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Chen S, Jiang Q, Fan J, Cheng H. Nuclear mRNA export. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 39243141 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression begins with transcription in the nucleus, followed by the maturation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These mRNA molecules are then exported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a process that serves as a critical regulatory phase of gene expression. The export of mRNA is intricately linked to precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) processing, ensuring that only properly processed mRNA reaches the cytoplasm. This coordination is essential, as recent studies have revealed that mRNA export factors not only assist in transport but also influence upstream processing steps, adding a layer of complexity to gene regulation. Furthermore, the export process competes with RNA processing and degradation pathways, maintaining a delicate balance vital for accurate gene expression. While these mechanisms are generally conserved across eukaryotes, significant differences exist between yeast and higher eukaryotic cells, particularly due to the more genome complexity of the latter. This review delves into the current research on mRNA export in higher eukaryotic cells, focusing on its role in the broader context of gene expression regulation and highlighting how it interacts with other gene expression processes to ensure precise and efficient gene functionality in complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qingyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Braz CU, Passamonti MM, Khatib H. Characterization of genomic regions escaping epigenetic reprogramming in sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2023; 10:dvad010. [PMID: 38496251 PMCID: PMC10944287 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian genome undergoes two global epigenetic reprogramming events during the establishment of primordial germ cells and in the pre-implantation embryo after fertilization. These events involve the erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation marks. However, imprinted genes and transposable elements (TEs) maintain their DNA methylation signatures to ensure normal embryonic development and genome stability. Despite extensive research in mice and humans, there is limited knowledge regarding environmentally induced epigenetic marks that escape epigenetic reprogramming in other species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and locations of genomic regions that evade epigenetic reprogramming in sheep, as well as to explore the biological functions of the genes within these regions. In a previous study, we identified 107 transgenerationally inherited differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) in the F1 and F2 generations in response to a paternal methionine-supplemented diet. These DMCs were found in TEs, non-repetitive regions, and imprinted and non-imprinted genes. Our findings suggest that genomic regions, rather than TEs and imprinted genes, have the propensity to escape reprogramming and serve as potential candidates for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Notably, 34 transgenerational methylated genes influenced by paternal nutrition escaped reprogramming, impacting growth, development, male fertility, cardiac disorders, and neurodevelopment. Intriguingly, among these genes, 21 have been associated with neural development and brain disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disease, and intellectual disability. This suggests a potential genetic overlap between brain and infertility disorders. Overall, our study supports the concept of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of environmentally induced marks in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila U Braz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matilde Maria Passamonti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Universit’a Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Yin C, Wang Y, Zhou P, Shi H, Ma X, Yin Z, Liu Y. Genomic Scan for Runs of Homozygosity and Selective Signature Analysis to Identify Candidate Genes in Large White Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12914. [PMID: 37629094 PMCID: PMC10454931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large White pigs are extensively utilized in China for their remarkable characteristics of rapid growth and the high proportion of lean meat. The economic traits of pigs, comprising reproductive and meat quality traits, play a vital role in swine production. In this study, 2295 individuals, representing three different genetic backgrounds Large White pig populations were used: 500 from the Canadian line, 295 from the Danish line, and 1500 from the American line. The GeneSeek 50K GGP porcine HD array was employed to genotype the three pig populations. Firstly, genomic selective signature regions were identified using the pairwise fixation index (FST) and locus-specific branch length (LSBL). By applying a top 1% threshold for both parameters, a total of 888 candidate selective windows were identified, harbouring 1571 genes. Secondly, the investigation of regions of homozygosity (ROH) was performed utilizing the PLINK software. In total, 25 genomic regions exhibiting a high frequency of ROHs were detected, leading to the identification of 1216 genes. Finally, the identified potential functional genes from candidate genomic regions were annotated, and several important candidate genes associated with reproductive traits (ADCYAP1, U2, U6, CETN1, Thoc1, Usp14, GREB1L, FGF12) and meat quality traits (MiR-133, PLEKHO1, LPIN2, SHANK2, FLVCR1, MYL4, SFRP1, miR-486, MYH3, STYX) were identified. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of economic traits in Large White pigs and may have potential use in future pig breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yin
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
| | - Haoran Shi
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Y.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (H.S.); (X.M.)
