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Shree A, Pal S, Verma PK. Structural diversification of fungal cell wall in response to the stress signaling and remodeling during fungal pathogenesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:733-747. [PMID: 38846457 PMCID: PMC11150350 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the most diverse organisms found in our surroundings. The heterotrophic lifestyle of fungi and the ever-changing external environmental factors pose numerous challenges for their survival. Despite all adversities, fungi continuously develop new survival strategies to secure nutrition and space from their host. During host-pathogen interaction, filamentous phytopathogens in particular, effectively infect their hosts by maintaining polarised growth at the tips of hyphae. The fungal cell wall, being the prime component of host contact, plays a crucial role in fortifying the intracellular environment against the harsh external environment. Structurally, the fungal cell wall is a highly dynamic yet rigid component, responsible for maintaining cellular morphology. Filamentous pathogens actively maintain their dynamic cell wall to compensate rapid growth on the host. Additionally, they secrete effectors to dampen the sophisticated mechanisms of plant defense and initiate various downstream signaling cascades to repair the damage inflicted by the host. Thus, the fungal cell wall serves as a key modulator of fungal pathogenicity. The fungal cell wall with their associated signaling mechanisms emerge as intriguing targets for host immunity. This review comprehensively examines and summarizes the multifaceted findings of various research groups regarding the dynamics of the cell wall in filamentous fungal pathogens during host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shree
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Surabhi Pal
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Li L, Zhu XM, Bao JD, Wang JY, Liu XH, Lin FC. The cell cycle, autophagy, and cell wall integrity pathway jointly governed by MoSwe1 in Magnaporthe oryzae. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:19. [PMID: 38195499 PMCID: PMC10775494 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is pivotal to cellular differentiation in plant pathogenic fungi. Cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling plays an essential role in coping with cell wall stress. Autophagy is a degradation process in which cells decompose their components to recover macromolecules and provide energy under stress conditions. However, the specific association between cell cycle, autophagy and CWI pathway remains unclear in model pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we have identified MoSwe1 as the conserved component of the cell cycle in the rice blast fungus. We have found that MoSwe1 targets MoMps1, a conserved critical MAP kinase of the CWI pathway, through protein phosphorylation that positively regulates CWI signaling. The CWI pathway is abnormal in the ΔMoswe1 mutant with cell cycle arrest. In addition, we provided evidence that MoSwe1 positively regulates autophagy by interacting with MoAtg17 and MoAtg18, the core autophagy proteins. Moreover, the S phase initiation was earlier, the morphology of conidia and appressoria was abnormal, and septum formation and glycogen degradation were impaired in the ΔMoswe1 mutant. Our research defines that MoSWE1 regulation of G1/S transition, CWI pathway, and autophagy supports its specific requirement for appressorium development and virulence in plant pathogenic fungi. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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3
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Davis J, Meyer T, Smolnig M, Smethurst DG, Neuhaus L, Heyden J, Broeskamp F, Edrich ES, Knittelfelder O, Kolb D, Haar TVD, Gourlay CW, Rockenfeller P. A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is required to prevent constitutive VDAC-dependent MAPK signalling and aberrant lipid homeostasis. iScience 2023; 26:107539. [PMID: 37636069 PMCID: PMC10450525 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is required to coordinate many cellular processes, and a loss of its plasticity has been linked to accelerated cell aging and attenuation of adaptive response mechanisms. Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that controls actin dynamics and has been linked to mitochondrial signaling pathways that control drug resistance and cell death. Here we show that cofilin-driven chronic depolarization of the actin cytoskeleton activates cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and disrupts lipid homeostasis in a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-dependent manner. Expression of the cof1-5 mutation, which reduces the dynamic nature of actin, triggers loss of cell wall integrity, vacuole fragmentation, disruption of lipid homeostasis, lipid droplet (LD) accumulation, and the promotion of cell death. The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is therefore essential to maintain the fidelity of MAPK signaling, lipid homeostasis, and cell health in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Davis
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Thorsten Meyer
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Martin Smolnig
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Neuhaus
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Jonas Heyden
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | | | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Medical University of Graz, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias von der Haar
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H), Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
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4
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Hsu P, Cheng Y, Liao C, Litan RRR, Jhou Y, Opoc FJG, Amine AAA, Leu J. Rapid evolutionary repair by secondary perturbation of a primary disrupted transcriptional network. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56019. [PMID: 37009824 PMCID: PMC10240213 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The discrete steps of transcriptional rewiring have been proposed to occur neutrally to ensure steady gene expression under stabilizing selection. A conflict-free switch of a regulon between regulators may require an immediate compensatory evolution to minimize deleterious effects. Here, we perform an evolutionary repair experiment on the Lachancea kluyveri yeast sef1Δ mutant using a suppressor development strategy. Complete loss of SEF1 forces cells to initiate a compensatory process for the pleiotropic defects arising from misexpression of TCA cycle genes. Using different selective conditions, we identify two adaptive loss-of-function mutations of IRA1 and AZF1. Subsequent analyses show that Azf1 is a weak transcriptional activator regulated by the Ras1-PKA pathway. Azf1 loss-of-function triggers extensive gene expression changes responsible for compensatory, beneficial, and trade-off phenotypes. The trade-offs can be alleviated by higher cell density. Our results not only indicate that secondary transcriptional perturbation provides rapid and adaptive mechanisms potentially stabilizing the initial stage of transcriptional rewiring but also suggest how genetic polymorphisms of pleiotropic mutations could be maintained in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po‐Chen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Cheng
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Present address:
Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonWIUSA
- Present address:
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Chia‐Wei Liao
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Yu‐Ting Jhou
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | | | - Jun‐Yi Leu
- Institute of Molecular BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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5
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Brown AJP. Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: Future perspectives and opportunities. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12946. [PMID: 35962618 PMCID: PMC10078341 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We are constantly exposed to the threat of fungal infection. The outcome-clearance, commensalism or infection-depends largely on the ability of our innate immune defences to clear infecting fungal cells versus the success of the fungus in mounting compensatory adaptive responses. As each seeks to gain advantage during these skirmishes, the interactions between host and fungal pathogen are complex and dynamic. Nevertheless, simply compromising the physiological robustness of fungal pathogens reduces their ability to evade antifungal immunity, their virulence, and their tolerance against antifungal therapy. In this article I argue that this physiological robustness is based on a 'Resilience Network' which mechanistically links and controls fungal growth, metabolism, stress resistance and drug tolerance. The elasticity of this network probably underlies the phenotypic variability of fungal isolates and the heterogeneity of individual cells within clonal populations. Consequently, I suggest that the definition of the fungal Resilience Network represents an important goal for the future which offers the clear potential to reveal drug targets that compromise drug tolerance and synergise with current antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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6
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Kothiwal D, Gopinath S, Laloraya S. Cohesin dysfunction results in cell wall defects in budding yeast. Genetics 2021; 217:1-16. [PMID: 33683362 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a conserved chromatin-binding multisubunit protein complex involved in diverse chromosomal transactions such as sister-chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, and repair. While working with a budding yeast temperature-sensitive mutant, mcd1-1, defective in a cohesin subunit, we observed that it was resistant to zymolyase, indicating an altered cell wall organization. The budding yeast cell wall is a strong but elastic structure essential for maintenance of cell shape and protection from extreme environmental challenges. Here, we show that the cohesin complex plays an important role in cell wall maintenance. Cohesin mutants showed high chitin content in the cell wall and sensitivity to multiple cell wall stress-inducing agents. Interestingly, temperature-dependent lethality of cohesin mutants was osmoremedial, in a HOG1-MAPK pathway-dependent manner, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity of these mutants may arise partially from cell wall defects. Moreover, Mpk1 hyper-phosphorylation indicated activation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway in cohesin mutants. Genetic interaction analysis revealed that the CWI pathway is essential for survival of mcd1-1 upon additional cell wall stress. The cell wall defect was independent of the cohesion function and accompanied by misregulation of expression of several genes having cell wall-related functions. Our findings reveal a requirement of cohesin in maintenance of CWI that is independent of the CWI pathway, and that may arise from cohesin's role in regulating the expression of multiple genes encoding proteins involved in cell wall organization and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepash Kothiwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Swagathnath Gopinath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shikha Laloraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
