our study identify the molecular mechanisms by which NS RAF1 mutations cause HCM and reveal downstream effectors that could serve as therapeutic targets for treatment of NS and perhaps other, more common, congenital HCM disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (F.J., M.I.K.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.J., M.I.K.).,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (F.J., T.E.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (C.L.M.)
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology (A.S.), University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (F.J., T.E.)
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology (A.H.), University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (F.J., M.I.K.).,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (M.I.K.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.J., M.I.K.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.I.K.).,Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, NY (M.I.K.)
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26
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Impact of ERK5 on the Hallmarks of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061426. [PMID: 30901834 PMCID: PMC6471124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that consists of highly conserved enzymes expressed in all eukaryotic cells and elicits several biological responses, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In recent years, accumulating lines of evidence point to a relevant role of ERK5 in the onset and progression of several types of cancer. In particular, it has been reported that ERK5 is a key signaling molecule involved in almost all the biological features of cancer cells so that its targeting is emerging as a promising strategy to suppress tumor growth and spreading. Based on that, in this review, we pinpoint the hallmark-specific role of ERK5 in cancer in order to identify biological features that will potentially benefit from ERK5 targeting.
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27
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Maik-Rachline G, Hacohen-Lev-Ran A, Seger R. Nuclear ERK: Mechanism of Translocation, Substrates, and Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051194. [PMID: 30857244 PMCID: PMC6429060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) are central signaling components that regulate stimulated cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation. When dysregulated, these kinases participate in the induction and maintenance of various pathologies, primarily cancer. While ERK is localized in the cytoplasm of resting cells, many of its substrates are nuclear, and indeed, extracellular stimulation induces a rapid and robust nuclear translocation of ERK. Similarly to other signaling components that shuttle to the nucleus upon stimulation, ERK does not use the canonical importinα/β mechanism of nuclear translocation. Rather, it has its own unique nuclear translocation signal (NTS) that interacts with importin7 to allow stimulated shuttling via the nuclear pores. Prevention of the nuclear translocation inhibits proliferation of B-Raf- and N/K-Ras-transformed cancers. This effect is distinct from the one achieved by catalytic Raf and MEK inhibitors used clinically, as cells treated with the translocation inhibitors develop resistance much more slowly. In this review, we describe the mechanism of ERK translocation, present all its nuclear substrates, discuss its role in cancer and compare its translocation to the translocation of other signaling components. We also present proof of principle data for the use of nuclear ERK translocation as an anti-cancer target. It is likely that the prevention of nuclear ERK translocation will eventually serve as a way to combat Ras and Raf transformed cancers with less side-effects than the currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Avital Hacohen-Lev-Ran
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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28
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Nguyen D, Lemos C, Wortmann L, Eis K, Holton SJ, Boemer U, Moosmayer D, Eberspaecher U, Weiske J, Lechner C, Prechtl S, Suelzle D, Siegel F, Prinz F, Lesche R, Nicke B, Nowak-Reppel K, Himmel H, Mumberg D, von Nussbaum F, Nising CF, Bauser M, Haegebarth A. Discovery and Characterization of the Potent and Highly Selective (Piperidin-4-yl)pyrido[3,2- d]pyrimidine Based in Vitro Probe BAY-885 for the Kinase ERK5. J Med Chem 2019; 62:928-940. [PMID: 30563338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The availability of a chemical probe to study the role of a specific domain of a protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner is of high value. Herein, we report the identification of a highly potent and selective ERK5 inhibitor BAY-885 by high-throughput screening and subsequent structure-based optimization. ERK5 is a key integrator of cellular signal transduction, and it has been shown to play a role in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell survival. We could demonstrate that inhibition of ERK5 kinase and transcriptional activity with a small molecule did not translate into antiproliferative activity in different relevant cell models, which is in contrast to the results obtained by RNAi technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Clara Lemos
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Lars Wortmann
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Knut Eis
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Simon J Holton