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4
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Chou YJ, Lin CC, Hsu YC, Syu JL, Tseng LM, Chiu JH, Lo JF, Lin CH, Fu SL. Andrographolide suppresses the malignancy of triple-negative breast cancer by reducing THOC1-promoted cancer stem cell characteristics. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115327. [PMID: 36330949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are difficult to cure and currently lack of effective treatment strategies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly associated with the poor clinical outcome of TNBCs. Thoc1 is a core component of the THO complex (THOC) that regulates the elongation, processing and nuclear export of mRNA. The function of thoc1 in TNBC and whether Thoc1 serves as a drug target are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that thoc1 expression is elevated in TNBC cell lines and human TNBC patient tissues. Knockdown of thoc1 decreased cancer stem cell populations, reduced mammosphere formation, impaired THOC function, and downregulated the expression of stemness-related proteins. Moreover, the thoc1-knockdown 4T1 cells showed less lung metastasis in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model. Overexpression of Thoc1 promoted TNBC malignancy and the mRNA export of stemness-related genes. Furthermore, treatment of TNBC cells with the natural compound andrographolide reduced the expression of Thoc1 expression, impaired homeostasis of THOC, suppressed CSC properties, and delayed tumor growth in a 4T1-implanted orthotopic mouse model. Andrographolide also reduced the activity of NF-κB, an upstream transcriptional regulator of Thoc1. Notably, thoc1 overexpression attenuates andrographolide-suppressed cellular proliferation. Altogether, our results demonstrate that THOC1 promotes cancer stem cell characteristics of TNBC, and andrographolide is a potential natural compound for eliminating CSCs of TNBCs by downregulating the NF-κB-thoc1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chou
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Syu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fan Lo
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Fu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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5
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Zhang L, Gao Y, Zhang R, Sun F, Cheng C, Qian F, Duan X, Wei G, Sun C, Pang X, Chen P, Chai R, Yang T, Wu H, Liu D. THOC1 deficiency leads to late-onset nonsyndromic hearing loss through p53-mediated hair cell apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008953. [PMID: 32776944 PMCID: PMC7444544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of cochlear hair cells is a key step towards age-related hearing loss. Although numerous genes have been implicated in the genetic causes of late-onset, progressive hearing loss, few show direct links to the proapoptotic process. By genome-wide linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous p.L183V variant in THOC1 as the probable cause of the late-onset, progressive, non-syndromic hearing loss in a large family with autosomal dominant inheritance. Thoc1, a member of the conserved multisubunit THO/TREX ribonucleoprotein complex, is highly expressed in mouse and zebrafish hair cells. The thoc1 knockout (thoc1 mutant) zebrafish generated by gRNA-Cas9 system lacks the C-startle response, indicative of the hearing dysfunction. Both Thoc1 mutant and knockdown zebrafish have greatly reduced hair cell numbers, while the latter can be rescued by embryonic microinjection of human wild-type THOC1 mRNA but to significantly lesser degree by the c.547C>G mutant mRNA. The Thoc1 deficiency resulted in marked apoptosis in zebrafish hair cells. Consistently, transcriptome sequencing of the mutants showed significantly increased gene expression in the p53-associated signaling pathway. Depletion of p53 or applying the p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-α significantly rescued the hair cell loss in the Thoc1 knockdown zebrafish. Our results suggested that THOC1 deficiency lead to late-onset, progressive hearing loss through p53-mediated hair cell apoptosis. This is to our knowledge the first human disease associated with THOC1 mutations and may shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying the age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuping Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiuhong Pang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Penghui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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An F-Box Protein, Mdm30, Interacts with TREX Subunit Sub2 To Regulate Cellular Abundance Cotranscriptionally in Orchestrating mRNA Export Independently of Splicing and Mitochondrial Function. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00570-19. [PMID: 31932480 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00570-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although an F-box protein, Mdm30, is found to regulate ubiquitylation of the Sub2 component of TREX (transcription-export) complex for proteasomal degradation in stimulation of mRNA export, it remains unknown whether such ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) regulation of Sub2 occurs cotranscriptionally via its interaction with Mdm30. Further, it is unclear whether impaired UPS regulation of Sub2 in the absence of Mdm30 alters mRNA export via splicing defects of export factors and/or mitochondrial dynamics/function, since Sub2 controls mRNA splicing and Mdm30 regulates mitochondrial aggregation. Here, we show that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2, and temporary shutdown of Mdm30 enhances Sub2's abundance and impairs mRNA export. Likewise, Sub2's abundance is increased following transcriptional inhibition. These results support Mdm30's direct role in regulation of Sub2's cellular abundance in a transcription-dependent manner. Consistently, the chromatin-bound Sub2 level is increased in the absence of Mdm30. Further, we find that Mdm30 does not facilitate splicing of export factors. Moreover, Mdm30 does not have a dramatic effect on mitochondrial respiration/function, and mRNA export occurs in the absence of Fzo1, which is required for mitochondrial dynamics/respiration. Collective results reveal that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2 for proteasomal degradation in a transcription-dependent manner to promote mRNA export independently of splicing or mitochondrial function, thus advancing our understanding of mRNA export.
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7
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Gupta YR, Senthilkumaran B. Identification, expression profiling and localization of thoc in common carp ovary: Influence of thoc3-siRNA transient silencing. Gene 2020; 732:144350. [PMID: 31935505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
THO complex is a multisubunit family with a function in transcription and mRNA export. In the present study, transcripts of THO complex (thoc) were identified in developing ovary of common carp and their role during ovarian development and growth has been characterized for the first time in a teleost using expression profiling and transient siRNA silencing. Thoc expression revealed a spatiotemporal pattern in the gonads with high levels at 120 days post-hatch, with moderately high levels thereafter. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence of thoc3 in follicular layer of stage-III/IV oocytes. High levels of thoc3, thoc5, and thoc7 genes in the follicular layer suggest a possible role in ovarian growth. Reduced levels of serum estradiol-17β and 17α, 20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one after thoc3 transient silencing indicated differential action on steroidogenic enzyme, transcription factor, and growth factor genes. Furthermore, transient silencing of thoc3, in vivo and in vitro, downregulated ad4bp/sf1, amh, cyp19a1a, foxl2, hsd3b, hsd11b1, hsd20b, hsd17b1, rspo1, and vtg. Incidentally, gdf9 and igf1 were upregulated, while no change was seen in esr1/2, nanos, and vasa. These observations imply that thoc3 seems to regulate ovarian function including steroidogenesis, either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugantak Raj Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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8
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Transcriptome profiling of human oocytes experiencing recurrent total fertilization failure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17890. [PMID: 30559372 PMCID: PMC6297154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There exist some patients who face recurrent total fertilization failure during assisted reproduction treatment, but the pathological mechanism underlying is elusive. Here, by using sc-RNA-seq method, the transcriptome profiles of ten abnormally fertilized zygotes were assessed, including five zygotes from one patient with recurrent Poly-PN zygotes, and five zygotes from a patient with pronuclear fusion failure. Four zygotes with three pronuclear (Tri-PN) were collected from four different patients as controls. After that, we identified 951 and 1697 significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) in Poly-PN and PN arrest zygotes, respectively as compared with the control group. KEGG analyses indicated down regulated genes in the Poly-PN group included oocyte meiosis related genes, such as PPP2R1B, YWHAZ, MAD2L1, SPDYC, SKP1 and CDC27, together with genes associated with RNA processing, such as SF3B1, LOC645691, MAGOHB, PHF5A, PRPF18, DDX5, THOC1 and BAT1. In contrast, down regulated genes in the PN arrest group, included cell cycle genes, such as E2F4, DBF4, YWHAB, SKP2, CDC23, SMC3, CDC25A, CCND3, BUB1B, MDM2, CCNA2 and CDC7, together with homologous recombination related genes, such as NBN, XRCC3, SHFM1, RAD54B and RAD51. Thus, our work provides a better understanding of transcriptome profiles underlying RTFF, although it based on a limited number of patients.
