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Papaioannou VE, Behringer RR. Mouse Gene-Targeting Strategies for Maximum Ease and Versatility. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:107957. [PMID: 37932102 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.over107957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Well-planned strategies are an essential prerequisite for any mutational analysis involving gene targeting. Consideration of the advantages or disadvantages of different methods will aid in the production of a final product that is both technically feasible and versatile. Strategies for gene-targeting experiments in the mouse are discussed, including the rationale behind some of the common elements of gene-targeting vectors, such as homologous DNA and the use of different site-specific recombinases. We detail positive and negative selection as well as screening strategies for homologous recombination events in embryonic stem (ES) cells. For the planning stages of making different types of alleles, we first consider general strategies and then provide details specific to either homologous recombination in ES cells or making alleles by gene editing with CRISPR-Cas in preimplantation embryos. The types of alleles considered are null or knockout alleles, reporter gene knock-in alleles, point mutations, and conditional null alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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2
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Tamura R, Miyoshi H, Morimoto Y, Oishi Y, Sampetrean O, Iwasawa C, Mine Y, Saya H, Yoshida K, Okano H, Toda M. Gene Therapy Using Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Visualization of Migration and Bystander Killing Effect. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:352-366. [PMID: 32075424 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor characterized by diffuse infiltration into the normal brain parenchyma. Neural stem cells are known to possess the tumor-tropic migratory capacity and thus can be used as cellular vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) suicide gene therapy for glioblastoma using neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Although transduction of hiPSCs is preferable for a safe and stable supply in the clinical setting, high-level and/or constitutive HSV-TK expression was highly cytotoxic to hiPSCs. To overcome this problem, we used the tetracycline-inducible system to control the expression of HSV-TK. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs expressing HSV-TK were transplanted in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of human glioblastoma. Glioblastoma cell growth in mice was dramatically inhibited following ganciclovir (GCV) administration. Survival of the mice was significantly prolonged with administration of GCV compared with control groups. Time-lapse imaging of organotypic brain slice cultures first demonstrated the directional migration of NS/PCs toward glioblastoma cells and the bystander killing effect upon GCV treatment. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs with HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene system may have considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of glioblastoma. Color images are available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mine
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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An improved TK-NOG mouse as a novel platform for humanized liver that overcomes limitations in both male and female animals. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 42:100410. [PMID: 34839181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel immunodeficient NOG mouse expressing HSVtk mutant clone 30 cDNA under the control of mouse transthyretin gene enhancer/promoter (NOG-TKm30) to acquire fertility in males and high inducibility of liver injury in females. Maximum human albumin levels (approx. 15 mg/mL plasma) in both male and female NOG-TKm30 mice engrafted with human hepatocytes (humanized liver mice) were observed 8-12 weeks after transplantation. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed abundant expression of major human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4) in reconstituted liver with original zonal distribution. In vivo drug-drug interactions were observed in humanized liver mice as decreased area under the curve of midazolam (CYP3A4/5 substrate) and omeprazole (CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C19 substrate) after oral administration of rifampicin. Furthermore, we developed a pregnant model for evaluating prenatal exposure to drugs. The detection of thalidomide metabolites in the fetuses of pregnant humanized liver mice indicates that the novel TK model can be used for developmental toxicity studies requiring the assessment of human drug metabolism. These results suggest that the limitations of traditional TK-NOG mice can be addressed using NOG-TKm30 mice, which constitute a novel platform for humanized liver for both in vivo and in vitro studies.
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4
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Wang Z, Yang Q, Tan Y, Tang Y, Ye J, Yuan B, Yu W. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Suppress Cancer Development: The Other Side of the Coin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:613534. [PMID: 33614646 PMCID: PMC7890026 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.613534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main stromal components of cancer, representing a group of heterogeneous cells. Many studies indicate that CAFs promote tumor development. Besides, evidence of the tumor suppression effects of CAFs keeps on merging. In the tumor microenvironment, multiple stimuli can activate fibroblasts. Notably, this does not necessarily mean the activated CAFs become strong tumor promoters immediately. The varying degree of CAFs activation makes quiescent CAFs, tumor-restraining CAFs, and tumor-promoting CAFs. Quiescent CAFs and tumor-restraining CAFs are more present in early-stage cancer, while comparatively, more tumor-promoting CAFs present in advanced-stage cancer. The underlying mechanism that balances tumor promotion or tumor inhibition effects of CAFs is mostly unknown. This review focus on the inhibitory effects of CAFs on cancer development. We describe the heterogeneous origin, markers, and metabolism in the CAFs population. Transgenetic mouse models that deplete CAFs or deplete CAFs activation signaling in the tumor stroma present direct evidence of CAFs protective effects against cancer. Moreover, we outline CAFs subpopulation and CAFs derived soluble factors that act as a tumor suppressor. Single-cell RNA-sequencing on CAFs population provides us new insight to classify CAFs subsets. Understanding the full picture of CAFs will help translate CAFs biology from bench to bedside and develop new strategies to improve precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Hossain JA, Latif MA, Ystaas LAR, Ninzima S, Riecken K, Muller A, Azuaje F, Joseph JV, Talasila KM, Ghimire J, Fehse B, Bjerkvig R, Miletic H. Long-term treatment with valganciclovir improves lentiviral suicide gene therapy of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:890-900. [PMID: 30958558 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide gene therapy for malignant gliomas has shown encouraging results in the latest clinical trials. However, prodrug application was most often restricted to short-term treatment (14 days), especially when replication-defective vectors were used. We previously showed that a substantial fraction of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) transduced tumor cells survive ganciclovir (GCV) treatment in an orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) xenograft model. Here we analyzed whether these TK+ tumor cells are still sensitive to prodrug treatment and whether prolonged prodrug treatment can enhance treatment efficacy. METHODS Glioma cells positive for TK and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were sorted from xenograft tumors recurring after suicide gene therapy, and their sensitivity to GCV was tested in vitro. GBM xenografts were treated with HSV-TK/GCV, HSV-TK/valganciclovir (valGCV), or HSV-TK/valGCV + erlotinib. Tumor growth was analyzed by MRI, and survival as well as morphological and molecular changes were assessed. RESULTS TK-GFP+ tumor cells from recurrent xenograft tumors retained sensitivity to GCV in vitro. Importantly, a prolonged period (3 mo) of prodrug administration with valganciclovir (valGCV) resulted in a significant survival advantage compared with short-term (3 wk) application of GCV. Recurrent tumors from the treatment groups were more invasive and less angiogenic compared with primary tumors and showed significant upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. However, double treatment with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib did not increase therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with valGCV should be considered as a replacement for short-term treatment with GCV in clinical trials of HSV-TK mediated suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Md A Latif
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A R Ystaas
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sandra Ninzima
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Muller
- Bioinformatics Team, Center for Quantitative Biology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Francisco Azuaje
- Bioinformatics Team, Center for Quantitative Biology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Justin V Joseph
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jiwan Ghimire
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norlux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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6
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Hossain JA, Marchini A, Fehse B, Bjerkvig R, Miletic H. Suicide gene therapy for the treatment of high-grade glioma: past lessons, present trends, and future prospects. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa013. [PMID: 32642680 PMCID: PMC7212909 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has represented an experimental cancer treatment modality for nearly 40 years. Among the various cancers experimentally treated by suicide gene therapy, high-grade gliomas have been the most prominent both in preclinical and clinical settings. Failure of a number of promising suicide gene therapy strategies in the clinic pointed toward a bleak future of this approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Nevertheless, the development of new vectors and suicide genes, better prodrugs, more efficient delivery systems, and new combinatorial strategies represent active research areas that may eventually lead to better efficacy of suicide gene therapy. These trends are evident by the current increasing focus on suicide gene therapy for high-grade glioma treatment both in the laboratory and in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of different suicide gene therapy approaches for glioma treatment and discuss clinical trials, delivery issues, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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7
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Increased Cytotoxicity of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Expression in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040810. [PMID: 30769780 PMCID: PMC6413063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine. The major safety concern is the tumorigenicity of transplanted cells derived from iPSCs. A potential solution would be to introduce a suicide gene into iPSCs as a safety switch. The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, in combination with ganciclovir, is the most widely used enzyme/prodrug suicide system from basic research to clinical applications. In the present study, we attempted to establish human iPSCs that stably expressed HSV-TK with either lentiviral vectors or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. However, this task was difficult to achieve, because high-level and/or constitutive expression of HSV-TK resulted in the induction of cell death or silencing of HSV-TK expression. A nucleotide metabolism analysis suggested that excessive accumulation of thymidine triphosphate, caused by HSV-TK expression, resulted in an imbalance in the dNTP pools. This unbalanced state led to DNA synthesis inhibition and cell death in a process similar to a “thymidine block”, but more severe. We also demonstrated that the Tet-inducible system was a feasible solution for overcoming the cytotoxicity of HSV-TK expression. Our results provided a warning against using the HSV-TK gene in human iPSCs, particularly in clinical applications.
