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Highly expressed EGFR in pearl sac may facilitate the pearl formation in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Gene 2015; 566:201-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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2
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Mutti E, Magnaghi V, Veber D, Faroni A, Pece S, Di Fiore PP, Scalabrino G. Cobalamin deficiency-induced changes of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor expression and EGF levels in rat spinal cord. Brain Res 2011; 1376:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Murillo-Carretero M, Torroglosa A, Castro C, Villalobo A, Estrada C. S-Nitrosylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor: a regulatory mechanism of receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:471-9. [PMID: 19056486 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) donors inhibit the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent auto(trans)phosphorylation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in several cell types in which NO exerts antiproliferative effects. We demonstrate in this report that NO inhibits, whereas NO synthase inhibition potentiates, the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity in NO-producing cells, indicating that physiological concentrations of NO were able to regulate the receptor activity. Depletion of intracellular glutathione enhanced the inhibitory effect of the NO donor 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine (DEA/NO) on EGFR tyrosine kinase activity, supporting the notion that such inhibition was a consequence of an S-nitrosylation reaction. Addition of DEA/NO to cell lysates resulted in the S-nitrosylation of a large number of proteins including the EGFR, as confirmed by the chemical detection of nitrosothiol groups in the immunoprecipitated receptor. We prepared a set of seven EGFR(C --> S) substitution mutants and demonstrated in transfected cells that the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGFR(C166S) mutant was completely resistant to NO, whereas the EGFR(C305S) mutant was partially resistant. In the presence of EGF, DEA/NO significantly inhibited Akt phosphorylation in cells transfected with wild-type EGFR, but not in those transfected with C166S or C305S mutants. We conclude that the EGFR can be posttranslationally regulated by reversible S-nitrosylation of C166 and C305 in living cells.
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Baron AT, Lafky JM, Boardman CH, Cora EM, Buenafe MC, Liu D, Rademaker A, Fishman DA, Podratz KC, Reiter JL, Maihle NJ. Soluble epidermal growth factor receptor: a biomarker of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 149:189-202. [PMID: 19763437 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre T Baron
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 408 Ben F. Roach Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0093, USA.
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5
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Steffensen KD, Waldstrøm M, Jeppesen U, Knudsen HJ, Brandslund I, Jakobsen A. Preoperative Serum Levels of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, HER2, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Malignant and Benign Ovarian Tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3816/coc.2008.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Basciani S, De Luca G, Dolci S, Brama M, Arizzi M, Mariani S, Rosano G, Spera G, Gnessi L. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta-subtype regulates proliferation and migration of gonocytes. Endocrinology 2008; 149:6226-35. [PMID: 18687785 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and migration of gonocytes, the precursors of spermatogonial stem cells, to the germline niche in the basal membrane of the seminiferous tubules, are two crucial events that take place between postnatal d 0.5 (P0.5) and P5.0 in the mouse and involve a selection of the cells that are committed to the germline stem cells lineage. Here we show that from embryonic d 18.0 (E18) and up to P5, the gonocytes express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor beta-subtype (PDGFR-beta) and that during the same time period, the Sertoli cells express PDGF-B and PDGF-D, both ligands for PDGFR-beta. Inhibition of the PDGFR-beta tyrosine kinase activity during the first five postnatal days provokes a profound reduction of gonocyte number through inhibition of their proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Moreover, we found that PDGFR-beta ligands are chemotactic for gonocytes. These data suggest that PDGFR-beta activation has the remarkable capability to drive the selection, survival, and migration of the gonocytes from the center of the seminiferous tubules to the testicular germline niche on the basal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Medical Physiopathology, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Lafky JM, Wilken JA, Baron AT, Maihle NJ. Clinical implications of the ErbB/epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family and its ligands in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1785:232-65. [PMID: 18291115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ERBB or EGF receptor (EGFR) proto-oncogene family, which consists of four structurally-related transmembrane receptors (i.e., EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4), plays an etiological role in the molecular pathogenesis of cancer and is a key therapeutic target in many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. These ErbB/EGF receptor tyrosine kinases play important physiologic roles in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, motility, invasion, and angiogenesis. It is, therefore, not surprising that gene amplification, genetic mutation, and altered transcription/translation result in aberrant ErbB/EGF receptor expression and/or signal transduction, contributing to the development of malignant transformation. Clinically, the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic significance of any single ErbB receptor and/or ErbB ligand is controversial, but generally, ErbB receptor overexpression has been correlated with poor prognosis and decreased therapeutic responsiveness in ovarian cancer patients. Thus, anticancer agents targeting ErbB/EGF receptors hold great promise for personalized cancer treatment. Yet, challenges remain in designing prospective clinical trials to assess the clinical utility of ErbB receptors and their ligands to diagnose cancer; to predict progression-free and overall survival, therapeutic responsiveness, and disease recurrence; and to monitor treatment responsiveness. Here, we review the tissue expression and serum biomarker studies that have evaluated the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic utility of ErbB/EGF receptors, their circulating soluble isoforms (sEGFR/sErbBs), and their cognate ligands in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lafky
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dackor J, Strunk KE, Wehmeyer MM, Threadgill DW. Altered trophoblast proliferation is insufficient to account for placental dysfunction in Egfr null embryos. Placenta 2007; 28:1211-8. [PMID: 17822758 PMCID: PMC2121666 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the Egfr(tm1Mag) null allele in mice leads to genetic background dependent placental abnormalities and embryonic lethality. Molecular mechanisms or genetic modifiers that differentiate strains with surviving versus non-surviving Egfr nullizygous embryos have yet to be identified. Egfr transcripts in wildtype placenta were quantified by ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and the lowest level of Egfr mRNA expression was found to coincide with Egfr(tm1Mag) homozygous lethality. Immunohistochemical analysis of ERBB family receptors, ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4, showed similar expression between Egfr wildtype and null placentas indicating that Egfr null trophoblast do not up-regulate these receptors to compensate for EGFR deficiency. Significantly fewer numbers of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) positive trophoblast were observed in Egfr nullizygous placentas and Cdc25a and Myc, genes associated with proliferation, were significantly down-regulated in null placentas. However, strains with both mild and severe placental phenotypes exhibit reduced proliferation suggesting that this defect alone does not account for strain-specific embryonic lethality. Consistent with this hypothesis, intercrosses generating mice null for cell cycle checkpoint genes (Trp53, Rb1, Cdkn1a, Cdkn1b or Cdkn2c) in combination with Egfr deficiency did not increase survival of Egfr nullizygous embryos. Since complete development of the spongiotrophoblast compartment is not required for survival of Egfr nullizygous embryos, reduction of this layer that is commonly observed in Egfr nullizygous placentas likely accounts for the decrease in proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dackor
- Department of Genetics, , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - K. E. Strunk
- Department of Genetics, , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37221, USA
| | - M. M. Wehmeyer
- Department of Genetics, , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - D. W. Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- **Corresponding author: David Threadgill, Department of Genetics, CB#7264, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, Tel: 919-843-6472, Fax: 919-966-3292, E-mail:
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Fisher MC, Clinton GM, Maihle NJ, Dealy CN. Requirement for ErbB2/ErbB signaling in developing cartilage and bone. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:503-13. [PMID: 17555517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, the skeletal elements of vertebrate limbs form and elongate via coordinated control of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. The role of signaling by the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which consists of ErbB1 (epidermal growth factor receptor or EGFR), ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, has been little studied during cartilage and bone development. Signaling by the ErbB network generates a diverse array of cellular responses via formation of ErbB dimers activated by distinct ligands that produce distinct signal outputs. Herstatin is a soluble ErbB2 receptor that acts in a dominant negative fashion to inhibit ErbB signaling by binding to endogenous ErbB receptors, preventing functional dimer formation. Here, we examine the effects of Herstatin on limb skeletal element development in transgenic mice, achieved via Prx1 promoter-driven expression in limb cartilage and bone. The limb skeletal elements of Prx1-Herstatin embryos are shortened, and chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation are delayed. In addition, proliferation by chondrocytes and periosteal cells of Prx1-Herstatin limb skeletal elements is markedly reduced. Our study identifies requirements for ErbB signaling in the maintenance of chondrocyte and osteoblast proliferation involved in the timely progression of chondrocyte maturation and periosteal osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Fisher
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Wang Y, Culty M. Identification and distribution of a novel platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta variant: effect of retinoic acid and involvement in cell differentiation. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2233-50. [PMID: 17303670 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that neonatal testicular gonocytes express platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) alpha and beta. We report the expression of a novel PDGFRbeta (V1-PDGFRbeta) transcript in gonocytes of 3-d-old rat testes. V1-PDGFRbeta nucleotide sequence spans from intron 6 to exon 23 of the PDGFRbeta gene, and is predicted to encode a protein lacking part of the extracellular domain. V1-PDGFRbeta transcripts are expressed preferentially in developing gonads. The embryonic teratocarcinoma F9 cells, in which differentiation is driven by retinoic acid (RA), express V1-PDGFRbeta, but not wild-type PDGFRbeta. Green fluorescent protein-tagged V1-PDGFRbeta localized mainly in cytosol of F9, MA-10, and COS-1 cells. FLAG and green fluorescent protein-tagged V1-PDGFRbeta displayed tyrosine kinase activities and contain phosphotyrosine residues, suggesting that V1-PDGFRbeta is a cytosolic tyrosine kinase. Treatment of F9 cells with RA induced V1-PDGFRbeta gene expression, concomitant with changes in morphology and increased mRNA expression of collagen IV and laminin B1, suggesting that V1-PFGRbeta is involved in cell differentiation. Similarly, treatment of postnatal d 3 rat gonocytes with RA induced a dose-dependent increase in V1-PDGFRbeta expression together with an increase in c-kit and Stra8, markers of more differentiated germ cells and a concomitant decrease in GFRalpha1, a marker of spermatogonial stem cells. However, an excess of V1-PDGFRbeta inhibited RA-mediated collagen IV and laminin B1 expression and altered both RA-dependent and RA-independent morphological changes in F9 cells, while increasing cell survival. These results suggest that the expression of V1-PDGFRbeta is tightly regulated during differentiation and that it may play an active role in germ cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