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9
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Accogli A, Scala M, Calcagno A, Castello R, Torella A, Musacchia F, Allegri AME, Mancardi MM, Maghnie M, Severino M, Nigro V, Capra V. Novel CNS malformations and skeletal anomalies in a patient with Beaulieu-boycott-Innes syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2835-2840. [PMID: 30238602 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
THO/TREX (transcription/export) is a conserved eukaryotic complex that plays a crucial role in gene expression and prevents DNA damage during mitosis and meiosis. In mammals, TREX is essential during embryogenesis, determining stem cell fate specification by regulating posttranscriptional self-renewal and differentiation in several tissues. It is composed of a core called THO, consisting of THOC1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and additional proteins. Bi-allelic mutations in THOC6 have been associated to Beaulieu-Boycott-Innes syndrome (BBIS), a syndromic form of intellectual disability (ID). To date, nine patients harbouring homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in THOC6 have been reported. Despite the clinical heterogenity and subtle dysmorphic features in some individuals, distinctive facial features are tall forehead, short and upslanting palpebral fissures, deep set eyes, flat philtrum, and malocclusion. Nonlife threatening congenital anomalies are common, including cardiac and renal malformations, anteriorly displaced anus, cryptorchidism in males, submucous cleft palate, and corpus callosum dysgenesis. Affected patients usually have short stature, mild microcephaly, and mild to moderate ID. Here, we describe an Italian patient with BBIS, carrying two compound heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variants in THOC6 (c.577C > T, p.R193* and c.792_793delCA, p.V264Vfs*48). In addition to the common phenotype, she displays cerebellar hypoplasia with severe vermian dysgenesis and hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, multiple skeletal anomalies and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Thus, we review the previous cases and discuss the phenotypic spectrum of BBIS, providing further evidence regarding the pivotal role of TREX complex in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Calcagno
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna M E Allegri
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria M Mancardi
- UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile-Centro Epilessia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Maeder CI, Kim JI, Liang X, Kaganovsky K, Shen A, Li Q, Li Z, Wang S, Xu XZS, Li JB, Xiang YK, Ding JB, Shen K. The THO Complex Coordinates Transcripts for Synapse Development and Dopamine Neuron Survival. Cell 2018; 174:1436-1449.e20. [PMID: 30146163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins are required for synaptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms for coordinated synthesis of these proteins are not understood. Using forward genetic screens, we identified the conserved THO nuclear export complex (THOC) as an important regulator of presynapse development in C. elegans dopaminergic neurons. In THOC mutants, synaptic messenger RNAs are retained in the nucleus, resulting in dramatic decrease of synaptic protein expression, near complete loss of synapses, and compromised dopamine function. CRE binding protein (CREB) interacts with THOC to mark synaptic transcripts for efficient nuclear export. Deletion of Thoc5, a THOC subunit, in mouse dopaminergic neurons causes severe defects in synapse maintenance and subsequent neuronal death in the substantia nigra compacta. These cellular defects lead to abrogated dopamine release, ataxia, and animal death. Together, our results argue that nuclear export mechanisms can select specific mRNAs and be a rate-limiting step for neuronal differentiation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine I Maeder
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Konstantin Kaganovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Opthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - X Z Shawn Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Kevin Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Kumar R, Gardner A, Homan CC, Douglas E, Mefford H, Wieczorek D, Lüdecke HJ, Stark Z, Sadedin S, Nowak CB, Douglas J, Parsons G, Mark P, Loidi L, Herman GE, Mihalic Mosher T, Gillespie MK, Brady L, Tarnopolsky M, Madrigal I, Eiris J, Domènech Salgado L, Rabionet R, Strom TM, Ishihara N, Inagaki H, Kurahashi H, Dudding-Byth T, Palmer EE, Field M, Gecz J. Severe neurocognitive and growth disorders due to variation in THOC2, an essential component of nuclear mRNA export machinery. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1126-1138. [PMID: 29851191 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved TREX-mediated mRNA export is emerging as a key pathway in neuronal development and differentiation. TREX subunit variants cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) by interfering with mRNA export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previously we implicated four missense variants in the X-linked THOC2 gene in intellectual disability (ID). We now report an additional six affected individuals from five unrelated families with two de novo and three maternally inherited pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in THOC2 extending the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum. These comprise three rare missense THOC2 variants that affect evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues and reduce protein stability and two with canonical splice-site THOC2 variants that result in C-terminally truncated THOC2 proteins. We present detailed clinical assessment and functional studies on a de novo variant in a female with an epileptic encephalopathy and discuss an additional four families with rare variants in THOC2 with supportive evidence for pathogenicity. Severe neurocognitive features, including movement and seizure disorders, were observed in this cohort. Taken together our data show that even subtle alterations to the canonical molecular pathways such as mRNA export, otherwise essential for cellular life, can be compatible with life, but lead to NDDs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claire C Homan
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Evelyn Douglas
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heather Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Lüdecke
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Sadedin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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- Broad's Center for Mendelian Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Bearce Nowak
- The Feingold Center for Children at the Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Douglas
- The Feingold Center for Children at the Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul Mark
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Lourdes Loidi
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gail E Herman
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Meredith K Gillespie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Irene Madrigal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Eiris
- Unidad de Neurología Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Domènech Salgado
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CIBERESP, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CIBERESP, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Naoko Ishihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidehito Inagaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tracy Dudding-Byth
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Australia Grow-Up-Well Priority Research Center, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Abstract
TRanscription and EXport (TREX) is a conserved multisubunit complex essential for embryogenesis, organogenesis and cellular differentiation throughout life. By linking transcription, mRNA processing and export together, it exerts a physiologically vital role in the gene expression pathway. In addition, this complex prevents DNA damage and regulates the cell cycle by ensuring optimal gene expression. As the extent of TREX activity in viral infections, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer emerges, the need for a greater understanding of TREX function becomes evident. A complete elucidation of the composition, function and interactions of the complex will provide the framework for understanding the molecular basis for a variety of diseases. This review details the known composition of TREX, how it is regulated and its cellular functions with an emphasis on mammalian systems.