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ulf Boemer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Dieter Moosmayer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Eberspaecher
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Joerg Weiske
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Lechner
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Detlev Suelzle
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Franziska Siegel
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Florian Prinz
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Barbara Nicke
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Herbert Himmel
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Franz von Nussbaum
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Carl F Nising
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Marcus Bauser
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrea Haegebarth
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals , Bayer AG , 13353 Berlin , Germany
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29
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Wang J, Erazo T, Ferguson FM, Buckley DL, Gomez N, Muñoz-Guardiola P, Diéguez-Martínez N, Deng X, Hao M, Massefski W, Fedorov O, Offei-Addo NK, Park PM, Dai L, DiBona A, Becht K, Kim ND, McKeown MR, Roberts JM, Zhang J, Sim T, Alessi DR, Bradner JE, Lizcano JM, Blacklow SC, Qi J, Xu X, Gray NS. Structural and Atropisomeric Factors Governing the Selectivity of Pyrimido-benzodiazipinones as Inhibitors of Kinases and Bromodomains. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2438-2448. [PMID: 30102854 PMCID: PMC6333101 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomains have been pursued intensively over the past several years as emerging targets for the development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. It has recently been shown that some kinase inhibitors are able to potently inhibit the bromodomains of BRD4. The clinical activities of PLK inhibitor BI-2536 and JAK2-FLT3 inhibitor TG101348 have been attributed to this unexpected polypharmacology, indicating that dual-kinase/bromodomain activity may be advantageous in a therapeutic context. However, for target validation and biological investigation, a more selective target profile is desired. Here, we report that benzo[e]pyrimido-[5,4- b]diazepine-6(11H)-ones, versatile ATP-site directed kinase pharmacophores utilized in the development of inhibitors of multiple kinases, including several previously reported kinase chemical probes, are also capable of exhibiting potent BRD4-dependent pharmacology. Using a dual kinase-bromodomain inhibitor of the kinase domains of ERK5 and LRRK2, and the bromodomain of BRD4 as a case study, we define the structure-activity relationships required to achieve dual kinase/BRD4 activity, as well as how to direct selectivity toward inhibition of either ERK5 or BRD4. This effort resulted in identification of one of the first reported kinase-selective chemical probes for ERK5 (JWG-071), a BET selective inhibitor with 1 μM BRD4 IC50 (JWG-115), and additional inhibitors with rationally designed polypharmacology (JWG-047, JWG-069). Co-crystallography of seven representative inhibitors with the first bromodomain of BRD4 demonstrate that distinct atropisomeric conformers recognize the kinase ATP-site and the BRD4 acetyl lysine binding site, conformational preferences supported by rigid docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatiana Erazo
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fleur M. Ferguson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis L. Buckley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nestor Gomez
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Diéguez-Martínez
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mingfeng Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Walter Massefski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paul M. Park
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lingling Dai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amy DiBona
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly Becht
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- NDBio Therapeutics Inc., 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael R. McKeown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin M. Roberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Taebo Sim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jose M. Lizcano
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen C. Blacklow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding Author,
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding Author,
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Schneider T, Martinez-Martinez A, Cubillos-Rojas M, Bartrons R, Ventura F, Rosa JL. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1 controls the ERK signaling pathway targeting C-RAF for degradation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31531-31548. [PMID: 30140388 PMCID: PMC6101136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF/MEK/ERK cascade is a conserved intracellular signaling pathway that controls fundamental cellular processes including growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Aberrant regulation of this signaling pathway has long been associated with human cancers. A major point of regulation of this pathway occurs at the level of the serine/threonine protein kinase C-RAF. Here, we show how the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1 regulates ERK signaling. HERC1 knockdown induced cellular proliferation, which is associated with an increase in ERK phosphorylation and in C-RAF protein levels. We demonstrate that overexpression of wild-type C-RAF is sufficient to increase ERK phosphorylation. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors of RAF activity, or with interference RNA, show that the regulation of ERK phosphorylation by HERC1 is RAF-dependent. Immunoprecipitation, pull-down and confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments demonstrate an interaction between HERC1 and C-RAF proteins. Mechanistically, HERC1 controls C-RAF stability by regulating its polyubiquitylation in a lysine 48-linked chain. In vitro ubiquitylation assays indicate that C-RAF is a substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC1. Altogether, we show how HERC1 can regulate cell proliferation through the activation of ERK signaling by a mechanism that affects C-RAF’s stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Schneider
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Martinez-Martinez
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Cubillos-Rojas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartrons
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Tusa I, Gagliardi S, Tubita A, Pandolfi S, Urso C, Borgognoni L, Wang J, Deng X, Gray NS, Stecca B, Rovida E. ERK5 is activated by oncogenic BRAF and promotes melanoma growth. Oncogene 2018; 37:2601-2614. [PMID: 29483645 PMCID: PMC5945581 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have improved the survival of patients with metastatic melanoma in the last few years; however, available treatments are still unsatisfactory. While the role of the BRAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway in melanoma is well established, the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases MEK5-ERK5 remains poorly explored. Here we investigated the function of ERK5 signaling in melanoma. We show that ERK5 is consistently expressed in human melanoma tissues and is active in melanoma cells. Genetic silencing and pharmacological inhibition of ERK5 pathway drastically reduce the growth of melanoma cells and xenografts harboring wild-type (wt) or mutated BRAF (V600E). We also found that oncogenic BRAF positively regulates expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear localization of ERK5. Importantly, ERK5 kinase and transcriptional transactivator activities are enhanced by BRAF. Nevertheless, combined pharmacological inhibition of BRAFV600E and MEK5 is required to decrease nuclear ERK5, that is critical for the regulation of cell proliferation. Accordingly, combination of MEK5 or ERK5 inhibitors with BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib is more effective than single treatments in reducing colony formation and growth of BRAFV600E melanoma cells and xenografts. Overall, these data support a key role of the ERK5 pathway for melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo and suggest that targeting ERK5, alone or in combination with BRAF-MEK1/2 inhibitors, might represent a novel approach for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Pandolfi
- Core Research Laboratory - Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmelo Urso
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Dermatopathology Section, S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center, S.M. Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory - Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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32
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Hoang VT, Yan TJ, Cavanaugh JE, Flaherty PT, Beckman BS, Burow ME. Oncogenic signaling of MEK5-ERK5. Cancer Lett 2017; 392:51-59. [PMID: 28153789 PMCID: PMC5901897 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation, cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. While conventional MAPK constituents have well-defined roles in oncogenesis, the MEK5 pathway has only recently emerged in cancer research. In this review, we consider the MEK5 signaling cascade, focusing specifically on its involvement in drug resistance and regulation of aggressive cancer phenotypes. Moreover, we explore the role of MEK5/ERK5 in tumorigenesis and metastatic progression, discussing the discrepancies in preclinical studies and assessing its viability as a therapeutic target for anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Hoang
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Yan
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jane E Cavanaugh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick T Flaherty
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew E Burow
- Department of Medicine-Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Zheng R, Studzinski GP. Optimal AraC-Cytotoxicity to AML Cells Requires ERK5 Activity. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1583-1589. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University; 185 South Orange Ave. Newark New Jersey 07103
| | - George P. Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School; Rutgers University; 185 South Orange Ave. Newark New Jersey 07103