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7
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González-Rubio G, Sellers-Moya Á, Martín H, Molina M. A walk-through MAPK structure and functionality with the 30-year-old yeast MAPK Slt2. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:531-543. [PMID: 33993419 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are evolutionarily conserved signaling proteins involved in the regulation of most eukaryotic cellular processes. They are downstream components of essential signal transduction pathways activated by the external stimuli, in which the signal is conveyed through phosphorylation cascades. The excellent genetic and biochemical tractability of simple eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae has significantly contributed to gain fundamental information into the physiology of these key proteins. The budding yeast MAPK Slt2 was identified 30 years ago and was later revealed as a fundamental element of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, one of the five MAPK routes of S. cerevisiae. As occurs with other MAPKs, whereas Slt2 displays the core typical structural traits of eukaryotic protein kinases, it also features conserved domains among MAPKs that allow an exquisite spatio-temporal regulation of their activity and binding to activating kinases, downregulatory phosphatases, or nuclear transcription factors. Additionally, Slt2 bears a regulatory extra C-terminal tail unique among S. cerevisiae MAPKs. Here, we review the structural and functional basis for the signaling role of Slt2 in the context of the molecular architecture of this important family of protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema González-Rubio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Sellers-Moya
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Ohsawa S, Inoue K, Isoda T, Oku M, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y. The methanol sensor Wsc1 and MAPK Mpk1 suppress degradation of methanol-induced peroxisomes in methylotrophic yeast. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.254714. [PMID: 33771930 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, methanol is produced during the hydrolysis of pectin in plant cell walls. Methanol on plant leaves shows circadian dynamics, to which methanol-utilizing phyllosphere microorganisms adapt. In the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii (Kp; also known as Pichia pastoris), the plasma membrane protein KpWsc1 senses environmental methanol concentrations and transmits this information to induce the expression of genes for methanol metabolism and the formation of huge peroxisomes. In this study, we show that KpWsc1 and its downstream MAPK, KpMpk1, negatively regulate pexophagy in the presence of methanol concentrations greater than 0.15%. Although KpMpk1 was not necessary for expression of methanol-inducible genes and peroxisome biogenesis, KpMpk1, the transcription factor KpRlm1 and phosphatases were found to suppress pexophagy by controlling phosphorylation of KpAtg30, the key factor in regulation of pexophagy. We reveal at the molecular level how the single methanol sensor KpWsc1 commits the cell to peroxisome synthesis and degradation according to the methanol concentration, and we discuss the physiological significance of regulating pexophagy for survival in the phyllosphere. This article has an associated First Person interview with Shin Ohsawa, joint first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ohsawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Inoue
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Isoda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahide Oku
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Sogabecho Nanjo Otani, Kameoka 621-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yurimoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Sakai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, the Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Differential Role of Threonine and Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Activation and Activity of the Yeast MAPK Slt2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031110. [PMID: 33498635 PMCID: PMC7866135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Slt2 is central to signaling through the yeast Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway. MAPKs are regulated by phosphorylation at both the threonine and tyrosine of the conserved TXY motif within the activation loop (T190/Y192 in Slt2). Since phosphorylation at both sites results in the full activation of MAPKs, signaling through MAPK pathways is monitored with antibodies that detect dually phosphorylated forms. However, most of these antibodies also recognize monophosphorylated species, whose relative abundance and functionality are diverse. By using different phosphospecific antibodies and phosphate-affinity (Phos-tag) analysis on distinct Slt2 mutants, we determined that Y192- and T190-monophosphorylated species coexist with biphosphorylated Slt2, although most of the Slt2 pool remains unphosphorylated following stress. Among the monophosphorylated forms, only T190 exhibited biological activity. Upon stimulation, Slt2 is first phosphorylated at Y192, mainly by the MAPKK Mkk1, and this phosphorylation is important for the subsequent T190 phosphorylation. Similarly, dephosphorylation of Slt2 by the Dual Specificity Phosphatase (DSP) Msg5 is ordered, with dephosphorylation of T190 depending on previous Y192 dephosphorylation. Whereas Y192 phosphorylation enhances the Slt2 catalytic activity, T190 is essential for this activity. The conserved T195 residue is also critical for Slt2 functionality. Mutations that abolish the activity of Slt2 result in a high increase in inactive Y192-monophosphorylated Slt2. The coexistence of different Slt2 phosphoforms with diverse biological significance highlights the importance of the precise detection of the Slt2 phosphorylation status.
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10
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Li X, Ye H, Xu CQ, Shen XL, Zhang XL, Huang C, Cheng B, Tan YL, Xiao ZT, Pei YP, Zou K. Transcriptomic analysis reveals MAPK signaling pathways affect the autolysis in baker's yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5859490. [PMID: 32556321 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast autolysis refers to the process in which cells degrade and release intracellular contents under specific conditions by endogenous enzymes such as proteases, nucleases and lipid enzymes. Protein-rich baker's yeast is widely used to produce yeast extract in food industry, however, the molecular mechanism related to baker's yeast autolysis is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq technology and biochemical analysis were performed to analyze the autolysis processes in baker's yeast. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 27 autolysis-related euKaryotic Ortholog Groups (KOG) and three types of autolysis-induced Gene Ontology (GO) were identified and analyzed in detail. A total of 143 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways under autolysis were also assigned. Interestingly, the DEGs were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and metabolic pathways, and key genes MID2, MTL1, SLT2, PTP2, HKR1 and GPD1 may play important roles in autolysis. Further quantitative PCR was performed to verify the expression pattern in baker's yeast autolysis. Together, all these results indicated that MAPK pathways might play an essential role during autolysis process through inhibiting the metabolism and disrupting cell wall in baker's yeast. This result may provide important clues for the in-depth interpretation of the yeast autolysis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Han Ye
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Shen
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ben Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ya-Li Tan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Company Limited, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China
| | - Ze-Tao Xiao
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Yu-Peng Pei
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Kun Zou
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
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11
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CgSTE11 mediates cross tolerance to multiple environmental stressors in Candida glabrata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17036. [PMID: 31745168 PMCID: PMC6863853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a human commensal and an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. It is more closely related to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than other Candida spp. Compared with S. cerevisiae, C. glabrata exhibits higher innate tolerance to various environmental stressors, including hyperthermal stress. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms of C. glabrata adaptation to heat stress via adaptive laboratory evolution. We show that all parallel evolved populations readily adapt to hyperthermal challenge (from 47 °C to 50 °C) and exhibit convergence in evolved phenotypes with extensive cross-tolerance to various other environmental stressors such as oxidants, acids, and alcohols. Genome resequencing identified fixation of mutations in CgSTE11 in all parallel evolved populations. The CgSTE11 homolog in S. cerevisiae plays crucial roles in various mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, but its role is less understood in C. glabrata. Subsequent verification confirmed that CgSTE11 is important in hyperthermal tolerance and the observed extensive cross-tolerance to other environmental stressors. These results support the hypothesis that CgSTE11 mediates cross-talks between MAPK signaling pathways in C. glabrata in response to environmental challenges.