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13
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Chen Q, Hu G. Post-transcriptional regulation of the pluripotent state. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:15-23. [PMID: 28654825 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency describes the developmental capacity to give rise to all cell types in the adult body. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate pluripotency is important for both basic and translational research. While earlier studies mostly focused on signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic modifications, recent investigations showed that RNA binding proteins, RNA processing machineries, and regulatory RNA molecules also play essential roles. Here, we provide a concise review on the latest findings and developments in post-transcriptional regulation of the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC, United States.
| | - Guang Hu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC, United States.
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14
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Evaluating Effects of Hypomorphic Thoc1 Alleles on Embryonic Development in Rb1 Null Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1621-7. [PMID: 27001308 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01003-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 tumor suppressor protein is a molecular adaptor that physically links transcription factors like E2f with various proteins acting on DNA or RNA to repress gene expression. Loss of Rb1 liberates E2f to activate the expression of genes mediating resulting phenotypes. Most Rb1 binding proteins, including E2f, interact through carboxyl-terminal protein interaction domains, but genetic evidence suggests that an amino-terminal protein interaction domain is also important. One protein that binds Rb1 through the amino-terminal domain is encoded by Thoc1, a required component of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex important for RNA processing and transport. The physiological relevance of this interaction is unknown. Here we tested whether Thoc1 mediates effects of Rb1 loss on mouse embryonic development. We found that Thoc1 deficiency delays embryo death, and this delay correlates with reduced apoptosis in the brain. E2f protein levels are reduced in Rb1:Thoc1-deficient brain tissue. Expression of apoptotic regulatory genes regulated by E2f, like Apaf1 and Bak1, is also reduced. These observations suggest that Thoc1 is required to support increased expression of E2f and apoptotic regulatory genes that trigger apoptosis upon Rb1 loss. These findings implicate Rb1 in the regulation of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex.
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15
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Wang Y, Pati P, Xu Y, Chen F, Stepp DW, Huo Y, Rudic RD, Fulton DJR. Endotoxin Disrupts Circadian Rhythms in Macrophages via Reactive Oxygen Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155075. [PMID: 27168152 PMCID: PMC4863972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a transcriptional network that functions to regulate the expression of genes important in the anticipation of changes in cellular and organ function. Recent studies have revealed that the recognition of pathogens and subsequent initiation of inflammatory responses are strongly regulated by a macrophage-intrinsic circadian clock. We hypothesized that the circadian pattern of gene expression might be influenced by inflammatory stimuli and that loss of circadian function in immune cells can promote pro-inflammatory behavior. To investigate circadian rhythms in inflammatory cells, peritoneal macrophages were isolated from mPer2luciferase transgenic mice and circadian oscillations were studied in response to stimuli. Using Cosinor analysis, we found that LPS significantly altered the circadian period in peritoneal macrophages from mPer2luciferase mice while qPCR data suggested that the pattern of expression of the core circadian gene (Bmal1) was disrupted. Inhibition of TLR4 offered protection from the LPS-induced impairment in rhythm, suggesting a role for toll-like receptor signaling. To explore the mechanisms involved, we inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and superoxide. Inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME had no effect on circadian rhythms. In contrast, inhibition of superoxide with Tempol or PEG-SOD ameliorated the LPS-induced changes in circadian periodicity. In gain of function experiments, we found that overexpression of NOX5, a source of ROS, could significantly disrupt circadian function in a circadian reporter cell line (U2OS) whereas iNOS overexpression, a source of NO, was ineffective. To assess whether alteration of circadian rhythms influences macrophage function, peritoneal macrophages were isolated from Bmal1-KO and Per-TKO mice. Compared to WT macrophages, macrophages from circadian knockout mice exhibited altered balance between NO and ROS release, increased uptake of oxLDL and increased adhesion and migration. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory stimuli can disrupt circadian rhythms in macrophages and that impaired circadian rhythms may contribute to cardiovascular diseases by altering macrophage behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paramita Pati
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yiming Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feng Chen
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - David W. Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - R. Daniel Rudic
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DF); (RDR)
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DF); (RDR)
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16