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Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease characterized by uncontrolled and aggressive cell growth. Suicide gene therapy (SGT) facilitating induction of malignancy-specific cell death represents a novel therapeutic approach to treat cancer, which has been investigated in several cancer types with very promising results. In addition, SGT has been suggested as a safeguard in adoptive immunotherapy and regenerative-medicine settings. Generally, SGT consists of two steps-vector-mediated delivery of suicide genes into tumors and subsequent activation of the suicide mechanism, e.g., by administration of a specific prodrug. This chapter provides a framework of protocols for basic and translational research using the Herpes-simplex-virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) system, the most widely used suicide gene approach. The protocols provide standard guidelines for the preparation of high-titer third-generation lentiviral vectors encoding a genetically improved HSV-TK version known as TK.007 and its application in in vitro and in vivo treatment setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Bhukhai K, de Dreuzy E, Giorgi M, Colomb C, Negre O, Denaro M, Gillet-Legrand B, Cheuzeville J, Paulard A, Trebeden-Negre H, Borwornpinyo S, Sii-Felice K, Maouche L, Down JD, Leboulch P, Payen E. Ex Vivo Selection of Transduced Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Gene Therapy of β-Hemoglobinopathies. Mol Ther 2018; 26:480-495. [PMID: 29221807 PMCID: PMC5835017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has shown therapeutic efficacy in recent trials for several individuals with inherited disorders, transduction incompleteness of the HSC population remains a hurdle to yield a cure for all patients with reasonably low integrated vector numbers. In previous attempts at HSC selection, massive loss of transduced HSCs, contamination with non-transduced cells, or lack of applicability to large cell populations has rendered the procedures out of reach for human applications. Here, we fused codon-optimized puromycin N-acetyltransferase to herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. When expressed from a ubiquitous promoter within a complex lentiviral vector comprising the βAT87Q-globin gene, viral titers and therapeutic gene expression were maintained at effective levels. Complete selection and preservation of transduced HSCs were achieved after brief exposure to puromycin in the presence of MDR1 blocking agents, suggesting the procedure's suitability for human clinical applications while affording the additional safety of conditional suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanit Bhukhai
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Edouard de Dreuzy
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Marie Giorgi
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Charlotte Colomb
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Olivier Negre
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; bluebird bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; bluebird bio France, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | | | - Béatrix Gillet-Legrand
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; bluebird bio France, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Joëlle Cheuzeville
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; bluebird bio France, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Anaïs Paulard
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; bluebird bio France, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | | | | | - Karine Sii-Felice
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France
| | - Leila Maouche
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; INSERM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Julian D Down
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Phillippe Leboulch
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Harvard Medical School and Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Payen
- CEA, Institute of Biology François Jacob, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; UMR_007, CEA and University of Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses 92260, France; INSERM, Paris 75013, France.
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10
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Zhang J, Song K, Wang J, Li Y, Liu S, Dai C, Chen L, Wang S, Qin Z. S100A4 blockage alleviates agonistic anti-CD137 antibody-induced liver pathology without disruption of antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1296996. [PMID: 29632708 PMCID: PMC5889198 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1296996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-related autoimmune toxicities triggered by agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies have greatly limited their use in clinical applications. Here, we found that anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment in mice induced the infiltration of a large number of S100A4+ macrophages into the liver. Depletion of these cells or deficiency of S100A4 decreased inflammatory cytokine profiles and drastically reduced the number of liver pathogenic CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, soluble S100A4 directly activated the Akt pathway and specifically prolonged CD8+ T cell survival. Interestingly, one S100A4 neutralizing mAb selectively alleviated liver abnormalities but did not affect the antitumor immunity induced by anti-CD137 mAb therapy. Thus, our study presents a novel molecular link to the liver pathology induced by an immune stimulatory antibody and proposes that combinational immunotherapies targeting those pathways could potentially elicit optimal antitumor immunity with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Song
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengliang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shengdian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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11
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Meyer KB, Martino Andrade AJ, Venturelli AC, Kita DH, Machado DLB, Adams Philipsen R, do Nascimento Silva AA, Cantão I, Moreira DDL, da Silva Junior VA, Stumpp T, Morais RN. Identification of a Critical Window for Ganciclovir-Induced Disruption of Testicular Development in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2017; 162:488-498. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn Barp Meyer
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diogo Henrique Kita
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Cantão
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Davyson de Lima Moreira
- Natural Products Department, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology - Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Taiza Stumpp
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 04023-900, Brazil
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12
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Sun L, Sun C, Liang Z, Li H, Chen L, Luo H, Zhang H, Ding P, Sun X, Qin Z, Zhao Y. FSP1(+) fibroblast subpopulation is essential for the maintenance and regeneration of medullary thymic epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14871. [PMID: 26445893 PMCID: PMC4597222 DOI: 10.1038/srep14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) form a 3-dimentional network supporting thymocyte development and maturation. Besides epithelium and thymocytes, heterogeneous fibroblasts are essential components in maintaining thymic microenvironments. However, thymic fibroblast characteristics, development and function remain to be determined. We herein found that thymic non-hematopoietic CD45(-)FSP1(+) cells represent a unique Fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1)(-)fibroblast-derived cell subset. Deletion of these cells in FSP1-TK transgenic mice caused thymus atrophy due to the loss of TECs, especially mature medullary TECs (MHCII(high), CD80(+) and Aire(+)). In a cyclophosphamide-induced thymus injury and regeneration model, lack of non-hematopoietic CD45(-)FSP1(+) fibroblast subpopulation significantly delayed thymus regeneration. In fact, thymic FSP1(+) fibroblasts released more IL-6, FGF7 and FSP1 in the culture medium than their FSP1(-) counterparts. Further experiments showed that the FSP1 protein could directly enhance the proliferation and maturation of TECs in the in vitro culture systems. FSP1 knockout mice had significantly smaller thymus size and less TECs than their control. Collectively, our studies reveal that thymic CD45(-)FSP1(+) cells are a subpopulation of fibroblasts, which is crucial for the maintenance and regeneration of TECs especially medullary TECs through providing IL-6, FGF7 and FSP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbo Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Ren Q, Li C, Yuan P, Cai C, Zhang L, Luo GG, Wei W. A Dual-reporter system for real-time monitoring and high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9 library screening of the hepatitis C virus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8865. [PMID: 25746010 PMCID: PMC4352851 DOI: 10.1038/srep08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas and infects approximately 170 million people worldwide. Although several reporter systems have been developed, many shortcomings limit their use in the assessment of HCV infections. Here, we report a real-time live-cell reporter, termed the NIrD (NS3-4A Inducible rtTA-mediated Dual-reporter) system, which provides an on-off switch specifically in response to an HCV infection. Using the NIrD system and a focused CRISPR/Cas9 library, we identified CLDN1, OCLN and CD81 as essential genes for both the cell-free entry and the cell-to-cell transmission of HCV. The combination of this ultra-sensitive reporter system and the CRISPR knockout screening provides a powerful and high-throughput strategy for the identification of critical host components for HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Ren
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chan Li
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changzu Cai
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and Research Center for Public Health, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangxiang George Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University College of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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14
