1
|
Zeng X, Tang S, Dong X, Dong M, Shao R, Liu R, Li T, Zhang X, Wong YH, Xie Q. Analysis of metagenome and metabolome disclosed the mechanisms of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis-affected mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134229. [PMID: 39089548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is no known cause for ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease that is difficult to treat. This assay aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) in mice with acute UC induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). We found that DOP could improve weight loss, decrease the disease activity index (DAI), and regulate the release of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in DSS-induced acute UC mice. Additionally, DOP preserved the integrity of the intestinal barrier in UC mice by increasing goblet cell density and maintaining tight junctions. DOP significantly enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the bloodstream. In terms of serum biochemistry, DOP markedly elevated levels of bilirubin (BIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bile acid (TBA), creatinine (Crea), and creative kinase isoenzyme (CKMB). Furthermore, DOP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales. DOP also improved intestinal health and stimulated the synthesis of potent anti-inflammatory and antiviral substances by regulating the metabolism of purines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Therefore, DOP can be considered a functional dietary supplement for the treatment of UC, as it improves the condition of DSS-induced UC mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shengqiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China
| | - Mengyue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Runlin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ruiheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yung Hou Wong
- Division of Life Sciences and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry & Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of AgroAnimal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teng T, Yang Y, Li H, Liu F. Toxic effect of fluorene on Perinereis aibuhitensis body wall and its corresponding defense mechanisms: A metabolomics perspective. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116674. [PMID: 38981191 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Fluorene is a coastal sediment pollutant with high ecological risk. Perinereis aibuhitensis is an ecotoxicological model used for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation; however, the effects of fluorene on the physiological metabolism of P. aibuhitensis and its corresponding responses remain unclear. This study explored the tolerance and defense responses of P. aibuhitensis in sediments with different fluorene concentrations using histology, ecological biomarkers, and metabolic responses. Metabolomics analyses revealed that P. aibuhitensis has high tolerance to fluorene in sediments. Fluorene stress disrupted the normal metabolism of the P. aibuhitensis body wall, resulting in excessive glycosphospholipid and stearamide accumulation and elevated oxygen consumption rates. To mitigate this, P. aibuhitensis has adopted tail cutting, yellowing, and modulation of metabolite contents in the body wall. This study provides novel insights into the potential ecological risk of fluorene pollution in marine sediments and proposes the use of P. aibuhitensis in the bioremediation of fluorene-contaminated sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Teng
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Huihong Li
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Snider NT, Hollenberg PF. Assay of Endocannabinoid Oxidation by Cytochrome P450. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:317-327. [PMID: 36152199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a large family of heme-containing proteins that have important functions in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, including pharmacologic and environmental agents, as well as endogenously produced chemicals with broad structural and functional diversity. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are substrates for P450s expressed in multiple tissues, leading to the production of a diverse set of mono- and di-oxygenated metabolites. This chapter describes tools and methods that have been used to identify major endocannabinoid metabolizing P450s and their corresponding products using subcellular tissue fractions, cultured cells, and purified recombinant enzymes in a reconstituted system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gui Y, Chen J, Hu J, Liao C, Ouyang M, Deng L, Yang J, Xu D. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors improve angiogenic function of endothelial progenitor cells via ERK/p38-mediated miR-126 upregulation in myocardial infarction mice after exercise. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112360. [PMID: 33188851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that exercise could protect against myocardial infarction (MI). Previously, we found that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) could be induced by exercise and has been found to protect against MI via promoting angiogenic function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the underling mechanism of EETs in promoting EPC functions is unclear. C57BL/6 mice were fed with a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi), TPPU, to increase EET levels, for 1 week before undergoing MI surgery. Mice were then subjected to exercise training for 4 weeks. Bone marrow-derived EPCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. Exercise upregulated miR-126 expression but downregulated the protein levels of its target gene, Spred1, in EPCs from MI mice. TPPU further enhanced the effects of exercise on EPCs. Spred1 overexpression abolished the protective effects of TPPU on EPC functions. Downregulation of miR-126 by antagomiR-126 impaired the inhibitor effects of TPPU on Spred1 mRNA and protein expression. Additionally, TPPU upregulated miR-126 is partially mediated through ERK/p38 MAPK pathway. This study showed that sEHi promoted miR-126 expression, which might be related to the beneficial effect of sEHi on EPC functions in MI mice under exercise conditions, by increasing ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and inhibiting Spred1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Gui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China; Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Caixiu Liao