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Zheng R, Studzinski GP. Nuclear ERK5 inhibits progression of leukemic monocytes to macrophages by regulating the transcription factor PU.1 and heat shock protein HSP70. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1468-1480. [PMID: 27748139 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1243675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy can supplement the therapy of APL, but other subtypes of AML are treated principally with cytotoxic agents, with few lasting remissions. While the induction of monocyte followed by macrophage differentiation by vitamin D derivatives (VDDs) is dramatic in cultured AML cells of all subtypes, attempts to translate this to the clinic have not been effective. Thus, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying VDD-induced differentiation may improve this approach. The key events in this form of differentiation include increased expression of CD11b, and the transcription factor PU.1 is known to be a part of this process. We show here that in the transition of monocytes to macrophages induced by a VDD, ERK5, a member of the MAPK family of signaling molecules, prevents PU.1 expression. However, upon ERK5 inhibition PU.1 protein is stabilized by HSP70.Thus, ERK5 may be a target for manipulation of the immunoregulatory actions of macrophages in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zheng
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - George P Studzinski
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA
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35
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Gomez N, Erazo T, Lizcano JM. ERK5 and Cell Proliferation: Nuclear Localization Is What Matters. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:105. [PMID: 27713878 PMCID: PMC5031611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK5, the last MAP kinase family member discovered, is activated by the upstream kinase MEK5 in response to growth factors and stress stimulation. MEK5-ERK5 pathway has been associated to different cellular processes, playing a crucial role in cell proliferation in normal and cancer cells by mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of its kinase activity. Thus, nuclear ERK5 activates transcription factors by either direct phosphorylation or acting as co-activator thanks to a unique transcriptional activation TAD domain located at its C-terminal tail. Consequently, ERK5 has been proposed as an interesting target to tackle different cancers, and either inhibitors of ERK5 activity or silencing the protein have shown antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and to block tumor growth in animal models. Here, we review the different mechanisms involved in ERK5 nuclear translocation and their consequences. Inactive ERK5 resides in the cytosol, forming a complex with Hsp90-Cdc37 superchaperone. In a canonical mechanism, MEK5-dependent activation results in ERK5 C-terminal autophosphorylation, Hsp90 dissociation, and nuclear translocation. This mechanism integrates signals such as growth factors and stresses that activate the MEK5-ERK5 pathway. Importantly, two other mechanisms, MEK5-independent, have been recently described. These mechanisms allow nuclear shuttling of kinase-inactive forms of ERK5. Although lacking kinase activity, these forms activate transcription by interacting with transcription factors through the TAD domain. Both mechanisms also require Hsp90 dissociation previous to nuclear translocation. One mechanism involves phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail of ERK5 by kinases that are activated during mitosis, such as Cyclin-dependent kinase-1. The second mechanism involves overexpression of chaperone Cdc37, an oncogene that is overexpressed in cancers such as prostate adenocarcinoma, where it collaborates with ERK5 to promote cell proliferation. Although some ERK5 kinase inhibitors have shown antiproliferative activity it is likely that those tumors expressing kinase-inactive nuclear ERK5 will not respond to these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose M. Lizcano
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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36
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HSP90 activity is required for MLKL oligomerisation and membrane translocation and the induction of necroptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2051. [PMID: 26775703 PMCID: PMC4816171 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a caspase-independent form of regulated cell death that has been implicated in the development of a range of inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. The pseudokinase, Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL), is the most terminal known obligatory effector in the necroptosis pathway, and is activated following phosphorylation by Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase-3 (RIPK3). Activated MLKL translocates to membranes, leading to membrane destabilisation and subsequent cell death. However, the molecular interactions governing the processes downstream of RIPK3 activation remain poorly defined. Using a phenotypic screen, we identified seven heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors that inhibited necroptosis in both wild-type fibroblasts and fibroblasts expressing an activated mutant of MLKL. We observed a modest reduction in MLKL protein levels in human and murine cells following HSP90 inhibition, which was only apparent after 15 h of treatment. The delayed reduction in MLKL protein abundance was unlikely to completely account for defective necroptosis, and, consistent with this, we also found inhibition of HSP90 blocked membrane translocation of activated MLKL. Together, these findings implicate HSP90 as a modulator of necroptosis at the level of MLKL, a function that complements HSP90's previously demonstrated modulation of the upstream necroptosis effector kinases, RIPK1 and RIPK3.