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Alaee F, Sugiyama O, Virk MS, Tang H, Drissi H, Lichtler AC, Lieberman JR. Suicide gene approach using a dual-expression lentiviral vector to enhance the safety of ex vivo gene therapy for bone repair. Gene Ther 2013; 21:139-47. [PMID: 24285218 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
'Ex vivo' gene therapy using viral vectors to overexpress BMP-2 is shown to heal critical-sized bone defects in experimental animals. To increase its safety, we constructed a dual-expression lentiviral vector to overexpress BMP-2 or luciferase and an HSV1-tk analog, Δtk (LV-Δtk-T2A-BMP-2/Luc). We hypothesized that administering ganciclovir (GCV) will eliminate the transduced cells at the site of implantation. The vector-induced expression of BMP-2 and luciferase in a mouse stromal cell line (W-20-17 cells) and mouse bone marrow cells (MBMCs) was reduced by 50% compared with the single-gene vector. W-20-17 cells were more sensitive to GCV compared with MBMCs (90-95% cell death at 12 days with GCV at 1 μg ml(-1) in MBMCs vs 90-95% cell death at 5 days by 0.1 μg ml(-1) of GCV in W-20-17 cells). Implantation of LV-Δtk-T2A-BMP-2 transduced MBMCs healed a 2 mm femoral defect at 4 weeks. Early GCV treatment (days 0-14) postoperatively blocked bone formation confirming a biologic response. Delayed GCV treatment starting at day 14 for 2 or 4 weeks reduced the luciferase signal from LV-Δtk-T2A-Luc-transduced MBMCs, but the signal was not completely eliminated. These data suggest that this suicide gene strategy has potential for clinical use in the future, but will need to be optimized for increased efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alaee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - O Sugiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M S Virk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - H Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A C Lichtler
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - J R Lieberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Zhang J, Chen L, Liu X, Kammertoens T, Blankenstein T, Qin Z. Fibroblast-specific protein 1/S100A4-positive cells prevent carcinoma through collagen production and encapsulation of carcinogens. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2770-81. [PMID: 23539447 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stromal restraints to cancer are critical determinants of disease but they remain incompletely understood. Here, we report a novel mechanism for host surveillance against cancer contributed by fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1)+ /S100A4+ fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies of fibrosarcoma formation caused by subcutaneous injection of the carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA) had suggested that IFN-γ receptor signaling may restrict MCA diffusion by inducing expression of collagen (foreign body reaction). We tested the hypothesis that this reaction encapsulated MCA and limited carcinogenesis by determining whether its ability to induce fibrosarcomas was impaired in the absence of proliferating fibroblasts. We found that FSP1+ /S100A4+ fibroblasts accumulated around the carcinogen where they produced collagens, encapsulating MCA and protecting epithelial cells from DNA damage. Ablation of these cells at the site of MCA injection by local administration of ganciclovir in FSP-TK transgenic mice altered tumor morphology to an epithelial phenotype, indicating that, in the absence of encapsulating fibroblasts, MCA targeted epithelial cells. Notably, we showed that destruction of the fibrous capsule around the MCA by local injection of collagenase induced rapid tumor development in mice that were otherwise durably tumor free. Our findings demonstrate that the FSP1+ /S100A4+ fibroblasts prevent epithelial malignancy and that collagen encapsulation of carcinogens protects against tumor development. Together, this study provides a novel mechanism for host surveillance against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Beijing, China
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16
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Li W, Xiang AP. Safeguarding clinical translation of pluripotent stem cells with suicide genes. Organogenesis 2013; 9:34-9. [PMID: 23511011 DOI: 10.4161/org.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) opens a new avenue in regenerative medicine. However, transplantation of hiPSC-derived cells carries a risk of tumor formation by residual pluripotent stem cells. Numerous adaptive strategies have been developed to prevent or minimize adverse events and control the in vivo behavior of transplanted stem cells and their progeny. Among them, the application of suicide gene modifications, which is conceptually similar to cancer gene therapy, is considered an ideal means to control wayward stem cell progeny in vivo. In this review, the choices of vectors, promoters, and genes for use in suicide gene approaches for improving the safety of hiPSCs-based cell therapy are introduced and possible new strategies for improvements are discussed. Safety-enhancing strategies that can selectively ablate undifferentiated cells without inducing virus infection or insertional mutations may greatly aid in translating human pluripotent stem cells into cell therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong P.R. China
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17
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Suicide gene-mediated ablation of tumor-initiating mouse pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1701-11. [PMID: 23218839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, serve as unlimited resources for cell replacement therapy and tissue engineering because such cells are capable of extensive proliferation in vitro and can give rise to lineages that represent any of the three embryonic germ layers. However, in the context of the in vivo behavior of cell transplants, key challenges need to be addressed and essential strategies should be developed before stem cells can be used in clinical practice. In the present study, we modified mouse ES/iPS cells to contain a suicide gene, deltaTK or CodA, under the transcriptional control of the EF1α or Nanog promoter. The suicide gene was introduced via lentivirus transduction without interfering with their self-renewal and pluripotency characteristics. We found that EF1α promoter-controlled deltaTK/CodA expression efficiently eliminated pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives both in vitro and in vivo. When the suicide gene was under the control of the Nanog promoter, tumor-initiating undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells were selectively ablated in vitro after prodrug treatment. These results indicate that modification of pluripotent stem cells with a suicide gene prior to transplantation offers a safe manner by which wayward stem cells, and their progeny, can be controlled in vivo. Our approach will render the clinical application of human pluripotent stem cells increasingly possible.
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18
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Xiong S, Parker-Thornburg J, Lozano G. Developing genetically engineered mouse models to study tumor suppression. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2012; 2:9-24. [PMID: 22582146 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, the tools to generate mice with deletions of tumor suppressors have made it possible to study such deletions in the context of a whole animal. Deletion of some tumor suppressors results in viable mice while deletion of others yield embryo lethal phenotypes cementing the concept that genes that often go awry in cancer are also of developmental importance. More sophisticated mouse models were subsequently developed to delete a gene in a specific cell type at a specific time point. Additionally, incorporation of point mutations in a specific gene as observed in human tumors has also revealed their contributions to tumorigenesis. On the other hand, some models never develop cancer unless combined with other deletions suggesting a modifying role in tumorigenesis. This review will describe the technical aspects of generating these mice and provide examples of the outcomes obtained from alterations of different tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Houston, TX 77030
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19
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Cheng F, Ke Q, Chen F, Cai B, Gao Y, Ye C, Wang D, Zhang L, Lahn BT, Li W, Xiang AP. Protecting against wayward human induced pluripotent stem cells with a suicide gene. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3195-204. [PMID: 22269649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) opens a prospect for regenerative medicine. However, transplantation of somatic cells derived from hiPSCs still harbor many risks such as cells' incorrect differentiation or over-proliferation, and the worst, tumor formation. Therefore, it's essential to ravel out these obstacles before their clinical application. Herein, we genetically modified hiPSCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a truncated herpes simplex virus delta thymidine kinase (deltaTK) gene driven by EF1α or Nanog promoter to selectively ablate wayward pluripotent stem cells. The results showed that insertion of deltaTK gene did not alter their pluripotency and self-renewal capacity but rendered them sensitive to ganciclovir, which induced elimination of deltaTK(+) cells in vitro in a dose and time-dependent manner, most importantly, facilitated both prevention and ablation of tumors in vivo. Furthermore, comparative analysis between transduced hiPSCs and hESCs showed that there was no difference in ganciclovir sensitivity between them. This approach may help to develop safety strategies for clinical application of hiPSCs in regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Cheng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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20