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12
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Sariki SK, Kumawat R, Singh V, Tomar RS. Flocculation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis dependent on activation of Slt2 and Rlm1 regulated by the cell wall integrity pathway. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1350-1369. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Sariki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Ramesh Kumawat
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
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13
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Xu F, Byström AS, Johansson MJO. SSD1 suppresses phenotypes induced by the lack of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008117. [PMID: 31465447 PMCID: PMC6738719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Elongator complex promotes formation of 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl (mcm5) and 5-carbamoylmethyl (ncm5) side-chains on uridines at the wobble position of cytosolic eukaryotic tRNAs. In all eukaryotic organisms tested to date, the inactivation of Elongator not only leads to the lack of mcm5/ncm5 groups in tRNAs, but also a wide variety of additional phenotypes. Although the phenotypes are most likely caused by a translational defect induced by reduced functionality of the hypomodified tRNAs, the mechanism(s) underlying individual phenotypes are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the genetic background modulates the phenotypes induced by the lack of mcm5/ncm5 groups in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that the stress-induced growth defects of Elongator mutants are stronger in the W303 than in the closely related S288C genetic background and that the phenotypic differences are caused by the known polymorphism at the locus for the mRNA binding protein Ssd1. Moreover, the mutant ssd1 allele found in W303 cells is required for the reported histone H3 acetylation and telomeric gene silencing defects of Elongator mutants. The difference at the SSD1 locus also partially explains why the simultaneous lack of mcm5 and 2-thio groups at wobble uridines is lethal in the W303 but not in the S288C background. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the SSD1 locus modulates phenotypes induced by the lack of Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Miles S, Li LH, Melville Z, Breeden LL. Ssd1 and the cell wall integrity pathway promote entry, maintenance, and recovery from quiescence in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2205-2217. [PMID: 31141453 PMCID: PMC6743469 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are typically diploid. When faced with glucose and nitrogen limitation they can undergo meiosis and sporulate. Diploids can also enter a protective, nondividing cellular state or quiescence. The ability to enter quiescence is highly reproducible but shows broad natural variation. Some wild diploids can only enter cellular quiescence, which indicates that there are conditions in which sporulation is lost or selected against. Others only sporulate, but if sporulation is disabled by heterozygosity at the IME1 locus, those diploids can enter quiescence. W303 haploids can enter quiescence, but their diploid counterparts cannot. This is the result of diploidy, not mating type regulation. Introduction of SSD1 to W303 diploids switches fate, in that it rescues cellular quiescence and disrupts the ability to sporulate. Ssd1 and another RNA-binding protein, Mpt5 (Puf5), have parallel roles in quiescence in haploids. The ability of these mutants to enter quiescence, and their long-term survival in the quiescent state, can be rescued by exogenously added trehalose. The cell wall integrity pathway also promotes entry, maintenance, and recovery from quiescence through the Rlm1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Miles
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Li Hong Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Zephan Melville
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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15
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Yin Z, Feng W, Chen C, Xu J, Li Y, Yang L, Wang J, Liu X, Wang W, Gao C, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Shedding light on autophagy coordinating with cell wall integrity signaling to govern pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 2019; 16:900-916. [PMID: 31313634 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1644075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are faced with various stresses during their growth and development, and autophagy is a degradative process in which cells can break down their own components to recycle macromolecules and provide energy under these stresses. For pathogenic fungi that utilize cell wall as the first barrier against external stress, the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway also provides an essential role in responding to these stresses. However, the specific connection between autophagy and CWI remains elusive in either the model fungi including budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we provided evidence that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is highly induced during M. oryzae infection and that CWI MAP kinase kinase MoMkk1 (S. cerevisiae Mkk1/2 homolog) was subject to phosphorylation regulation by MoAtg1, the only identified kinase in the core autophagy machinery. We also identified MoMkk1 serine 115 as the MoAtg1-dependent phosphorylation site and this phosphorylation could activate CWI, similar to that by the conserved MAP kinase kinase kinase MoMck1 (S. cerevisiae Bck1 homolog). Together with the first report of MoMkk1 subjects to phosphorylation regulation by MoAtg1, we revealed a new mechanism by which autophagy coordinates with CWI signaling under ER stress, and this MoAtg1-dependent MoMkk1 phosphorylation is essential for the pathogenicity of M. oryzae.Abbreviations: A/Ala: alanine; Atg: autophagy-related; Bck1: bypass of C kinase 1; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CWI: cell wall integrity;DTT: dithiothreitol; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Mo: Magnaporthe oryzae; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; Mkk1: mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase 1; MS: mass spectrometry; PAS: phagophore assembly site; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RT: room temperature; S/Ser: serine; Slt2: suppressor of the lytic phenotype 2; T/Thr: threonine; UPR: unfolded protein response; Y2H: yeast two-hybrid screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Kumar S, Masison DC. Hsp70-nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) Fes1 has non-NEF roles in degradation of gluconeogenic enzymes and cell wall integrity. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008219. [PMID: 31242183 PMCID: PMC6615629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fes1 is a conserved armadillo repeat-containing Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factor important for growth at high temperature, proteasomal protein degradation and prion propagation. Depleting or mutating Fes1 induces a stress response and causes defects in these processes that are ascribed solely to disruption of Fes1 regulation of Hsp70. Here, we find Fes1 was essential for degradation of gluconeogenic enzymes by the vacuole import and degradation (Vid) pathway and for cell wall integrity (CWI), which is crucial for growth at high temperature. Unexpectedly, Fes1 mutants defective in physical or functional interaction with Hsp70 retained activities that support Vid and CWI. Fes1 and the Fes1 mutants bound to the Vid substrate Fbp1 in vitro and captured Slt2, a signaling kinase that regulates CWI, from cell lysates. Our data show that the armadillo domain of Fes1 binds proteins other than Hsp70, that Fes1 has important Hsp70-independent roles in the cell, and that major growth defects caused by depleting Fes1 are due to loss of these functions rather than to loss of Hsp70 regulation. We uncovered diverse functions of Fes1 beyond its defined role in regulating Hsp70, which points to possible multi-functionality among its conserved counterparts in other organisms or organelles. Fes1, a yeast homolog of human nucleotide exchange factor HspBP1, binds and regulates Hsp70, a universally conserved protein that helps maintain health of proteins in cells. Fes1 is believed to function only by helping Hsp70 release ADP and substrates and cells lacking Fes1 are sick. We find Fes1 is essential for protein degradation by a vacuolar pathway (Vid) and for cell wall integrity (CWI), and it interacts with a Vid substrate and a regulator of CWI. Fes1 mutants that cannot regulate Hsp70 can still support Vid and CWI, interact with proteins involved in these processes and restore cell health. Thus, Fes1 binds proteins other than Hsp70 and has important functions beyond regulating Hsp70 that are needed for optimal cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Masison
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bállega E, Carballar R, Samper B, Ricco N, Ribeiro MP, Bru S, Jiménez J, Clotet J. Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of G1 cyclins. A tool for studying the cell cycle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218531. [PMID: 31237904 PMCID: PMC6592645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is driven by the actions of several cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and an array of regulatory proteins called cyclins, due to the cyclical expression patterns of the latter. In yeast, the accepted pattern of cyclin waves is based on qualitative studies performed by different laboratories using different strain backgrounds, different growing conditions and media, and different kinds of genetic manipulation. Additionally, only the subset of cyclins regulating Cdc28 was included, while the Pho85 cyclins were excluded. We describe a comprehensive, quantitative and accurate blueprint of G1 cyclins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that, in addition to validating previous conclusions, yields new findings and establishes an accurate G1 cyclin blueprint. For the purposes of this research, we produced a collection of strains with all G1 cyclins identically tagged using the same and most respectful procedure possible. We report the contribution of each G1 cyclin for a broad array of growing and stress conditions, describe an unknown role for Pcl2 in heat-stress conditions and demonstrate the importance of maintaining the 3’UTR sequence of cyclins untouched during the tagging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Bállega
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Carballar
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Samper