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37
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Erazo T, Lorente M, López-Plana A, Muñoz-Guardiola P, Fernández-Nogueira P, García-Martínez JA, Bragado P, Fuster G, Salazar M, Espadaler J, Hernández-Losa J, Bayascas JR, Cortal M, Vidal L, Gascón P, Gómez-Ferreria M, Alfón J, Velasco G, Domènech C, Lizcano JM. The New Antitumor Drug ABTL0812 Inhibits the Akt/mTORC1 Axis by Upregulating Tribbles-3 Pseudokinase. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:2508-19. [PMID: 26671995 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ABTL0812 is a novel first-in-class, small molecule which showed antiproliferative effect on tumor cells in phenotypic assays. Here we describe the mechanism of action of this antitumor drug, which is currently in clinical development. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the effect of ABTL0812 on cancer cell death, proliferation, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, using human lung (A549) and pancreatic (MiaPaCa-2) cancer cells and tumor xenografts. To identify cellular targets, we performed in silico high-throughput screening comparing ABTL0812 chemical structure against ChEMBL15 database. RESULTS ABTL0812 inhibited Akt/mTORC1 axis, resulting in impaired cancer cell proliferation and autophagy-mediated cell death. In silico screening led us to identify PPARs, PPARα and PPARγ as the cellular targets of ABTL0812. We showed that ABTL0812 activates both PPAR receptors, resulting in upregulation of Tribbles-3 pseudokinase (TRIB3) gene expression. Upregulated TRIB3 binds cellular Akt, preventing its activation by upstream kinases, resulting in Akt inhibition and suppression of the Akt/mTORC1 axis. Pharmacologic inhibition of PPARα/γ or TRIB3 silencing prevented ABTL0812-induced cell death. ABTL0812 treatment induced Akt inhibition in cancer cells, tumor xenografts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients enrolled in phase I/Ib first-in-human clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS ABTL0812 has a unique and novel mechanism of action, that defines a new and drugable cellular route that links PPARs to Akt/mTORC1 axis, where TRIB3 pseudokinase plays a central role. Activation of this route (PPARα/γ-TRIB3-Akt-mTORC1) leads to autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. Given the low toxicity and high tolerability of ABTL0812, our results support further development of ABTL0812 as a promising anticancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2508-19. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Erazo
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Lorente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna López-Plana
- Area of Molecular and Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Nogueira
- Area of Molecular and Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A García-Martínez
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Area of Molecular and Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Area of Molecular and Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Espadaler
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jose Ramon Bayascas
- Institut de Neurociències and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Cortal
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Medical Oncology Department, Novel Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro Gascón
- Area of Molecular and Translational Oncology, IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Medical Oncology Department, Novel Therapeutics Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariana Gómez-Ferreria
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Alfón
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Domènech
- Ability Pharmaceuticals, SL, Edifici Eureka, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Protein Kinases and Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Haase M, Fitze G. HSP90AB1: Helping the good and the bad. Gene 2015; 575:171-86. [PMID: 26358502 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Guido Fitze