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Ekuni D, Firth JD, Putnins EE. Regulation of epithelial cell growth factor receptor protein and gene expression using a rat periodontitis model. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:340-9. [PMID: 16827730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Regulation of epithelial cell behavior associated with periodontitis is not well elucidated but many responses will ultimately be regulated by growth factor receptors. Using a rat experimental periodontitis model, protein and gene expression of select growth factor receptors in junctional and pocket epithelium were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal disease was induced by daily topical application of lipopolysaccharide using an established protocol. Animals were killed at time 0 (control), and at 2 and 8 wk. Frozen tissue samples were collected from the right palatal gingival soft tissue, and the left periodontal tissues were decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Laser microdissection and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene expression, and in situ RT-PCR localized these increases to specific epithelial cells. Receptor protein expression was examined immunohistochemically. In cell culture, induction of HGFR and KGFR protein expression by serum, lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined using flow cytometry. RESULTS Eight-week tissue samples exhibited histological changes consistent with periodontitis. KGFR and HGFR gene and protein expression were significantly induced at the 8 wk time point. KGFR expression was significantly up-regulated in basal and parabasal pocket epithelial cells, but HGFR was up-regulated throughout the pocket epithelium. In cell culture serum, lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha significantly induced KGFR protein receptor expression, but HGFR expression was only induced by serum. CONCLUSION KGFR and HGFR are highly up-regulated in this model of periodontal disease and may play a significant role in regulating the proliferation and migration of pocket epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ekuni
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Majumdar APN. Therapeutic potential of EGFR-related protein, a universal EGFR family antagonist. Future Oncol 2006; 1:235-45. [PMID: 16555995 DOI: 10.1517/14796694.1.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference with the activation of growth factor receptors, specifically epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and/or other member(s) of its family (human epidermal growth factor [HER]-2, -3 and -4) represents a promising strategy for development of novel and selective anticancer therapies. Indeed, a number of inhibitors that target either EGFR or HER-2, but not both, have been developed for treatment of epithelial cancers. However, since most solid tumors express different EGFRs, identification of inhibitor(s) targeting multiple EGFR family members may provide a therapeutic benefit to a broader patient population. To this end, the author proposes that EGFR-related protein (ERRP), a recently isolated negative regulator of EGFR that possesses a substantial homology to the extracellular ligand-binding domain of EGFR and its family members, is a pan-ErbB inhibitor that targets multiple members of the EGFR family. This review discusses the significance of EbB [corrected] family of receptors in epithelial cancers, and describes isolation, characterization and the mechanisms of action of ERRP as well as its potential application as a therapeutic agent for a wide variety of epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhip P N Majumdar
- John D Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R; Room B-4238, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Prenzel KL, Warnecke-Eberz U, Brabender J, Baldus SE, Bollschweiler E, Gutschow CA, Drebber U, Hoelscher AH, Schneider PM. Differential c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 mRNA expression in cancer of the pancreas compared with cancer of the papilla of Vater. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:437-42. [PMID: 16489645 PMCID: PMC4066064 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i3.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: We examined quantitative mRNA expression of growth factor receptors (c-erbB-1, c-erbB-2) and the anti-apoptosis gene survivin known to be regulated in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and compared the expression pattern with that in carcinomas of the papilla of Vater.
METHODS: Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (QRT-PCR, TaqmanTM) was performed to analyze mRNA expression levels of c-erbB-1, c-erbB-2 and survivin in normal and corresponding tumor samples of 31 pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 8 cancers of the papilla of Vater.
RESULTS: The overall median mRNA expression of survivin was significantly increased in both adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (P<0.01) and papilla of Vater (P<0.008) compared with uninvolved normal control tissue. In pancreatic cancer, expression of c-erbB-1 was significantly decreased compared with the normal pancreatic tissue (P<0.03), whereas in the cancer of the papilla of Vater expression of c-erbB-2 was significantly downregulated (P<0.05) compared with the paired normal samples. Gene expression was not associated with tumor stage, differentiation or prognosis.
CONCLUSION: The common anti-apoptosis gene survivin is overexpressed both in the cancer of the papilla of Vater and pancreas. In contrast, the growth factor receptor genes c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 are differentially regulated in both tumor entities adding further evidence that pancreatic cancer is biologically different from the cancer of papilla of Vater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus L Prenzel
- Department of Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Ciesielski MJ, Kazim AL, Barth RF, Fenstermaker RA. Cellular antitumor immune response to a branched lysine multiple antigenic peptide containing epitopes of a common tumor-specific antigen in a rat glioma model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:107-19. [PMID: 15340764 PMCID: PMC11032903 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human malignant gliomas contain epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations that encode tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that can be targeted using immunological techniques. One EGFR mutant gene (EGFRvIII) encodes a protein with an epitope that is not found in normal tissues. A number of studies have focused on this unique epitope as a potential target for tumor vaccines. In the present study, we examined the cellular immune effects of a peptide containing multiple copies of the unique EGFRvIII epitope linked together by way of a lysine bridge. Fischer rats were vaccinated with an EGFRvIII multiple antigenic peptide (MAP). While vaccination produced a humoral immune response, anti-MAP antibody production was not accompanied by expression of the Th2 response cytokine IL-4. In MAP/GM-CSF vaccinated animals, a cellular immune response was detected in association with the appearance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the tumor site. Splenocytes and CD8+ T cells from vaccinated rats produced the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma in vitro in response to stimulation by rat glioma cells expressing EGFRvIII, but not by those expressing wild-type EGFR. MAP vaccine also induced a specific lytic antitumor CTL immune response against F98 glioma cells expressing EGFRvIII, but not against F98 cells expressing either wild-type EGFR or no receptor. The in vivo growth of F98(EGFRvIII) cells was attenuated in vaccinated rats; whereas, growth of F98(EGFR) cells was not. The median survival of vaccinated rats was increased 72% over that of unvaccinated controls challenged with intracerebral F98(EGFRvIII) tumor implants. Therefore, MAP vaccination produced a predominantly cellular antitumor immune response directed against F98 gliomas expressing the EGFRvIII target antigen. The potent immunosuppressive effects of F98 glioma cells mimic the human disease and make this particular tumor model useful for studying immunotherapeutic approaches to malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciesielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Moon WS, Tarnawski AS, Chai J, Yang JT, Majumdar APN. Reduced expression of epidermal growth factor receptor related protein in gastric cancer. Gut 2005; 54:201-6. [PMID: 15647181 PMCID: PMC1774858 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.027078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recently cloned epidermal growth factor receptor related protein (ERRP) has been proposed to be a negative regulator of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Because of the causal involvement of EGFR and its ligands in gastric cancer growth, we investigated expression of ERRP and cell proliferation in human gastric cancer. METHODS We examined ERRP expression and localisation in surgical specimens of gastric cancers from 47 patients versus non-malignant gastric mucosa and determined their relationship to cell proliferation and differentiation. We also examined expression of ERRP by western blotting in three different gastric cancer cell lines. To further determine the functional properties of ERRP, we examined the effect of ERRP on epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced EGFR phosphorylation essential for its activation in MKN-28 gastric cancer cells. RESULTS ERRP expression was dramatically reduced in gastric cancers (34% of all specimens positive) compared with non-malignant gastric mucosa (66% of specimens positive). Expression of ERRP in cancer cells inversely correlated with cell proliferation and grade of malignancy. Cell lines derived from metastatic gastric cancers had reduced ERRP expression compared with cell lines derived from a non-metastatic cancer. Exogenous ERRP protein markedly inhibited EGF induced EGFR phosphorylation in gastric cancer cells providing a novel molecular mechanism of its action. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that downregulation of ERRP could play an important role in gastric cancer differentiation and progression. ERRP is a negative regulator of tumour cell proliferation and may exert its inhibitory effect, in part, by attenuating EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Moon
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center/University of California-Irvine, 5901 East 7th St, Long Beach, CA 90822-5201, USA
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Maceira M, Rengifo E, Cedeño M, Merino N, Casacó Parada A. Immunohistochemical Recognition of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by the h-R3 Antibody in the Skin of Experimental Animals. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2004; 12:360-3. [PMID: 15536338 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200412000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The h-R3 is a humanized monoclonal antibody (Mab) that binds to the external domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). It has being used for the treatment of head and neck tumors. Since it is known that different animal species have different EGF-R amino acid sequences, it raises the handicap that, a priori, the animal species relevant for the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic studies of this Mab are unknown. To elucidate relevant laboratory animal species, the authors investigated the immunohistochemical recognition by h-R3 Mab of EGF-R in small skin biopsy samples obtained from NMRI nu/nu, C57Bl/6, and OF-1 mice; Sprague-Dawley rats; Hartley guinea pigs; New Zealand rabbits; and Cercopithecus aethiops and Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Additionally, three human skin biopsies were obtained from trauma victims. The immunolocalization of EGF-R in different tissue sections was performed using the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) technique. The skin sections from different tissues were tested with the biotinylated h-R3 Mab or with a biotinylated irrelevant Mab, used as negative control. The staining intensity was qualified as:-, no staining; +, weak staining; ++, moderate staining; +++, strong staining. Macaca fascicularis monkey, New Zealand rabbit, and OF-1 mouse skins had a strong staining intensity; Cercopithecus aethiops monkey and Sprague-Dawley rat skins showed a moderate to strong staining intensity; C57Bl/6 mouse skins showed a moderate staining intensity. No staining was observed in the skins from Hartley guinea pigs and MNRI nu/nu mice. The fact that h-R3 Mab recognizes other animal EGF receptors in addition to the human EGF-R makes it possible to perform relevant pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic studies in some laboratory animals.