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Kumar R, Corbett MA, van Bon BWM, Woenig JA, Weir L, Douglas E, Friend KL, Gardner A, Shaw M, Jolly LA, Tan C, Hunter MF, Hackett A, Field M, Palmer EE, Leffler M, Rogers C, Boyle J, Bienek M, Jensen C, Van Buggenhout G, Van Esch H, Hoffmann K, Raynaud M, Zhao H, Reed R, Hu H, Haas SA, Haan E, Kalscheuer VM, Gecz J. THOC2 Mutations Implicate mRNA-Export Pathway in X-Linked Intellectual Disability. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:302-10. [PMID: 26166480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Export of mRNA from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm is essential for protein synthesis, a process vital to all living eukaryotic cells. mRNA export is highly conserved and ubiquitous. Mutations affecting mRNA and mRNA processing or export factors, which cause aberrant retention of mRNAs in the nucleus, are thus emerging as contributors to an important class of human genetic disorders. Here, we report that variants in THOC2, which encodes a subunit of the highly conserved TREX mRNA-export complex, cause syndromic intellectual disability (ID). Affected individuals presented with variable degrees of ID and commonly observed features included speech delay, elevated BMI, short stature, seizure disorders, gait disturbance, and tremors. X chromosome exome sequencing revealed four missense variants in THOC2 in four families, including family MRX12, first ascertained in 1971. We show that two variants lead to decreased stability of THOC2 and its TREX-complex partners in cells derived from the affected individuals. Protein structural modeling showed that the altered amino acids are located in the RNA-binding domains of two complex THOC2 structures, potentially representing two different intermediate RNA-binding states of THOC2 during RNA transport. Our results show that disturbance of the canonical molecular pathway of mRNA export is compatible with life but results in altered neuronal development with other comorbidities.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Humans
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Pedigree
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Mark A Corbett
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bregje W M van Bon
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua A Woenig
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lloyd Weir
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Evelyn Douglas
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Friend
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Chuan Tan
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew F Hunter
- Monash Genetics, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Anna Hackett
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Melanie Leffler
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Carolyn Rogers
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Jackie Boyle
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Melanie Bienek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Jensen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martine Raynaud
- INSERM U930, Imaging and Brain, François-Rabelais University, 37000 Tours, France; INSERM U930, Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Huiying Zhao
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Robin Reed
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan A Haas
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Haan
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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17
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Chinnam M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gold DL, Khoury T, Nikitin AY, Foster BA, Li Y, Bshara W, Morrison CD, Payne Ondracek RD, Mohler JL, Goodrich DW. The Thoc1 ribonucleoprotein and prostate cancer progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju306. [PMID: 25296641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers will remain indolent, but distinguishing between aggressive and indolent disease is imprecise. This has led to the important clinical problem of overtreatment. THOC1 encodes a nuclear ribonucleoprotein whose expression is higher in some cancers than in normal tissue. The hypothesis that THOC1 may be a functionally relevant biomarker that can improve the identification of aggressive prostate cancer has not been tested. METHODS THOC1 protein immunostaining was evaluated in a retrospective collection of more than 700 human prostate cancer specimens and the results associated with clinical variables and outcome. Thoc1 was conditionally deleted in an autochthonous mouse model (n = 22 or 23 per genotype) to test whether it is required for prostate cancer progression. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS THOC1 protein immunostaining increases with higher Gleason score and more advanced Tumor/Node/Metastasis stage. Time to biochemical recurrence is statistically significantly shorter for cancers with high THOC1 protein (log-rank P = .002, and it remains statistically significantly associated with biochemical recurrence after adjusting for Gleason score, clinical stage, and prostate-specific antigen levels (hazard ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 2.51, P = .04). Thoc1 deletion prevents prostate cancer progression in mice, but has little effect on normal tissue. Prostate cancer cells deprived of Thoc1 show gene expression defects that compromise cell growth. CONCLUSIONS Thoc1 is required to support the unique gene expression requirements of aggressive prostate cancer in mice. In humans, high THOC1 protein immunostaining associates with prostate cancer aggressiveness and recurrence. Thus, THOC1 protein is a functionally relevant molecular marker that may improve the identification of aggressive prostate cancers, potentially reducing overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - David L Gold
- Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Carl D Morrison
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - Rochelle D Payne Ondracek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics (MC, YW, XZ, BAF, DWG), Department of Biostatistics (DLG), Department of Pathology (TK, WB, CDM), Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Science (RDPO), Department of Urology (JLM), Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (AYN); Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (YL). Current affiliation: MedImmune LLC, Gaitherburg, MD.