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Ricco
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P. Ribeiro
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Bru
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (JC)
| | - Josep Clotet
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (JC)
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18
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Ahmed K, Carter DE, Lajoie P. Hyperactive
TORC
1 sensitizes yeast cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by compromising cell wall integrity. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1957-1973. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - David E. Carter
- Robarts Research Institute The University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology The University of Western Ontario London Canada
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19
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Liu L, Levin DE. Intracellular mechanism by which genotoxic stress activates yeast SAPK Mpk1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2898-2909. [PMID: 30230955 PMCID: PMC6249863 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinases (SAPKs) respond to a wide variety of stressors. In most cases, the pathways through which specific stress signals are transmitted to the SAPKs are not known. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAPK Mpk1 (Slt2) is a well-characterized component of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway, which responds to physical and chemical challenges to the cell wall. However, Mpk1 is also activated in response to genotoxic stress through an unknown pathway. We show that, in contrast to cell-wall stress, the pathway for Mpk1 activation by genotoxic stress does not involve the stimulation of the MAP kinase kinases (MEKs) that function immediately upstream of Mpk1. Instead, DNA damage activates Mpk1 through induction of proteasomal degradation of Msg5, the dual-specificity protein phosphatase principally responsible for maintaining Mpk1 in a low-activity state in the absence of stress. Blocking Msg5 degradation in response to genotoxic stress prevented Mpk1 activation. This work raises the possibility that other Mpk1-activating stressors act intracellularly at different points along the canonical Mpk1 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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20
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Sukegawa Y, Negishi T, Kikuchi Y, Ishii K, Imanari M, Ghanegolmohammadi F, Nogami S, Ohya Y. Genetic dissection of the signaling pathway required for the cell wall integrity checkpoint. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.219063. [PMID: 29853633 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall integrity checkpoint monitors synthesis of cell wall materials during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Upon perturbation of cell wall synthesis, the cell wall integrity checkpoint is activated, downregulating Clb2 transcription. Here, we identified genes involved in this checkpoint by genetic screening of deletion mutants. In addition to the previously identified dynactin complex, the Las17 complex, in particular the Bzz1 and Vrp1 components, plays a role in this checkpoint. We also revealed that the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) and cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are essential for checkpoint function. The defective checkpoint caused by the deficient dynactin and Las17 complexes was rescued by hyperactivation of the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway, but not by the activated form of Hog1, suggesting an order to these signaling pathways. Mutation of Fkh2, a transcription factor important for Clb2 expression, suppressed the checkpoint-defective phenotype of Las17, HOG MAPK and cell wall integrity MAPK mutations. These results provide genetic evidence that signaling from the cell surface regulates the downstream transcriptional machinery to activate the cell wall integrity checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sukegawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan.,AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Bldg. Kashiwa Research Complex 2, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8565, Japan
| | - Takahiro Negishi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yo Kikuchi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Miyuki Imanari
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Farzan Ghanegolmohammadi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Satoru Nogami
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ohya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan .,AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Bldg. Kashiwa Research Complex 2, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8565, Japan
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21
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Zhen Z, Xing X, Xie M, Yang L, Yang X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Ma N, Li Q, Zhang KQ, Yang J. MAP kinase Slt2 orthologs play similar roles in conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity in two nematode-trapping fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:42-50. [PMID: 29702229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Slt2 is a key player in the cell-wall integrity pathway of budding yeast. In this study, we functionally characterized Slt2 orthologs AoSlt2 and MhSlt2 from the nematode-trapping fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora and Monacrosporium haptotylum, respectively. We found that disruption of AoSlt2 and MhSlt2 led to reduced mycelial growth, increased sensitivity to environmental stresses such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Congo red, and H2O2, and an inability to produce conidia and nematode-trapping structures. Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based analyses showed that the transcription of sporulation-related (AbaA, Sep2, and MedA) and cell wall synthesis-related (Chs, Glu, and Gfpa) genes was down-regulated in the mutants compared with the wild-type strains. Moreover, the mutant strains showed reduced extracellular proteolytic activity and decreased transcription of three homologous serine protease-encoding genes. These results show for the first time that MAP kinase Slt2 orthologs play similar roles in regulating mycelial growth, conidiation, trap formation, stress resistance, and pathogenicity in the divergent nematode-trapping fungal species A. oligospora and M. haptotylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xinjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yaqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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22
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Kim H, Thak EJ, Yeon JY, Sohn MJ, Choo JH, Kim JY, Kang HA. Functional analysis of Mpk1-mediated cell wall integrity signaling pathway in the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. J Microbiol 2018; 56:72-82. [PMID: 29299840 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics and regulation mechanisms of cell wall integrity (CWI) in yeast is important not only for basic research but also in biotechnological applications. We found significantly different CWIs in two representative strains of the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Compared to the A16 strain (classified as Ogataea polymorpha), the DL1-L strain (classified as Ogataea parapolymorpha) has a thinner cell wall that was found to be more fragile following long-term cultivation and more sensitive to zymolyase. To gain a deeper insight into this difference, we compared the characteristics of the Mpk1pmediated CWI signaling pathway in the two strains. While a DL1-L mutant deficient in Mpk1p (mpk1Δ) showed severe growth retardation at both normal and high growth temperatures and in the presence of cell-wall disrupting agents, the A16 mpk1Δ mutant displayed only a mild defect in cell growth. Sorbitol effect on rescuing growth retardation was different in the two mpk1Δ strains, which could partly be ascribed to subtle differences in the activation of HOG pathway. Among the cell wall disruptors evaluated, only caffeine clearly increased phosphorylation of Mpk1p in DL1-L, but not in A16. A transcriptome analysis of the DL1-L strain revealed that caffeine significantly increased the expression of a subset of cell-wall related genes in an Mpk1p-dependent manner, but not the expected Rlm1-target genes. Taken together, our data support an essential role for Mpk1p in maintaining CWI in H. polymorpha, although the requirement for Mpk1p and its regulation under diverse stress conditions varies depending on the strain background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunah Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Thak
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Yeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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23
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The TORC2-Dependent Signaling Network in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030066. [PMID: 28872598 PMCID: PMC5618247 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To grow, eukaryotic cells must expand by inserting glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and proteins into their plasma membrane, and maintain the proper levels and bilayer distribution. A fungal cell must coordinate growth with enlargement of its cell wall. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a plasma membrane-localized protein kinase complex, Target of Rapamicin (TOR) complex-2 (TORC2) (mammalian ortholog is mTORC2), serves as a sensor and master regulator of these plasma membrane- and cell wall-associated events by directly phosphorylating and thereby stimulating the activity of two types of effector protein kinases: Ypk1 (mammalian ortholog is SGK1), along with a paralog (Ypk2); and, Pkc1 (mammalian ortholog is PKN2/PRK2). Ypk1 is a central regulator of pathways and processes required for plasma membrane lipid and protein homeostasis, and requires phosphorylation on its T-loop by eisosome-associated protein kinase Pkh1 (mammalian ortholog is PDK1) and a paralog (Pkh2). For cell survival under various stresses, Ypk1 function requires TORC2-mediated phosphorylation at multiple sites near its C terminus. Pkc1 controls diverse processes, especially cell wall synthesis and integrity. Pkc1 is also regulated by Pkh1- and TORC2-dependent phosphorylation, but, in addition, by interaction with Rho1-GTP and lipids phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and diacylglycerol (DAG). We also describe here what is currently known about the downstream substrates modulated by Ypk1-mediated and Pkc1-mediated phosphorylation.