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Wang Y, Ge W. Cloning of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor from the zebrafish ovary: evidence for EGF as a potential paracrine factor from the oocyte to regulate activin/follistatin system in the follicle cells. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:749-60. [PMID: 15115721 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.028399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we cloned full-length cDNAs for epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor (EGFR), and three truncated forms of EGFR (EGFR15, 12, and 8) from the zebrafish ovary. Zebrafish EGF was predominantly expressed in the ovary and testis, while EGFR and its truncated forms were highly expressed in all tissues examined except the liver. In the ovary, the expression of EGF seemed to be more abundant in the follicles of early stages, while EGFR had much higher expression levels at later stages. Interestingly, although EGF was expressed in both the follicle cells and oocytes, its expression level was significantly higher in the oocytes. However, the expression of EGFR was mainly restricted to the follicle cells with little expression in the oocytes. The unique spatial patterns of EGF and EGFR expression within the follicle suggest that EGF may serve as a messenger from the oocyte to signal the follicle cells. EGF strongly stimulated the expression of both activin beta A and beta B, while it suppressed basal and hCG-induced follistatin expression in cultured follicle cells. These results, together with the evidence that EGF was predominantly expressed in the oocytes whereas EGFR was expressed in the follicle cells, strongly suggest that EGF is likely a potential paracrine/juxtacrine factor from the oocytes to regulate the function of the follicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Pan B, Sengoku K, Takuma N, Goishi K, Horikawa M, Tamate K, Ishikawa M. Differential expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the rat ovary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 214:1-8. [PMID: 15062539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and its receptors in the rat ovary to define the role of HB-EGF in the ovarian function. The expression pattern of HB-EGF mRNA and protein were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immuno-histochemistry using an antibody that was specifically stained for the precursor form of HB-EGF in naturally cycling rats and immature pseudo-pregnant rat models. The immuno-histochemical study showed that in naturally cycling rats, HB-EGF was expressed in most granulosa cells of early follicles and all the developing follicles but not in preovulatory follicles. This was supported by the semi-quantitative RT-PCR results in that the lowest level of HB-EGF mRNA during the estrous cycle was found in the evening of proestrous when the HB-EGF negative preovulatory follicles were most prominent. The results suggest that HB-EGF might be a mitogen for granulosa cells and down regulation of its expression may be necessary for the final maturation of follicles. In corpora lutea, luteal cells of older generation stained stronger than those of younger generation. Moreover, luteal cells of late luteal phase stained stronger than those of the mid and early luteal phases in the immature pseudo-pregnant rat models, indicating that the precursor form may be associated with death of luteal cells. Finally, of the two cognate receptors for HB-EGF, erbB1 was expressed in the rat ovary, but erbB4 was specifically not expressed in this organ. The spatial and temporal pattern of HB-EGF expression suggest that HB-EGF may an important local regulator of ovarian function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochen Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaokahigashi 2-1, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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19
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Abdollahi A, Gruver BN, Patriotis C, Hamilton TC. Identification of epidermal growth factor-responsive genes in normal rat ovarian surface epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:188-97. [PMID: 12849999 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family signaling is among the most frequently implicated effectors of human oncogenesis. Overexpression of members of this family of receptors has often been detected in many epithelial tumors and is believed to be associated with an overall poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that identification of potential EGF target genes in normal cells will provide a basis for unbiased genetic analysis of this signaling pathway in cancer. We utilized Atlas Rat 1.2 nylon cDNA arrays (Clontech) to determine gene expression changes in normal rat ovarian surface epithelial (ROSE) cells following EGF treatment. The results indicate activation of genes involved in a wide variety of cellular mechanisms, including regulation of cell cycle and proliferation, apoptosis, and protein turnover. In addition, using an in vitro model of ovarian cancer, we demonstrated that malignant transformation of ROSE cells resulted in alteration of downstream effectors of the EGFR pathway, as exemplified by aberrant expression of p66Shc, c-Jun, c-Myc, c-Fos, Lot1, p21Cip/Waf, and cdc25A. These data suggest that knowledge of the downstream genetic lesions, which may result in loss of growth factor requirement of the affected cells, will be crucial for the selection of the EGFR pathway as an effective target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abdollahi
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA.
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20
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Reiter JL, Maihle NJ. Characterization and expression of novel 60-kDa and 110-kDa EGFR isoforms in human placenta. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 995:39-47. [PMID: 12814937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and related family members (ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4) previously have been shown to play pivotal roles in the development of female reproductive tissues, in blastocyst implantation, and in placental differentiation. We have cloned and sequenced several naturally occurring alternative transcripts of the human and mouse EGFR genes, which encode novel receptor isoforms containing varying portions of the extracellular ligand-binding domain, but lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain sequences. The human 1.8-kb and 3-kb alternative EGFR transcripts encode secreted 60-kDa and cell surface-associated 110-kDa EGFR isoforms, respectively. We have developed quantitative ribonuclease protection assays to study the expression of these alternative transcripts in human tissues. Similar to the full-length EGFR mRNAs, the highest expression level of these alternative transcripts occurs in placenta. We speculate that both of these EGFR isoforms may be important regulators of EGF-mediated cell growth and differentiation in human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Reiter
- Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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21
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Dziedzic B, Prevot V, Lomniczi A, Jung H, Cornea A, Ojeda SR. Neuron-to-glia signaling mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors regulates ErbB receptor function in astroglial cells of the neuroendocrine brain. J Neurosci 2003; 23:915-26. [PMID: 12574420 PMCID: PMC6741908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic astroglial erbB tyrosine kinase receptors are required for the timely initiation of mammalian puberty. Ligand-dependent activation of these receptors sets in motion a glia-to-neuron signaling pathway that prompts the secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the neuropeptide controlling sexual development, from hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons. The neuronal systems that may regulate this growth factor-mediated back signaling to neuroendocrine neurons have not been identified. Here we demonstrate that hypothalamic astrocytes contain metabotropic receptors of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 subtype and the AMPA receptor subunits glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) and GluR3. As in excitatory synapses, these receptors are in physical association with their respective interacting/clustering proteins Homer and PICK1. In addition, they are associated with erbB-1 and erbB-4 receptors. Concomitant activation of astroglial metabotropic and AMPA receptors results in the recruitment of erbB tyrosine kinase receptors and their respective ligands to the glial cell membrane, transactivation of erbB receptors via a mechanism requiring metalloproteinase activity, and increased erbB receptor gene expression. By facilitating erbB-dependent signaling and promoting erbB receptor gene expression in astrocytes, a neuron-to-glia glutamatergic pathway may represent a basic cell-cell communication mechanism used by the neuroendocrine brain to coordinate the facilitatory transsynaptic and astroglial input to LHRH neurons during sexual development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/physiology
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Homer Scaffolding Proteins
- Hypothalamus/cytology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/physiology
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neurosecretory Systems/cytology
- Neurosecretory Systems/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-4
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, AMPA/biosynthesis
- Receptors, AMPA/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dziedzic
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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22
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Garnett K, Wang J, Roy SK. Spatiotemporal expression of epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA and protein in the hamster ovary: follicle stage-specific differential modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:1593-604. [PMID: 12390893 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal expression, endocrine regulation, and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the hamster ovary were evaluated by immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization localization. Whereas granulosa cells (GC) of primordial through large preantral (stage 6, 7-8 layers GC) follicles had low immunoreactivity, granulosa cells of antral follicles, theca, and interstitial cells had intense EGFR immunoreactivity. EGFR expression in GC of primordial and small preantral follicles increased progressively from estrous through proestrous, but a significant increase occurred in mural GC of antral follicles following the gonadotropin surge. Interstitial cells around small preantral follicles had strong immunofluorescence, and the intensity increased significantly in fully differentiated thecal cells. Distinct EGFR protein was localized in the nucleus of the oocytes and granulosa cells. FSH significantly stimulated EGFR expression in the GC, especially the mural GC, theca, and interstitial cells in hypophysectomized hamster. Estrogen stimulated EGFR expression in preantral GC as well as in interstitial cells. Progesterone and hCG effect was limited to theca and interstitial cells. EGFR expression correlated well with EGFR activation following endogenous or exogenous gonadotropin exposure. Receptor mRNA expression closely followed the protein expression, with increased mRNA expression in mural GC of antral follicles. These results suggest that low levels of EGF signal as a consequence of low levels of receptors in preantral GC may be critical for cell proliferation, but higher receptor density may evoke increased signal intensity due to activation of other intracellular signal pathways, which activate cellular processes related to granulosa, theca, and interstitial cell differentiation. The spatiotemporal cell type and follicle stage-specific expression of receptor mRNA and protein and EGFR activation is critically regulated by gonadotropins and ovarian steroids, primarily estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Garnett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984515 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4515, USA