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Dhaliwal J, Lagace DC. Visualization and genetic manipulation of adult neurogenesis using transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1025-36. [PMID: 21395845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many laboratories have focused efforts on the creation of transgenic mouse models to study adult neurogenesis. In the last decade several constitutive reporter, as well as inducible transgenic lines have been published that allowed for visualization, tracking and alteration of specific neurogenic cell populations in the adult brain. Given the popularity of this approach, multiple mouse lines are available, and this review summarizes the differences in the basic techniques that have been used to create these mice, highlighting the different constructs and reporter proteins used, as well as the strengths and limitations of each of these models. Representative examples from the literature demonstrate some of the diverse and seminal findings that have come to fruition through the laborious, yet highly rewarding work of creating transgenic mouse lines for adult neurogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Dhaliwal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Preuss E, Muik A, Weber K, Otte J, von Laer D, Fehse B. Cancer suicide gene therapy with TK.007: superior killing efficiency and bystander effect. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:1113-24. [PMID: 21698427 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy is a promising concept in oncology. We have recently introduced a novel suicide gene, TK.007, which was shown to excel established herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) variants when used for donor-lymphocyte modification in adoptive immunotherapy models. Here, the potential of TK.007 in killing cancer cells was studied. Initially, we transduced tumour cell lines derived from different neoplasias (glioblastoma, melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer) with lentiviral LeGO vectors encoding TK.007 or the splice-corrected (sc)HSVtk together with an eGFP/Neo-marker. Based on direct in vitro comparison, we found that TK.007 facilitates more efficient tumour cell killing at significantly lower ganciclovir doses in all tumour cell lines tested. Also, using different readout systems, we found a significantly stronger bystander effect of TK.007 as compared to scHSVtk. Importantly, in vitro data were confirmed in vivo using a subcutaneous G62 glioblastoma model in NOD/SCID mice. In mice transplanted with scHSVtk-positive tumours, treatment with low (10 mg/kg) or standard (50 mg/kg) ganciclovir doses resulted only in short-term growth inhibition or transient tumour remission, respectively. In striking contrast, in the TK.007 group, all animals achieved continuous complete remission after both standard and low-dose ganciclovir. Finally, a substantial bystander effect for TK.007 was also confirmed with the G62 model in vivo, where significantly prolonged survival for mice bearing tumours containing only 10% or 50% TK.007-expressing cells was observed. In summary, our data indicate strongly improved anti-tumour activity of TK.007 as compared to conventional HSVtk. We therefore suppose that TK.007 is an excellent candidate for cancer suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Preuss
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Preuss E, Treschow A, Newrzela S, Brücher D, Weber K, Felldin U, Alici E, Gahrton G, von Laer D, Dilber MS, Fehse B. TK.007: A novel, codon-optimized HSVtk(A168H) mutant for suicide gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:929-41. [PMID: 20201626 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional elimination of infused gene-modified alloreactive T cells, using suicide gene activation, has been shown to be an efficient strategy to abrogate severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in the context of adoptive immunotherapy. To overcome shortcomings of the most widely used suicide gene, wild-type (splice-corrected) herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (scHSVtk), we generated two new variants: the codon-optimized coHSVtk and, by introducing an additional mutation (A168H), the novel TK.007. We transduced human hematopoietic cell lines and primary T cells with retroviral "sort-suicide vectors" encoding combinations of selection markers (tCD34 and OuaSelect) with one of three HSVtk variants. In vitro we observed higher expression levels and sustained long-term expression of TK.007, indicating lower nonspecific toxicity. Also, we noted significantly improved kinetics of ganciclovir (GCV)-mediated killing for TK.007-transduced cells. In an experimental (murine) allogeneic transplantation model, TK.007-transduced T cells mediated severe GvHD, which was readily abrogated by application of GCV (10 mg/kg). Last, we established a modified allotransplantation model that allowed quantitative comparison of the in vivo activities of TK.007 versus scHSVtk. We found that TK.007 mediates both significantly faster and higher absolute killing at low GCV concentrations (10 and 25 mg/kg). In summary, we demonstrate that the novel TK.007 suicide gene combines better killing performance with reduced nonspecific toxicity (as compared with the frequently used splice-corrected wild-type scHSVtk gene), thus representing a promising alternative for suicide gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Preuss
- Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Zhang J, Chen L, Xiao M, Wang C, Qin Z. FSP1+ fibroblasts promote skin carcinogenesis by maintaining MCP-1-mediated macrophage infiltration and chronic inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:382-90. [PMID: 21224075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is often associated with increased fibroblast proliferation and extensive fibrosis; however, the role of fibroblasts during carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Using the 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced two-stage skin carcinogenesis model, we demonstrated here that there was a massive accumulation and proliferation of fibroblasts in the skin shortly after application of carcinogen. Selective abatement of these cells during the promotion stage drastically decreased incidence and progression of papillomas. This correlated well with reduced macrophage infiltration and impaired cytokine storm in the affected skin. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulated skin fibroblasts, secreting high levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and neutralization of this chemokine eliminated almost completely the fibroblast-induced chemotaxis of macrophages. These results strongly suggest that fibroblasts promote skin tumor development by producing monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and maintaining chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs), or spumaviruses, are integrating retroviruses that have been developed as vectors. Here we generated nonintegrating foamy virus (NIFV) vectors by introducing point mutations into the highly conserved DD35E catalytic core motif of the foamy virus integrase sequence. NIFV vectors produced high-titer stocks, transduced dividing cells, and did not integrate. Cells infected with NIFV vectors contained episomal vector genomes that consisted of linear, 1-long-terminal-repeat (1-LTR), and 2-LTR circular DNAs. These episomes expressed transgenes, were stable, and became progressively diluted in the dividing cell population. 1-LTR circles but not 2-LTR circles were found in all vector stocks prior to infection. Residual integration of NIFV vectors occurred at a frequency 4 logs lower than that of integrase-proficient FV vectors. Cre recombinase expressed from a NIFV vector mediated excision of both an integrated, floxed FV vector and a gene-targeted neo expression cassette, demonstrating the utility of these episomal vectors. The broad host range and large packaging capacity of NIFV vectors should make them useful for a variety of applications requiring transient gene expression.
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25
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Limaye A, Hall B, Kulkarni AB. Manipulation of mouse embryonic stem cells for knockout mouse production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 19:Unit 19.13 19.13.1-24. [PMID: 19731225 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1913s44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has allowed for the gene?ration of the knockout mouse. ES cells that are genetically altered in culture can then be manipulated to derive a whole mouse containing the desired mutation. To successfully generate a knockout mouse, however, the ES cells must be carefully cultivated in a pluripotent state throughout the gene-targeting experiment. This unit describes detailed step-by-step protocols, reagents, equipment, and strategies needed for the successful generation of gene knockout embryonic stem cells using homologous recombination technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Limaye
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Traumatic brain injury-induced hippocampal neurogenesis requires activation of early nestin-expressing progenitors. J Neurosci 2009; 28:12901-12. [PMID: 19036984 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4629-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that brain injuries from a variety of causes stimulate neurogenesis within the hippocampus. It remains unclear, however, how robust this response may be and what primary cell types are involved. Here, using a controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury on a previously characterized transgenic mouse line that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the nestin promoter, we demonstrate that it is the earliest type-1 quiescent progenitor cells that are induced to proliferate and migrate outside the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. This type-1 cell activation occurs at the same time that we observe adjacent but more differentiated doublecortin-expressing progenitors (type-2 cells) being eliminated. Also, although type-2 cells remain intact in the contralateral (uninjured) dentate gyrus, the type-1 cells there are also activated and result in increased numbers of the doublecortin-expressing type-2 cells. In addition, we have generated a novel mouse transgenic that expresses a modified version of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase along with eGFP that allows for the visualization and inducible ablation of early dividing progenitors by exposing them to ganciclovir. Using this transgenic in the context of traumatic brain injury, we demonstrate that these early progenitors are required for injury-induced remodeling to occur. This work suggests that injury-induced hippocampal remodeling following brain injury likely requires sustained activation of quiescent early progenitors.