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18
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Wang L, Miao YL, Zheng X, Lackford B, Zhou B, Han L, Yao C, Ward JM, Burkholder A, Lipchina I, Fargo DC, Hochedlinger K, Shi Y, Williams CJ, Hu G. The THO complex regulates pluripotency gene mRNA export and controls embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:676-90. [PMID: 24315442 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and differentiation are governed by a broad-ranging regulatory network. Although the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved have been investigated extensively, posttranscriptional regulation is still poorly understood. Here we describe a critical role of the THO complex in ESC self-renewal and differentiation. We show that THO preferentially interacts with pluripotency gene transcripts through Thoc5 and is required for self-renewal at least in part by regulating their export and expression. During differentiation, THO loses its interaction with those transcripts due to reduced Thoc5 expression, leading to decreased expression of pluripotency proteins that facilitates exit from self-renewal. THO is also important for the establishment of pluripotency, because its depletion inhibits somatic cell reprogramming and blastocyst development. Together, our data indicate that THO regulates pluripotency gene mRNA export to control ESC self-renewal and differentiation, and therefore uncover a role for this aspect of posttranscriptional regulation in stem cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Pitzonka L, Ullas S, Chinnam M, Povinelli BJ, Fisher DT, Golding M, Appenheimer MM, Nemeth MJ, Evans S, Goodrich DW. The Thoc1 encoded ribonucleoprotein is required for myeloid progenitor cell homeostasis in the adult mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97628. [PMID: 24830368 PMCID: PMC4022742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-transcriptionally assembled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes are critical for RNA processing and nuclear export. RNPs have been hypothesized to contribute to the regulation of coordinated gene expression, and defects in RNP biogenesis contribute to genome instability and disease. Despite the large number of RNPs and the importance of the molecular processes they mediate, the requirements for individual RNP complexes in mammalian development and tissue homeostasis are not well characterized. THO is an evolutionarily conserved, nuclear RNP complex that physically links nascent transcripts with the nuclear export apparatus. THO is essential for early mouse embryonic development, limiting characterization of the requirements for THO in adult tissues. To address this shortcoming, a mouse strain has been generated allowing inducible deletion of the Thoc1 gene which encodes an essential protein subunit of THO. Bone marrow reconstitution was used to generate mice in which Thoc1 deletion could be induced specifically in the hematopoietic system. We find that granulocyte macrophage progenitors have a cell autonomous requirement for Thoc1 to maintain cell growth and viability. Lymphoid lineages are not detectably affected by Thoc1 loss under the homeostatic conditions tested. Myeloid lineages may be more sensitive to Thoc1 loss due to their relatively high rate of proliferation and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pitzonka
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sumana Ullas
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Povinelli
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Golding
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle M. Appenheimer
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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The THO ribonucleoprotein complex is required for stem cell homeostasis in the adult mouse small intestine. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3505-14. [PMID: 23816884 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00751-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA processing and transport are mediated by cotranscriptionally assembled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. RNPs have been postulated to help specify coordinated gene expression, but the requirements for specific RNP complexes in mammalian development and tissue homeostasis have not been extensively evaluated. THO is an evolutionarily conserved RNP complex that links transcription with nuclear export. THO is not essential for Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability, but it is essential for early mouse embryonic development. Embryonic lethality has limited the characterization of THO requirements in adult tissues. To overcome this limitation, a mouse model has been generated that allows widespread inducible deletion of Thoc1, which encodes an essential protein subunit of THO. Widespread Thoc1 deletion disrupts homeostasis within the small intestine but does not have detectable effects in other epithelial tissues such as the related mucosa of the large intestine. Thoc1 loss compromises the proliferation and lineage-generating capacity of small intestinal stem cells, disrupting the supply of differentiated cells in this rapidly renewing tissue. These findings demonstrate that the effects of THO deficiency in the adult mouse are tissue and cell type dependent.
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Di Gregorio E, Bianchi FT, Schiavi A, Chiotto AMA, Rolando M, Verdun di Cantogno L, Grosso E, Cavalieri S, Calcia A, Lacerenza D, Zuffardi O, Retta SF, Stevanin G, Marelli C, Durr A, Forlani S, Chelly J, Montarolo F, Tempia F, Beggs HE, Reed R, Squadrone S, Abete MC, Brussino A, Ventura N, Di Cunto F, Brusco A. A de novo X;8 translocation creates a PTK2-THOC2 gene fusion with THOC2 expression knockdown in a patient with psychomotor retardation and congenital cerebellar hypoplasia. J Med Genet 2013; 50:543-51. [PMID: 23749989 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We identified a balanced de novo translocation involving chromosomes Xq25 and 8q24 in an eight year-old girl with a non-progressive form of congenital ataxia, cognitive impairment and cerebellar hypoplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Breakpoint definition showed that the promoter of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 (PTK2, also known as Focal Adhesion Kinase, FAK) gene on chromosome 8q24.3 is translocated 2 kb upstream of the THO complex subunit 2 (THOC2) gene on chromosome Xq25. PTK2 is a well-known non-receptor tyrosine kinase whereas THOC2 encodes a component of the evolutionarily conserved multiprotein THO complex, involved in mRNA export from nucleus. The translocation generated a sterile fusion transcript under the control of the PTK2 promoter, affecting expression of both PTK2 and THOC2 genes. PTK2 is involved in cell adhesion and, in neurons, plays a role in axonal guidance, and neurite growth and attraction. However, PTK2 haploinsufficiency alone is unlikely to be associated with human disease. Therefore, we studied the role of THOC2 in the CNS using three models: 1) THOC2 ortholog knockout in C.elegans which produced functional defects in specific sensory neurons; 2) Thoc2 knockdown in primary rat hippocampal neurons which increased neurite extension; 3) Thoc2 knockdown in neuronal stem cells (LC1) which increased their in vitro growth rate without modifying apoptosis levels. CONCLUSION We suggest that THOC2 can play specific roles in neuronal cells and, possibly in combination with PTK2 reduction, may affect normal neural network formation, leading to cognitive impairment and cerebellar congenital hypoplasia.