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Yin Z, Tang W, Wang J, Liu X, Yang L, Gao C, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Phosphodiesterase MoPdeH targets MoMck1 of the conserved mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling pathway to regulate cell wall integrity in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:654-668. [PMID: 27193947 PMCID: PMC6638318 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, the high-affinity cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase MoPdeH is important not only for cAMP signalling and pathogenicity, but also for cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance through an unknown mechanism. By utilizing affinity purification, we found that MoPdeH interacts with MoMck1, one of the components of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade that regulates CWI. Overexpression of MoMCK1 suppressed defects in autolysis and pathogenicity of the ΔMopdeH mutant, although partially, suggesting that MoPdeH plays a critical role in CWI maintenance mediated by the MAP kinase pathway. We found that MoMck1 and two other MAP kinase cascade components, MoMkk1 and MoMps1, modulate intracellular cAMP levels by regulating the expression of MoPDEH through a feedback loop. In addition, disruption of MoMKK1 resulted in less aerial hyphal formation, defective asexual development and attenuated pathogenicity. Moreover, MoMkk1 plays a role in the response to osmotic stress via regulation of MoOsm1 phosphorylation levels, whereas endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress enhances MoMps1 phosphorylation and loss of the MAP kinase cascade component affects the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that MoPdeH functions upstream of the MoMck1-MoMkk1-MoMps1 MAP kinase pathway to regulate CWI, and that MoPdeH also mediates crosstalk between the cAMP signalling pathway, the osmotic sensing high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway and the dithiothreitol (DTT)-induced UPR pathway in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Leng G, Song K. Direct interaction of Ste11 and Mkk1/2 through Nst1 integrates high-osmolarity glycerol and pheromone pathways to the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:148-60. [PMID: 26787465 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Coordination and cross talks of MAPK pathways are critical for signaling efficiency, but their mechanisms are not well understood. Slt2, the MAP kinase of cell wall integrity pathway (CWI), is activated by heat stress even in the absence of upstream components of this pathway, suggesting a supplementary input for Slt2 activation. Here, we identify a new interaction of Ste11 and Mkk1, mediated by Nst1 that connects the high-osmolarity glycerol and pheromone pathways directly to CWI pathway in response to heat and pheromone. We suggest that Ser(407) and Thr(411) are novel residues of Mkk1 activated by these MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Leng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Darieva Z, Webber A, Warwood S, Sharrocks AD. Protein kinase C coordinates histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation. eLife 2015; 4:e09886. [PMID: 26468616 PMCID: PMC4714974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The re-assembly of chromatin following DNA replication is a critical event in the maintenance of genome integrity. Histone H3 acetylation at K56 and phosphorylation at T45 are two important chromatin modifications that accompany chromatin assembly. Here we have identified the protein kinase Pkc1 as a key regulator that coordinates the deposition of these modifications in S. cerevisiae under conditions of replicative stress. Pkc1 phosphorylates the histone acetyl transferase Rtt109 and promotes its ability to acetylate H3K56. Our data also reveal novel cross-talk between two different histone modifications as Pkc1 also enhances H3T45 phosphorylation and this modification is required for H3K56 acetylation. Our data therefore uncover an important role for Pkc1 in coordinating the deposition of two different histone modifications that are important for chromatin assembly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09886.001 Prior to cell division, DNA must be copied so that each new cell gets a complete copy of the cell’s genetic instructions. But DNA is so long that it is stored in a heavily compacted form in the nucleus of the cell, with the strands of DNA coiled around several proteins called histones. Before the DNA is copied, it must be unfurled. Then each new copy of DNA must be repackaged to fit compactly inside the nucleus of each new cell. If errors occur in the process of copying DNA, it can lead to genetic mutations that may cause diseases like cancer. To prevent this, cells have mechanisms to identify errors and correct them before the DNA is repackaged. This requires a pause to allow the repairs to occur before the DNA recoils. However, it is not completely clear how this process is controlled. Now, Darieva et al. show that an enzyme called protein kinase C (or Pkc1 for short) is essential to repackaging DNA after the errors are corrected. Several experiments showed that Pkc1 plays an important role when cells were exposed to stressful conditions that potentially cause errors in DNA copying. Specifically, Pkc1 helps prepare the third histone protein (histone H3) so that DNA can recoil around it. Pkc1 waits until the stressful conditions have passed and the DNA has been repaired to make the necessary changes. Once the stress has passed, Pkc1 adds a phosphate to another enzyme called Rtt109 that prepares the histone. The Pkc1 simultaneously contributes to another necessary change to histone H3. These new details about DNA repackaging may help researchers understand how cells protect against DNA copying errors, and how this process goes wrong in cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09886.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoulfia Darieva
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Webber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Warwood
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Boyce KJ, Andrianopoulos A. Fungal dimorphism: the switch from hyphae to yeast is a specialized morphogenetic adaptation allowing colonization of a host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:797-811. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Yi DG, Huh WK. PKA, PHO and stress response pathways regulate the expression of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase through Msn2/4 in budding yeast. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Srivastava VK, Suneetha KJ, Kaur R. The mitogen-activated protein kinase CgHog1 is required for iron homeostasis, adherence and virulence in Candida glabrata. FEBS J 2015; 282:2142-66. [PMID: 25772226 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata has emerged as a major fungal pathogen over the last two decades, although our understanding of its survival strategies inside the mammalian host remains rudimentary. An important requirement for survival in vivo is the ability to acquire critical nutrients such as iron from host niches of varied iron content. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that C. glabrata cells respond to high external iron levels via activation of two stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, CgHog1 and CgSlt2, and lack of either kinase results in sensitivity to the high-iron medium. Furthermore, we show that CgHOG1 deletion led to perturbed iron homeostasis (elevated intracellular iron content and high mitochondrial aconitase activity), reduced survival in macrophages and attenuated virulence in the murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Consistently, several genes implicated in iron acquisition and storage displayed deregulated expression in the Cghog1∆ mutant. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling analysis revealed upregulation of genes implicated in DNA repair, RNA processing and autophagy, and downregulation of genes related to cellular respiration and organonitrogen compound metabolism under iron-limiting conditions. In contrast, genes involved in the respiratory electron transport chain were induced under iron-replete conditions. Gene expression microarrays also identified a set of iron-responsive regulon in C. glabrata. Lastly, we present evidence for the iron-regulated expression of the major adhesin-encoding EPA1 gene, decreased histone deacetylase activity in a high-iron environment and increased adherence of iron-surplus-medium-grown C. glabrata cells to epithelial cells. Together, our findings yield novel insights into iron abundance-based regulation of transcriptional and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal University, India
| | - Korivi J Suneetha
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Engelberg D, Perlman R, Levitzki A. Transmembrane signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for signaling in metazoans: state of the art after 25 years. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2865-78. [PMID: 25218923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the very first article that appeared in Cellular Signalling, published in its inaugural issue in October 1989, we reviewed signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast was already a powerful model organism for the study of cellular processes, it was not yet a valuable instrument for the investigation of signaling cascades. In 1989, therefore, we discussed only two pathways, the Ras/cAMP and the mating (Fus3) signaling cascades. The pivotal findings concerning those pathways undoubtedly contributed to the realization that yeast is a relevant model for understanding signal transduction in higher eukaryotes. Consequently, the last 25 years have witnessed the discovery of many signal transduction pathways in S. cerevisiae, including the high osmotic glycerol (Hog1), Stl2/Mpk1 and Smk1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, the TOR, AMPK/Snf1, SPS, PLC1 and Pkr/Gcn2 cascades, and systems that sense and respond to various types of stress. For many cascades, orthologous pathways were identified in mammals following their discovery in yeast. Here we review advances in the understanding of signaling in S. cerevisiae over the last 25 years. When all pathways are analyzed together, some prominent themes emerge. First, wiring of signaling cascades may not be identical in all S. cerevisiae strains, but is probably specific to each genetic background. This situation complicates attempts to decipher and generalize these webs of reactions. Secondly, the Ras/cAMP and the TOR cascades are pivotal pathways that affect all processes of the life of the yeast cell, whereas the yeast MAP kinase pathways are not essential. Yeast cells deficient in all MAP kinases proliferate normally. Another theme is the existence of central molecular hubs, either as single proteins (e.g., Msn2/4, Flo11) or as multisubunit complexes (e.g., TORC1/2), which are controlled by numerous pathways and in turn determine the fate of the cell. It is also apparent that lipid signaling is less developed in yeast than in higher eukaryotes. Finally, feedback regulatory mechanisms seem to be at least as important and powerful as the pathways themselves. In the final chapter of this essay we dare to imagine the essence of our next review on signaling in yeast, to be published on the 50th anniversary of Cellular Signalling in 2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way, Innovation Wing, #03-09, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Riki Perlman