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Rovida E, Di Maira G, Tusa I, Cannito S, Paternostro C, Navari N, Vivoli E, Deng X, Gray NS, Esparís-Ogando A, David E, Pandiella A, Dello Sbarba P, Parola M, Marra F. The mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5 regulates the development and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2015; 64:1454-65. [PMID: 25183205 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5 or BMK1) is involved in tumour development. The ERK5 gene may be amplified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its biological role has not been clarified. In this study, we explored the role of ERK5 expression and activity in HCC in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN ERK5 expression was evaluated in human liver tissue. Cultured HepG2 and Huh-7 were studied after ERK5 knockdown by siRNA or in the presence of the specific pharmacological inhibitor, XMD8-92. The role of ERK5 in vivo was assessed using mouse Huh-7 xenografts. RESULTS In tissue specimens from patients with HCC, a higher percentage of cells with nuclear ERK5 expression was found both in HCC and in the surrounding cirrhotic tissue compared with normal liver tissue. Inhibition of ERK5 decreased HCC cell proliferation and increased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase. These effects were associated with increased expression of p27 and p15 and decreased CCND1. Treatment with XMD8-92 or ERK5 silencing prevented cell migration induced by epidermal growth factor or hypoxia and caused cytoskeletal remodelling. In mouse xenografts, the rate of tumour appearance and the size of tumours were significantly lower when Huh-7 was silenced for ERK5. Moreover, systemic treatment with XMD8-92 of mice with established HCC xenografts markedly reduced tumour growth and decreased the expression of the proto-oncogene c-Rel. CONCLUSIONS ERK5 regulates the biology of HCC cells and modulates tumour development and growth in vivo. This pathway should be investigated as a possible therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rovida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Maira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Cannito
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentali, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Paternostro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentali, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Navari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Vivoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Xianming Deng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Azucena Esparís-Ogando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ezio David
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Persio Dello Sbarba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentali, Università di Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università di Firenze, Italy
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Kinome profiling reveals breast cancer heterogeneity and identifies targeted therapeutic opportunities for triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3145-58. [PMID: 24762669 PMCID: PMC4102798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity at the protein level is limited despite proteins being the ultimate effectors of cellular functions. We investigated the heterogeneity of breast cancer (41 primary tumors and 15 breast cancer cell lines) at the protein and phosphoprotein levels to identify activated oncogenic pathways and developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Heterogeneity was observed not only across histological subtypes, but also within subtypes. Tumors of the Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype distributed across four different clusters where one cluster (cluster ii) showed high deregulation of many proteins and phosphoproteins. The majority of TNBC cell lines, particularly mesenchymal lines, resembled the cluster ii TNBC tumors. Indeed, TNBC cell lines were more sensitive than non-TNBC cell lines when treated with targeted inhibitors selected based on upregulated pathways in cluster ii. In line with the enrichment of the upregulated pathways with onco-clients of Hsp90, we found synergy in combining Hsp90 inhibitors with several kinase inhibitors, particularly Erk5 inhibitors. The combination of Erk5 and Hsp90 inhibitors was effective in vitro and in vivo against TNBC leading to upregulation of pro-apoptotic effectors. Our studies contribute to proteomic profiling and improve our understanding of TNBC heterogeneity to provide therapeutic opportunities for this disease.
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Wang L, Bao QC, Xu XL, Jiang F, Gu K, Jiang ZY, Zhang XJ, Guo XK, You QD, Sun HP. Discovery and identification of Cdc37-derived peptides targeting the Hsp90–Cdc37 protein–protein interaction. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the key residues of the Hsp90–Cdc37 binding interface for further design of peptide inhibitors, a combined strategy of molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA analysis was performed.