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22
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Moon S, Chung YD. p53 and PI3K/AKT signalings are up-regulated in flies with defects in the THO complex. Mol Cells 2013; 35:261-8. [PMID: 23475424 PMCID: PMC3887910 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The THO complex (THO) is an evolutionary conserved protein required for the formation of export-competent mRNP. The growing evidence indicates that the metazoan THO plays important roles in cell differentiation and cellular stress response. But the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein we examined the relevance of THO to cellular signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and cellular stress response. When we examined the endogenous p53 level in the testis, it was sustained much longer during spermatogenesis in the THO mutant compared to that of wild-type. In flies with impaired THO, overexpression of p53 by eye-specific GAL4 not only enhanced p53-mediated retinal degeneration, but p53 level was also elevated compared to the control flies. Since the body size of the THO mutant flies was significantly larger than control flies, we also examined whether the PI3K/AKT signaling is enhanced in the mutant flies. The results showed that the endogenous level of phosphorylated AKT, which is the active form, was highly elevated in the THO mutants. Taken together our results suggested that both p53 and PI3K/AKT signalings are up-regulated in the flies with impaired THO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Moon
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130–743,
Korea
| | - Yun Doo Chung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130–743,
Korea
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23
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Luna R, Rondón AG, Aguilera A. New clues to understand the role of THO and other functionally related factors in mRNP biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:514-20. [PMID: 22207203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of transcription with mRNA processing and export has been shown to be relevant to efficient gene expression. A number of studies have determined that THO/TREX, a nuclear protein complex conserved from yeast to humans, plays an important role in mRNP biogenesis connecting transcription elongation, mRNA export and preventing genetic instability. Recent data indicates that THO could be relevant to different mRNA processing steps, including the 3'-end formation, transcript release and export. Novel connections of THO to proteins related to the splicing machinery, provide new views about possible functions of THO in mRNP biogenesis. In this review, we summarize the previous and new results concerning the impact of THO in transcription and its biological implications, with a special emphasis on the relationship with THSC/TREX-2 and other functionally related factors involved in mRNA biogenesis and export. The emerging picture presents THO as a dynamic complex interacting with the nascent RNA and with different factors connecting nuclear functions necessary for mRNP biogenesis with genome integrity, cellular homeostasis and development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Luna
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Av Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. rlvarp@is/es
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24
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Katahira J. mRNA export and the TREX complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:507-13. [PMID: 22178508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have learned that eukaryotes have evolved sophisticated means to coordinate the nuclear export of mRNAs with different steps of gene expression. This functional orchestration is important for the maintenance of the efficiency and fidelity of gene expression processes. The TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex is an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that plays a major role in the functional coupling of different steps during mRNA biogenesis, including mRNA transcription, processing, decay, and nuclear export. Furthermore, recent gene knockout studies in mice have revealed that the metazoan TREX complex is required for cell differentiation and development, likely because this complex regulates the expression of key genes. These newly identified roles for the TREX complex suggest the existence of a relationship between mRNA nuclear biogenesis and more complex cellular processes. This review describes the functional roles of the TREX complex in gene expression and the nuclear export of mRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Katahira
- Biomolecular Networks Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Moon S, Cho B, Min SH, Lee D, Chung YD. The THO complex is required for nucleolar integrity in Drosophila spermatocytes. Development 2011; 138:3835-45. [PMID: 21828100 DOI: 10.1242/dev.056945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The THO complex is a conserved multisubunit protein complex that functions in the formation of export-competent messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP). Although the complex has been studied extensively at the single-cell level, its exact role at the multicellular organism level has been poorly understood. Here, we isolated a novel Drosophila male sterile mutant, garmcho (garm). Positional cloning indicated that garm encodes a subunit of the Drosophila THO complex, THOC5. Flies lacking THOC5 showed a meiotic arrest phenotype with severe nucleolar disruption in primary spermatocytes. A functional GFP-tagged fusion protein, THOC5-GFP, revealed a unique pattern of THOC5 localization near the nucleolus. The nucleolar distribution of a testis-specific TATA binding protein (TBP)-associated factor (tTAF), SA, which is required for the expression of genes responsible for sperm differentiation, was severely disrupted in mutant testes lacking THOC5. But THOC5 appeared to be largely dispensable for the expression and nuclear export of either tTAF target mRNAs or tTAF-independent mRNAs. Taken together, our study suggests that the Drosophila THO complex is necessary for proper spermatogenesis by contribution to the establishment or maintenance of nucleolar integrity rather than by nuclear mRNA export in spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Moon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Seoul, Seoul, 130-743, Korea
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26
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Kim H, Cho B, Moon S, Chung YD. The THO complex is required for stress tolerance and longevity in Drosophila. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Guria A, Tran DDH, Ramachandran S, Koch A, El Bounkari O, Dutta P, Hauser H, Tamura T. Identification of mRNAs that are spliced but not exported to the cytoplasm in the absence of THOC5 in mouse embryo fibroblasts. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:1048-56. [PMID: 21525145 PMCID: PMC3096037 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2607011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The TREX (transcription/export) complex has been conserved throughout evolution from yeast to man and is required for coupled transcription elongation and nuclear export of mRNAs. The TREX complex in mammals and Drosophila is composed of the THO subcomplex (THOC1, THOC2, THOC5, THOC6, and THOC7), THOC3, UAP56, and Aly/THOC4. In human and Drosophila, various studies have shown that THO is required for the export of heat shock mRNAs, but nothing is known about other mRNAs. Our previous study using conditional THOC5 (or FMIP) knockout mice revealed that the presence of THOC5 is critical in hematopoietic cells but not for terminally differentiated cells. In this study, we describe the establishment of a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (MEF), THOC5 flox/flox. Four days after infection of MEF THOC5 flox/flox with adenovirus carrying Cre-recombinase gene (Ad-GFP-Cre), THOC5 is down-regulated >95% at the protein level, and cell growth is strongly suppressed. Transcriptome analysis using cytoplasmic RNA isolated from cells lacking functional THOC5 reveals that only 2.9% of all genes were down-regulated more than twofold. Although we examined these genes in fibroblasts, one-fifth of all down-regulated genes (including HoxB3 and polycomb CBX2) are known to play a key role in hematopoietic development. We further identified 10 genes that are spliced but not exported to the cytoplasm in the absence of THOC5. These mRNAs were copurified with THOC5. Furthermore, Hsp70 mRNA was exported in the absence of THOC5 at 37°C, but not under heat shock condition (42°C), suggesting that THOC5 may be required for mRNA export under stress and/or upon signaling-induced conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Guria