- Hematology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Hayes BME, Anderson MA, Traven A, van der Weerden NL, Bleackley MR. Activation of stress signalling pathways enhances tolerance of fungi to chemical fungicides and antifungal proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2651-66. [PMID: 24526056 PMCID: PMC11113482 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal disease is an increasing problem in both agriculture and human health. Treatment of human fungal disease involves the use of chemical fungicides, which generally target the integrity of the fungal plasma membrane or cell wall. Chemical fungicides used for the treatment of plant disease, have more diverse mechanisms of action including inhibition of sterol biosynthesis, microtubule assembly and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, these treatments have limitations, including toxicity and the emergence of resistance. This has led to increased interest in the use of antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of fungal disease in both plants and humans. Antimicrobial peptides are a diverse group of molecules with differing mechanisms of action, many of which remain poorly understood. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that stress response pathways are involved in the tolerance of fungi to both chemical fungicides and antimicrobial peptides. These signalling pathways such as the cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol pathway are triggered by stimuli, such as cell wall instability, changes in osmolarity and production of reactive oxygen species. Here we review stress signalling induced by treatment of fungi with chemical fungicides and antifungal peptides. Study of these pathways gives insight into how these molecules exert their antifungal effect and also into the mechanisms used by fungi to tolerate sub-lethal treatment by these molecules. Inactivation of stress response pathways represents a potential method of increasing the efficacy of antifungal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M. E. Hayes
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Marilyn A. Anderson
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | | | - Mark R. Bleackley
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
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Li A, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li D, Liu X, Tao K, Ye W, Wang Y. PsMPK1, an SLT2-type mitogen-activated protein kinase, is required for hyphal growth, zoosporogenesis, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in Phytophthora sojae. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 65:14-24. [PMID: 24480463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in the regulation of vegetative and pathogenic growth in plant pathogens. Here, we identified an SLT2-type MAP kinase in Phytophthora sojae, PsMPK1, which was transcriptionally induced in sporulating hyphae and the early stages of infection. Silencing of PsMPK1 caused defects in growth and zoosporogenesis, and increased hyphal swellings after the induction of sporangia formation, along with increasing hypersensitivity to cell wall-degrading enzymes. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall of PsMPK1-silenced mutants was also deleteriously affected. A dark outermost layer in the cell walls disappeared in the mutants, and an additional layer of the mutant cell wall that was deposited abnormally inside an inner bright layer appeared nonhomogeneous and rough compared to the wild type. Pathogenicity assays showed that PsMPK1-silenced transformants lost their pathogenicity on susceptible soybean host plants and triggered stronger cell death. Overall, PsMPK1 is involved in growth, differentiation, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity in P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aining Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Delong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Jin C, Strich R, Cooper KF. Slt2p phosphorylation induces cyclin C nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation in response to oxidative stress. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1396-407. [PMID: 24554767 PMCID: PMC3983003 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved transcription factor cyclin C is both translocated to the cytoplasm and destroyed after oxidative stress. The signaling pathway that transmits the stress signal to cyclin C is complex and uses both the MAPK Slt2p and its pseudokinase homologue, Kdx1, via different mechanisms. The yeast C-type cyclin represses the transcription of genes required for the stress response and meiosis. To relieve this repression, cyclin C undergoes nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation in response to many stressors, including hydrogen peroxide, where it is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Before its destruction, cyclin C promotes stress-induced mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death, indicating that relocalization is an important cell fate regulator. Here we show that cyclin C cytoplasmic translocation requires the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2p, its pseudokinase paralogue, Kdx1p, and an associating transcription factor, Ask10p. Furthermore, Slt2p and Kdx1p regulate cyclin C stability through different but required mechanisms. Slt2p associates with, and directly phosphorylates, cyclin C at Ser-266. Eliminating or mimicking phosphorylation at this site restricts or enhances cyclin C cytoplasmic translocation and degradation, respectively. Conversely, Kdx1p does not bind cyclin C but instead coimmunoprecipitates with Ask10p, a transcription factor previously identified as a regulator of cyclin C destruction. These results reveal a complex regulatory circuitry involving both downstream effectors of the CWI mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway to target the relocalization and consequent destruction of a single transcriptional repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
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Participation of Candida albicans transcription factor RLM1 in cell wall biogenesis and virulence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86270. [PMID: 24466000 PMCID: PMC3900518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans cell wall is important for growth and interaction with the environment. RLM1 is one of the putative transcription factors involved in the cell wall integrity pathway, which plays an important role in the maintenance of the cell wall integrity. In this work we investigated the involvement of RLM1 in the cell wall biogenesis and in virulence. Newly constructed C. albicans Δ/Δrlm1 mutants showed typical cell wall weakening phenotypes, such as hypersensitivity to Congo Red, Calcofluor White, and caspofungin (phenotype reverted in the presence of sorbitol), confirming the involvement of RLM1 in the cell wall integrity. Additionally, the cell wall of C. albicans Δ/Δrlm1 showed a significant increase in chitin (213%) and reduction in mannans (60%), in comparison with the wild-type, results that are consistent with cell wall remodelling. Microarray analysis in the absence of any stress showed that deletion of RLM1 in C. albicans significantly down-regulated genes involved in carbohydrate catabolism such as DAK2, GLK4, NHT1 and TPS1, up-regulated genes involved in the utilization of alternative carbon sources, like AGP2, SOU1, SAP6, CIT1 or GAL4, and genes involved in cell adhesion like ECE1, ALS1, ALS3, HWP1 or RBT1. In agreement with the microarray results adhesion assays showed an increased amount of adhering cells and total biomass in the mutant strain, in comparison with the wild-type. C. albicans mutant Δ/Δrlm1 strain was also found to be less virulent than the wild-type and complemented strains in the murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Overall, we showed that in the absence of RLM1 the modifications in the cell wall composition alter yeast interaction with the environment, with consequences in adhesion ability and virulence. The gene expression findings suggest that this gene participates in the cell wall biogenesis, with the mutant rearranging its metabolic pathways to allow the use of alternative carbon sources.
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Medina-Castellanos E, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Heil M, Herrera-Estrella A. Extracellular ATP activates MAPK and ROS signaling during injury response in the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:659. [PMID: 25484887 PMCID: PMC4240048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The response to mechanical damage is crucial for the survival of multicellular organisms, enabling their adaptation to hostile environments. Trichoderma atroviride, a filamentous fungus of great importance in the biological control of plant diseases, responds to mechanical damage by activating regenerative processes and asexual reproduction (conidiation). During this response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the NADPH oxidase complex. To understand the underlying early signaling events, we evaluated molecules such as extracellular ATP (eATP) and Ca(2+) that are known to trigger wound-induced responses in plants and animals. Concretely, we investigated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways by eATP, Ca(2+), and ROS. Indeed, application of exogenous ATP and Ca(2+) triggered conidiation. Furthermore, eATP promoted the Nox1-dependent production of ROS and activated a MAPK pathway. Mutants in the MAPK-encoding genes tmk1 and tmk3 were affected in wound-induced conidiation, and phosphorylation of both Tmk1 and Tmk3 was triggered by eATP. We conclude that in this fungus, eATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Our data indicate the existence of an eATP receptor and suggest that in fungi, eATP triggers pathways that converge to regulate asexual reproduction genes that are required for injury-induced conidiation. By contrast, Ca(2+) is more likely to act as a downstream second messenger. The early steps of mechanical damage response in T. atroviride share conserved elements with those known from plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-IrapuatoIrapuato, México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodeversidad, CINVESTAV-IrapuatoIrapuato, México
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodeversidad, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, México e-mail:
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Yano K, Uesono Y, Yoshida S, Kikuchi A, Kashiwazaki J, Mabuchi I, Kikuchi Y. Mih1/Cdc25 is negatively regulated by Pkc1 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Cells 2013; 18:425-41. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouitiro Yano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Yukifumi Uesono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Biomedical Sciences Research Center; Brandeis University; 415 South Street; Waltham; MA; 02454; USA
| | - Akihiko Kikuchi
- School of Medicine; Nagoya University; Tsurumai; Shouwa-ku; Nagoya; Aichi; 466-8550; Japan
| | - Jun Kashiwazaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science; Gakushuin University; 1-5-1 Mejiro; Toshima-ku; Tokyo; 171-8588; Japan
| | - Issei Mabuchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science; Gakushuin University; 1-5-1 Mejiro; Toshima-ku; Tokyo; 171-8588; Japan
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RNA preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the digestion method may give misleading results. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1620-32. [PMID: 23325148 PMCID: PMC3593083 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zymolyase (lyticase) is used for cell wall digestion in yeast experiments and is needed for incubation processes under moderate experimental conditions. This has been thought to cause unfavorable effects, and many researchers are aware that the enzyme method is unsuitable for RNA preparation following several reports of stress responses to the enzyme process. However, RNA preparation with enzyme digestion continues to be used. This may be because there have been insufficient data directly comparing RNA preparation conditions with previous studies. We investigated the influence of enzyme processes in RNA preparation using a DNA microarray, and compared superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities with a non-treated control and the results of previous research. Gene expressions were commonly changed by enzyme processes, and SOD activities increased only during short-term incubation. Meanwhile, both SOD gene expressions and SOD activity during RNA preparation indicated different results than gained under conditions of long-term incubation. These results suggest that zymolyase treatment surely influences gene expressions and enzyme activity, although the effect assumed by previous studies is not necessarily in agreement with that of RNA preparation.