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Truman AW, Kristjansdottir K, Wolfgeher D, Ricco N, Mayampurath A, Volchenboum SL, Clotet J, Kron SJ. Quantitative proteomics of the yeast Hsp70/Hsp90 interactomes during DNA damage reveal chaperone-dependent regulation of ribonucleotide reductase. J Proteomics 2014; 112:285-300. [PMID: 25452130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The highly conserved molecular chaperones Hsp90 and Hsp70 are indispensible for folding and maturation of a significant fraction of the proteome, including many proteins involved in signal transduction and stress response. To examine the dynamics of chaperone-client interactions after DNA damage, we applied quantitative affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) proteomics to characterize interactomes of the yeast Hsp70 isoform Ssa1 and Hsp90 isoform Hsp82 before and after exposure to methyl methanesulfonate. Of 256 proteins identified and quantified via (16)O(/18)O labeling and LC-MS/MS, 142 are novel Hsp70/90 interactors. Nearly all interactions remained unchanged or decreased after DNA damage, but 5 proteins increased interactions with Ssa1 and/or Hsp82, including the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit Rnr4. Inhibiting Hsp70 or 90 chaperone activity destabilized Rnr4 in yeast and its vertebrate homolog hRMM2 in breast cancer cells. In turn, pre-treatment of cancer cells with chaperone inhibitors sensitized cells to the RNR inhibitor gemcitabine, suggesting a novel chemotherapy strategy. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001284. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the dynamic interactome of the yeast Hsp70 and Hsp90 under DNA damage which suggest key roles for the chaperones in a variety of signaling cascades. Importantly, the cancer drug target ribonucleotide reductase was shown to be a client of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in both yeast and breast cancer cells. As such, this study highlights the potential of a novel cancer therapeutic strategy that exploits the synergy of chaperone and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Truman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Donald Wolfgeher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Natalia Ricco
- Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Anoop Mayampurath
- Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Samuel L Volchenboum
- Computation Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Josep Clotet
- Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Wang X, Pesakhov S, Harrison JS, Kafka M, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. The MAPK ERK5, but not ERK1/2, inhibits the progression of monocytic phenotype to the functioning macrophage. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:199-211. [PMID: 25447310 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling pathways present targets for pharmacological agents with potential for treatment of neoplastic diseases, with some disease remissions already recorded. However, cellular compensatory mechanisms usually negate the initial success. For instance, attempts to interrupt aberrant signaling downstream of the frequently mutated ras by inhibiting ERK1/2 has shown only limited usefulness for cancer therapy. Here, we examined how ERK5, that overlaps the functions of ERK1/2 in cell proliferation and survival, functions in a manner distinct from ERK1/2 in human AML cells induced to differentiate by 1,25D-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). Using inhibitors of ERK1/2 and of MEK5/ERK5 at concentrations specific for each kinase in HL60 and U937 cells, we observed that selective inhibition of the kinase activity of ERK5, but not of ERK1/2, in the presence of 1,25D resulted in macrophage-like cell morphology and enhancement of phagocytic activity. Importantly, this was associated with increased expression of the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), but was not seen when M-CSFR expression was knocked down. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 led to activation of ERK5 in these cells. Our results support the hypothesis that ERK5 negatively regulates the expression of M-CSFR, and thus has a restraining function on macrophage differentiation. The addition of pharmacological inhibitors of ERK5 may influence trials of differentiation therapy of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stella Pesakhov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Michael Kafka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Wang X, Pesakhov S, Weng A, Kafka M, Gocek E, Nguyen M, Harrison JS, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. ERK 5/MAPK pathway has a major role in 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:223-7. [PMID: 24514755 PMCID: PMC4000286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D derivatives, including its physiological form 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25D), have anti-tumor actions demonstrated in cell culture and confirmatory epidemiological associations are frequently reported. However, their promise for use in the cancer clinic is still incompletely fulfilled, suggesting that a better understanding of the molecular events initiated by these compounds is needed for therapeutic advances. While ERK1/2 has been intensely investigated and is known to transmit signals for cell survival, growth, and differentiation, the role of other MAPK pathways has been studied sporadically. Therefore, we utilized acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in culture (HL60 and U937), to determine if ERK5 has a role in 1,25D-induced terminal differentiation which is distinct from the previously shown involvement of ERK1/2. We previously found that inhibition of kinase activity of ERK5 by specific pharmacological inhibitors BIX02189 or XMD8-92 results in higher expression of general myeloid marker CD11b, but a lower expression of the monocytic marker CD14. In contrast, the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by PD98059 or U0126 reduced the expression of all differentiation markers studied. We report here for the first time that the differentiation changes induced by ERK5 inhibitors are accompanied by the inhibition of cell proliferation, and this occurs in the both G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Of note, inhibition of ERK5 auto-phosphorylation by XMD8-92 results in a particularly robust cell cycle arrest in G2 phase in AML cells. This study provides a link between the 1,25D-elevated ERK5 pathway and changes in the cell cycle phase transitions in AML cells. Thus, combinations of vitamin D derivatives and ERK5 inhibitors may be more successful in cancer clinics than 1,25D or analogs alone. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Stella Pesakhov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ashley Weng
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Michael Kafka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Elzbieta Gocek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, RWJ Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA.