- Department of Geratology, Internal Medicine, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Minzhi Ouyang
- Department of Ultrasonics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Limin Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China; Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Jingmin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lei D, Chengcheng L, Xuan Q, Yibing C, Lei W, Hao Y, Xizhi L, Yuan L, Xiaoxing Y, Qian L. Quercetin inhibited mesangial cell proliferation of early diabetic nephropathy through the Hippo pathway. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104320. [PMID: 31220559 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) is a common and prominent pathological change of DN, which takes place at the early stage. Quercetin, a bioflavonoid compound, possesses therapeutic efficacy in cardiovascular and kidney diseases via anti-tumour, anti-oxidation, anti-virus, and anti-proliferation effects. However, the mechanism of quercetin in the proliferation of glomerular MCs in early DN has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the effect of quercetin on the proliferation of glomerular MCs in high glucose-induced mouse glomerular MCs and in db/db mice. On this basis, we tried to clarify the specific mechanisms underlying these effects. The in vitro results showed that the proliferation of glomerular MCs was induced by high glucose, and the Hippo pathway was highly inactivated in high glucose-cultured MCs. Decreased phosphorylation of MST1 and Lats1 promoted expression and nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and subsequently increased the combination of YAP and TEA/ATS domain (TEAD), which promoted the expression of the downstream target gene such as cyclinE. Quercetin effectively inhibited the high glucose-induced MC proliferation and reactivated the Hippo pathway. In vivo, the proliferation of glomerular MCs was increased, renal function was decreased, and blood fasting glucose was elevated in db/db mice. Furthermore, the Hippo pathway was inactivated in the renal cortex of db/db mice. Eight-week treatment of quercetin retarded MC proliferation, alleviated the renal function, and reactivated Hippo pathway in the renal cortex of db/db mice at 16 weeks. Our previous study clarified that the Hippo pathway was involved in MC proliferation of DN. The results revealed that quercetin inhibited MC proliferation in high glucose-treated mouse glomerular MCs and in DN via reactivation of the Hippo pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Du Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Chengcheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Qian Xuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chen Yibing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wang Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Xizhi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yin Xiaoxing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Lu Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a large family of heme-containing proteins that have important functions in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, including pharmacologic and environmental agents, as well as of endogenously produced chemicals with broad structural and functional diversity. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are substrates for P450s expressed in multiple tissues, leading to the production of a diverse set of mono- and di-oxygenated metabolites. This chapter describes tools and methods that have been used to identify major endocannabinoid-metabolizing P450s and their corresponding products, by using subcellular tissue fractions, cultured cells, and purified recombinant enzymes in a reconstituted system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Vyvyca J Walker
- Department of Medicine - Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen J, Harris RC. Interaction of the EGF Receptor and the Hippo Pathway in the Diabetic Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1689-700. [PMID: 26453611 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) or the Hippo signaling pathway can control cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and the dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to tumorigenesis. Previous studies showed that activation of EGFR signaling in renal epithelial cells can exacerbate diabetic kidney injury. Moreover, EGFR has been implicated in regulating the Hippo signaling pathway in Drosophila; thus, we examined this potential interaction in mammalian diabetic kidney disease. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional regulator regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. We found YAP protein expression and phosphorylation were upregulated in diabetic mouse renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, which were inhibited in diabetic proximal tubule EGFR-knockout mice (EGFR(ptKO)) or administration of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Furthermore, activation of an EGFR-PI3K-Akt-CREB signaling pathway mediated YAP gene expression and YAP nuclear translocation and interaction with the TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor complex, which led to upregulated expression of two TEAD-dependent genes, the connective tissue growth factor and amphiregulin genes. In a renal proximal tubule cell line, either pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of EGFR, Akt, or CREB blunted YAP expression in response to high-glucose treatment. Additionally, knocking down YAP expression by specific siRNA inhibited cell proliferation in response to high glucose or exogenous EGF. Therefore, these results link the Hippo pathway to EGFR-mediated renal epithelial injury in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine and