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27
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Cai LY, Kato T, Nakayama M, Susa T, Murakami S, Izumi SI, Kato Y. HSV type 1 thymidine kinase protein accumulation in round spermatids induces male infertility by spermatogenesis disruption and apoptotic loss of germ cells. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 27:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Hsieh CH, Chen FD, Wang HE, Hwang JJ, Chang CW, Lee YJ, Gelovani JG, Liu RS. Generation of Destabilized Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase as Transcription Reporter for PET Reporter Systems in Molecular–Genetic Imaging. J Nucl Med 2007; 49:142-50. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.106.038943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Candolfi M, Curtin JF, Xiong WD, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Rentsendorj A, Agadjanian H, Medina-Kauwe L, Palmer D, Ng P, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Effective high-capacity gutless adenoviral vectors mediate transgene expression in human glioma cells. Mol Ther 2006; 14:371-81. [PMID: 16798098 PMCID: PMC1629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common subtype of primary malignant brain tumor. Although serotype 5 adenoviral vectors (Ads) have been used successfully in clinical trials for GBM, the capacity of Ads to infect human glioma cells and the expression of adenoviral receptors in GBM cells have been challenged. In this report, we studied the expression of three molecules that have been shown to mediate adenoviral entry into cells, i.e., coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), integrin alphavbeta3 (INT), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), in rodent glioma cell lines and low-passage primary cultures and cell lines from human GBM. We correlated levels of expression of CAR, INT, and MHCI with transduction efficiency elicited by several high-capacity helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HC-Ads). Expression levels of adenoviral receptors were variable among the different GBM cells studied. HC-Ad-mediated therapeutic gene expression was efficient, ranging between 20 and 80% of the total target cells expressing the encoded transgenes. Our results show no correlation between the levels of CAR, INT, or MHCI molecules and the levels of transgene expression or the number of GBM cells transduced. We conclude that expression levels of adenoviral receptors do not predict their transduction efficiency or biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Candolfi
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - James F. Curtin
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Xiong
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hasmik Agadjanian
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lali Medina-Kauwe
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Donna Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building, Room 5090, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Fax: +1 310 423 7308. E-mail:
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30
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Jalabi W, Boehm N, Grucker D, Ghandour MS. Recovery of myelin after induction of oligodendrocyte cell death in postnatal brain. J Neurosci 2006; 25:2885-94. [PMID: 15772348 PMCID: PMC6725149 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2748-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transgenic mouse line (Oligo-TTK) was established to monitor oligodendrocyte cell death and myelin formation in the CNS. The expression of a conditionally toxic gene, the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK), was made under control of the MBP (myelin basic protein) gene promoter. A truncated form of the HSV1-TK (TTK) gene was used to avoid both bystander effect resulting from leaking in thymidine kinase activity and sterility in transgenic males observed in previous transgenic mice. The transgene was expressed in the CNS with a restricted localization in oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelin formation are therefore tightly controlled experimentally by administration of ganciclovir (GCV) via the induction of oligodendrocyte cell death. The most severe and irreversible hypomyelination was obtained when GCV was given daily from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. Oligodendrocyte plasticity and myelin recovery were analyzed in another phenotype generated by GCV treatment from P1 to P15. In this model, after dysmyelination, an apparent normal behavior was restored with no visible pathological symptoms by P30. Proliferating cells, which may be implicated in myelin repair in this model, are detected primarily in myelin tracts expressing the oligodendrocyte phenotype. Therefore, the endogenous potential of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate was clearly demonstrated in the mice of this study.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/growth & development
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganciclovir/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods
- Myelin Basic Protein/genetics
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Thymidine Kinase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Jalabi
- Institut de Physique Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7004, Université Louis Pasteur/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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31
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Khallou-Laschet J, Caligiuri G, Groyer E, Tupin E, Gaston AT, Poirier B, Kronenberg M, Cohen JL, Klatzmann D, Kaveri SV, Nicoletti A. The proatherogenic role of T cells requires cell division and is dependent on the stage of the disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:353-8. [PMID: 16322528 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000198401.05221.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanism by which T cells exert a proatherogenic potential is unclear. In order to determine whether this potential requires their replication, we crossed atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE degrees) with transgenic mice in which exclusive and conditional ablation of dividing T cells relies on their specific expression of the herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene. METHODS AND RESULTS We first showed that conalbumin-immunized ApoE degrees TK mice mounted a significant immune response to the antigen that was fully and specifically blocked by an in vivo ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. Next, ApoE degrees TK mice and ApoE degrees mice were treated or not with GCV either during the first 4 weeks (GCV 1 to 4w), the last 4 weeks (GCV 5 to 8w), or during 8 weeks (GCV 1 to 8w). Strikingly, ApoE degrees TK mice displayed a dramatic decrease in lesion development in the GCV 1 to 8w and GCV 5 to 8w groups, whereas the GCV had no effect when administered during the first 4 weeks. In protected mice, the inflammatory parameters in lesions, the percentage of CD69+ CD3+ splenocytes, and the circulating natural killer T cells were reduced. CONCLUSIONS The present study, therefore, shows that the proatherogenic potential of T cells is crucial in the progression of fatty streaks to mature plaques and requires cell division.
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32
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Carson A, Wang Z, Xiao X, Khan SA. A DNA recombination-based approach to eliminate papillomavirus infection. Gene Ther 2005; 12:534-40. [PMID: 15756291 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
At present, no treatments exist that effectively target and eliminate papillomaviruses (PVs) from infected cells or prevent its replication. We are employing a strategy to prevent virus replication in PV-infected cells through the conditional expression of the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Expression of TK in this system is expected to be triggered by a homologous recombination event between the endogenous PV genome and a nonexpressing TK gene cassette. Recombination between these two DNAs is expected to change the nonexpressing cassette into a form that expresses TK. Various constructs were generated to express the TK in the above manner. Transfection of cell lines with a TK nonexpressing plasmid did not result in TK production due to alternative splicing and polyadenylation site selection. However, cotransfection of cell lines with PV plasmids along with the above TK construct containing short segments of PV sequences resulted in a recombination event that led to TK expression as shown by Northern and Western blot analyses. We also developed a TK expression cassette utilizing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. Delivery of the cassette by AAV to PV-infected cells resulted in TK expression, and ganciclovir treatment resulted in efficient killing of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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33
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Abstract
Multi-modality, noninvasive in vivo imaging is increasingly being used in molecular-genetic studies and will soon become the standard approach for reporter gene imaging studies in small animals. The coupling of nuclear and optical reporter genes, as described here, represents only the beginning of a far wider application of this technology in the future. Optical imaging and optical reporter systems are cost-effective and time-efficient; they require less resources and space than PET or MRI, and are particularly well suited for imaging small animals, such as mice. Optical reporter systems are also very useful for the quantification and selection of transduced cells using FACS, and for performing in vitro assays to validate the function and sensitivity of constitutive and specific-inducible reporter systems. However, optical imaging techniques are limited by depth of light penetration and do not yet provide optimal quantitative or tomographic information. These issues are not limiting for PET- or MRI-based reporter systems, and PET- and MRI-based animal studies are more easily generalized to human applications. Many of the shortcomings of each modality alone can be overcome by the use of dual- or triple-modality reporter constructs that incorporate the opportunity for PET, fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Blasberg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Nueurology and Radiology, 1275 York Ave, Box 52, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doubrovin
- Cotzias Neuro-Oncology Lab, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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35