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Cabello J, Sämann J, Gómez-Orte E, Erazo T, Coppa A, Pujol A, Büssing I, Schulze B, Lizcano JM, Ferrer I, Baumeister R, Dalfo E. PDR-1/hParkin negatively regulates the phagocytosis of apoptotic cell corpses in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1120. [PMID: 24625979 PMCID: PMC3973248 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is an integral part of cell turnover in many tissues, and proper corpse clearance is vital to maintaining tissue homeostasis in all multicellular organisms. Even in tissues with high cellular turnover, apoptotic cells are rarely seen because of efficient clearance mechanisms in healthy individuals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, two parallel and partly redundant conserved pathways act in cell corpse engulfment. The pathway for cytoskeletal rearrangement requires the small GTPase CED-10 Rac1 acting for an efficient surround of the dead cell. The CED-10 Rac pathway is also required for the proper migration of the distal tip cells (DTCs) during the development of the C. elegans gonad. Parkin, the mammalian homolog of the C. elegans PDR-1, interacts with Rac1 in aged human brain and it is also implicated with actin dynamics and cytoskeletal rearrangements in Parkinsons's disease, suggesting that it might act on engulfment. Our genetic and biochemical studies indicate that PDR-1 inhibits apoptotic cell engulfment and DTC migration by ubiquitylating CED-10 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabello
- CIBIR (Centre for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), C/Piqueras 98, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - J Sämann
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - E Gómez-Orte
- CIBIR (Centre for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), C/Piqueras 98, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - T Erazo
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - A Coppa
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - A Pujol
- 1] Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain [2] ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis avançats), Barcelona, Spain [3] Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitall Bellvitge - University of Barcelona - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Ciberned, Spain [4] CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras), C/ Álvaro de Bazán, 10 Bajo, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - I Büssing
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - B Schulze
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - J M Lizcano
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - I Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitall Bellvitge - University of Barcelona - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Ciberned, Spain
| | - R Baumeister
- 1] Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany [2] Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (bioss), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany [3] FRIAS Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Section Life Sciences (LIFENET), University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - E Dalfo
- 1] Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics (Faculty of Biology), Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research (Faculty of Medicine), Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany [2] Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain [3] Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitall Bellvitge - University of Barcelona - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Ciberned, Spain [4] CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras), C/ Álvaro de Bazán, 10 Bajo, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Kuss M, Adamopoulou E, Kahle PJ. Interferon-γ induces leucine-rich repeat kinase LRRK2 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK5 in macrophages. J Neurochem 2014; 129:980-7. [PMID: 24479685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) comprises a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Recently, it has emerged that LRRK2 plays important roles in the immune system. LRRK2 is induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in monocytes, but the signaling pathway is not known. Here, we show that IFN-γ-mediated induction of LRRK2 was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). This was confirmed by LRRK2 immunostaining, which also revealed that the morphological responses to IFN-γ were suppressed by ERK5 inhibitor treatment. Both human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes stimulated the ERK5-LRRK2 pathway after differentiation into macrophages. Thus, LRRK2 is induced via a novel, ERK5-dependent IFN-γ signal transduction pathway, pointing to new functions of ERK5 and LRRK2 in human macrophages. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a major risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the role of LRRK2 in the affected neurons remains enigmatic. Recently, LRRK2 has been reported to be strongly expressed in the immune system. Here, we demonstrate that LRRK2 is induced by Interferon gamma via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) in macrophages, thus providing new insights in LRRK2 and ERK5 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuss
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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