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23
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Feng J, Adsay NV, Kruger M, Ellis KL, Nagothu K, Majumdar APN, Sarkar FH. Expression of ERRP in normal and neoplastic pancreata and its relationship to clinicopathologic parameters in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2002; 25:342-9. [PMID: 12409827 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200211000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) play crucial roles in cellular signaling in many malignancies, including pancreatic neoplasia. Attenuation of EGFR signaling has been considered novel strategy for the management of human malignancies in several ongoing clinical trials. We recently isolated a novel negative regulator of EGFR, termed EGF receptor related protein (ERRP), whose expression appears to attenuate EGFR activation. In the current study, the expression of ERRP in normal and neoplastic pancreas was investigated and correlated with the clinicopathologic parameters in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (DA). METHODOLOGY Using rabbit polyclonal antibody that specifically interacts with ERRP, immunohistochemical staining was performed on 45 benign pancreata and 106 cases of DA. The intensity and percentage of cells with cytoplasmic and membranous staining were scored as 0, 1, 2, or 3. A combined score was calculated as intensity x percent/3, and for comparative analysis, the data were arbitrarily divided into three groups: <20, 20-49, and > or =50. The expression of ERRP was correlated with patient age, gender, race, tumor size, stage, grade, and survival. RESULTS ERRP was expressed in most benign ductal epithelium and islet cells, but not in normal acinar cells. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, ERRP expression frequency decreased progressively from well (WD) to moderate (MD) to poorly differentiated (PD) carcinoma (58%, 43%, and 15% respectively, < 0.001). ERRP expression was correlated with survival in DA showing decreased median survival with decreased ERRP score ( = 0.0035). Median survival of the lower intensity (0 or 1) group was less than that of the higher intensity (2 or 3) group (8 14 months, = 0.002). The higher expressing group (> or =50% of cells) had longer median survival (17 months) than the lower expressing (<50% of cells) group (10 months, = 0.003). Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that ERRP expression score and tumor grade are the significant predictors of survival in pancreatic ductal carcinomas ( < 0.03). CONCLUSION ERRP is usually expressed in benign ductal epithelium, but not in ductal adenocarcinoma. Its expression decreases with decreasing tumor differentiation. Low levels of ERRP are associated with poor clinical outcome, suggesting that progressive loss of ERRP, a negative regulator of EGFR, may partly stimulate aggressive tumor cell growth in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feng
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Harper Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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24
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Tanaka N, Masamura K, Yoshida M, Kato M, Kawai Y, Miyamori I. A role of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:375-81. [PMID: 12237129 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is known to induce cell growth in various cell types via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To investigate the involvement of HB-EGF and EGFR in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), we examined the expressions of mRNA and protein in rat hearts 6 weeks after MI-induction. Where increased expressions of HB-EGF mRNA and protein were observed, infarcted myocardium was replaced by extracellular matrix and interstitial fibroblasts. EGFR mRNA and protein expression did not show significant changes in sham-operated heart tissues, non-infarcted region, and infarcted region. In vitro study demonstrated that HB-EGF mRNA was expressed mainly in cultured fibroblasts rather than in myocytes. We suggest that the interaction between HB-EGF and EGFR transactivation is closely related to the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac remodeling after MI in an autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Tanaka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka-cho, Japan
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25
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Hou J, Li B, Yang Z, Fager N, Ma MYJ. Altered gene activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB-1) in the hypothalamus of aging female rat is linked to abnormal estrous cycles. Endocrinology 2002; 143:577-86. [PMID: 11796513 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.2.8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the ErbB-1 receptor is necessary for initiating mammalian female puberty by stimulating the release of LH-releasing hormone. It remains unclear whether ErbB-1 is also required in governing reproduction during adulthood and whether altered ErbB-1 signaling is linked to changes in gonadotropin secretion in aging females. The present study examined these issues. RT-PCR was employed to determine changes in ErbB-1 mRNA levels during proestrus in both young adult (YA) and middle-aged (MA) female rats. Before the LH surge, expression levels in the preoptic area of YA rats increased to a maximal value. No such increase in ErbB-1 mRNA was found in MA rats. This difference was confirmed by the analysis of in situ hybridization histochemistry, where a stronger mRNA signal was observed in the preoptic area of YA rats compared with MA females. ErbB-1 protein levels measured by Western blot reflected this difference. A peak level of ErbB-1 mRNA in the median eminence-arcuate nucleus was detected at 0800 h in YA rats, but it was delayed in MA animals. There were intense ErbB-1 mRNA-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus. Pharmacological blockade of ErbB-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction resulted in the disruption of estrous cyclicity in YA rats. These results indicate that ErbB-1 receptors are necessary for maintaining normal estrous cycles. Consequently, age-related alterations in hypothalamic ErbB-1 gene activity may contribute to a delayed preovulatory LH secretion in aging females. Thus, the ErbB-1 signaling system plays an important role in the control of female reproduction during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Hou
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5455, USA
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26
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Thordarson G, Lee AV, McCarty M, Van Horn K, Chu O, Chou YC, Yang J, Guzman RC, Nandi S, Talamantes F. Growth and characterization of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors in intact and ovariectomized rats. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22:2039-47. [PMID: 11751437 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/22.12.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that 85-90% of chemically induced mammary tumors in rats will disappear or diminish significantly in size after the ovaries are removed from the animal. However, it is less well established whether a high percentage of these mammary tumors will grow back with prolonged time after ovariectomy. It is also not known what changes in gene expression take place in the tumors as they develop an independence from hormones for growth. This study was carried out to investigate this. Virgin, 50-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at the dose of 50 mg MNU/kg body wt. When at least one mammary tumor had grown to 1.0-1.5 cm in one dimension, the animal was bilaterally ovariectomized and reduction and then re-growth of the tumors monitored. Control animals were treated identically except they were not ovariectomized when tumors appeared. Re-growths and new tumors and tumors that developed in the control rats were removed when they reached 1.0-1.5 cm in diameter and all animals were killed 25 weeks after the MNU injection. All the animals in the study (100%) developed mammary tumors after MNU injection with an average latency of 56.5 days. After ovariectomy, 93% of the tumors showed 50% or more reduction in size and 76% of the tumors could not be detected by palpation. However, in 96% of the animals where tumor reduction or disappearance occurred, a re-growth or new mammary tumor development took place with an average latency period of 52.8 days from the day of ovariectomy. Of these post-ovariectomy tumors, 36% occurred at a location where tumors had developed prior to ovariectomy, but 64% appeared at new locations. The circulating levels of 17beta-estradiol (E2) was undetectable in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats and significant reduction was seen in the serum concentrations of progesterone (P4), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The tumors from the OVX rats showed indications of progression as evident from loss of differentiation and invasive characteristics. Comparison between tumors from OVX and intact rats revealed a significantly increased expression of P450 aromatase and elevated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, but reduced levels of the progesterone receptor and cyclin D1 in OVX rats. However, the estrogen receptor (ER) content remained similar in tumors from both groups, at least at the protein level, and so did the expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), IRS-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and ErbB-2 were expressed, respectively, in 50 and 70% of the tumors from the OVX animals, whereas these genes were expressed in 100% of the tumors from the intact rats. It is concluded that chemically induced rat mammary tumors may still depend on the ER and local syntheses of E2 and growth factors for growth initially after ovariectomy. However, as these tumors progress, they develop a more aggressive phenotype and lose their dependency on the ER and possibly growth factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aromatase/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Estradiol/blood
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Female
- Growth Hormone/blood
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Methylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Ovariectomy
- Prolactin/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Ribonucleases/metabolism
- Somatomedins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thordarson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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27