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Ponomarev V, Doubrovin M, Serganova I, Vider J, Shavrin A, Beresten T, Ivanova A, Ageyeva L, Tourkova V, Balatoni J, Bornmann W, Blasberg R, Gelovani Tjuvajev J. A novel triple-modality reporter gene for whole-body fluorescent, bioluminescent, and nuclear noninvasive imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:740-51. [PMID: 15014901 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-1441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two genetic reporter systems were developed for multimodality reporter gene imaging of different molecular-genetic processes using fluorescence, bioluminescence (BLI), and nuclear imaging techniques. The eGFP cDNA was fused at the N-terminus with HSV1-tk cDNA bearing a nuclear export signal from MAPKK (NES-HSV1-tk) or with truncation at the N-terminus of the first 45 amino acids (Delta45HSV1-tk) and with firefly luciferase at the C-terminus. A single fusion protein with three functional subunits is formed following transcription and translation from a single open reading frame. The NES-TGL (NES-TGL) or Delta45HSV1-tk/GFP/luciferase (Delta45-TGL) triple-fusion gene cDNAs were cloned into a MoMLV-based retrovirus, which was used for transduction of U87 human glioma cells. The integrity, fluorescence, bioluminescence, and enzymatic activity of the TGL reporter proteins were assessed in vitro. The predicted molecular weight of the fusion proteins (~130 kDa) was confirmed by western blot. The U87-NES-TGL and U87-Delta45-TGL cells had cytoplasmic green fluorescence. The in vitro BLI was 7- and 13-fold higher in U87-NES-TGL and U87-Delta45-TGL cells compared to nontransduced control cells. The Ki of (14)C-FIAU was 0.49+/-0.02, 0.51+/-0.03, and 0.003+/-0.001 ml/min/g in U87-NES-TGL, U87-Delta45-TGL, and wild-type U87 cells, respectively. Multimodality in vivo imaging studies were performed in nu/ nu mice bearing multiple s.c. xenografts established from U87-NES-TGL, U87-Delta45-TGL, and wild-type U87 cells. BLI was performed after administration of d-luciferin (150 mg/kg i.v.). Gamma camera or PET imaging was conducted at 2 h after i.v. administration of [(131)I]FIAU (7.4 MBq/animal) or [(124)I]FIAU (7.4 MBq/animal), respectively. Whole-body fluorescence imaging was performed in parallel with the BLI and radiotracer imaging studies. In vivo BLI and gamma camera imaging showed specific localization of luminescence and radioactivity to the TGL transduced xenografts with background levels of activity in the wild-type xenografts. Tissue sampling yielded values of 0.47%+/-0.08%, 0.86%+/-0.06%, and 0.03%+/-0.01%dose/g [(131)I]FIAU in U87-NES-TGL, U87-Delta45-TGL, and U87 xenografts, respectively. The TGL triple-fusion reporter gene preserves the functional activity of its subunits and is very effective for multimodality imaging. It provides for the seamless transition from fluorescence microscopy and FACS to whole-body bioluminescence imaging, to nuclear (PET, SPET, gamma camera) imaging, and back to in situ fluorescence image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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36
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Gusterson BA, Cui W, Clark AJ. Development of novel selective cell ablation in the mammary gland and brain to study cell-cell interactions and chemoprevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 163:31-45; discussion 264-6. [PMID: 12903841 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55647-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice which express the gene encoding Escherichia coli nitroreductase (NTR) specifically in the luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland and the glial cells of the brain. The enzyme activates an antitumour drug CB 1954, to produce a cross-linking agent that kills all cells expressing the enzyme. We have shown that administration of the antitumour drug CB 1954 rapidly and selectively kills these cells. Original experiments demonstrated the ability to ablate the luminal cells in the mammary gland with no apparent bystander effect. Subsequently, astrocytes expressing nitroreductase under the targeting of the GFAP promoter were selectively ablated following administration of the prodrug CB 1954 produces a degeneration of granular neurones due to changes in glutamate levels. Recent experiments demonstrated inhibition of myc-dependent mammary tumours using the same enzyme (nitroreductase)-prodrug (CB 1954), combination. Owing to the ease of control of NTR-mediated cell ablation, we anticipate that this system will supersede herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. There are widespread potential applications for this approach in the dissection of complex cellular interactions during development and in the adult organism. The present transgenic models also have important applications for the study in vivo of novel prodrugs that can be selected for variable degrees of bystander effects. Such studies will have particular significance for those groups advocating the use of NTR as an appropriate enzyme for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy by providing models of a wide range of human disease for mechanistic and therapeutic experimentation. The results clearly demonstrate that the model has potential to study chemoprevention and fundamental questions on cell-cell interactions in cell biology.
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37
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Bellier B, Thomas-Vaslin V, Saron MF, Klatzmann D. Turning immunological memory into amnesia by depletion of dividing T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15017-22. [PMID: 14634206 PMCID: PMC299887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1936194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory, defined as more efficient immune responses on antigen reexposure, can last for decades. The current paradigm is that memory is maintained by antigen-experienced "memory T cells" that can be long-lived quiescent or dividing. The contribution of T cell division to memory maintenance is poorly known and has important clinical implications. In this study, we directly addressed the role of dividing T cells in immunological memory maintenance by evaluating the consequences of their elimination. The specific ablation of dividing T cells was obtained by administration of ganciclovir to immune mice expressing the herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase suicide gene in T cells. We show that depletion of dividing T cells for 5 or 2 weeks suffices to abolish in vitro and in vivo memory responses against the male H-Y transplantation alloantigen or against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus antigens, respectively. Similar results were obtained after the nonspecific elimination of all dividing cells by using hydroxyurea, a cytostatic toxic agent commonly used for cancer chemotherapy. This immune amnesia occurred in otherwise immunocompetent mice and despite the persistence of functional quiescent T cells displaying a "memory" phenotype. Thus, division of antigen-experienced T cells is an absolute requirement for immunological memory maintenance and the current concept of memory T cells is challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bellier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Thérapeutique des Pathologies Immunitaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 7087, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France
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38
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Ponomarev V, Doubrovin M, Serganova I, Beresten T, Vider J, Shavrin A, Ageyeva L, Balatoni J, Blasberg R, Tjuvajev JG. Cytoplasmically retargeted HSV1-tk/GFP reporter gene mutants for optimization of noninvasive molecular-genetic imaging. Neoplasia 2003; 5:245-54. [PMID: 12869307 PMCID: PMC1502405 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the sensitivity of imaging HSV1-tk/GFP reporter gene expression, a series of HSV1-tk/GFP mutants was developed with altered nuclear localization and better cellular enzymatic activity, compared to that of the native HSV1-tk/GFP fusion protein (HSV1-tk/GFP). Several modifications of HSV1-tk/GFP reporter gene were performed, including targeted inactivating mutations in the nuclear localization signal (NLS), the addition of a nuclear export signal (NES), a combination of both mutation types, and a truncation of the first 135 bp of the native hsv1-tk coding sequence containing a "cryptic" testicular promoter and the NLS. A recombinant HSV1-tk/GFP protein and a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for HSV1-tk/GFP were developed to quantitate the amount of reporter gene product in different assays to allow normalization of the data. These different mutations resulted in various degrees of nuclear clearance, predominant cytoplasmic distribution, and increased total cellular enzymatic activity of the HSV1-tk/GFP mutants, compared to native HSV1-tk/GFP when expressed at the same levels. This appears to be the result of improved metabolic bioavailability of cytoplasmically retargeted mutant HSV1-tk/GFP enzymes for reaction with the radiolabeled probe (e.g., FIAU). The analysis of enzymatic properties of different HSV1-tk/GFP mutants using FIAU as a substrate revealed no significant differences from that of the native HSV1-tk/GFP. Improved total cellular enzymatic activity of cytoplasmically retargeted HSV1-tk/GFP mutants observed in vitro was confirmed by noninvasive imaging of transduced subcutaneous tumor xenografts bearing these reporters using [(131)I]FIAU and a gamma-camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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39
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Visnjic D, Kalajzic I, Gronowicz G, Aguila HL, Clark SH, Lichtler AC, Rowe DW. Conditional ablation of the osteoblast lineage in Col2.3deltatk transgenic mice. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:2222-31. [PMID: 11760835 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.12.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two transgenic mouse lines were generated with a DNA construct bearing a 2.3-kilobase (kb) fragment of the rat alpha1 type I collagen promoter driving a truncated form of the herpes thymidine kinase gene (Col2.3Atk). Expression of the transgene was found in osteoblasts coincident with other genetic markers of early osteoblast differentiation. Mice treated with ganciclovir (GCV) for 16 days displayed extensive destruction of the bone lining cells and decreased osteoclast number. In addition, a dramatic decrease in bone marrow elements was observed, which was more severe in the primary spongiosum and marrow adjacent to the diaphyseal endosteal bone. Immunostaining for transgene expression within the bone marrow was negative and marrow stromal cell cultures developed normally in the presence of GCV until the point of early osteoblast differentiation. Our findings suggest that the early differentiating osteoblasts are necessary for the maintenance of osteoclasts and hematopoiesis. Termination of GCV treatment produced an exaggerated response of new bone formation in cortical and trabecular bone. The Col2.3deltatk mouse should be a useful model to define the interrelation between bone and marrow elements as well as a model to analyze the molecular and cellular events associated with a defined wave of osteogenesis on termination of GCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Visnjic