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen JK, Nagai K, Chen J, Plieth D, Hino M, Xu J, Sha F, Ikizler TA, Quarles CC, Threadgill DW, Neilson EG, Harris RC. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling determines kidney size. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2429-44. [PMID: 25985273 DOI: 10.1172/jci78945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney size adaptively increases as mammals grow and in response to the loss of 1 kidney. It is not clear how kidneys size themselves or if the processes that adapt kidney mass to lean body mass also mediate renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy (UNX). Here, we demonstrated that mice harboring a proximal tubule-specific deletion of Pten (Pten(ptKO)) have greatly enlarged kidneys as the result of persistent activation of the class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT pathway and an increase of the antiproliferative signals p21(Cip1/WAF) and p27(Kip1). Administration of rapamycin to Pten(ptKO) mice diminished hypertrophy. Proximal tubule-specific deletion of Egfr in Pten(ptKO) mice also attenuated class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT signaling and reduced the size of enlarged kidneys. In Pten(ptKO) mice, UNX further increased mTORC1 activation and hypertrophy in the remaining kidney; however, mTORC2-dependent AKT phosphorylation did not increase further in the remaining kidney of Pten(ptKO) mice, nor was it induced in the remaining kidney of WT mice. After UNX, renal blood flow and amino acid delivery to the remaining kidney rose abruptly, followed by increased amino acid content and activation of a class III PI3K/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. Thus, our findings demonstrate context-dependent roles for EGFR-modulated class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT signaling in the normal adaptation of kidney size and PTEN-independent, nutrient-dependent class III PI3K/mTORC1/S6K1 signaling in the compensatory enlargement of the remaining kidney following UNX.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zelasko S, Arnold WR, Das A. Endocannabinoid metabolism by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 116-117:112-23. [PMID: 25461979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system was first uncovered following studies of the recreational drug Cannabis sativa. It is now recognized as a vital network of signaling pathways that regulate several physiological processes. Following the initial discovery of the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2), activated by Cannabis-derived analogs, many endogenous fatty acids termed "endocannabinoids" are now known to be partial agonists of the CB receptors. At present, the most thoroughly studied endocannabinoid signaling molecules are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), which are both derived from arachidonic acid. Both AEA and 2-AG are also substrates for the eicosanoid-synthesizing pathways, namely, certain cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the past, research in the endocannabinoid field focused on the interaction of AEA and 2-AG with the COX and LOX enzymes, but accumulating evidence also points to the involvement of CYPs in modulating endocannabinoid signaling. The focus of this review is to explore the current understanding of CYP-mediated metabolism of endocannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zelasko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - William R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fleming I. The Pharmacology of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Axis in the Vasculature and Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:1106-40. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
11
|
Spector AA, Kim HY. Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:356-65. [PMID: 25093613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are oxidized by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases to PUFA epoxides which function as potent lipid mediators. The major metabolic pathways of PUFA epoxides are incorporation into phospholipids and hydrolysis to the corresponding PUFA diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase. Inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase stabilize PUFA epoxides and potentiate their functional effects. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) synthesized from arachidonic acid produce vasodilation, stimulate angiogenesis, have anti-inflammatory actions, and protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. EETs produce these functional effects by activating receptor-mediated signaling pathways and ion channels. The epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids synthesized from eicosapentaenoic acid and epoxydocosapentaenoic acids synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid are potent inhibitors of cardiac arrhythmias. Epoxydocosapentaenoic acids also inhibit angiogenesis, decrease inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and reduce tumor metastasis. These findings indicate that a number of the beneficial functions of PUFA may be due to their conversion to PUFA epoxides. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Spector