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Boillée S, Cadusseau J, Coulpier M, Grannec G, Junier MP. Transforming growth factor alpha: a promoter of motoneuron survival of potential biological relevance. J Neurosci 2001; 21:7079-88. [PMID: 11549718 PMCID: PMC6762970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2000] [Revised: 06/25/2001] [Accepted: 06/29/2001] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is a general response of adult murine motoneurons to genetic and experimental lesions, TGFalpha appearing as an inducer of astrogliosis in these situations. Here we address the possibility that TGFalpha expression is not specific to pathological situations but may participate to the embryonic development of motoneurons. mRNA of TGFalpha and its receptor, the EGF receptor (EGFR), were detected by ribonuclease protection assay in the ventral part of the cervical spinal cord from embryonic day 12 (E12) until adult ages. Reverse transcription-PCR amplification of their transcripts from immunopurified E15 motoneurons, associated with in situ double-immunohistological assays, identified embryonic motoneurons as cellular sources of the TGFalpha-EGFR couple. In vitro, TGFalpha promoted the survival of immunopurified E15 motoneurons in a dose-dependent manner, with a magnitude similar to BDNF neuroprotective effects at equivalent concentrations. In a transgenic mouse expressing a human TGFalpha transgene under the control of the metallothionein 1 promoter, axotomy of the facial nerve provoked significantly less degeneration in the relevant motor pool of 1-week-old mice than in wild-type animals. No protection was observed in neonates, when the transgene exhibits only weak expression levels in the brainstem. In conclusion, our results point to TGFalpha as a physiologically relevant candidate for a neurotrophic role on developing motoneurons. Its expression by the embryonic motoneurons, which also synthesize its receptor, suggests that this chemokine is endowed with the capability to promote motoneuron survival in an autocrine-paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boillée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 421, Faculté de Médecine, 94010 Créteil, France
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28
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Srinivasan R, Leverton KE, Sheldon H, Hurst HC, Sarraf C, Gullick WJ. Intracellular expression of the truncated extracellular domain of c-erbB-3/HER3. Cell Signal 2001; 13:321-30. [PMID: 11369513 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ERBB3 gene is expressed as a 6.2- and a 1.4-kb transcript. The former encodes the full-length transmembrane protein and the latter a truncated extracellular fragment consisting of 140 amino acids of the c-erbB-3 protein followed by 43 unique residues. We have examined the expression of the two ERBB3 transcripts by Northern blotting in cancer cell lines and normal human fetal and adult tissues. We expressed the truncated receptor fragment and showed that it was glycosylated, probably with a single N-linked complex sugar chain, and that the protein was a 58-kDa disulphide-linked dimer. We were able to crosslink iodinated neuregulin (NRG)-1beta to the full-length solubilised receptor but not to the truncated dimeric protein. Using Western blot analysis, the truncated protein was shown to be present in cell lysates and, using immunoelectron microscopy, in vesicular structures within cells and associated with the plasma cell membrane.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms
- COS Cells
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimerization
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Introns
- Ligands
- Liver Neoplasms
- Male
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Ovarian Neoplasms
- Prostatic Neoplasms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, ErbB-3/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms
- Sulfides/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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29
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Aigner A, Juhl H, Malerczyk C, Tkybusch A, Benz CC, Czubayko F. Expression of a truncated 100 kDa HER2 splice variant acts as an endogenous inhibitor of tumour cell proliferation. Oncogene 2001; 20:2101-11. [PMID: 11360194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2000] [Revised: 10/04/2000] [Accepted: 01/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the HER2 (neu/c-erbB-2) oncogene frequently coincides with an aggressive clinical course of certain human adenocarcinomas. Expression and secretion of aberrant HER2 splice variants has been reported in various cell lines and tissues and can interfere with the oncogenic HER2 activity. Here we demonstrate, using two different approaches, that expression of a truncated 100 kDa HER2 variant which encodes the extracellular domain of HER2 (HER-ECD) inhibits growth factor-mediated tumour cell proliferation. A HER2-ECD cDNA encoding the truncated variant was overexpressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells. HER2-ECD overexpression decreased spontaneous proliferation of MCF7 cells as well as heregulin-mediated soft agar colony formation. Concomitantly, heregulin-induced phosphorylation of HER4 as well as downstream activation of p44/p42 MAP-kinases was decreased. To confirm these data, ribozymes were targeted to the 3'-untranslated region of the 2.3 kb HER2-ECD mRNA which is spontaneously expressed in MKN7 gastric cancer cells. HER2-ECD-targeted ribozymes downregulated HER2-ECD expression and enhanced EGF-mediated soft agar colony formation of MKN7 cells. In parallel, EGF-induced activation of p44/p42 MAP-kinases and activation of c-Fos expression were increased in ribozyme-transfected MKN7 cells. Finally, in RT-PCR we found a trend towards a progressive loss of 2.3 kb HER2-ECD mRNA expression in more advanced gastric tumours. These data show that the HER2-ECD variant inhibits growth factor-mediated tumour cell proliferation suggesting an important role during the progression of human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Genes, erbB-2/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/biosynthesis
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuregulin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuregulin-1/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Catalytic/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aigner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
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30
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Matsunaga T, Davis JG, Greene MI. Adult rat otic placode-derived neurons and sensory epithelium express all four erbB receptors: a role in regulating vestibular ganglion neuron viability. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:307-19. [PMID: 11445002 DOI: 10.1089/10445490152122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The erbB receptor family consists of erbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB2/neu, erbB3, and erbB4, all of which have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in several tissues. In the nervous system, these family members can function in a trophic capacity for certain subpopulations of neurons and some types of non-neuronal cells. Vestibular sensory epithelial cells and vestibular ganglion neurons are derived from ectodermal otic placode and are essential components of the peripheral vestibular system, the sensory system for balance. Recent studies in mammals suggest that certain ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor can induce proliferation of vestibular sensory epithelial cells. We now show that vestibular ganglion neurons and vestibular sensory epithelial cells express all four erbB receptors in adult rats. Cultured vestibular ganglion neurons also expressed all four erbB family members and were therefore used to analyze the effects of modulating erbB signaling on differentiated vestibular ganglion neurons. Transforming growth factor-alpha (a ligand for epidermal growth factor receptor) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (a ligand for erbB3 and erbB4) promoted vestibular ganglion neuron viability, whereas epidermal growth factor (another ligand for epidermal growth factor receptor) did not. Glial growth factor 2 (another ligand for erbB3 and erbB4) and an antibody that blocks erbB2/neu-mediated signaling inhibited vestibular ganglion neuron viability. Collectively, these observations indicate that erbB signaling regulates the viability of differentiated otic placode-derived cells in mammals and suggest that exogenous modulation of erbB signaling in peripheral vestibular tissues may prove therapeutically useful in peripheral vestibular disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Ganglia, Sensory/cytology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/physiology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/physiology
- Receptor, ErbB-4
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saccule and Utricle/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/cytology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/growth & development
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsunaga
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Yu Y, Rishi AK, Turner JR, Liu D, Black ED, Moshier JA, Majumdar AP. Cloning of a novel EGFR-related peptide: a putative negative regulator of EGFR. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C1083-9. [PMID: 11287320 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.5.c1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a key role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation in many tissues, little is known about the factor(s) that may modulate its function. We have isolated a cDNA clone from the rat gastroduodenal mucosa whose full length revealed 1,958 bp that contained 227 bp of 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and an open-reading frame encoding 479 amino acids, followed by 290 bp of 3'-UTR. It showed ~85% nucleotide homology to the external domain of the rat EGFR. We refer to the product of the newly isolated cDNA as EGFR-related protein (ERRP). In Northern blot analysis with poly(A)(+) RNA from different rat tissues, ERRP cDNA hybridized to several mRNA transcripts with the strongest reaction noted with a transcript of approximately 2 kb. Maximal expression of the 2-kb mRNA transcript was observed in the small intestine, followed by colon, liver, gastric mucosa, and other tissues. Transfection of ERRP cDNA into a colon cancer cell line, HCT116, resulted in a marked reduction in proliferation in monolayer and colony formation in soft agar compared with the vector-transfected controls. In another colon cancer cell line, Caco-2, with a tetracycline-regulated promoter system, induction of ERRP expression in the absence of doxycycline was associated with a marked reduction in EGFR activation and proliferation. We conclude that the ERRP cDNA may represent a new member of the EGFR gene family and that ERRP plays a role in regulating cell proliferation by modulating the function of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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32
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Novak U, Walker F, Kaye A. Expression of EGFR-family proteins in the brain: role in development, health and disease. J Clin Neurosci 2001; 8:106-11. [PMID: 11243764 DOI: 10.1054/jocn.2000.0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Novak
- Dept. of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3050, Australia.