- Institut für Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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28
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Domínguez-Sánchez MS, Sáez C, Japón MA, Aguilera A, Luna R. Differential expression of THOC1 and ALY mRNP biogenesis/export factors in human cancers. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:77. [PMID: 21329510 PMCID: PMC3050854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One key step in gene expression is the biogenesis of mRNA ribonucleoparticle complexes (mRNPs). Formation of the mRNP requires the participation of a number of conserved factors such as the THO complex. THO interacts physically and functionally with the Sub2/UAP56 RNA-dependent ATPase, and the Yra1/REF1/ALY RNA-binding protein linking transcription, mRNA export and genome integrity. Given the link between genome instability and cancer, we have performed a comparative analysis of the expression patterns of THOC1, a THO complex subunit, and ALY in tumor samples. Methods The mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and hybridization of a tumor tissue cDNA array; and the protein levels and distribution by immunostaining of a custom tissue array containing a set of paraffin-embedded samples of different tumor and normal tissues followed by statistical analysis. Results We show that the expression of two mRNP factors, THOC1 and ALY are altered in several tumor tissues. THOC1 mRNA and protein levels are up-regulated in ovarian and lung tumors and down-regulated in those of testis and skin, whereas ALY is altered in a wide variety of tumors. In contrast to THOC1, ALY protein is highly detected in normal proliferative cells, but poorly in high-grade cancers. Conclusions These results suggest a differential connection between tumorogenesis and the expression levels of human THO and ALY. This study opens the possibility of defining mRNP biogenesis factors as putative players in cell proliferation that could contribute to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Domínguez-Sánchez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Av, Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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29
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E2f binding-deficient Rb1 protein suppresses prostate tumor progression in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:704-9. [PMID: 21187395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015027108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutational inactivation of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene initiates retinoblastoma and other human cancers. RB1 protein (pRb) restrains cell proliferation by binding E2f transcription factors and repressing the expression of cell cycle target genes. It is presumed that loss of pRb/E2f interaction accounts for tumor initiation, but this has not been directly tested. RB1 mutation is a late event in other human cancers, suggesting a role in tumor progression as well as initiation. It is currently unknown whether RB1 mutation drives tumor progression and, if so, whether loss of pRb/E2f interaction is responsible. We have characterized tumorigenesis in mice expressing a mutant pRb that is specifically deficient in binding E2f. In endocrine tissue, the mutant pRb has no detectable effect on tumorigenesis. In contrast, it significantly delays progression to invasive and lethal prostate cancer. Tumor delay is associated with induction of a senescence response. We conclude that the pRb/E2f interaction is critical for preventing tumor initiation, but that pRb can use additional context-dependent mechanisms to restrain tumor progression.
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30
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Yamazaki T, Fujiwara N, Yukinaga H, Ebisuya M, Shiki T, Kurihara T, Kioka N, Kambe T, Nagao M, Nishida E, Masuda S. The closely related RNA helicases, UAP56 and URH49, preferentially form distinct mRNA export machineries and coordinately regulate mitotic progression. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2953-65. [PMID: 20573985 PMCID: PMC2921121 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-10-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear export of mRNA is an essential process for eukaryotic gene expression. The TREX complex couples gene expression from transcription and splicing to mRNA export. Sub2, a core component of the TREX complex in yeast, has diversified in humans to two closely related RNA helicases, UAP56 and URH49. Here, we show that URH49 forms a novel URH49-CIP29 complex, termed the AREX (alternative mRNA export) complex, whereas UAP56 forms the human TREX complex. The mRNAs regulated by these helicases are different at the genome-wide level. The two sets of target mRNAs contain distinct subsets of key mitotic regulators. Consistent with their target mRNAs, depletion of UAP56 causes mitotic delay and sister chromatid cohesion defects, whereas depletion of URH49 causes chromosome arm resolution defects and failure of cytokinesis. In addition, depletion of the other human TREX components or CIP29 causes mitotic defects similar to those observed in UAP56- or URH49-depleted cells, respectively. Taken together, the two closely related RNA helicases have evolved to form distinct mRNA export machineries, which regulate mitosis at different steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamazaki
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Naoko Fujiwara
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Hiroko Yukinaga
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiki
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Tomoya Kurihara
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Noriyuki Kioka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; and
| | - Taiho Kambe
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Masaya Nagao
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
| | - Seiji Masuda
- *Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, and
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31
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Jimeno S, Aguilera A. The THO complex as a key mRNP biogenesis factor in development and cell differentiation. J Biol 2010; 9:6. [PMID: 20236444 PMCID: PMC2871528 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The THO complex is a key component in the co-transcriptional formation of messenger ribonucleoparticles that are competent to be exported from the nucleus, yet its precise function is unknown. A recent study in BMC Biology on the role of the THOC5 subunit in cell physiology and mouse development provides new clues to the role of the THO complex in cell differentiation. See research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jimeno
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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