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Endogenous cannabinoids revisited: A biochemistry perspective. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 102-103:13-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
14
|
Chen J, Chen JK, Harris RC. Angiotensin II induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal epithelial cells through reactive oxygen species/Src/caveolin-mediated activation of an epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:981-91. [PMID: 22215616 PMCID: PMC3295195 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06410-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin system plays a deleterious role in progressive kidney damage, and the renal proximal tubule is known to play an important role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here we report that in the proximal tubule-like LLCPKcl4 cells expressing angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor, Ang II induced changes in cell morphology and expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, which were inhibited by the miotogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activating kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 or the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Cav) at Y14 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at Y845 and induced association of these phosphoproteins in caveolin-enriched lipid rafts, thereby leading to prolonged EGFR-ERK signaling that was inhibited by Nox4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Src siRNA. Two different antioxidants not only inhibited phosphorylation of Src at Y416 but also blocked the EGFR-ERK signaling. Moreover, erlotinib (the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), EGFR siRNA, and Cav siRNA all inhibited both prolonged EGFR-ERK signaling and phenotypic changes induced by Ang II. Thus, this report provides the first evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Src-dependent activation of persistent Cav-EGFR-ERK signaling mediates renal tubular cell dedifferentiation and identifies a novel molecular mechanism that may be involved in progressive renal injury caused by chronic exposure to Ang II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen J, Chen JK, Nagai K, Plieth D, Tan M, Lee TC, Threadgill DW, Neilson EG, Harris RC. EGFR signaling promotes TGFβ-dependent renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 23:215-24. [PMID: 22095949 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes renal fibrosis remain incompletely understood. Ang II both stimulates TGFβ signaling and activates the EGF receptor (EGFR), but the relative contribution of these pathways to renal fibrogenesis is unknown. Using a murine model with EGFR-deficient proximal tubules, we demonstrate that upstream activation of EGFR-dependent ERK signaling is critical for mediating sustained TGFβ expression in renal fibrosis. Persistent activation of the Ang II receptor stimulated ROS-dependent phosphorylation of Src, leading to sustained EGFR-dependent signaling for TGFβ expression. Either genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR significantly decreased TGFβ-mediated fibrogenesis. We conclude that TGFβ-mediated tissue fibrosis relies on a persistent feed-forward mechanism of EGFR/ERK activation through an unexpected signaling pathway, highlighting EGFR as a potential therapeutic target for modulating tissue fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Endocannabinoid oxygenation by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450: cross-talk between the eicosanoid and endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5899-921. [PMID: 21923193 PMCID: PMC3191732 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Falck JR, Kodela R, Manne R, Atcha KR, Puli N, Dubasi N, Manthati VL, Capdevila JH, Yi XY, Goldman DH, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Campbell WB. 14,15-Epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-EET) surrogates containing epoxide bioisosteres: influence upon vascular relaxation and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition. J Med Chem 2010; 52:5069-75. [PMID: 19653681 DOI: 10.1021/jm900634w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
All-cis-14,15-epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-EET) is a labile, vasodilatory eicosanoid generated from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. A series of robust, partially saturated analogues containing epoxide bioisosteres were synthesized and evaluated for relaxation of precontracted bovine coronary artery rings and for in vitro inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Depending upon the bioisostere and its position along the carbon chain, varying levels of vascular relaxation and/or sEH inhibition were observed. For example, oxamide 16 and N-iPr-amide 20 were comparable (ED(50) 1.7 microM) to 14,15-EET as vasorelaxants but were approximately 10-35 times less potent as sEH inhibitors (IC(50) 59 and 19 microM, respectively); unsubstituted urea 12 showed useful activity in both assays (ED(50) 3.5 microM, IC(50) 16 nM). These data reveal differential structural parameters for the two pharmacophores that could assist the development of potent and specific in vivo drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Falck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Myers TJ, Brennaman LH, Stevenson M, Higashiyama S, Russell WE, Lee DC, Sunnarborg SW. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediate GPCR-induced TACE/ADAM17-dependent transforming growth factor-alpha shedding. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 20:5236-49. [PMID: 19846666 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-12-1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by GPCRs regulates many important biological processes. ADAM metalloprotease activity has been implicated as a key step in transactivation, yet the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the regulation of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) shedding by reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the ATP-dependent activation of the P2Y family of GPCRs. We report that ATP stimulates TGF-alpha proteolysis with concomitant EGFR activation and that this process requires TACE/ADAM17 activity in both murine fibroblasts and CHO cells. ATP-induced TGF-alpha shedding required calcium and was independent of Src family kinases and PKC and MAPK signaling. Moreover, ATP-induced TGF-alpha shedding was completely inhibited by scavengers of ROS, whereas calcium-stimulated shedding was partially inhibited by ROS scavenging. Hydrogen peroxide restored TGF-alpha shedding after calcium chelation. Importantly, we also found that ATP-induced shedding was independent of the cytoplasmic NADPH oxidase complex. Instead, mitochondrial ROS production increased in response to ATP and mitochondrial oxidative complex activity was required to activate TACE-dependent shedding. These results reveal an essential role for mitochondrial ROS in regulating GPCR-induced growth factor shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaspera R, Totah RA. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids: formation, metabolism and potential role in tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:757-71. [PMID: 19505190 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902932923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP enzymes from the CYP2C and CYP2J subfamilies metabolize arachidonic acid in a regiospecific and stereoselective manner to eight epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Various EETs have been detected in the liver, as well as in many extrahepatic tissues, and have been implicated in numerous physiological functions from cell signaling to vasodilation and angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE This report reviews the sites of expression and activity of arachidonic acid epoxygenase CYP isoforms, as well as the physiological role and metabolism of EETs in various extrahepatic tissues. Possible functions of EETs in tissue pathophysiology and implications as potential drug targets are also discussed. METHODS The most recent primary research literature on EET forming enzymes and the new physiological functions of EETs in various tissues were reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are important in maintaining the homeostasis and in responding to stress in various extra hepatic tissues. It is not clear whether these effects are owing to EETs acting on a universal receptor or through a mechanism involving a second messenger. A better understanding of the regulation of EET levels and their mechanism of action on various receptors will accelerate research aiming at developing therapeutic agents that target EET formation or metabolism pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Kaspera
- University of Washington, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Snider NT, Walker VJ, Hollenberg PF. Oxidation of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide by the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: physiological and pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:136-54. [PMID: 20133390 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) is an endogenous amide of arachidonic acid and an important signaling mediator of the endocannabinoid system. Given its numerous roles in maintaining normal physiological function and modulating pathophysiological responses throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system is an important pharmacological target amenable to manipulation directly by cannabinoid receptor ligands or indirectly by drugs that alter endocannabinoid synthesis and inactivation. The latter approach has the possible advantage of more selectivity, thus there is the potential for fewer untoward effects like those that are traditionally associated with cannabinoid receptor ligands. In that regard, inhibitors of the principal inactivating enzyme for anandamide, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), are currently in development for the treatment of pain and inflammation. However, several pathways involved in anandamide synthesis, metabolism, and inactivation all need to be taken into account when evaluating the effects of FAAH inhibitors and similar agents in preclinical models and assessing their clinical potential. Anandamide undergoes oxidation by several human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP4F2, CYP4X1, and the highly polymorphic CYP2D6, forming numerous structurally diverse lipids, which are likely to have important physiological roles, as evidenced by the demonstration that a P450-derived epoxide of anandamide is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptor 2. The focus of this review is to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the P450-mediated pathways of the metabolism of anandamide, because these are likely to be important in mediating endocannabinoid signaling as well as the pharmacological responses to endocannabinoid-targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 7720 Medical Science II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sagmeister S, Drucker C, Losert A, Grusch M, Daryabeigi A, Parzefall W, Rohr-Udilova N, Bichler C, Smedsrød B, Kandioler D, Grünberger T, Wrba F, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. HB-EGF is a paracrine growth stimulator for early tumor prestages in inflammation-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2008; 49:955-64. [PMID: 18929421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We