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33
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Kazumori H, Ishihara S, Kawashima K, Fukuda R, Chiba T, Kinoshita Y. Analysis of gastrin receptor gene expression in proliferating cells in the neck zone of gastric fundic glands using laser capture microdissection. FEBS Lett 2001; 489:208-14. [PMID: 11165251 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin stimulates proliferation of progenitor cells in the neck zone of gastric fundic mucosa. However, whether it directly enhances this proliferation through its receptors remains unclear. We investigated the expression of gastrin receptors in neck zone proliferating cells in rat gastric fundic glands using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with laser capture microdissection and in situ RT-PCR. Gastrin receptor expression was identified in c-fos-expressing cells located in the neck zone, and results of the RT-PCR analysis argued against contamination by other cells, such as enterochromaffin-like, parietal or D cells. Supporting this finding, gastrin receptor gene expression was identified in the neck zone as well as base glands by in situ RT-PCR. Therefore, it is suggested that proliferating cells in the neck zone are stimulated directly by gastrin via their gastrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kazumori
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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34
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Reiter JL, Threadgill DW, Eley GD, Strunk KE, Danielsen AJ, Sinclair CS, Pearsall RS, Green PJ, Yee D, Lampland AL, Balasubramaniam S, Crossley TD, Magnuson TR, James CD, Maihle NJ. Comparative genomic sequence analysis and isolation of human and mouse alternative EGFR transcripts encoding truncated receptor isoforms. Genomics 2001; 71:1-20. [PMID: 11161793 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the annotated genomic sequence and exon-intron organization of the human and mouse epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes located on chromosomes 7p11.2 and 11, respectively. We report that the EGFR gene spans nearly 200 kb and that the full-length 170-kDa EGFR is encoded by 28 exons. In addition, we have identified two human and two mouse alternative EGFR transcripts of 2.4-3.0 kb using both computational and experimental methods. The human 3.0-kb and mouse 2.8-kb EGFR mRNAs are predominantly expressed in placenta and liver, respectively, and both transcripts encode 110-kDa truncated receptor isoforms containing only the extracellular ligand-binding domain. We also have demonstrated that the aberrant 2.8-kb EGFR transcript produced by the human A431 carcinoma cell line is generated by splicing to a recombinant 3'-terminal exon located in EGFR intron 16, which apparently was formed as a result of a chromosomal translocation. Finally, we have shown that the human, mouse, rat, and chicken 1.8- to 3.0-kb alternative EGFR transcripts are generated by distinct splicing mechanisms and that each of these mRNAs contains unique 3' sequences that are not evolutionarily conserved. The presence of truncated receptor isoforms in diverse species suggests that these proteins may have important functional roles in regulating EGFR activity.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chickens
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Exons
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Library
- Genome
- Humans
- Introns
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Placenta/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reiter
- Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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35
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Hoffmann P, Reinshagen M, Zeeh JM, Lakshmanan J, Wu VS, Goebell H, Gerken G, Eysselein VE. Increased expression of epidermal growth factor-receptor in an experimental model of colitis in rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:1174-80. [PMID: 11145289 DOI: 10.1080/003655200750056655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor and related proteins share some structural homology and bind to one common receptor. We have shown previously that exogenously applied EGF protects colonic mucosa against injury in an experimental model of colitis in rats and that the endogenously expressed ligands for the EGF-receptor are predominantly transforming growth factor alpha precursors. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the EGF-receptor expression in response to mucosal injury in the same model of colitis. METHODS The trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol-induced model of colitis in rats was used and EGF-receptor expression was evaluated using ribonuclease protection assay and Western blot analysis. The extent of mucosal injury and inflammation was characterized by using a microscopic and macroscopic damage score and by estimation of the myeloperoxidase activity in colonic specimens. RESULTS Irritation of the colonic mucosa leads to severe colonic inflammation with tissue oedema, erosions and mucosal ulcers and to a significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity expressed by neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages. A significant increase in EGF-receptor mRNA expression was obtained at 8-24 h followed by an increased expression of the EGF-receptor protein at 1-5 days after the induction of colitis. On Western blot analysis only one immunoreactive band with a molecular weight of approximately 170 kDa was detected. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal inflammation leads to a significant increase in the EGF-receptor expression in the early phases of colitis. These findings support our hypothesis that EGF and related proteins and their common receptor play a pivotal role in mucosal defence and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hoffmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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36
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Stern DF. Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases. Breast Cancer Res 2000; 2:176-83. [PMID: 11250707 PMCID: PMC138772 DOI: 10.1186/bcr51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2000] [Accepted: 02/21/2000] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ERBB family receptor tyrosine kinases are overexpressed in a significant subset of breast cancers. One of these receptors, HER2/neu, or ErbB-2, is the target for a new rational therapeutic antibody, Herceptin. Other inhibitors that target this receptor, and another family member, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, are moving into clinical trials. Both of these receptors are sometimes overexpressed in breast cancer, and still subject to regulation by hormones and other physiological regulators. Optimal use of therapeutics targeting these receptors will require consideration of the several modes of regulation of these receptors and their interactions with steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Stern
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA.
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37
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Liu XW, Katagiri Y, Jiang H, Gong LJ, Guo LY, Shibutani M, Johnson AC, Guroff G. Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the rat epidermal growth factor receptor gene and its transcriptional regulation by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7280-8. [PMID: 10702298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.7280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) causes a profound down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA and protein. Further, the NGF-induced down-regulation of the EGFR is under transcriptional control. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of this down-regulation we have cloned a 2.7-kilobase sequence from the promoter region of the rat EGFR from a rat P1 library. Six transcriptional start sites were identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends and primer extension. Sequence analysis showed a 62% overall homology with the human EGFR promoter region. To investigate its transcription, 1.1 kilobases of the 5'-flanking sequence were fused to a luciferase reporter gene. This sequence exhibited functional promoter activity in transient transfection experiments with PC12, C6, and CV-1 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with NGF inhibited promoter activity. By transfection of promoter deletion constructs, a silencer element was found between nucleotides -260 and -181, and TCC repeat sequences appeared to be at least partially responsible for the down-regulation of the EGFR by NGF. Supportive evidence for the relevance of this sequence was obtained from gel mobility shift assays and by transfection of TCC mutation constructs. Our results demonstrate that TCC repeat sequences are required for the down-regulation of rat EGFR by NGF in PC12 cells and may lead to the identification of the NGF-responsive transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Liu
- Section on Growth Factors, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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38
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Zine A, Nyffeler M, de Ribaupierre F. Spatial expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor gene transcripts in the postnatal mammalian cochlea. Hear Res 2000; 141:19-27. [PMID: 10713492 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(99)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies demonstrated that members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family are involved in hair cell replacement in the postnatal mammalian organ of Corti (OC) after ototoxic damage. This suggests a role for the EGF receptor (EGFR) in this process. We examined the expression of EGFR mRNA within the normal postnatal day 3 (P3) and adult rat cochlear epithelium by RT-PCR and examined its cellular localization with non-radioactive in situ hybridization in P3 and adult cochleae. RT-PCR demonstrated that EGFR mRNA is expressed in P3 and adult cochlear epithelium. In situ hybridization localized high levels of EGFR transcripts in the OC, spiral ganglion, Kölliker's organ and detectable levels in the supporting cells and the stria vascularis of P3 cochlea. In the adult cochlea, EGFR transcripts were detected only in the spiral ganglion. Our results support that the EGFR is implicated in the differentiation of several cochlear cell types and in the response of OC to ototoxic damage of the P3 rat. In the adult, it may participate in the maintenance of the mature neurons and its absence in the OC may contribute to the lack of regenerative responses in the adult cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zine
- Institute of Physiology, Universtiy of Lausanne, 7 Rue du Bugnon, CH-1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Kizaka-Kondoh S, Akiyama N, Okayama H. Role of TGF-beta in EGF-induced transformation of NRK cells is sustaining high-level EGF-signaling. FEBS Lett 2000; 466:160-4. [PMID: 10648833 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have been isolating and analyzing NRK cell mutants, which fail to transform by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. One such mutant, R14, can respond to the growth inhibitory signal of TGF-beta to the same extent as parental NRK but fail to respond to the growth stimulatory signal of EGF. This mutant has a defect in EGF receptor (EGFR) expression. When R14 mutant expressed a high level of EGFR, however, EGF not only induced proliferation in this mutant but also induced transformation without the aid of TGF-beta. These findings suggest that the major role of TGF-beta in this transformation system should be to counteract the ligand-dependent down-regulation of EGFR, thereby sustaining high-level EGF-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kizaka-Kondoh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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40
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Marti U, Wells A. The nuclear accumulation of a variant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) lacking the transmembrane domain requires coexpression of a full-length EGFR. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 3:8-14. [PMID: 10683311 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) accumulate in the nucleoplasm during liver regeneration. This localization in a nonmembraneous compartment presents a challenge in that the standard form of EGFR is a transmembrane protein and suggests the existence of a variant, soluble form of EGFR. To investigate the localization of such a putative EGFR splice variant, we generated a transmembrane-devoid form of EGFR. We placed this transmembrane-negative [TM(-)] EGFR construct and full-length wild-type (wt) EGFR either in a retroviral transfection vector or in an inducible expression vector. Mouse 3T3 cells, which express endogenous EGFR, were transfected with the TM(-) EGFR construct. The expression of these TM(-) EGFR, detected with a specific antibody against human EGFR using a confocal laser-scanning microscope, was predominantly found in the cytoplasm with no nuclear localization. After an overnight incubation with EGF the TM(-) EGFR accumulated in the nucleus. In mouse NR6 cells, which lack endogenous EGFR, transfected TM(-) EGFR were found in the cytoplasm, but incubation with EGF did not result in a nuclear accumulation of TM(-) EGFR. However, NR6 cells transfected with both TM(-) EGFR and wt EGFR showed nuclear accumulation after EGF treatment. These results suggest that both the wt EGFR and the TM(-) EGFR are required for nuclear accumulation of TM(-) EGFR and may implicate a model of homotypic recognition and translocation of a splice variant of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Marti
- Endocrine and Diabetes Division, Department of Clincal Chemistry, University Hospital, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland.