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Miyamoto M, Furuichi Y, Komiyama T. The high-osmolarity glycerol- and cell wall integrity-MAP kinase pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved in adaptation to the action of killer toxin HM-1. Yeast 2012; 29:475-85. [PMID: 23065846 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fps1p is an aquaglyceroporin important for turgor regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously we reported the involvement of Fps1p in the yeast-killing action of killer toxin HM-1. The fps1 cells showed a high HM-1-resistant phenotype in hypotonic medium and an HM-1-susceptible phenotype in hypertonic medium. This osmotic dependency in HM-1 susceptibility was similar to those observed in Congo red, but different from those observed in other cell wall-disturbing agents. These results indicate that HM-1 exerts fungicidal activity mainly by binding and inserting into the yeast cell wall structure, rather than by inhibiting 1,3-β-glucan synthase. We next determined HM-1-susceptibility and diphospho-MAP kinase inductions in S. cerevisiae. In the wild-type cell, expressions of diphospho-Hog1p and -Slt2p, and mRNA transcription of CWP1 and HOR2, were induced within 1 h after an addition of HM-1. ssk1 and pbs2 cells, but not sho1 and hkr1 cells, showed HM-1-sensitive phenotypes and lacked inductions of phospho-Hog1p in response to HM-1. mid2, rom2 and bck1 cells showed HM-1-sensitive phenotypes and decreased inductions of phospho-Slt2p in response to HM-1. From these results, we postulated that the Sln1-Ypd1-Ssk1 branch of the high-osmolality glycerol (HOG) pathway and plasma membrane sensors of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway detect cell wall stresses caused by HM-1. We further suggested that activations of both HOG and CWI pathways have an important role in the adaptive response to HM-1 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Jaime MDLA, Lopez-Llorca LV, Conesa A, Lee AY, Proctor M, Heisler LE, Gebbia M, Giaever G, Westwood JT, Nislow C. Identification of yeast genes that confer resistance to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) using chemogenomics. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:267. [PMID: 22727066 PMCID: PMC3505485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is an abundant, and renewable natural polymer. COS has higher antimicrobial properties than chitosan and is presumed to act by disrupting/permeabilizing the cell membranes of bacteria, yeast and fungi. COS is relatively non-toxic to mammals. By identifying the molecular and genetic targets of COS, we hope to gain a better understanding of the antifungal mode of action of COS. Results Three different chemogenomic fitness assays, haploinsufficiency (HIP), homozygous deletion (HOP), and multicopy suppression (MSP) profiling were combined with a transcriptomic analysis to gain insight in to the mode of action and mechanisms of resistance to chitosan oligosaccharides. The fitness assays identified 39 yeast deletion strains sensitive to COS and 21 suppressors of COS sensitivity. The genes identified are involved in processes such as RNA biology (transcription, translation and regulatory mechanisms), membrane functions (e.g. signalling, transport and targeting), membrane structural components, cell division, and proteasome processes. The transcriptomes of control wild type and 5 suppressor strains overexpressing ARL1, BCK2, ERG24, MSG5, or RBA50, were analyzed in the presence and absence of COS. Some of the up-regulated transcripts in the suppressor overexpressing strains exposed to COS included genes involved in transcription, cell cycle, stress response and the Ras signal transduction pathway. Down-regulated transcripts included those encoding protein folding components and respiratory chain proteins. The COS-induced transcriptional response is distinct from previously described environmental stress responses (i.e. thermal, salt, osmotic and oxidative stress) and pre-treatment with these well characterized environmental stressors provided little or any resistance to COS. Conclusions Overexpression of the ARL1 gene, a member of the Ras superfamily that regulates membrane trafficking, provides protection against COS-induced cell membrane permeability and damage. We found that the ARL1 COS-resistant over-expression strain was as sensitive to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole and Terbinafine as the wild type cells and that when COS and Fluconazole are used in combination they act in a synergistic fashion. The gene targets of COS identified in this study indicate that COS’s mechanism of action is different from other commonly studied fungicides that target membranes, suggesting that COS may be an effective fungicide for drug-resistant fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D L A Jaime
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Cooper KF, Scarnati MS, Krasley E, Mallory MJ, Jin C, Law MJ, Strich R. Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is required for Not4-dependent cyclin C destruction. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1015-26. [PMID: 22421358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cyclin-C-Cdk8p kinase complex represses the transcription of a subset of genes involved in the stress response. To relieve this repression, cyclin C is destroyed in cells exposed to H(2)O(2) by the 26S proteasome. This report identifies Not4p as the ubiquitin ligase mediating H(2)O(2)-induced cyclin C destruction. Not4p is required for H(2)O(2)-induced cyclin C destruction in vivo and polyubiquitylates cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wall-integrity MAPK module and phospholipase C, and these signaling pathways are also required for cyclin C destruction. In addition, blocking cytoplasmic translocation slows the mRNA induction kinetics of two stress response genes repressed by cyclin C. Finally, a cyclin C derivative restricted to the cytoplasm is still subject to Not4p-dependent destruction, indicating that the degradation signal does not occur in the nucleus. These results identify a stress-induced proteolytic pathway regulating cyclin C that requires nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization and Not4p-mediated ubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Two Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08055, USA
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Jendretzki A, Wittland J, Wilk S, Straede A, Heinisch JJ. How do I begin? Sensing extracellular stress to maintain yeast cell wall integrity. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:740-4. [PMID: 21640429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall integrity (CWI) signalling pathway is necessary to remodel the yeast cell wall during normal morphogenesis and in response to cell surface stress. In the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a set of five membrane-spanning sensors, namely Wsc1, Wsc2, Wsc3, Mid2 and Mtl1, detect perturbations in the cell wall and/or the plasma membrane and activate a downstream signal transduction pathway with a central MAP kinase module. As a consequence, the expression of genes whose products are involved in cell wall structure and remodelling is induced. This review summarises our recent results on sensor structure and function, as well as the advances made regarding sensor mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jendretzki
- University of Osnabrück, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Department of Genetics, Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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42
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Hsieh MT, Chen RH. Cdc48 and cofactors Npl4-Ufd1 are important for G1 progression during heat stress by maintaining cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18988. [PMID: 21526151 PMCID: PMC3079750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-selective chaperone Cdc48, a member of the AAA (ATPase Associated with various cellular Activities) ATPase superfamily, is involved in many processes, including endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), ubiquitin- and proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and mitosis. Although Cdc48 was originally isolated as a cell cycle mutant in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, its cell cycle functions have not been well appreciated. We found that temperature-sensitive cdc48-3 mutant is largely arrested at mitosis at 37°C, whereas the mutant is also delayed in G1 progression at 38.5°C. Reporter assays show that the promoter activity of G1 cyclin CLN1, but not CLN2, is reduced in cdc48-3 at 38.5°C. The cofactor npl4-1 and ufd1-2 mutants also exhibit G1 delay and reduced CLN1 promoter activity at 38.5°C, suggesting that Npl4-Ufd1 complex mediates the function of Cdc48 at G1. The G1 delay of cdc48-3 at 38.5°C is a consequence of cell wall defect that over-activates Mpk1, a MAPK family member important for cell wall integrity in response to stress conditions including heat shock. cdc48-3 is hypersensitive to cell wall perturbing agents and is synthetic-sick with mutations in the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Our results suggest that the cell wall defect in cdc48-3 is exacerbated by heat shock, which sustains Mpk1 activity to block G1 progression. Thus, Cdc48-Npl4-Ufd1 is important for the maintenance of cell wall integrity in order for normal cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rey-Huei Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Benjaphokee S, Koedrith P, Auesukaree C, Asvarak T, Sugiyama M, Kaneko Y, Boonchird C, Harashima S. CDC19 encoding pyruvate kinase is important for high-temperature tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:166-76. [PMID: 21459167 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Use of thermotolerant strains is a promising way to reduce the cost of maintaining optimum temperatures in the fermentation process. Here we investigated genetically a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain showing a high-temperature (41°C) growth (Htg(+)) phenotype and the result suggested that the Htg(+) phenotype of this Htg(+) strain is dominant and under the control of most probably six genes, designated HTG1 to HTG6. As compared with a Htg(-) strain, the Htg(+) strain showed a higher survival rate after exposure to heat shock at 48°C. Moreover, the Htg(+) strain exhibited a significantly high content of trehalose when cultured at high temperature and stronger resistance to Congo Red, an agent that interferes with cell wall construction. These results suggest that a strengthened cell wall in combination with increased trehalose accumulation can support growth at high temperature. The gene CDC19, encoding pyruvate kinase, was cloned as the HTG2 gene. The CDC19 allele from the Htg(+) strain possessed five base changes in its upstream region, and two base changes resulting in silent mutations in its coding region. Interestingly, the latter base changes are probably responsible for the increased pyruvate kinase activity of the Htg(+) strain. The possible mechanism leading to this increased activity and to the Htg(+) phenotype, which may lead to the activation of energy metabolism to maintain cellular homeostasis, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthee Benjaphokee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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44