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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40
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Maleniak TC, Darling JL, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Adenovirus-mediated expression of HSV1-TK or Fas ligand induces cell death in primary human glioma-derived cell cultures that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent CCNU. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:589-98. [PMID: 11571537 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to minimal treatment success with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of gene therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We have quantitatively analyzed two gene therapy approaches using short-term human glioma cell cultures derived from surgical biopsies (designated IN859, IN1612, IN2045, IN1760, and IN1265) and compared the results of gene therapy with the chemosensitivity of the same cells. All of the glioma cell cultures tested were susceptible to recombinant adenovirus (RAd)-mediated infection. Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase (RAd128), followed by ganciclovir treatment, induced apoptosis in all of the glioma cell cultures studied, including three that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU). Expression of murine Fas ligand (RAdhCMV-mFasL) also induced cell death in four of the five cell cultures studied. One cell culture that was resistant to CCNU was also resistant to apoptosis induced by mFasL expression. These results suggest that sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents does not necessarily correlate with the sensitivity to gene therapy treatments. RAds expressing therapeutic gene products in human glioma cell cultures are able to induce apoptosis even in some cells that are resistant to a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Therefore, RAd-mediated gene transfer could be a good candidate to further develop gene therapy for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Maleniak
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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41
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Iwano M, Fischer A, Okada H, Plieth D, Xue C, Danoff TM, Neilson EG. Conditional abatement of tissue fibrosis using nucleoside analogs to selectively corrupt DNA replication in transgenic fibroblasts. Mol Ther 2001; 3:149-59. [PMID: 11237671 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive tissue fibrosis can compromise epithelial function resulting in organ failure. Appreciating evidence suggests that fibroblasts provide fibrogenic collagens during such injury. We further tested this notion by attempting to reduce the physiologic consequences of organ fibrosis through the selective killing of fibroblasts at sites of injury. Here, we report the conditional reduction of tissue fibroblasts using the coding sequence for herpesvirus thymidine kinase (DeltaTK) put under the control of a cell-specific promoter from the gene encoding fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1). Transgenic fibroblasts from mice carrying FSP1.DeltaTK minigenes expressed thymidine kinase concordantly with native FSP1 and, compared to transgenic epithelium, were selectively susceptible to the lethal effects of nucleoside analogs either in culture or during experimental renal fibrosis. The numbers of fibroblasts in fibrogenic kidney tissue were reduced on exposure to nucleoside analogs as was the degree of type I collagen deposition and the extent of fibrosis. Fibroblast reduction following the stress of DNA chain termination highlights the important contribution of cell division during fibrogenesis. Our findings convey a proof of principle regarding the importance of FSP1(+) fibroblasts in fibrosis as well as providing a new approach to treating the relentless scarification of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwano
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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42
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Abstract
A novel positive/negative selection cassette, puDeltatk, was generated. pu(Delta)tk is a bifunctional fusion protein between puromycin N-acetyltransferase (Puro) and a truncated version of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (DeltaTk). Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells transfected with pu(Delta)tk become resistant to puromycin and sensitive to 1-(-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabino-furanosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU). Unlike other HSV1 tk transgenes, puDeltatk is readily transmitted through the male germ line. Thus pu(Delta)tk is a convenient positive/negative selectable marker that can be widely used in many ES cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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43
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Thrombasthenic mice generated by replacement of the integrin αIIb gene: demonstration that transcriptional activation of this megakaryocytic locus precedes lineage commitment. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1399.h8001399_1399_1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the transcriptional activity of the gene encoding the α subunit of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3during the hematopoietic differentiation, mice were produced in which the herpes virus thymidine kinase (tk) was introduced in this megakaryocytic specific locus using homologous recombination technology. This provided a convenient manner in which to induce the eradication of particular hematopoietic cells expressing the targeted gene. Results of progenitor cell cultures and long-term bone marrow (BM) assays showed that the growth of a subset of stem cells was reduced in the presence of the antiherpetic drug ganciclovir, demonstrating that the activation of the toxic gene occurs before the commitment to the megakaryocytic lineage. Furthermore theknock-in of the tk gene into the αIIb locus resulted in the knock-out of the αIIb gene in homozygous mice. Cultures of BM cells of these animals, combined with ultrastructural analysis, established that the αIIbglycoprotein is dispensable for lineage commitment and megakaryocytic maturation. Platelets collected from αIIb-deficient mice failed to bind fibrinogen, to aggregate, and to retract a fibrin clot. Moreover, platelet α-granules did not contain fibrinogen. Consistent with these characteristics, the mice displayed bleeding disorders similar to those in humans with Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
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Thrombasthenic mice generated by replacement of the integrin αIIb gene: demonstration that transcriptional activation of this megakaryocytic locus precedes lineage commitment. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTo analyze the transcriptional activity of the gene encoding the α subunit of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3during the hematopoietic differentiation, mice were produced in which the herpes virus thymidine kinase (tk) was introduced in this megakaryocytic specific locus using homologous recombination technology. This provided a convenient manner in which to induce the eradication of particular hematopoietic cells expressing the targeted gene. Results of progenitor cell cultures and long-term bone marrow (BM) assays showed that the growth of a subset of stem cells was reduced in the presence of the antiherpetic drug ganciclovir, demonstrating that the activation of the toxic gene occurs before the commitment to the megakaryocytic lineage. Furthermore theknock-in of the tk gene into the αIIb locus resulted in the knock-out of the αIIb gene in homozygous mice. Cultures of BM cells of these animals, combined with ultrastructural analysis, established that the αIIbglycoprotein is dispensable for lineage commitment and megakaryocytic maturation. Platelets collected from αIIb-deficient mice failed to bind fibrinogen, to aggregate, and to retract a fibrin clot. Moreover, platelet α-granules did not contain fibrinogen. Consistent with these characteristics, the mice displayed bleeding disorders similar to those in humans with Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
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Maddens S, Tiberghien P, Contassot E, Certoux JM, Chalmers D, Otto E, Hervé P, Ferrand C. Development of a competitive PCR method for in vitro and in vivo quantification of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and neomycin resistance-expressing cells used in a clinical trial. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2000; 9:225-36. [PMID: 10813536 DOI: 10.1089/152581600319441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to set up a sensitive and specific method to quantify the number of gene-modified cells in a gene therapy clinical trial currently underway at our institution. This trial involves the use of retrovirally transduced allogeneic T cells expressing the herpes simplex-1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and neomycin-phosphotransferase (NeoR) resistance gene. Quantification by competitive PCR was performed, with two homologous internal standards (deltaTK, deltaNeoR), 30 bp shorter than the target sequences (TK, NeoR), coupled to fluorescent laser-based detection. Assessment of the amplification systems procedures was carried out for each sequence. The 30-bp deletion did not affect the amplification efficiency significantly. Determination of the plateau phase of both amplified sequences demonstrated that each sample must be quantified during the predetermined exponential phase. Finally, a blinded study of a transduced cell dilutions panel validated the overall methodology. The competitive PCR was applied to quantification of the retroviral transduction process by quantifying the NeoR gene in transduced PBMC samples (prior to G418 selection) from 18 donors in our clinical trial. A mean transduction efficiency of 9.78% +/- 1.37% was observed. We also quantified TK-expressing donor transgenic T cells in a murine GvHD model. Results demonstrated on initial expansion of donor HSV-TK- expression T cells as well as a significant ganciclovir (GCV)-induced decrease correlated with the number of circulating gene-modified T cells. Therefore, we have developed an efficient gene quantification tool that should be useful for in vivo monitoring of gene-modified cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maddens