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41
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Esparís-Ogando A, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Pandiella A. Signalling-competent truncated forms of ErbB2 in breast cancer cells: differential regulation by protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Biochem J 1999; 344 Pt 2:339-48. [PMID: 10567214 PMCID: PMC1220649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Alterations that affect the ectodomain of receptor tyrosine kinases are often associated with constitutive activation of the enzymic activity of the mutant cell-associated receptor. Since the ectodomain of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase has been detected as a soluble fragment in the culture supernatant of cells and serum from patients with advanced breast cancer, the possible presence of cell-associated truncated forms of ErbB2 in cancer cells was investigated. Several cell-bound N-terminal truncated forms of ErbB2 were identified in breast cancer cells overexpressing this receptor. The presence of the truncated fragments was independent of lysosomal/proteasomal activity, indicating that classical receptor tyrosine kinase degradation systems were not involved in the N-terminal cleavages. The presence of these truncated forms of ErbB2 was up-regulated by protein kinase C and neuregulin; and down-regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and monoclonal antibodies that target the ectodomain of ErbB2, indicating that N-terminal cleavages of ErbB2 were regulated by multiple mechanisms. The truncated fragments were tyrosine-phosphorylated under resting conditions, and associated with the signalling intermediates Shc and Grb2. It is therefore likely that these truncated forms may be endowed with constitutive activity that allows them to permanently signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Esparís-Ogando
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Salamanca, Avenida del Campo Charro s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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42
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Friess H, Wang L, Zhu Z, Gerber R, Schröder M, Fukuda A, Zimmermann A, Korc M, Büchler MW. Growth factor receptors are differentially expressed in cancers of the papilla of vater and pancreas. Ann Surg 1999; 230:767-74; discussion 774-5. [PMID: 10615931 PMCID: PMC1420940 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199912000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare growth factor receptor expression in papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Cancer of the papilla of Vater has a much better prognosis than pancreatic cancer. Earlier symptoms may result in earlier diagnosis, but different biologic growth behaviors and genetic alterations might also be explanations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Surgical specimens from papilla of Vater cancers (24 patients) and pancreatic cancers (80 patients), normal papilla of Vater tissues (20 patients), and normal pancreatic tissues (24 patients) were frozen and fixed. The authors compared the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-erbB2 and c-erbB3 by Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In papilla of Vater cancer, Northern blots showed comparable EGFR and c-erbB2 mRNA expression but significantly lower c-erbB3 mRNA levels than in normal papilla. In pancreatic cancer, mRNA expression was enhanced compared with normal controls for EGFR (4-fold), c-erbB2 (2.5-fold), and c-erbB3 (5.2-fold). In situ hybridization confirmed this and showed mRNA expression only in cancer cells. EGFR immunohistochemical staining scores were comparable in papilla of Vater cancer (1.17 +/- 0.22) and normal papilla (1.42 +/- 0.25). Staining scores for c-erbB2 (2.72 +/- 0.40 vs. 3.89 +/- 0.37) and c-erbB3 (2.78 +/- 0.35 vs. 3.89 +/- 0.53) were slightly lower than controls in papilla of Vater cancer. In pancreatic cancer, immunostaining scores for EGFR, c-erbB2, and c-erbB3 were significantly higher than controls. CONCLUSION Members of the EGFR family show similar or lower expression in papilla of Vater cancer than in normal controls. In pancreatic cancer, these receptors are upregulated. This supports the hypothesis that papilla of Vater cancer and pancreatic cancer have biologic differences that may contribute to the different growth of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Friess
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Bern, Inselspital, Switzerland
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43
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Abdollahi A, Bao R, Hamilton TC. LOT1 is a growth suppressor gene down-regulated by the epidermal growth factor receptor ligands and encodes a nuclear zinc-finger protein. Oncogene 1999; 18:6477-87. [PMID: 10597250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported cloning the rLot1 gene, and its human homolog (hLOT1), through analysis of differential gene expression in normal and malignant rat ovarian surface epithelial cells. Both human and rat ovarian carcinoma cell lines exhibited lost or decreased expression of this gene. Interestingly, the LOT1 gene localized at band q25 of human chromosome 6 which is a frequent site for LOH in many solid tumors including ovarian cancer. In this report we have further characterized the potential role of LOT1 in malignant transformation and developed evidence that the gene is a novel target of growth factor signaling pathway. Assays using transient transfections showed that LOT1 is a nuclear protein and may act as a transcription factor. In vitro and in vivo studies involving ovarian cancer cell lines revealed that expression of LOT1 is directly associated with inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of morphological transformations. Additionally, we show that in normal rat ovarian surface epithelial cells Lot1 gene expression is responsive to growth factor stimulation. Its mRNA is strongly down-regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, namely EGF and TGF-alpha. Blocking the ligand-activated EGFR signal transduction pathway by the specific EGF receptor inhibitor, tyrphostin AG1478, and the MEK inhibitor, PD098059, restores the normal level of Lot1 gene expression. It appears that the regulation of Lot1 gene is unique to these ligands, as well as the growth promoting agent TPA, since other factors either did not affect Lot1 expression, or the effect was modest and transient. Altogether, the results suggest that Lot1 expression is primarily mediated via EGF receptor or a related pathway and it may regulate the growth promoting signals as a zinc-finger motif containing nuclear transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia, PA 19111, USA
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44
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Abstract
Although the presence of a dominant basolateral sorting signal ensures that the majority of newly synthesized epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors are delivered directly to the basolateral surface in polarized epithelial cells, a fraction of the receptors are also delivered to the apical surface. Similar to most basolateral membrane proteins, the EGF receptor has an additional signal(s) that selectively targets molecules lacking a dominant basolateral signal to the apical surface. Although the physiological relevance of signal hierarchy is not known, alternative targeting may occur in different epithelial cell types or during development. The goal of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of membrane domain location on EGF receptor function, focusing on EGF-induced MAP kinase signaling and DNA synthesis. Whereas ligand responsiveness was restricted to the basolateral domain in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing a normal complement of receptors, apical ligand was effective if apical receptor density was increased by overexpression of an exogenous wild-type human gene. Unexpectedly, cells expressing apically localized, cytoplasmically truncated receptors, which behave as dominant negative mutations in other cell types, were also responsive to apical EGF. The cytoplasmically truncated molecules appear to have at least two effects: first, to increase the local concentration of ligand at the apical cell surface; and second, to facilitate activation of the relatively few native EGF receptors normally located at the apical surface. These results indicate that cell context is a critical determinant of receptor mutant protein phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hobert
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Kim CH, Chae HD, Cheon YP, Kang BM, Chang YS, Mok JE. The effect of epidermal growth factor on the preimplantation development, implantation and its receptor expression in mouse embryos. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999; 25:87-93. [PMID: 10379122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1999.tb01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on preimplantation development, implantation, and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) itself in mouse embryos. MATERIALS AND METHOD Eight-cell stage mouse embryos were cultured for 48 hours with EGF at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 ng/ml. Embryos not treated with EGF were served as control. The percentages of embryos which developed to the expanded, hatched blastocyst stage and in vitro implantation at 48 hours were determined. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been used to examine the expression of EGFR in developed hatched blastocysts. Following reverse transcription, strategically designed nested primers, optimized for specificity, were used for amplification from the cDNA equivalent of a single embryo. The products were then verified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequence analysis. Results were analyzed with chi 2 test and Student's t-test as appropriate, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS The percentages of fully expanded blastocysts at 48 hours in all the EGF treated group were not significantly different from the control. The percentages of hatched blastocysts were significantly higher in the EGF treatment group at 0.1 ng/ml (90.5 +/- 9.8%) compared to the control (82.1 +/- 7.2%), 1.0 ng/ml (82.2 +/- 12.7%), and 100 mg/ml (81.9 +/- 11.8%) (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). The percentages of hatched blastocysts were significantly higher in the EGF treatment group at 10 ng/ml (89.4 +/- 7.5%) compared to the control, and 100 ng/ml (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). The percentages of attached blastocysts in vitro were significantly higher following incubation with EGF at concentrations of 0.1 ng/ml (37.0 +/- 17.0%), 1.0 ng/ml (32.0 +/- 14.3%), 10 ng/ml (21.3 +/- 7.2%) compared to the control (9.5 +/- 7.7%) (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). The attachment rates in 0.1 ng/ml and 1.0 ng/ml EGF treatment groups were also significantly higher than those in other EGF treatment groups. Embryo development and attachment were not significantly inhibited or enhanced in cultures supplemented with 100 ng/ml EGF compared to the control. The mRNA concentration of EGFR in embryos treated with 0.1 ng/ml of EGF was significantly higher than those of the control and other EGF treatment groups. CONCLUSION EGF may have a stimulatory role in later stage embryonic development, implantation and expression of EGFR in hatched blastocyst itself at the specific concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kawahara N, Mishima K, Higashiyama S, Taniguchi N, Tamura A, Kirino T. The gene for heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor is stress-inducible: its role in cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19:307-20. [PMID: 10078883 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199903000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functions of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members in the adult brain are not known. This study investigated the changes in the expression of members of the EGF family following global ischemia employing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques to elucidate their roles in pathological conditions. EGF mRNA was not detected in either the control or the postischemic rat brain. Although transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) mRNA was widely expressed in the normal brain, its expression did not change appreciably following ischemia. By contrast, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) mRNA expression was rapidly increased in the CA3 sector and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, cortex, thalamus, and cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell layers. EGF receptor mRNA, which was widely expressed, also showed an increase in the CA3 sector and dentate gyrus. Conversely, HB-EGF mRNA did not show any increase prior to ischemic neuronal injury in the CA1 sector, the region most vulnerable to ischemia. Immunohistochemical detection of HB-EGF in the postischemic brain suggested a slight increase of immunostaining in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the cortex. These findings showed that the gene encoding HB-EGF is stress-inducible, indicating the likelihood that HB-EGF is a neuroprotective factor in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Baron AT, Lafky JM, Connolly DC, Peoples J, O'Kane DJ, Suman VJ, Boardman CH, Podratz KC, Maihle NJ. A sandwich type acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) detects soluble ErbB1 (sErbB1) in normal human sera. J Immunol Methods 1998; 219:23-43. [PMID: 9831386 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) is overexpressed in various human tumor-derived cell lines and neoplasms, where it is believed that receptor dysregulation plays a role in oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. In addition to the ErbB1 holoreceptor, numerous studies demonstrate that cells synthesize soluble or secreted forms of ErbB1, i.e., sErbB1. Overexpression of ErbB1 in a variety of tumors has led us to hypothesize that sErbB levels also may be altered during oncogenesis, tumor progression, and/or metastasis; and that these molecules may be useful tumor biomarkers. To address this hypothesis we have developed an acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) specific for the extracellular domain of ErbB1 that can be used to quantify the levels of sErbB1 molecules in body fluids and conditioned culture media. This assay can also detect full-length ErbB1 in cell and tissue extracts. Our ALISA is characterized by high sensitivity (intra-assay LLD < 1 fmol/ml), a broad linear range (approximately 1 to 4000 fmol/ml), and good reproducibility (CVs < 10%). Specificity experiments show that this ALISA detects p170 ErbB1 and soluble forms of ErbB1 that embody extracellular subdomains I through IV, but not forms of sErbB1 lacking subdomain IV. Our ALISA does not detect full-length ErbB2, ErbB3, or ErbB4; or p105 soluble ErbB2. We report that serum sErbB1 levels of healthy women (median = 3716 fmol/ml), ranging in age from 43 to 76 years, differ significantly from those of healthy men (median = 24,512 fmol/ml), ranging in age from 25 to 79 years. Additional analyses do not indicate that serum sErbB1 levels change with age in either healthy men or women. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that monoclonal antibodies specific for extracellular epitopes of ErbB1 completely neutralize the detection of sErbB1 in normal human sera by ALISA. Finally, we show by immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot analyses with monoclonal antibodies specific for the extracellular domain of ErbB1 that normal human female and male sera contain a approximately 110-kDa protein. We conclude that our ALISA is measuring the relative levels of this p110 sErbB1 analog in normal human sera. Our ALISA, therefore, should be useful for measuring the levels of ErbB1 and sErbB1 molecules in tumor biopsy specimens and body fluids, respectively, and for determining whether sErbB1, like ErbB1, is a useful tumor biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Baron
- Tumor Biology Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Brown NM, Wang J, Cotroneo MS, Zhao YX, Lamartiniere CA. Prepubertal genistein treatment modulates TGF-alpha, EGF and EGF-receptor mRNAs and proteins in the rat mammary gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 144:149-65. [PMID: 9863635 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that exposure to genistein early in life protects against chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. To gain insight into the mechanism of action, we have investigated the expression of the EGF-signaling pathway in the mammary glands of 21 and 50 day old rats treated on days 16, 18, and 20 postpartum with 500 microg genistein/g body weight (B.W.) or an equivalent volume of the vehicle, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). This prepubertal genistein treatment up-regulated TGF-alpha and the EGF-receptor (EGFR), but not EGF, in mammary terminal ductal structures at day 21 postpartum. TGF-alpha, EGF and EGFR mRNA levels were similar in 21 day old control- and genistein-treated animals. At day 50 postpartum, mammary glands of genistein treated rats had more lobules and fewer terminal end buds (TEBs) and terminal ducts (TDs), i.e. they were more differentiated. TGF-alpha mRNA levels were down-regulated in TEB of proestrous and estrous females; EGF mRNA levels were down-regulated in TDs of proestrous, but not in estrous females; and EGFR mRNA levels were not altered in 50 day old proestrous or estrous female rats. EGFR immunostaining intensity was decreased in TEBs, but not in the total gland. EGF was increased in TEBs and TDs. TGF-alpha, EGF and EGFR were also observed in the stroma and fat pad, but genistein treatment did not alter the expression of these proteins in those locations. TGF-alpha, but not EGF and EGFR, immunostaining was observed in cell nuclei (not modulated by genistein), suggesting that this growth factor may act directly on nuclear events such as transcription and DNA replication. For comparative purposes, prepubertal diethylstilbestrol treatment was investigated and found to decrease EGFR immunostaining intensity and total IHC staining in all terminal ductal structures. We conclude that prepubertal genistein treatment directly stimulates TGF-alpha and EGFR to enhance mammary gland differentiation. This programs the differentiated cells for a down-regulated EGF-signaling pathway in TEBs and TDs of adult mammary glands. Reduced EGFR expression at time of carcinogen exposure may account for genistein programming against mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Dvorák B, Kolínská J, McWilliam DL, Williams CS, Higdon T, Zákostelecká M, Koldovský O. The expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in the small intestine of suckling rats: organ culture study. FEBS Lett 1998; 435:119-24. [PMID: 9755871 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) are associated with regulation of various gastrointestinal functions. In order to better understand their role in developing small intestine EGF, TGF-alpha and EGF-R steady-state mRNA levels and transcript stability were determined. Reverse transcription (RT) competitive-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that intestinal TGF-alpha mRNA levels were 10-fold higher in comparison with EGF mRNA. The primary intestinal culture technique was used to evaluate mRNA stability. The stability of TGF-alpha mRNA was remarkably lower than the stability of EGF mRNA. High levels of TGF-alpha mRNA accompanied by high degradation rate of this mRNA suggested a rapid turnover of intestinal TGF-alpha mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dvorák
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724-5073, USA.
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50
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Shibutani M, Lazarovici P, Johnson AC, Katagiri Y, Guroff G. Transcriptional down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptors by nerve growth factor treatment of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:6878-84. [PMID: 9506991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.12.6878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor leads to a decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor receptors on the cell membrane. The mRNA for the epidermal growth factor receptor decreases in a comparable fashion. This decrease appears due to a decrease in the transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene because first, there is no difference in the stability of the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA, second, newly transcribed epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA is decreased in nerve growth factor-differentiated cells, and third, constructs containing the promoter region of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene are transcribed much less readily in nerve growth factor-differentiated cells than in untreated cells. The decreases in mRNA are not seen in the p140(trk)-deficient variant PC12nnr5 cells nor in cells containing either dominant-negative Ras or dominant-negative Src. Treatment with nerve growth factor also increases the cellular content of GCF2, a putative transcription factor inhibitory for the transcription of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. The increase in GCF2, like the decrease in the epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA, is not seen in PC12nnr5 cells nor in cells expressing either dominant-negative Ras or dominant-negative Src. The results suggest that nerve growth factor-induced down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor is under transcriptional control, is p140(trk)-, Ras-, and Src-dependent, and may involve transcriptional repression by GCF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibutani
- Section on Growth Factors, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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