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Juchimiuk M, Pasikowska M, Zatorska E, Laudy AE, Smoleńska-Sym G, Palamarczyk G. Defect in dolichol-dependent glycosylation increases sensitivity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards anti-fungal drugs. Yeast 2010; 27:637-45. [PMID: 20602334 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, sec59-1 and dpm1-6, impaired, respectively, in dolichol kinase (Sec59p) and dolichyl phosphate mannose (DolPMan) synthase (Dpm1p), have an aberrant cell wall structure and composition. We tested their sensitivity to four classes of antifungal drugs used in clinical practice: 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, caspofungin and itraconasole. The strains were resistant to itraconazole and sensitive to the other drugs used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caspofungin and amphotericin B was two-fold lower for sec59-1 and dpm1-6 than for the respective wild-type strains. The sensitivity of both mutants could be brought back to the wild-type level by a multicopy suppressor of the thermosensitive phenotype, the RER2 gene, encoding cis-prenyltransferase involved in dolichol biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis revealed slight changes of the cell wall composition, different in the mutants as compared to the wild-type in response to the drugs. Our data strongly support a relationship between dolichol phosphate level, protein glycosylation and antifungal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Juchimiuk
- Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02 106 Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Kajimoto K, Shao D, Takagi H, Maceri G, Zablocki D, Mukai H, Ono Y, Sadoshima J. Hypotonic swelling-induced activation of PKN1 mediates cell survival in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H191-200. [PMID: 21037231 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00232.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypotonic cell swelling in the myocardium is induced by pathological conditions, including ischemia-reperfusion, and affects the activities of ion transporters/channels and gene expression. However, the signaling mechanism activated by hypotonic stress (HS) is not fully understood in cardiac myocytes. A specialized protein kinase cascade, consisting of Pkc1 and MAPKs, is activated by HS in yeast. Here, we demonstrate that protein kinase N1 (PKN1), a serine/threonine protein kinase and a homolog of Pkc1, is activated by HS (67% osmolarity) within 5 min and reaches peak activity at 60 min in cardiac myocytes. Activation of PKN1 by HS was accompanied by Thr(774) phosphorylation and concomitant activation of PDK1, a potential upstream regulator of PKN1. HS also activated RhoA, thereby increasing interactions between PKN1 and RhoA. PP1 (10(-5) M), a selective Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, significantly suppressed HS-induced activation of RhoA and PKN1. Constitutively active PKN1 significantly increased the transcriptional activity of Elk1-GAL4, an effect that was inhibited by dominant negative MEK. Overexpression of PKN1 significantly increased ERK phosphorylation, whereas downregulation of PKN1 inhibited HS-induced ERK phosphorylation. Downregulation of PKN1 and inhibition of ERK by U-0126 both significantly inhibited the survival of cardiac myocytes in the presence of HS. These results suggest that a signaling cascade, consisting of Src, RhoA, PKN1, and ERK, is activated by HS, thereby promoting cardiac myocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kajimoto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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46
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Miyamoto M, Furuichi Y, Komiyama T. Genome-wide screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for killer toxin HM-1 resistance. Yeast 2010; 28:27-41. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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47
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Kilchert C, Weidner J, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Spang A. Defects in the secretory pathway and high Ca2+ induce multiple P-bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2010. [PMID: 20519435 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA is sequestered and turned over in cytoplasmic processing bodies (PBs), which are induced by various cellular stresses. Unexpectedly, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutants of the small GTPase Arf1 and various secretory pathway mutants induced a significant increase in PB number, compared with PB induction by starvation or oxidative stress. Exposure of wild-type cells to osmotic stress or high extracellular Ca(2+) mimicked this increase in PB number. Conversely, intracellular Ca(2+)-depletion strongly reduced PB formation in the secretory mutants. In contrast to PB induction through starvation or osmotic stress, PB formation in secretory mutants and by Ca(2+) required the PB components Pat1 and Scd6, and calmodulin, indicating that different stressors act through distinct pathways. Consistent with this hypothesis, when stresses were combined, PB number did not correlate with the strength of the translational block, but rather with the type of stress encountered. Interestingly, independent of the stressor, PBs appear as spheres of approximately 40-100 nm connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consistent with the idea that translation and silencing/degradation occur in a spatially coordinated manner at the ER. We propose that PB assembly in response to stress occurs at the ER and depends on intracellular signals that regulate PB number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kilchert
- Biozentrum, Growth and Development, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Kilchert C, Weidner J, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Spang A. Defects in the secretory pathway and high Ca2+ induce multiple P-bodies. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2624-38. [PMID: 20519435 PMCID: PMC2912349 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA is sequestered and turned over in cytoplasmic processing bodies (PBs), which are induced by various cellular stresses. Unexpectedly, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutants of the small GTPase Arf1 and various secretory pathway mutants induced a significant increase in PB number, compared with PB induction by starvation or oxidative stress. Exposure of wild-type cells to osmotic stress or high extracellular Ca(2+) mimicked this increase in PB number. Conversely, intracellular Ca(2+)-depletion strongly reduced PB formation in the secretory mutants. In contrast to PB induction through starvation or osmotic stress, PB formation in secretory mutants and by Ca(2+) required the PB components Pat1 and Scd6, and calmodulin, indicating that different stressors act through distinct pathways. Consistent with this hypothesis, when stresses were combined, PB number did not correlate with the strength of the translational block, but rather with the type of stress encountered. Interestingly, independent of the stressor, PBs appear as spheres of approximately 40-100 nm connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consistent with the idea that translation and silencing/degradation occur in a spatially coordinated manner at the ER. We propose that PB assembly in response to stress occurs at the ER and depends on intracellular signals that regulate PB number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kilchert
- Biozentrum, Growth and Development, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Manjithaya R, Jain S, Farré JC, Subramani S. A yeast MAPK cascade regulates pexophagy but not other autophagy pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:303-10. [PMID: 20385774 PMCID: PMC2856896 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200909154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is important for many cellular processes such as innate immunity, neurodegeneration, aging, and cancer. Although the signaling events triggering autophagy have been studied, little is known regarding the signaling mechanisms by which autophagy is redirected to achieve selective removal of cellular components. We have used the degradation of a peroxisomal marker to investigate the role of protein kinases in selective autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that the Slt2p mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and several upstream components of its signal transduction pathway are necessary for pexophagy but not for pexophagosome formation or other nonselective and selective forms of autophagy. Other extracellular signals that activate this pathway do not trigger pexophagy on their own, suggesting that this MAPK cascade is necessary but not sufficient to trigger pexophagy. We propose that pexophagy requires the simultaneous activation of this MAPK pathway and a hexose-sensing mechanism acting through protein kinase A and cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Manjithaya
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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50
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Miyazaki T, Inamine T, Yamauchi S, Nagayoshi Y, Saijo T, Izumikawa K, Seki M, Kakeya H, Yamamoto Y, Yanagihara K, Miyazaki Y, Kohno S. Role of the Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in cell wall integrity and virulence in Candida glabrata. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:343-52. [PMID: 20214686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway plays a major role in maintaining fungal cell wall integrity. In this study, we investigated the effects of SLT2 deletion and overexpression on drug susceptibility and virulence in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. While the Deltaslt2 strain showed decreased tolerance to elevated temperature and cell wall-damaging agents, the SLT2-overexpressing strain exhibited increased tolerance to these stresses. A mutant lacking Rlm1, a transcription factor downstream of Slt2, displayed a cell wall-associated phenotype intermediate to that of the Deltaslt2 strain. When RLM1 was overexpressed, micafungin tolerance was increased in the wild-type strain and partial restoration of the drug tolerance was observed in the Deltaslt2 background. It was also demonstrated that echinocandin-class antifungals were more effective against C. glabrata under acidic conditions or when used concurrently with the chitin synthesis inhibitor nikkomycin Z. Finally, in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, the deletion and overexpression of C. glabrata SLT2 resulted in mild decreases and increases, respectively, in the CFUs from murine organs compared with the wild-type strain. These fundamental data will help in further understanding the mechanisms of cell wall stress response in C. glabrata and developing more effective treatments using echinocandin antifungals in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
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