studied the impact of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) on inflammation-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS HB-EGF expression was determined by qRT-PCR and immunodetection in hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma and in mesenchymal (MC) and parenchymal liver cells obtained from different models of inflammation. The functions of HB-EGF in early hepatocarcinogenesis were assessed in co-cultures of unaltered and initiated/premalignant hepatocytes. RESULTS In human and rat (pre)malignant liver lesions, HB-EGF levels were comparable to that of the surrounding tissue. In inflamed livers HB-EGF was expressed predominantly in MC and was further increased by pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH). In culture, DNA-replication occurred rather in initiated/premalignant than unaltered hepatocytes and was further elevated by LOOH- or LPS-stimulated MC-supernatants. The supernatant effects were abrogated by pre-incubation with HB-EGF-neutralizing antisera. HB-EGF itself induced DNA-replication and mitosis preferentially in the initiated/premalignant cells. When transducing hepatocytes with a dominant-negative ErbB1-construct, HB-EGF-induced DNA-replications were blocked completely in unaltered hepatocytes but incompletely in initiated/premalignant cells, which suggests elevated ErbB-mediated signal transduction in first stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Pro-inflammatory stimuli induce the release of HB-EGF from MC, which stimulates DNA-replication in initiated/premalignant hepatocytes. Similar mechanisms may contribute to carcinogenesis in human inflammatory liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sagmeister
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases convert arachidonic acid to four epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as autacrine and paracrine mediators. EETs produce vascular relaxation by activating smooth muscle large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa). In addition, they have anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels and in the kidney, promote angiogenesis, and protect ischemic myocardium and brain. CYP epoxygenases also convert eicosapentaenoic acid to vasoactive epoxy-derivatives, and endocannabinoids containing 11,12- and 14,15-EET are formed. Many EET actions appear to be initiated by EET binding to a membrane receptor that activates ion channels and intracellular signal transduction pathways. However, EETs also are taken up by cells, are incorporated into phospholipids, and bind to cytosolic proteins and nuclear receptors, suggesting that some functions may occur through direct interaction of the EET with intracellular effector systems. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts EETs to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). Because this attenuates many of the functional effects of EETs, sEH inhibition is being evaluated as a mechanism for increasing and prolonging the beneficial actions of EETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Spector
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen JK, Chen J, Imig JD, Wei S, Hachey DL, Guthi JS, Falck JR, Capdevila JH, Harris RC. Identification of novel endogenous cytochrome p450 arachidonate metabolites with high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24514-24. [PMID: 18606824 PMCID: PMC2528993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid is an essential constituent of cell membranes that is esterified to the sn-2-position of glycerophospholipids and is released from selected lipid pools by phospholipase cleavage. The released arachidonic acid can be metabolized by three enzymatic pathways: the cyclooxygenase pathway forming prostaglandins and thromboxanes, the lipoxygenase pathway generating leukotrienes and lipoxins, and the cytochrome P450 (cP450) pathway producing epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. The present study describes a novel group of cP450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid, termed 2-epoxyeicosatrienoylglycerols (2-EG), including two regioisomers, 2-(11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoyl)glycerol (2-11,12-EG) and 2-(14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoyl)glycerol (2-14,15-EG), which are both produced in the kidney and spleen, whereas 2-11,12-EG is also detected in the brain. Both 2-11,12-EG and 2-14,15-EG activated the two cannabinoid (CB) receptor subtypes, CB1 and CB2, with high affinity and elicited biological responses in cultured cells expressing CB receptors and in intact animals. In contrast, the parental arachidonic acid and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids failed to activate CB1 or CB2 receptors. Thus, these cP450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites are a novel class of endogenously produced, biologically active lipid mediators with the characteristics of endocannabinoids. This is the first evidence of a cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonate metabolite that can activate G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors and suggests a functional link between the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and the endocannabinoid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kang Chen
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John D. Imig
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Shouzuo Wei
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - David L. Hachey
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jagadeesh Setti Guthi
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - John R. Falck
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jorge H. Capdevila
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine and
Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232, the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Nashville, Tennessee 37212, the Vascular Biology
Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and the
Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hanke NT, Finch JS, Bowden GT. Loss of catalase increases malignant mouse keratinocyte cell growth through activation of the stress activated JNK pathway. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:349-60. [PMID: 17935202 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A cell line that produces mouse squamous cell carcinoma (6M90) was modified to develop a cell line with an introduced Tet-responsive catalase transgene (MTOC2). We have previously reported that the overexpressed catalase in the MTOC2 cells reverses the malignant phenotype in part by decreasing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. With this work we expanded the investigation into the differences between these two cell lines. We found that the decreased EGFR pathway activity of the MTOC2 cells is not because of reduced autocrine secretion of an epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand but rather because of lower basal receptor activity. Phosphorylated levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) members JNK and p38 were both higher in the 6M90 cells with low catalase when compared with the MTOC2 cell line. Although treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, blocked the increased activity of JNK in the 6M90 cells, a similar effect was not observed for p38. Basal levels of downstream c-jun transcription were also found to be higher in the 6M90 cells versus MTOC2 cells. Activated p38 was found to down-regulate the JNK MAPK pathway in the 6M90 cells. However, the 6M90 cells contain constitutively high levels of phosphorylated JNK, generating higher levels of phosphorylated c-jun and total c-jun than those in the MTOC2 cells. Inhibition of JNK activity in the 6M90 cells reduced AP-1 transcription and cell proliferation. The data confirm the inhibitory effects of catalase on tumor cell growth, specifically through a ligand-independent decrease in the stress activated JNK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neale T Hanke
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cui PH, Duke RK, Duke CC. Monoepoxy octadecadienoates and monoepoxy octadecatrienoates. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 152:122-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The complications of promiscuity: endocannabinoid action and metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:602-23. [PMID: 17876303 PMCID: PMC2190010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present our understanding of the action and metabolism of endocannabinoids and related endogenous molecules. It is clear that the interactions between the multiple endocannabinoid-like molecules (ECLs) are highly complex, both at the level of signal transduction and metabolism. Thus, ECLs are a group of ligands active at 7-transmembrane and nuclear receptors, as well as transmitter-gated and ion channels. ECLs and their metabolites can converge on common endpoints (either metabolic or signalling) through contradictory or reinforcing pathways. We highlight the complexity of the endocannabinoid system, based on the promiscuous nature of ECLs and their metabolites, as well as the synthetic modulators of the endocannabinoid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 7LP, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Singh AB, Sugimoto K, Harris RC. Juxtacrine activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor by membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor protects epithelial cells from anoikis while maintaining an epithelial phenotype. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32890-901. [PMID: 17848576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702677200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell-matrix adhesion is often associated with acute epithelial injury, suggesting that "anoikis" may be an important contributor to cell death. Resistance against anoikis is a key characteristic of transformed cells. When nontransformed epithelia are injured, activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) by paracrine/autocrine release of soluble ligands can induce a prosurvival program, but there is generally evidence for concomitant dedifferentiation. The EGFR ligand, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor that can activate the EGFR via juxtacrine signaling or can be released and act as a soluble growth factor. In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, expression of membrane-anchored HB-EGF increases cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Therefore, these studies were designed to test the effects of juxtacrine HB-EGF signaling upon cell survival and epithelial integrity when cells are denied proper cell-matrix interactions. Cells expressing a noncleavable mutated form of membrane-anchored HB-EGF demonstrated increased survival from anoikis, formed larger cell aggregates, and maintained epithelial characteristics even following prolonged detachment from the substratum. Physical association between membrane-anchored HB-EGF and EGFR was observed. Signaling studies indicated synergistic effects of EGFR activation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling to regulate apoptotic and survival pathways. In contrast, although administration of exogenous EGF partially suppressed anoikis in wild type cells, it also led to an increased expression of mesenchymal markers, suggesting dedifferentiation. Taken together, we propose a novel role for membrane-anchored HB-EGF in the cytoprotection of epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar B Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, C-3121 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|