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-Moléculaire, ETS de Franche Comté, Besançon, France
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Windeatt S, Southgate TD, Dewey RA, Bolognani F, Perone MJ, Larregina AT, Maleniak TC, Morris ID, Goya RG, Klatzmann D, Löwenstein PR, Castro MG. Adenovirus-mediated herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene therapy suppresses oestrogen-induced pituitary prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1296-305. [PMID: 10720079 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.3.6482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that gene transfer using recombinant adenovirus vectors (RAds) expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) might offer an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of pituitary prolactinomas that do not respond to classical treatment strategies. HSV1-TK converts the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) to GCV monophosphate, which is in turn further phosphorylated by cellular kinases to GCV triphosphate, which is toxic to proliferating cells. One attractive feature of this system is the bystander effect, whereby untransduced cells are also killed. Our results show that RAd/HSV1-TK in the presence of GCV is nontoxic for the normal anterior pituitary (AP) gland in vitro, but causes cell death in the pituitary tumor cell lines GH3, a PRL/GH-secreting cell line, and AtT20, a corticotrophic cell line. We have used sulpiride- and oestrogen-induced lactotroph hyperplasia within the rat AP gland as an in vivo animal model. Intrapituitary infection of rats bearing oestrogen-induced lactotroph hyperplasia, with RAd/ HSV1-TK and subsequent treatment with GCV, decreases plasma PRL levels and reduces the mass of the pituitary gland. More so, there were no deleterious effects on circulating levels of other AP hormones, suggesting that the treatment was nontoxic to the AP gland in situ. In summary, our results show that suicide gene therapy using the HSV1-TK transgene could be further developed as a useful treatment to complement current therapies for prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Windeatt
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Contassot E, Ferrand C, Angonin R, Cohen JL, de Carvalho Bittencourt M, Lorchel F, Laithier V, Cahn JY, Klatzmann D, Herve P, Tiberghien P. Ganciclovir-sensitive acute graft-versus-host disease in mice receiving herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase-expressing donor T cells in a bone marrow transplantation setting. Transplantation 2000; 69:503-8. [PMID: 10708102 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200002270-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of donor T cells expressing the herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene followed by ganciclovir (GCV) treatment could allow for specific modulation of the alloreactivity occurring after bone marrow transplantation. We are presently exploring such an approach in a phase I clinical trial. METHODS To examine the beneficial effect of administrating HSV-TK-expressing donor T lymphocytes +/- GCV treatment on acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) control, irradiated Balb/c or C57BL/6 mice underwent transplantation with allogeneic bone marrow cells in conjunction with CD3+ allogeneic splenocytes from transgenic mice expressing an HSV-TK transgene. GCV treatment was initiated upon the occurrence of severe aGVHD. RESULTS GCV treatment resulted in a 40-60% long-term survival rate of GVHD-free recipients having received HSV-TK-expressing T cells, whereas only 0-6% of mice survived without GCV treatment. Lethal aGVHD occurred in all the control animals having received non-HSV-TK-expressing T cells, irrespective of GCV treatment. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the administration of donor HSV-TK-expressing T cells to hematopoietic stem cell graft recipients followed by GCV treatment at the onset of severe aGVHD significantly reduces aGVHD-induced mortality and results in GVHD-free surviving recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Contassot
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique Immuno-moléculaire, Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine, Besançon, France
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Dewey RA, Morrissey G, Cowsill CM, Stone D, Bolognani F, Dodd NJ, Southgate TD, Klatzmann D, Lassmann H, Castro MG, Löwenstein PR. Chronic brain inflammation and persistent herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase expression in survivors of syngeneic glioma treated by adenovirus-mediated gene therapy: implications for clinical trials. Nat Med 1999; 5:1256-63. [PMID: 10545991 DOI: 10.1038/15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The long-term consequences of adenovirus-mediated conditional cytotoxic gene therapy for gliomas remain uncharacterized. We report here detection of active brain inflammation 3 months after successful inhibition of syngeneic glioma growth. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of activated macrophages/microglia and astrocytes, and T lymphocytes positive for leucosyalin, CD3 and CD8, and included secondary demyelination. We detected strong widespread herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase immunoreactivity and vector genomes throughout large areas of the brain. Thus, patient evaluation and the design of clinical trials in ongoing and future gene therapy for brain glioblastoma must address not only tumor-killing efficiency, but also long-term active brain inflammation, loss of myelin fibers and persistent transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Dewey
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AS, UK
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Marcello A, Giaretta I. Inducible expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase from a bicistronic HIV1 vector. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1998; 149:419-31. [PMID: 9923018 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(99)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of protecting human CD4+ lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV1) infection, through a suicide mechanism elicited by the HIV1 transcription apparatus itself, offers a potentially useful approach for gene therapy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A replication-defective lentiviral HIV1 vector (HYIRES-TK) was designed to carry both the hygromycin (Hy) phosphotransferase gene for positive selection and the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpes simplex virus driven by the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) from encephalomyocarditis virus was placed between the two genes for their efficient simultaneous translation. Transient expression of active TK into transfected COS-1 cells was shown to be induced by Tat and Rev over a detectable basal level. By providing the missing viral proteins in trans, recombinant viruses were generated and used to transduce Jurkat cells. The Hy-resistant population of cells was sensitive to ganciclovir (GCV) and acyclovir (ACV), a result consistent with a basal level of TK expression. Cocultivation of transduced cells with cells chronically infected with HIV in the presence of 10 microM ACV, a concentration non-toxic for the uninfected cells, resulted in increased killing of cells transduced with the HY-IRES-TK vector. These data indicate that two genes can be expressed from the viral LTR in the context of an HIV1 vector, with the aid of an IRES sequence. The expression is inducible by the HIV proteins Tat and Rev and it is possible to specifically kill infected cells with subtoxic concentrations of drug. To decrease the sensitivity of the transduced cells towards GCV, a variant vector expressing a truncated TK was constructed. The truncated version was expressed at levels similar to those of wild-type TK but induced sensitivity towards GCV in transduced cells that was intermediate between that of untransduced cells and of cells expressing wild-type TK.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marcello
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova, Italy
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Ellison AR, Bishop JO. Herpesvirus thymidine kinase transgenes that do not cause male sterility are aberrantly transcribed and translated in the testis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1442:28-38. [PMID: 9767091 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mice that carry the wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene coupled to the bovine thyroglobulin (bTG) promoter (bTG-tk1 mice) express viral TK at a high level in the thyroid gland, and at an equally high level, ectopically, in the testis, which renders the males sterile. When the bTG promoter was coupled either to a variant of HSV1-tk (differing from the wild type in 2 nucleotides) (bTG-tk1alpha mice) or to the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) tk gene (bTG-tk2 mice) viral TK was expressed at high levels in the thyroid gland, and much lower levels in the testis, which causes a reduction in male fecundity rather than sterility. Here, we compare the expression of the three transgenes in the two tissues. Thyroids of all mice exhibited a 1.3 kb RNA initiated at or near the bTG cap site. Testes of all mice exhibited mainly 5'-end-shortened RNAs (bTG-tk1 and bTG-tk1alpha mice, approx. 1.2 kb and 0.9 kb; bTG-tk2 mice, approx. 1.2 kb) initiated from cryptic initiation sites in the HSV1-tk and HSV2-tk coding regions. Also, less abundant RNAs initiated near the bTG cap site were expressed from all three transgenes. Thyroids of bTG-tk1 and bTG-tk1alpha mice contained the full-length HSV-TK protein and a truncated variant previously shown to originate at a non-ATG start codon. Testes of these mice exhibited both proteins but relatively less of the full-length protein. We attribute the high level of viral TK in the testes of bTG-tk1 mice to the expression of a predominant protein of Mr 39000 that originates from ATG-2. Thyroid and testis of bTG-tk2 mice contained only the full-length HSV2-TK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ellison
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK.
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